# publications

title: Methodological issues of human experimental research with hallucinogens.
authors: Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Schneider F, Friedrich J, Spitzer M, Thelen B, Sass H.
publication_date: 1998-06-30
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979356
pubmed_id: 9754843
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979356
keywords: Humans, Hallucinogens, Human Experimentation, Consciousness, Psychotic Disorders, Psychiatry
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Consciousness
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9754843","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Human experimental research with hallucinogenic drugs is potentially able to identify linking variables between the psycho(patho)logical conditions and neurobiological alterations involved in both pharmacologically induced and naturally occurring acute psychotic states. A number of methodological aspects should be considered when planning modern experimental studies with hallucinogenic drugs. The issues of subject selection, repeated measures, and adequate control groups are discussed in this paper. Examples of recent experimental studies are presented which take these aspects into account. The first study examined psychopathological changes, facial expression and semantic priming effects during a psilocybin-induced state. In the second study, semantic priming effects after intake of psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), and d-methamphetamine were investigated. Results confirmed time-dependent effects of psilocybin and the restriction of increased priming effects in the psilocybin group.


authors: Vollenweider FX.
publication_date: 1998-06-30
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979353
pubmed_id: 9754840
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979353
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9754840","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogenic drug actions in humans: a preamble to schizophrenia research.

abstract:
Recent research into the pharmacological mechanism of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) and dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) suggest that multiple neurotransmitter systems are involved in drug-induced and possibly also in naturally occurring psychoses. Specifically, animal models suggest that a dysbalance between serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine in the limbic cortico-striato-thalamic circuitry may be critical to psychotic symptom formation. To test this hypothesis, psychometric measures and metabolic PET investigations were performed (1) with FDG to elucidate the common neuronal substrates of different hallucinogens, (2) with specific receptor ligands before and after pretreatment with specific receptor antagonists to explore the putative interactions of hallucinogens with various neurotransmitter systems. Our data demonstrate that the neuronal substrate of normal and abnormal thought and behavior is associated with a distributed neuronal network and with multiple interactive neurotransmitter systems. The data also support the view that the hallucinogen challenge paradigm constitutes a powerful tool for elucidating the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.

keywords:
Brain, Humans, Dopamine, Serotonin, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Glutamic Acid, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Psilocybin


title: Psilocybin mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) intoxication with myocardial infarction.
authors: Borowiak KS, Ciechanowski K, Waloszczyk P.
publication_date: 1997-12-31
doi: 10.3109/15563659809162584
pubmed_id: 9541042
source_url: https://doi.org/10.3109/15563659809162584
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Randomized Controlled Trial,Case Report,Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity
study_type: Case Report
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9541042","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Case reportIntentional intoxication with natural hallucinogenic substances such as hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be a major problem in the US and Europe, particularly in the harbor complex of northwest Poland (Pomerania). A case is described of Psilocybe intoxication in an 18-year-old man resulting in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, arrhythmia, and myocardial infarction. The indole concentrations of hallucinogenic mushrooms may predict the risk for adverse central nervous system and cardiac toxicity.

keywords:
Humans, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Myocardial Infarction, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Rasmussen KE, Sannes E.
publication_date: 1997-12-31
doi: 10.1002/elps.1150190107
pubmed_id: 9511859
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190107
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Animal Study,Drug Interactions
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9511859","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Strategies for the capillary electrophoretic separation of indole alkaloids in Psilocybe semilanceata.

abstract:
While the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe semilanceata have previously been analyzed for the indole alkaloids psilocybin and baeocystin by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) at pH 11.5, the present work focused on the development of an alternative and complementary capillary electrophoretic method for their identification. Owing to their structural similarity and zwitterionic nature, the compounds were difficult to resolve based on different interactions with cationic or anionic micelles. However, while the attempts with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were unsuccessful, rapid derivatization with propyl chloroformate and reanalysis by CZE at pH 11.5 was effective to support identification of the two indole alkaloids. Psilocin was difficult to analyze by CZE at pH 11.5 owing to comigration with the electroosmotic flow. For this compound, the pH of the running buffer was reduced to 7.2 to effectively enhance the electrophoretic mobility.

keywords:
Basidiomycota, Alkaloids, Indoles, Buffers, Indicators and Reagents, Electrophoresis, Capillary, Micelles, Organophosphates, Psilocybin


authors: Beck O, Helander A, Karlson-Stiber C, Stephansson N.
publication_date: 1997-12-31
doi: 10.1093/jat/22.1.45
pubmed_id: 9491968
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.1.45
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9491968","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushroom: possible role in adverse reactions.

abstract:
The use of mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin for intentional intoxication is relatively common. Occasionally, this results in adverse reactions with typical tachycardia that is not evidently caused by psilocybin. This study demonstrates the presence of phenylethylamine in the species Psilocybe semilanceata using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and shows that the amount of this substance may vary much more than that of psilocybin. The highest amount of phenylethylamine (146 microg/g wet weight) was observed in mushrooms from a case of three young men hospitalized because of adverse reactions. Comparison of the symptoms observed in clinical cases of magic mushroom intoxication with those after intake of pure psilocybin or phenylethylamine suggests that phenylethylamine might have a role in the development of adverse reactions to Psilocybe mushroom intake.

keywords:
Humans, Basidiomycota, Mushroom Poisoning, Phenethylamines, Fluorocarbons, Hallucinogens, Indicators and Reagents, Hospitalization, Adult, Male, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin


title: Determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata by capillary zone electrophoresis.
authors: Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Sannes E, Rasmussen KE, Tønnesen F.
publication_date: 1997-06-30
doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00127-8
pubmed_id: 9252052
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00127-8
keywords: Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Electrophoresis, Capillary, Reproducibility of Results, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9252052","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
A capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method was developed for the rapid determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata. Following a simple two step extraction with 3.0+2.0 ml methanol, the hallucinogenic compound was effectively separated from matrix components by CZE utilizing a 10 mM borate-phosphate running buffer adjusted to pH 11.5. The identity of psilocybin was confirmed by migration time information and by UV spectra, while quantitation was accomplished utilizing barbital as internal standard. The calibration curve for psilocybin was linear within 0.01-1 mg/ml, while intra-day and inter-day variations of quantitative data were 0.5 and 2.5% R.S.D., respectively. In addition to psilocybin, the method was also suitable for the determination of the structurally related compound baeocystin.


authors: Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Scharfetter C, Maguire P, Stadelmann O, Angst J.
publication_date: 1997-04-30
doi: 10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1
pubmed_id: 9109107
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"9109107","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose studies of metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the psilocybin model of psychosis.

abstract:
The effects of the indolehallucinogen psilocybin, a mixed 5-HT2 and 5-HT1 agonist, on regional cerebral glucose metabolism were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers with PET and [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) prior to and following a 15- or 20-mg dose of psilocybin. Psychotomimetic doses of psilocybin were found to produce a global increase in cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) with significant and most marked increases in the frontomedial and frontolateral cortex (24.3%), anterior cingulate (24.9%), and temporomedial cortex (25.3%). Somewhat smaller increases of CMRglu were found in the basal ganglia (18.5%), and the smallest increases were found in the sensorimotor (14.7%) and occipital cortex (14.4%). The increases of CMRglu in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, temporomedial cortex, and putamen correlated positively with psychotic symptom formation, in particular with hallucinatory ego disintegration. The present data suggest that excessive 5-HT2 receptor activation results in a hyperfrontal metablic pattern that parallels comparable metabolic findings associated with acute psychotic episodes in chronic schizophrenics and contrasts with the hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenic patients.

keywords:
Brain, Basal Ganglia, Frontal Lobe, Animals, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Fluorine Radioisotopes, Radioactive Tracers, Deoxyglucose, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Hallucinogens, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Psychological Tests, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin


authors: Almaula N, Ebersole BJ, Ballesteros JA, Weinstein H, Sealfon SC.
publication_date: 1996-06-30
doi: 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09149-7
pubmed_id: 8700116
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09149-7
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8700116","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Contribution of a helix 5 locus to selectivity of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic ligands for the human 5-hydroxytryptamine2A and 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors: direct and indirect effects on ligand affinity mediated by the same locus.

abstract:
An important determinant of the neurobehavioral responses induced by a drug is its relative receptor selectivity. The molecular basis of ligand selectivity of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic compounds of varying structural classes for the human 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptors was investigated with the use of reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis. Because these two closely related receptor subtypes differ in the amino acid present at position 5.46 (residues 242 and 222 in the sequences, respectively), the effects of corresponding substitutions in the 5-HT2A[S5.46(242)-->A] and 5-HT2C[A5.46(222)-->S] receptors were studied in tandem. By studying both receptors, the direct and indirect effects of mutations on affinity and selectivity can be distinguished. The ergolines studied, mesulergine (selective for the 5-HT2C receptor) and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (selective for the 5-HT2A receptor), reversed their relative affinity with mutations in each receptor, supporting a direct role of this locus in the selectivity of these ligands. However, interchange mutations in either receptor led to decreased or unchanged affinity for (+/-)-1-)(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane and ketanserin, which have higher affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor, consistent with little contribution of this locus to the selectivity of these ligands. The indoleamines studied were affected differently by mutations in each receptor, suggesting that they bind differently to the two receptor subtypes. Mutation of this locus in the 5-HT2A receptor decreased the affinity of all indoleamines, whereas the interchange mutation of the 5-HT2C receptor did not affect indoleamine affinity. These results are consistent with a direct interaction between this side chain and indoleamines for the 5-HT2A receptor but not for the 5-HT2C receptor. Furthermore, this analysis shows that the higher affinity of 5-HT and tryptamine for the 5-HT2C receptor than for the 5-HT2A receptors is not due to the difference at this locus. The hallucinogens studied [d-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocin, bufotenin, and (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane] fell into different classes in this analysis. For the classes of ligand studied, the side-chain difference at this position directly determines relative ligand selectivity only for ergolines and may contribute to the specific effects of hallucinogens in this class.

keywords:
Cell Line, Animals, Humans, Rats, Ergolines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ketanserin, Phosphatidylinositols, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Recombinant Proteins, Hallucinogens, Ligands, Transfection, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Binding Sites, Binding, Competitive, Amino Acid Sequence, Protein Structure, Secondary, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Structure-Activity Relationship, Kinetics, Point Mutation, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Chlorocebus aethiops


title: Increased activation of indirect semantic associations under psilocybin.
publication_date: 1996-05-31
doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00418-1
pubmed_id: 8780843
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00418-1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8780843","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
authors:
Spitzer M, Thimm M, Hermle L, Holzmann P, Kovar KA, Heimann H, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Kischka U, Schneider F.

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Recall, Paired-Associate Learning, Arousal, Attention, Word Association Tests, Semantics, Adult, Male, Psilocybin


title: Serotonin, psilocybin, and body dysmorphic disorder: a case report.
authors: Hanes KR.
publication_date: 1996-03-31
doi: 10.1097/00004714-199604000-00011
pubmed_id: 8690834
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199604000-00011
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report
study_type: Case Report
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8690834","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Serotonin, Fluoxetine, Serotonin Agents, Body Image, Perceptual Distortion, Anxiety Disorders, Adult, Male, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors


title: A review of the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry.
authors: Hughes JR.
publication_date: 1995-12-31
doi: 10.1177/155005949602700106
pubmed_id: 8719500
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1177/155005949602700106
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Review Article
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8719500","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The goal of this paper is to draw conclusions about the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry. In general, two thirds of psychiatric referrals for an EEG are expected to provide useful information. The emphasis in schizophrenia is placed on left-sided abnormalities, especially on the left temporal area. In mood disorders the emphasis is on right-sided foci, in addition to the controversial 6/sec spike and wave complexes, small sharp spikes and positive spikes. In the acute stage of alcoholism, a relationship is seen between the degree of intoxication and the amount of slow activity, while in the chronic stage an increase in slow activity is seen, but another change is fast activity on the temporal areas. During withdrawal a low seizure threshold can be seen as irregular bilateral spike and wave complexes. During abstinence 2-4 yr may be required before slow wave sleep is normal in all regards. Among the organic mental syndromes, delirium shows slow activity, except in delirium tremens, which often is associated with a normal record with fast activity. In dementia the prevalence of EEG abnormalities is related to the degree of impairment. After five sessions of ECT diffuse slow waves are often seen. In other conditions, among developmental disorders about one half of autistic children show abnormalities and epileptiform activity is not uncommon. Mild nonspecific abnormalities are seen in about 40% of dyslexics and also in behavior disorders. Anxiety disorders include anorexia nervosa, showing abnormal background activity related to the effect of starvation on cerebral metabolism. In panic attacks paroxysmal activity can be seen. In borderline personality positive spikes have been (again) associated with impulsivity and 6/sec spike and wave complexes with interpersonal problems. Of the drugs of abuse psilocybin and phencyclidine are often associated with generalized epileptiform patterns and with marijuana the alpha shows a decreased frequency with increased amplitude. Typically, an increase in slow activity is seen with psychotropic drugs if there is a change in the level of awareness. Finally, distinctive personality traits are, at times, seen in temporal lobe epilepsy and the phenomenon of "forced normalization" may appear when seizures stop and psychotic symptoms appear.

keywords:
Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Mental Disorders, Evoked Potentials, Adult, Child, Patient Care Team, Neurocognitive Disorders


authors: Gartz J, Allen JW, Merlin MD.
publication_date: 1994-06-30
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90006-x
pubmed_id: 7967658
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90006-x
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: In Vitro Study
study_type: In Vitro Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7967658","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Ethnomycology, biochemistry, and cultivation of Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen, a new psychoactive fungus from Koh Samui, Thailand.

abstract:
Several specimens of Psilocybe and Copelandia species in Koh Samui, Thailand were recently collected for herbarium deposit and scientific study. This paper presents an ethnomycological and biochemical study of one of the species; P. samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen, a new psychoactive gill fungus reported from Thailand. Mycelium for the cultivation of P. samuiensis was obtained on 6% malt agar from the spores of a dried specimen. The growth of P. samuiensis was similar to that of P. tampanensis Guzmán and Pollock, but more rapid than the mycelium of P. semilanceata (Fr.:Sacc.) Kumm. Laboratory analyses indicates that the alkaloid content in cultured fruit bodies of P. samuiensis is of the same order of magnitude as that found in naturally occurring mushrooms of this species. HPLC analyses of both naturally occurring and in vitro cultivated fruit bodies of P. samuiensis revealed high concentrations of psilocybin and psilocin. Small amounts of baeocystin were also detected. Psilocybin levels varied from 0.23% up to 0.90%. The psilocybin content was highest in the caps. Psilocybin was also found in the cultured non-bluing mycelia of P. samuiensis and varied from 0.24% to 0.32% dry weight. The relative alkaloidal content of psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin found in P. samuiensis was similar to that measured in many other psychoactive fungi species, but completely different from that found in P. semilanceata.

keywords:
Humans, Agaricales, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Thailand, Psilocybin


authors: Chamakura RP.
publication_date: 1994-05-31
pubmed_id: 26270149
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26270149
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
Bufotenine - A Hallucinogen in Ancient Snuff Powders of South America and a Drug of Abuse on the Streets of New York City.

abstract:
Bufotenine, an isomer of psilocin, is a controlled Schedule I hallucinogenic substance under the New York state and Federal laws. Bufotenine was identified in 42 case samples received at the New York City Police Laboratory since May 1992. The samples were hard, resinous, dark reddish-brown material, sold on the streets as "hashish". A few other cases were also seized in Orlando and Tampa, FL. Natural sources of bufotenine are: (a) plant material, mostly seeds of the genus Anadenanthera (formerly Piptadenia); (b) plant organs of other genera; (c) toads (Bufo marinus, B. vulgaris, B. viridian, and B. avarice); and (d) mushrooms (Amanita amp, A. Citrina, A. Porphyria, and A. tomentella). The genus Anadenanthera is native to South America and West Indies. Historically, material made from seeds of genus Anadenanthera was, and in isolated areas is still, used by the native Indians of South America and West Indies. Native Indians make intoxicating snuffs from the seeds of Anadenanthera. Recently, bufotenine was identified in 1,200-year-old archaeological samples of an Anadenanthera material found in an excavated tomb in Northern Chile. Historical and published literature on the pharmacology, toxicology, and biological effects of bufotenine and bufotenine-containing material are reviewed. The case material was probably derived from the seeds of genus Andenanthera. There were no prior reported cases of this material being used outside the native Indian areas of South America and West Indies. Indications are that in New York City this material is smoked in combination with marijuana. Bufotenine in case material can be identified by color test, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Though the mass spectra of bufotenine and psilocin (parent compounds and mono-acetyl and di-acetyl derivatives) are very similar, their GC retention times are different. Case samples also gave multiple GC peaks, probably due to the added ingredients during the preparation of this material.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"26270149","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Increasing use of "Ecstasy" (MDMA) and other hallucinogens on a college campus.
authors: Cuomo MJ, Dyment PG, Gammino VM.
publication_date: 1994-04-30
doi: 10.1080/07448481.1994.9936359
pubmed_id: 7913938
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1994.9936359
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Observational Study
study_type: Observational Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7913938","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
We conducted a random survey of illicit drug use by undergraduate students at a private southern university in 1990 and compared the results with results from a similar 1986 survey of that college's student population. During the 4 years since the first study, the prevalence of cocaine use declined from 39% to 21%, and use of traditional amphetamines declined from 22% to 12%. No significant differences were found in the use of marijuana--68% in 1986, 64% in 1990--or in use of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)--14% in 1986, 17% in 1990. The use of mescaline/psilocybin increased from 8% to 24% and the use of MDMA, known as "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), increased from 16% to 24%. Mescaline/psilocybin and Ecstasy were more likely than the other drugs to have been used first during the students' college years, according to the 1990 study.

keywords:
Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Designer Drugs, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students, Universities, Adult, Louisiana, Surveys and Questionnaires


title: [Psychedelic experiences at the onset of productive episodes of endogenous psychoses].
authors: Gouzoulis E, Hermle L, Sass H.
publication_date: 1994-02-28
pubmed_id: 8177361
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/8177361
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Consciousness
study_type: Qualitative Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8177361","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics, e.g. Psilocybin, Mescaline, LSD) induce in humans qualitatively altered states of consciousness (ASC), which can be used as experimental models for endogenous psychosis. However, some researchers claim that these ASCs are not appropriate models for schizophrenia. We report two clinical cases of acute endogenous psychoses demonstrating striking similarities to psychedelic experiences. We consider the psychedelic-induced ASC to be an appropriate model for the beginning acute endogenous psychotic episode, but not for the schizophrenic disease as a nosological entity.

keywords:
Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinations, Patient Admission, Delusions, Euphoria, Bipolar Disorder, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Interview, Psychological, Schizophrenic Psychology, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male


title: Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass.
authors: Gartz J.
publication_date: 1993-12-31
doi: 10.1002/jobm.3620340104
pubmed_id: 8207663
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620340104
keywords: Basidiomycota, Ethanol, Methanol, Alkaloids, Indoles, Organophosphates, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8207663","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The occurrence and extraction of indole derivatives in six species from four genera of higher fungi were investigated. By using pure methanol for extraction of the mushrooms analysis revealed the highest concentrations of psilocybin and baeocystin. The psilocin content of the species was higher by using aqueous solutions of alcohols than with methanol alone but was an artificial phenomenon caused by enzymatic destruction of psilocybin. The extraction with dilute acetic acid yielded better results than with the water containing alcohols. The simple one-step procedure with methanol for the quantitative extraction is still the safest method to obtain the genuine alkaloids from fungal biomass.


title: Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning.
authors: Köppel C.
publication_date: 1993-11-30
doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-i
pubmed_id: 8146866
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-i
keywords: Animals, Humans, Mushroom Poisoning
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Immune Function
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8146866","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Among poisonous mushrooms, a small number may cause serious intoxication and even fatalities in man. Humans may become symptomatic after a mushroom meal for rather different reasons: (1) ingestion of mushrooms containing toxins, (2) large amounts of mushrooms may be hard to digest, (3) immunological reactions to mushroom-derived antigens, (4) ingestion of mushrooms causing ethanol intolerance, and (5) vegetative symptoms may occur whenever a patient realizes that there might be a possibility of ingestion of a toxic mushroom after a mushroom meal. Based on the classes of toxins and their clinical symptoms, seven different types of mushroom poisoning can be distinguished: (1) phalloides, (2) orellanus, (3) gyromitra, (4) muscarine, (5) pantherina, (6) psilocybin, and (7) gastrointestinal mushroom syndrome. Two other entities of adverse reactions to mushrooms are (8) coprinus and (9) paxillus syndrome. Phalloides, orellanus, gyromitra and paxillus syndrome may lead to serious poisoning, which generally requires treatment of the patient in an intensive care unit. Diagnosis of mushroom poisoning is primarily based on anamnestic data, identification of mushrooms from leftovers of the mushroom meal, spore analysis, and/or chemical analysis. Therapeutic strategies include primary detoxification by induced emesis, gastric lavage and activated charcoal, secondary detoxification, symptomatic treatment and rarely specific antidotes. Owing to progressing fulminant hepatic failure, lethality associated with phalloides syndrome is still high (5-20%). Basic treatment includes administration of silibinin and penicillin G, although controlled studies on its therapeutic efficacy are still lacking. In serious phalloides syndrome, orthotopic liver transplantation has to be considered. Fortunately, the prognosis in most other mushroom poisonings is excellent.


title: Species identification and chemical analysis of psychoactive fungi in the Hawaiian islands.
authors: Merlin MD, Allen JW.
publication_date: 1993-08-31
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(93)90086-k
pubmed_id: 8246528
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90086-k
keywords: Animals, Humans, Fungi, Psychotropic Drugs, Hawaii
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8246528","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Several fungi species collected in the Hawaiian Islands have been reported to be psychoactive. Previous chemical analyses together with the present study indicate that 5 coprophilous and one non-coprophilous species occurring in the islands are now known to contain psychoactive alkaloids. At least some of these species are consumed in the Hawaiian Islands, as well as elsewhere, for non-traditional, recreational purposes. These include Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. et Br.) Singer, Copelandia tropicalis (Ola'h) Singer and Weeks (syn. Panaeolus tropicalis Ola'h), Copelandia anomala Murrill, and Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. and Br.) Sacc., which have already been described from the Hawaiian Islands. Three more mind-altering fungi and one non-psychoactive species are reported from this archipelago for the first time. These psychoactive fungi include Copelandia bispora (Malençon et Bertault) Singer and Weeks from O'ahu, Copelandia cambodginiensis (Ola'h et Heim) Singer and Weeks from O'ahu, and Amanita muscaria (L.) Hooker from Kaua'i. Panaeolus goossensiae Beeli identified from O'ahu contains tryptamine compounds; however, the psychoactive alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin were not found in this dung species.


title: [Neuroleptics and serotonin].
authors: Hery F, Hamon M.
publication_date: 1993-08-31
pubmed_id: 7905821
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7905821
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7905821","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
To date, there is no doubt that dopamine plays a key role in the behavioural disorders associated with schizophrenia. However, dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved in this syndrome, as it interacts with many neuronal systems in brain. Of special interest is the interaction between dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems with evidence from pharmacological data in animals that each of these systems may exert an inhibitory influence on the other. Furthermore, the psychotomimetic effects of drugs affecting serotoninergic neurotransmission such as LSD, psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine also contributed to draw attention onto a possible involvement of serotoninergic systems in at least some of the disorders typical of schizophrenia. This idea received strong support from recent studies on the multiple receptors for serotonin in the central nervous system. These studies not only demonstrate the existence of several classes of serotonin receptors called 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and 5-HT4, but led also to the development of novel agonists and antagonists for the stimulation or blockade of each of them. Pharmacological investigations with these ligands revealed that serotonin is probably involved in the behavioural disorders associated with schizophrenia through its binding to three distinct classes of receptors: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2 (or the closely related class 5-HT1C) and 5-HT3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT250 WORDS)

keywords:
Brain, Animals, Humans, Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced, Serotonin, Clozapine, Receptors, Dopamine, Receptors, Serotonin, Antipsychotic Agents, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Synaptic Transmission


title: Wasson's alternative candidates for soma.
authors: Riedlinger TJ.
publication_date: 1993-03-31
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245
pubmed_id: 8377083
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245
keywords: Humans, Amanita, Plants, Hallucinogens, Religion, India
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Review Article
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8377083","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Citing recently published challenges to R. Gordon Wasson's identification of Vedic soma as the psychoactive mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly-agaric), this article reviews unpublished letters by Wasson in which he considered and rejected other psychoactive plants as candidates, including the mint Lagochilus inebrians, Convolvulaceae (morning glory) seeds, the fungal parasite Claviceps purpurea (ergot), and especially the psilocybin mushroom Stropharia cubensis, known also as Psilocybe cubensis. Apart from their historical interest, these letters--from the Tina and Gordon Wasson Ethnomycological Collection at the Harvard Botanical Museum--demonstrate that Wasson remained open to refinements of his theory.


authors: Gable RS.
publication_date: 1992-12-31
doi: 10.3109/00952999309001618
pubmed_id: 8213692
source_url: https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999309001618
keywords: Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Risk Factors
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"8213692","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically.

abstract:
A procedure is outlined for comparing dependence potential and acute toxicity across a broad range of abused psychoactive substances. Tentative results, based on an extensive literature review of 20 substances, suggested that the margin of safety ("therapeutic index") varied dramatically between substances. Intravenous heroin appeared to have the greatest risk of dependence and acute lethality; oral psilocybin appeared to have the least. Hazards due to behavioral deficits, perceptual distortion, or chronic illness were not factored into the assessments.


title: Human hallucinogen interactions with drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission.
authors: Strassman RJ.
publication_date: 1992-10-31
pubmed_id: 1388647
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1388647
keywords: Humans, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Drug Interactions, Adult, Male
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1388647","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The absence of relevant human research studies of hallucinogenic drugs has not curtailed their unsupervised use. Two cases are presented that suggest decreased sensitivity to the serotonergic hallucinogens psilocybin and LSD induced by drugs with effects on serotonergic neurotransmission, allopurinol and fluoxetine. These reports suggest that hallucinogens' effects in humans are mediated by serotonergic receptors.


title: [Consumption of psilocybin-containing hallucinogenic mushrooms by young people].
authors: Lassen JF, Lassen NF, Skov J.
publication_date: 1992-08-31
pubmed_id: 1413197
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1413197
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Observational Study,Adolescents
study_type: Observational Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1413197","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The aim of this questionnaire survey was to investigate the extent of hallucinogenic mushroom consumption among students from a high school in the county of Aarhus, Denmark and among students at the University of Aarhus and students from the Danish school of journalism in Aarhus, Denmark. 3% of the high school students had used psilocybine-containing mushrooms as a hallucinogen. Only 1% had experience with LSD. Of the students at the University of Aarhus, and students from the Danish school of journalism in Aarhus, 333 persons (83%) returned the anonymous questionnaire. 9% had experience with hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms while only 2% had LSD experience. The use of hallucinogenic mushrooms was surprisingly high. This suggest that mushrooms are the most commonly used hallucinogenic substance in Denmark and that the use has exceeded that of LSD. Compared to non-users mushrooms users had significant more friends with mushroom experience. Furthermore, the study shows that the intention to use mushroom is commoner in persons who have friends with HPS experience. We find that the use of mushroom takes place in minor groups known to each other. Compared to non-users, mushroom-users are significant more experienced with marijuana and other substances. Unfortunately, our data do not permit us to show whether mushroom users are more inclined to try other drugs or whether persons with a high drug experience use mushrooms as well. Further investigation on the subject is recommended.

keywords:
Humans, Basidiomycota, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Denmark, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin


title: Adolescent drug use in Wales.
authors: Smith C, Nutbeam D.
publication_date: 1992-01-31
doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02696.x
pubmed_id: 1554999
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02696.x
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Observational Study,Adolescents
study_type: Observational Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1554999","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
As part of a larger survey of health-related behaviours, 2239 15-16-year-olds in Wales provided information on their use of eight different types of drugs. Key findings indicate that just over a fifth of this age group report to having tried drugs at some time, while a tenth say they have done so within the past month. The most frequently reported substances were marijuana, solvents and glue, and psilocybin. Few of the young people reported multiple or regular drug use. The prevalence of drug use was higher for pupils from single parent families, and more boys than girls reported using psilocybin. The reliability and validity of self-report data are discussed, and the implications of the findings for health education programmes considered.

keywords:
Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Incidence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Wales, Female, Male, Illicit Drugs


title: Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand.
authors: Allen JW, Merlin MD.
publication_date: 1991-12-31
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90020-r
pubmed_id: 1548895
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90020-r
keywords: Animals, Humans, Basidiomycota, Psychotropic Drugs, Food Contamination, Thailand, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Chronic Pain,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1548895","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
This paper presents the results of recent ethnomycological exploration in southern Thailand. Field observations, interviews and collection of fungi specimens were carried out primarily on two islands, Koh Samui and Koh Pha-ngan, situated in the western region of the Gulf of Siam. Some fieldwork was also conducted in the northern Thai province of Chiang Dao and in the southern Thai province of Surat Thani. During five separate excursions (1989-90), observations were made of occurrence, harvesting, use, and marketing of psychoactive fungi by local Thai natives (males and females, adults and children), foreign tourists, and German immigrants. The first records of psychoactive Psilocybe subcubensis and Copelandia dung fungi in Thailand are presented in this paper. These fungi exhibited intense bluing reactions when handled, indicating the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin. Seven collections of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer and/or Psilocybe subcubensis Guzman and four collections of Copelandia sp. were harvested and sun-dried for herbarium deposit. These fungi are cultivated or occur spontaneously, often appearing in the decomposed manure of domesticated water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and at least three different species of cattle (Bos indicus, B. guarus, and B. sundaicus). The psychoactive fungi are cultivated in clandestine plots, both indoors and outdoors, in the uplands and villages on Koh Samui by both Thai natives and some foreigners. The sale of psychoactive fungi directly to tourists and to resort restaurants for use in edible food items such as omelettes and soups is discussed in detail. The preparation and sale of mushroom omelettes adulterated with artificial hallucinogens in some restaurants is also discussed. In addition, the marketing of items such as hand painted T-shirts, post cards, and posters bearing mushroom related motifs in Thailand is described.


authors: Kysilka R.
publication_date: 1990-11-30
doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3
pubmed_id: 2094720
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3
keywords: Animals, Rats, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Electrochemistry, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2094720","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Determination of psilocin in rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.


authors: Buckholtz NS, Zhou DF, Freedman DX, Potter WZ.
publication_date: 1990-03-31
pubmed_id: 1969270
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1969270
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1969270","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) administration selectively downregulates serotonin2 receptors in rat brain.

abstract:
A dosage regimen of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) that reliably produces behavioral tolerance in rats was evaluated for effects on neurotransmitter receptor binding in rat brain using a variety of radioligands selective for amine receptor subtypes. Daily administration of LSD [130 micrograms/kg (0.27 mumol/kg) intraperitoneally (IP)] for 5 days produced a decrease in serotonin2 (5-hydroxytryptamine2, 5-HT2) binding in cortex (measured 24 hours after the last drug administration) but did not affect binding to other receptor systems (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, beta-adrenergic, alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenergic, D2-dopaminergic) or to a recognition site for 5-HT uptake. The decrease was evident within 3 days of LSD administration but was not demonstrable after the first LSD dose. Following 5 days of LSD administration the decrease was still present 48 hours, but not 96 hours, after the last administration. The indole hallucinogen psilocybin [1.0 mg/kg (3.5 mumol/kg) for 8 days] also produced a significant decrease in 5HT2 binding, but neither the nonhallucinogenic analog bromo-LSD [1.3 mg/kg (2.4 mumol/kg) for 5 days] nor mescaline [10 mg/kg (40.3 mumol/kg) for 5 or 10 days] affected 5-HT2 binding. These observations suggest that LSD and other indole hallucinogens may act as 5-HT2 agonists at postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors. Decreased 5-HT2 binding strikingly parallels the development and loss of behavioral tolerance seen with repeated LSD administration, but the decreased binding per se cannot explain the gamut of behavioral tolerance and cross-tolerance phenomena among the indole and phenylethylamine hallucinogens.

keywords:
Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ketanserin, Receptors, Serotonin, Radioligand Assay, Organ Specificity, Down-Regulation, Reference Values, Male, Psilocybin


title: [Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms].
authors: Lassen JF, Ravn HB, Lassen SF.
publication_date: 1989-12-31
pubmed_id: 2301080
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/2301080
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Anxiety,Pharmacology,Review Article
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2301080","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the "liberty cap" or "magic mushrooms" (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europa, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Differential, Denmark, Psilocybin


title: Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs.
authors: Leikin JB, Krantz AJ, Zell-Kanter M, Barkin RL, Hryhorczuk DO.
publication_date: 1989-08-31
doi: 10.1007/bf03259916
pubmed_id: 2682130
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03259916
keywords: Humans, Hallucinogens
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Review Article
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2682130","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Hallucinogenic drugs are unique in that they produce the desired hallucinogenic effects at what are considered non-toxic doses. The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. The drugs reviewed include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, psilocybin, mescaline, and 'designer drugs.' Particularly noteworthy is that each hallucinogen produces characteristic behavioural effects which are related to its serotonergic, dopaminergic or adrenergic activity. Cocaine produces simple hallucinations, PCP can produce complex hallucinations analogous to a paranoid psychosis, while LSD produces a combination of hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. Dose relationships with changes in the quality of the hallucinatory experience have been described with amphetamines and, to some extent, LSD. Flashbacks have been described with LSD and alcohol. Management of the intoxicated patient is dependent on the specific behavioural manifestation elicited by the drug. The principles involve differentiating the patient's symptoms from organic (medical or toxicological) and psychiatric aetiologies and identifying the symptom complex associated with the particular drug. Panic reactions may require treatment with a benzodiazepine or haloperidol. Patients with LSD psychosis may require an antipsychotic. Patients exhibiting prolonged drug-induced psychosis may require a variety of treatments including ECT, lithium and l-5-hydroxytryptophan.


title: Biotransformation of Tryptamine in Fruiting Mycelia of Psilocybe cubensis.
authors: Gartz J.
publication_date: 1989-05-31
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-961995
pubmed_id: 17262409
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961995
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
abstract:
Mycelial cultures of PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS, with the ability to form psilocybin and psilocin DE-NOVO, also hydroxylated and methylated fed tryptamine to give psilocin in up to 3.3% dry mass of the obtained fruit bodies. By using HPLC and TLC, it was found that these mushrooms contain only a small amount of psilocybin (0.01-0.2% dry mass). The values of psilocin are the highest described in any mushrooms.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"17262409","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Involvement of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline.
authors: Appel JB, Callahan PM.
publication_date: 1988-12-31
doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90041-1
pubmed_id: 2707301
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(89)90041-1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2707301","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
In order to further evaluate the extent to which particular 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT1, 5-HT2) might be involved in the behavioral effects of hallucinogenic drugs, rats were trained to discriminate mescaline (10 mg/kg i.p.) from saline and were given substitution (generalization) and combination (antagonism) tests with putatively selective serotonergic and related neuroactive compounds. The mescaline cue generalized to relatively high doses of the 5-HT2 agonists, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), LSD and psilocybin; the extent of generalization to 5-HT1 agonists (8-hydroxy-2-[diethylamino]tetralin (8-OHDPAT), RU-24969 and 8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propylamino]tetralin (TFMPP] was unclear. Combinations of the training drug and sufficiently high doses of 5-HT2 antagonists (ketanserin, LY-53857, pirenperone) were followed by saline-lever responding; less selective central 5-HT (metergoline), and DA (SCH-23390, haloperidol) antagonists, did not block the mescaline cue. These data suggest that 5-HT2 receptors are involved in the stimulus properties of mescaline.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Mescaline, Receptors, Serotonin, Dopamine Antagonists, Serotonin Antagonists, Discrimination Learning, Male, Discrimination, Psychological


title: Biotransformation of tryptamine derivatives in mycelial cultures of Psilocybe.
authors: Gartz J.
publication_date: 1988-12-31
doi: 10.1002/jobm.3620290608
pubmed_id: 2614674
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620290608
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2614674","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Mycelial cultures of Psilocybe cubensis capable of forming psilocybin and psilocin de novo display a high capacity for hydroxylation of tryptamine derivatives at the 4-position. A specific biotransformation of added synthetic N,N-diethyl-tryptamine was found. Thus high amounts of 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (up to 3.3%) and a minor quantity of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (0.01-0.8%) were isolated from fruiting bodies of Psilocybe cubensis in corresponding experiments. This is the first example of a directed biosynthesis of tryptamine substances by fungi. An effective biotransformation of N-methyltryptamine was also demonstrated with surface cultures of Psilocybe semilanceata. Baeocystin, a possible natural precursor of psilocybin, was detected and quantified in the biomasses. No alkaloids could be found in the culture medium.

keywords:
Agaricales, Tryptamines, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Hydroxylation, Biotransformation, Chemistry, Chemical Phenomena


title: Handling of psilocybin and psilocin by everted sacs of rat jejunum and colon.
authors: Eivindvik K, Rasmussen KE, Sund RB.
publication_date: 1988-12-31
pubmed_id: 2610906
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/2610906
keywords: Colon, Jejunum, Animals, Rats, Intestinal Absorption, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:05
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2610906","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Psilocybin and psilocin at luminal concentrations of about 20 nmol/ml were incubated aerobically with everted sacs from rat jejunum and colon. When incubation was terminated, samples of the lumen and blood side solutions and of the intestinal tissue were analyzed for parent drug and metabolites by HPLC using a multidetector system. Both sacs caused hydrolysis of psilocybin to psilocin, but the rate was much faster in the jejunum than in the colon. Tissue uptake of intact psilocybin was negligible or absent, and no transfer to the contraside of the parent drug could be demonstrated. In contrast, psilocin, whether formed by hydrolysis or added as a substrate, was well taken up by both intestinal segments and transferred to the blood side. In the colonic psilocybin experiments, this uptake and transfer was limited by a low hydrolytic rate. The results indicate that psilocybin under in vivo conditions is absorbed predominantly as psilocin. No further metabolism of either drug was observed, as opposed to the complex metabolism pattern that has been reported for serotonin, a close chemical relative to psilocin.


authors: Callahan PM, Appel JB.
publication_date: 1988-08-31
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22199-1
pubmed_id: 2901488
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22199-1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"2901488","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Differences in the stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine in animals trained to discriminate hallucinogens from saline.

abstract:
The stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and several related compounds were compared to those of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine) in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination task. In animals trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline (n = 8), LSD-like responding occurred during substitution (generalization) tests with sufficiently high doses of (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin and (-)-MDA; saline appropriate responding occurred after (+)-MDA and both (+)- and (+)- and (-)-MDMA. In animals trained to discriminate mescaline (10 mg/kg; n = 8), (-)-MDA, (+)-MDA, (-)-MDMA and (+)-MDMA as well as (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin mimicked the training drug. Neither (+)-amphetamine nor cocaine produced mescaline-like responding; fenfluramine substituted partially for mescaline but not LSD. Because all of the phenylisopropylamine enantiomers mimicked the potent hallucinogen mescaline (10 mg/kg), these results do not support suggestions that similarities in the behavioral effects of "designer" drugs such as MDA and MDMA to those of hallucinogens are limited to (-)-MDA. They also indicate that, although LSD and mescaline may be pharmacologically similar (in other assays), these compounds do not have identical stimulus properties.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Amphetamines, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Conditioning, Operant, Discrimination Learning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male


authors: Musha M, Kusano G, Tanaka F, Gotoh Y, Ishii A.
publication_date: 1987-12-31
pubmed_id: 3413259
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3413259
keywords: Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3413259","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
[Poisoning by the hallucinogenic mushroom hikageshibiretake (Psilocybe argentipes)--with special reference to subjective experiences during psilocybin poisoning].


title: Variation of the Amount of Alkaloids in Fruit Bodies of Inocybe aeruginascens.
authors: Gartz J.
publication_date: 1987-11-30
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962805
pubmed_id: 17269094
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962805
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
abstract:
INOCYBE AERUGINASCENS contains psilocybin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin with a still unknown structure in the caps and the stipes. The content of psilocybin and baeocystin has been investigated. The psilocybin and baeocystin content of mushrooms from the same location and with similar mass varied. No correlation has been found between the mass of the mushrooms and the content of psilocybin and baeocystin. There was an extensive correlation between the content of psilocybin and baeocystin. No relation between the location and the content of the indole derivatives seems to exist.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"17269094","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Relief of obsessive-compulsive symptoms by LSD and psilocin.
authors: Leonard HL, Rapoport JL.
publication_date: 1987-08-31
doi: 10.1176/ajp.144.9.1239b
pubmed_id: 3631327
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.9.1239b
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Adolescents
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3631327","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin


title: Occurrence of Psilocybin and Baeocystin in Fruit Bodies of Pluteus salicinus.
authors: Gartz J.
publication_date: 1987-05-31
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962710
pubmed_id: 17269025
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962710
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
abstract:
Using HPLC and TLC, psilocybin and baeocystin but not psilocin were found in extracts of dried fruit bodies of PLUTEUS SALICINUS. Caps contain more psilocybin than stems. The amount of psilocybin varies and was as high as 1.57% in the caps. Urea was also detected. This substance is virtually exclusively localized in the caps. Baeocystin and tryptophan were also found only in the caps. There was a correlation between the content of psilocybin and that of urea.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"17269025","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Diagnosis and therapy of mushroom poisoning (1)].
authors: Zilker T.
publication_date: 1987-03-31
pubmed_id: 3586830
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3586830
keywords: Humans, Basidiomycota, Gastroenteritis, Anemia, Hemolytic, Mushroom Poisoning
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3586830","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The diagnosis of mushroom poisoning is based on three principles: the description of the mushroom, the toxicological analysis of the mushroom and, most important, the mushroom syndrome. Mushroom poisoning can be classified according to the lag time between the meal and the onset of symptoms. In this paper we will discuss mushroom poisoning with short and intermediate lag time. With short lag time and a predominance of CNS signs and symptoms the diagnosis is either fly-agaric, pantherina or psilocybin syndrome. Parasympathomimetic signs and symptoms indicate the muscarine syndrome. If--with a lag period of up to four hours--vomiting and diarrhea are predominant, we will find a poisoning with one of the many mushrooms which lead to gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis combined with hemolysis points to a paxillus syndrome.


title: Studies of the relationship between molecular structure and hallucinogenic activity.
authors: Nichols DE.
publication_date: 1986-01-31
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90362-x
pubmed_id: 3952123
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90362-x
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3952123","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The nature of the stereochemistry and aromatic ring substituents and their importance to biological activity for phenethylamine-type hallucinogens is presented. The possibility of a hydrophobic site to bind to the 4-substituent and its likely geometry is described. A brief discussion of the structure-activity relationships for tryptamines such as psilocin and DMT is also given, with comments about the stereochemistry of alpha-methyltryptamines. Evaluation of a series of N(6)-alkyl-nor-LSD derivatives indicated that selected members such as N(6)-ethyl, allyl and propyl were as potent as, if not more potent than LSD, both in a two-lever drug discrimination assay in rats, and in man. N(6)-alkyl groups longer than n-propyl, such as n-butyl or 2-phenethyl, gave compounds that were greatly reduced in activity.

keywords:
Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Mescaline, Ergolines, Hallucinogens, Structure-Activity Relationship, Stereoisomerism


title: Relationship of CNS tryptaminergic processes and the action of LSD-like hallucinogens.
authors: Martin WR, Sloan JW.
publication_date: 1986-01-31
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90369-2
pubmed_id: 3006088
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90369-2
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3006088","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Tryptamine produces pharmacologic effects in man and the chronic spinal dog which are similar to those produced by LSD, mescaline, psilocin, DMT, DOM and DOB. These effects include tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, hyperreflexia, behavioral changes and in man, hallucinations. Chronic spinal dogs treated chronically with LSD became tolerant to its ability to produce mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea and hyperreflexia, and were cross tolerant to the ability of tryptamine, psilocin, mescaline, DMT, DOM and DOB to produce these same effects. Further, it was found that the brain and spinal cord contained tryptamine and could release it. Further tryptamine levels were higher in the brainstem and spinal cord above the level of transection in the chronic spinal dog that in intact dogs, and the same in the spinal cord below the level of transection. These observations suggested that there were both ascending and descending tryptaminergic pathways. Supporting this hypothesis were the observations that L-tryptophan also produced hyperreflexia in the acute, but not the chronic, spinal dog and cat, and that L-tryptophan hyperreflexia was antagonized by alpha-methyldopa but not pCPA. These observations and others argue that the spinal cord and brain have tryptaminergic mechanisms which are distinct from serotoninergic mechanisms, and that LSD-like hallucinogens act in part through a tryptaminergic mechanism.

keywords:
Central Nervous System, Animals, Dogs, Decerebrate State, Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Tryptophan, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Hallucinogens, Reflex, Behavior, Animal, Synaptic Transmission, Brain Chemistry, Blood Pressure, Time Factors


authors: Musha M, Ishii A, Tanaka F, Kusano G.
publication_date: 1985-12-31
doi: 10.1620/tjem.148.73
pubmed_id: 3705065
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.148.73
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Anxiety,Consciousness,Emotional Processing
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3705065","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Poisoning by hallucinogenic mushroom hikageshibiretake (Psilocybe argentipes K. Yokoyama) indigenous to Japan.

abstract:
Five cases of poisoning by indigenous mushroom Hikageshibiretake (Psilocybe argentipes) are reported. As this mushroom contains psilocybin, in general, clinical features were similar to those seen by pure psilocybin. Acute toxic stuporous state with complete amnesia in the culminating period occurred in one case, psychedelic state with dreamy consciousness in one case and psychotic adverse reactions with vivid visual hallucinations with consciousness in three cases. There were accompanied with anxiety and panic reactions to subjective experiences. Though these toxic effects were usually short-lived, for management of such patients it is important to recognize that horrible emotional reactions and other harmful behavioral problems can also occur.

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Japan, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries.
authors: Stijve T, Kuyper TW.
publication_date: 1985-09-30
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969526
pubmed_id: 17342589
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969526
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
abstract:
Using high performance liquid and thin-layer chromatographic methods more than 100 species of fungi from Europe belonging to 18 genera were analysed for the hallucinogenic compound psilocybin and for some related tryptamine derivatives. Psilocybin, psilocin and/or baeocystin were found in 3 PSILOCYBE 1 PANAEOLUS, 5 INOCYBES and one PLUTEUS. PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA and PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS proved to be the only psilocybin-containing fungi that can be gathered in Middle and Northern Europe in sufficient quantities to permit abuse.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"17342589","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: New trends in drug use among youth in California.
authors: Siegel RK.
publication_date: 1985-03-31
pubmed_id: 3878176
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3878176
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Adolescents
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"3878176","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
New trends in drug use in the United States of America have usually started in populations of young users in California. The use of hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics), phencyclidine (PCP) and the smoking of cocaine free base were all first detected in populations of young Californian users. Five patterns of youthful drug use are described: experimental, social-recreational, circumstantial-situational, intensified and compulsive. These patterns are supported by several myths whereby users tend to trust the appearance and folklore surrounding specific drugs. New trends in drug use detected in a sample population of young users in California include increased use of cocaine, psilocybin mushrooms, psycho-active phenylisophropylamines, PCP, fentanyl, and codeine combined with glutethimide. Other evidence suggests that future trends are likely to include increased use of cathinone, yohimbine, fentanyl analogues and ephedrine.

keywords:
Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Cocaine, Fentanyl, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Drug Combinations, Cross-Sectional Studies, Social Facilitation, Drug Contamination, Adolescent, California, Illicit Drugs


title: Long-lasting behavioral effects of bromocriptine in cats.
authors: Gonzalez-Lima F, Stiehl WL, Medina R.
publication_date: 1984-06-30
doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90259-0
pubmed_id: 6479221
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(84)90259-0
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6479221","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The objective was to determine the behavioral effects and duration of action of bromocriptine (BC) doses from 6 to 60 mg/kg i.p. Cats were housed in large outdoors cages designed for prolonged observation using an ethological approach. Baseline behavior was measured after a 3 month period of habituation. The frequency of 12 behaviors was then scored continuously over 12 h following BC administration. Cats were also observed for one h at 24, 30, 36 and 48 h post-drug. The behavioral effects of BC were remarkably similar to those of LSD and psilocybin but lasted much longer. Treated cats showed hallucinatory-like and escape behavior. Abnormal involuntary movements such as limb flicks, abortive grooming, and head and body shakes were also evoked with a dose-dependent frequency. Lower doses (6-20) produced generalized arousal, but larger doses (30-60) resulted in a decrease in arousal. After 30 mg/kg, hallucinatory-like behavior and general activity (rubbing, treading, kneading) were high at 48 h post-drug, but there were no longer abnormal movements. Behavioral suppression followed the 60 mg/kg dose and peak effects were at 96 h post-injection. This model may prove useful to further study the neural basis of the psychoactive effects of BC.

keywords:
Animals, Cats, Bromocriptine, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Sleep, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Female, Male


title: Psilocybin in Finnish Psilocybe semilanceata.
authors: Jokiranta J, Mustola S, Ohenoja E, Airaksinen MM.
publication_date: 1984-05-31
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969703
pubmed_id: 17340315
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969703
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
abstract:
The use of a hallucinogenic mushroom, PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA, has been occasionally reported in Finland, where the species is widely distributed. We have determined, by HPLC, the content of psilocybin and psilocin in P. SEMILANCEATA samples collected from different parts of Finland; the psilocybin content was found to be high (0.62-2.37%, mean 1.42% of dry weight), some samples also contained low concentrations (0.01-0.02% dry weight) of psilocin.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"17340315","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Ethnobotany of psilocybin mushrooms, especially Psilocybe cubensis.
authors: Badham ER.
publication_date: 1984-03-31
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90007-2
pubmed_id: 6539409
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90007-2
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6539409","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Animals, Humans, Mice, Basidiomycota, Hallucinogens, Medicine, Traditional, United States, Psilocybin


authors: Trulson ME, Preussler DW, Trulson VM.
publication_date: 1983-12-31
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21616-0
pubmed_id: 6694110
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21616-0
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6694110","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Differential effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the nucleus centralis superior and nucleus raphe pallidus in freely moving cats.

abstract:
Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that there are a number of important dissociations between the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons and behavior in freely moving cats. In the present study, we extended this analysis to serotonergic units in the nucleus centralis superior (NCS) and nucleus raphe pallidus (RPA). Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produced a dose-dependent decrease in NCS unit activity at 10, 50 and 100 micrograms/kg (i.p.) and a dose-dependent increase in certain behaviors (e.g., limb flicking and abortive grooming) and the peak behavioral and unit changes were temporally correlated. By contrast, LSD had little effect on serotonin-containing RPA neurons. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) also produced a dose-dependent decrease in NCS unit activity at 10, 50 and 250 micrograms/kg (i.m.) and dose-dependent behavioral changes. Similar to our LSD data, 5-MeODMT was found to have no overall significant effect on RPA unit activity, except at the highest dose level. Psilocin produced dose-dependent decreases in NCS unit activity at 25, 100 and 750 micrograms/kg (i.p.), whereas the behavioral changes were not dose-related. Psilocin also had relatively little effect on the activity of RPA neurons. The phenylethylamine hallucinogens, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (50, 250 and 1000 micrograms/kg i.p.) (DOM) and mescaline (5000 micrograms/kg i.p.), both produced large behavioral changes, but no overall significant effect on raphe unit activity in either the NCS or RPA. These data suggest that ascending dorsal raphe and NCS neurons may be involved in the process of hallucinogenesis, whereas descending RPA neurons do not appear to be involved in this process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT250 WORDS)

keywords:
Brain Stem, Raphe Nuclei, Neurons, Animals, Cats, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Membrane Potentials, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Female, Male


authors: Sottolano SM, Lurie IS.
publication_date: 1983-09-30
doi: 10.1520/jfs11601j
pubmed_id: 6685168
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs11601j
keywords: Basidiomycota, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6685168","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
The quantitation of psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms using high performance liquid chromatography.

abstract:
A method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an acetonitrile, water, and phosphoric acid mobile phase and a bonded cyano-amino-type polar phase column has been developed for the rapid, selective, and accurate quantitation of psilocybin in dry mushroom material. A simple one-step procedure is used for the quantitative extraction of psilocybin in under 60 min. The 267:254 nm absorbance ratio is used as a check on peak purity for the psilocybin response.


title: Ethnopharmacology of ska María Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.).
authors: Valdés LJ, Díaz JL, Paul AG.
publication_date: 1983-04-30
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1
pubmed_id: 6876852
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1
keywords: Humans, Plants, Medicinal, Hallucinogens, Phytotherapy, Indians, North American, Mexico
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6876852","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Salvia divinorum is a perennial labiate used for curing and divination by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. The psychotropic effects the plant produces are compared to those of the other hallucinogens employed by the Mazatecs, the morning glory, Rivea corymbosa L., Hallier f. and the psilocybin-containing mushrooms. A discussion of the role of ska María Pastora in the native "pharmacopeia" is based on previous reports and fieldwork by the authors, with a Mazatec shaman.


title: The problem of psilocybin mushroom abuse.
authors: Peden NR, Pringle SD, Crooks J.
publication_date: 1982-09-30
doi: 10.1177/096032718200100408
pubmed_id: 7173927
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718200100408
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Review Article,Adolescents
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:14
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7173927","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
1 We have reviewed the clinical features and management of 44 consecutive patients presenting to hospital over a 5 week period during an outbreak of ingestion of psilocybin containing mushrooms. 2 Patients presented to hospital usually because of dysphoric effects an average of 3.8 h after ingesting mushrooms. 3 Mydriasis was present in 40 patients but fewer than half showed other sympathomimetic features--tachycardia, hypertension or hyperreflexia. 4 Twenty-three patients experienced nausea and vomiting. 5 Distortions of perception chiefly visual were frequent as were paraesthesiae and feelings of depersonalization. 6 The effects of the mushrooms were short-lived and had worn off within 12 h in all but one patient. 7 Inducing emesis did not appear to hasten recovery from the effects of the mushrooms.

keywords:
Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Behavior, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: Neurophysiological effects of hallucinogens on serotonergic neuronal systems.
authors: McCall RB.
publication_date: 1981-12-31
doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(82)90033-1
pubmed_id: 7177511
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(82)90033-1
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7177511","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Low intravenous doses of the hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) markedly suppress the discharge of serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Microiontophoretically applied LSD also inhibits the firing of 5-HT neurons, indicating that the inhibitory effect is mediated directing on 5-HT neurons. Forebrain neurons receiving a major serotonergic input are relatively insensitive to LSD. Other indole hallucinogens (i.e., psilocin, dimethyltryptamine, and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine) also preferentially inhibit raphe firing as compared to postsynaptic forebrain neurons. These observations led to the hypothesis that hallucinogens produce their psychoactive effects by acting preferentially upon 5-HT autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe allowing postsynaptic neurons to escape from the tonic inhibitory action of 5-HT neurons. However, problems exist with the concept that hallucinogens produce their psychoactive effects by disinhibiting postsynaptic neurons. First, the time course of the behavioral and neuronal effects of LSD do not correlate. Second, 5-HT neurons do not become tolerant to the inhibitory actions of LSD. Third, the hallucinogen mescaline fails to directly inhibit 5-HT neurons. Finally, the nonhallucinogen lisuride markedly suppresses the discharges of 5-HT neurons. These observations suggest that postsynaptic actions of hallucinogens may be of prime importance in producing their psychedelic effects. Evidence is presented to suggest that the hallucinogens may act postsynaptically to sensitize both serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors. It is suggested that a mechanism of receptor sensitization, in distinction to disinhibition, might account for the altered perceptual reactivity produced by these drugs.

keywords:
Brain, Locus Coeruleus, Raphe Nuclei, Geniculate Bodies, Neurons, Motor Neurons, Animals, Cats, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Mescaline, Lisuride, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug


authors: Koerner J, Appel JB.
publication_date: 1981-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00435266
pubmed_id: 6805022
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00435266
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6805022","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Psilocybin as a discriminative stimulus: lack of specificity in an animal behavior model for 'hallucinogens'.

abstract:
Fifteen rats were trained to discriminate between the tryptamine hallucinogen psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 1.0 mg/kg) and saline in a two-lever choice task. Dose-response and time-response curves were obtained. The psilocybin cue generalized to psilocin (the dephosphorylated congener of psilocybin) and to the prototypical indoleamine hallucinogen LSD, but not to the phenylethylamine hallucinogen mescaline. These results indicate that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs in humans may not be identical with their discriminative stimulus functions in animals, and that these four compounds may not be members of a single drug class. The term 'hallucinogen' may thus be a misnomer in the context of drug discrimination studies in nonhumans.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Discrimination Learning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Models, Psychological, Male, Psilocybin


title: Chloroquine psychosis: a chemical psychosis?
authors: Mohan D, Mohandas E, Rajat R.
publication_date: 1981-10-31
pubmed_id: 7310924
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7310924
keywords: Humans, Malaria, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Chloroquine, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Adolescents
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7310924","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Psychotic states are mimicked by the use of many drugs including amphetamines, cannabis, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline, isoniazid, and L-dopa. A paranoid psychotic picture in a clear sensorium is characteristic of amphetamine psychosis. In developing countries, malaria among other diseases is a frequent indicator of chloroquine administration. The present communication reports a series of chloroquine-induced psychosis in a clear sensorium simulating affective illness, such as mania, mixed affective states, or depression. The psychosis disappeared after cessation of the drug, combined with or without the use of low dosage phenothiazines in excited patients. From our cases, two types of presentation of chloroquine psychosis could be seen: (1) psychic with clear sensorium, mood changes, alteration in motor activity, delusions, and hallucinations; and (2) psycho-organic with clouded sensorium, disorientation, and fleeting hallucinations. The precise nature of the mechanism of the psychosis is not clear because of the limited number of reported cases.


title: Sequelae of a 'magic mushroom banquet'.
authors: Harries AD, Evans V
journal: Postgraduate medical journal
publication_date: 1981-08-31
doi: 10.1136/pgmj.57.671.571
pubmed_id: 7199142
source_url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7199142/
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: PubMed
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
raw_json: {"pubmed_id":"7199142"}
abstract:
Magic mushroom festivals are becoming increasingly common especially in some areas of Wales where the mushroom can be found in profusion. The authors report on the sequelae of one such festival, and point out the dangers of which the participants generally are unaware.


title: Clinical toxicology of "magic mushroom" ingestion.
authors: Peden NR, Bissett AF, Macaulay KE, Crooks J, Pelosi AJ
journal: Postgraduate medical journal
publication_date: 1981-08-31
doi: 10.1136/pgmj.57.671.543
pubmed_id: 7199140
source_url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7199140/
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Toxicity
study_type: Other
source_name: PubMed
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
raw_json: {"pubmed_id":"7199140"}
abstract:
The clinical features are reported in 27 cases of ‘magic mushroom’ ingestion. Mydriasis and hyperreflexia were common as were disorders of perception and affect.  appears to have been the species of fungus involved.


title: The content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata.
authors: Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Høiland K.
publication_date: 1981-06-30
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971632
pubmed_id: 17401967
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971632
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
abstract:
Psilocybe semilanceata contains hallucinogenic indole alkaloids and has been used as a narcotic drug in Norway. The content of psilocybin, the major constituent in Norwegian P. semilanceata, has been investigated as well as its habitats and its distribution throughout the country. The mushroom is growing on grassy sites in most parts of Norway from the middle of August to the middle of October. The psilocybin content in dried mushrooms varied considerably, from 0.17 to 1.96%. The highest concentrations in percent was found among the smaller mushrooms whereas the content in mg was highest in larger mushrooms. The content of psilocybin makes P. semilanceata to a potent hallucinogenic drug.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"17401967","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Trulson ME, Heym J, Jacobs BL.
publication_date: 1981-05-31
doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90507-2
pubmed_id: 6114779
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(81)90507-2
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6114779","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Dissociations between the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on behavior and raphe unit activity in freely moving cats.

abstract:
The hypothesis that the action of hallucinogenic drugs is mediated by a depression of the activity of brain serotonergic (raphe) neurons was tested by examining the behavioral effects of several hallucinogenic drugs while concurrently monitoring the activity of raphe neurons in freely moving cats. LSD produced a dose-dependent decrease in raphe unit activity and a dose-dependent increase in certain behaviors (e.g. limb flick and abortive groom), and the peak of the behavioral and unit changes were temporally correlated. However, there were three important dissociations between the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of LSD. Firstly, low doses of LSD produced only small decreases in raphe unit activity but significant behavioral changes. Secondly, the duration of LSD-induced behavioral changes significantly outlasted the depression of raphe unit activity. And thirdly, raphe neurons were at least as responsive to LSD during tolerance as they were in the nontolerant condition. Psilocin produced a dose-dependent decrease in raphe unit activity, while the behavioral changes were not dose-related. However, the peak behavioral changes corresponded to the maximal depression of raphe unit activity. The phenylethylamine hallucinogens, DOM and mescaline, both produced large behavioral changes but no overall effect on raphe neurons. Following administration of DOM or mescaline, some raphe units showed a significant increase, while some showed a significant decrease, and others showed no change in activity. Therefore, the phenylethylamine hallucinogens may exert a depressant effect upon a subset of serotonin-containing neurons, and an amphetamine-like excitatory effect upon another subset of these neurons. Consistent with previous studies, all hallucinogens produced a high concentration of slow waves in the cortical EEG. Following administration of LSD or psilocin, the appearance of slow waves in the EEG was often associated with a transitory decrease in unit activity, while this was not observed for the phenylethylamine hallucinogens. The present data, in conjunction with recent data from other laboratories, suggest that the serotonin hypothesis of hallucinogenic drug action should be re-evaluated.

keywords:
Brain Stem, Raphe Nuclei, Neurons, Animals, Cats, Amphetamines, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Behavior, Animal, Electric Conductivity, Kinetics, Female, Psilocybin, DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine


authors: Beug MW, Bigwood J.
publication_date: 1981-02-28
doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88741-5
pubmed_id: 7194879
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88741-5
keywords: Agaricales, Solvents, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7194879","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe baeocystis (Singer and Smith) by high-performance liquid chromatography and by thin-layer chromatography.

abstract:
Rapid quantification of psilocybin and psilocin in extracts of wild mushrooms is accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with paired-ion reagents. Nine solvent systems and three solid supports are evaluated for their efficiency in separating psilocybin, psilocin and other components of crude mushroom extracts by thin-layer chromatography.


title: Interaction of D-LSD with blood platelets of rabbits: shape change and specific binding.
authors: Laubscher A, Pletscher A, Noll H.
publication_date: 1981-01-31
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)32431-6
pubmed_id: 6109775
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)32431-6
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6109775","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
In blood platelets of rabbits, the shape change-inducing effect of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (D-LSD) has been compared with the D-LSD-binding. D-LSD, but not L-LSD, caused a shape change reaction (EC50 1.3 x 10(-9) M) which was inhibited by various 5-HT antagonists (methergoline and neuroleptic drugs), butaclamol showing marked stereospecificity. Strong inhibitors of 5 HT uptake were only weak in counteracting the D-LSD-induced shape change. Furthermore, D-[3H]LSD bound to platelets at a single saturable, high affinity, stereoselective site [Kd = (31.1 +/- 3.3) x 10(-9) M; Bmax = 28.9 +/- 2.7 fmols per 10(8) platelets]. This binding was strongly antagonized by D-LSD and methergoline and less by the hallucinogenic drugs, psilocin, bufotenin and N'N'-dimethyltryptamine. L-LSD an 5 HT, inhibitors of 5 HT uptake and neuroleptics, especially spiroperidol and butaclamol, had only a weak antagonistic effect. The latter showed stereospecificity. It is concluded that 1) the shape change reaction caused by D-LSD in platelets is mediated by the specific 5 HT-receptor, 2) the sites mediating the D-LSD-induced shape change reaction are not identical with those responsible for D-[3H]LSD-binding and both these sites are different from the 5 HT-transport sites and 3) with respect to D-LSD-binding sites, platelets and neurons are not exactly identical.

keywords:
Blood Platelets, Animals, Rabbits, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Metergoline, Receptors, Serotonin, Antipsychotic Agents, Kinetics


authors: Gelpke R.
publication_date: 1980-12-31
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1981.10471454
pubmed_id: 7024496
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1981.10471454
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7024496","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
On travels in the universe of the soul: reports on self-experiments with delysid (LSD) and psilocybin (CY).

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Self Administration, Mental Processes, History, 20th Century, Psilocybin


title: Mushrooms and madness. Hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications.
authors: McDonald A.
publication_date: 1980-10-31
doi: 10.1177/070674378002500709
pubmed_id: 6777029
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378002500709
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action,Review Article
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6777029","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
This article reviews the major hallucinogenic fungi both for their historical as well as neurochemical import. Despite voluminous literature on them, relatively little study has focused on psilocybin related substances that could relate to forms of psychotic illness. Some metabolic pathways are reviewed which illustrate the need for more study of indole compounds such as baeocystin.

keywords:
Humans, Basidiomycota, Amanita, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Monoamine Oxidase, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Chemistry, History, Medieval, History, Modern 1601-, Guatemala, Mexico, India, Siberia


authors: Thomson BM.
publication_date: 1980-09-30
pubmed_id: 7191888
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7191888
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7191888","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in mushroom extracts by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.

abstract:
A method has been developed for the analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in dry and preserved mushrooms using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A mobile phase of phosphate buffered methanol/water/cetrimonium bromide allows good separation of the two hallucinogens.

keywords:
Basidiomycota, Hallucinogens, Plant Extracts, Buffers, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Psilocybin


title: LDS-25 as a discriminative stimulus for response selection by pigeons.
authors: Järbe TU.
publication_date: 1980-09-30
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90279-8
pubmed_id: 6107936
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(80)90279-8
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6107936","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Pigeons (N=4) were trained to discriminate between the effects induced by intramuscular (IM) injections of d-LSD and saline using a discrete-trial discrimination paradigm (choice between left and right hand key) in a conventional operant box. The solutions were administered IM15 min prior to the sessions. A FR15 schedule was in operation to produce food. Which of the two keys was correct on a given training session depended upon whether LSD or saline had been given. Three of the birds were trained and maintained with a dose of 40 microgram/kg of LSD and the fourth pigeon finally was maintained on 50 microgram/kg of LSD. The dose resulting in 50% LSD appropriate responding (ED50) was 18 microgram/kg and the median time-interval for the decay of the LSD stimulus (40 microgram/kg) was 84 min. Tests with psilocybin (ED50=0.55 mg/kg) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (ED50=5.7 mg/kg) resulted in responding appropriate for the LSD training condition. Mescaline injections above 10 mg/kg severely suppressed responding. The few responses emitted after tests with 15 and 20 mg/kg of mescaline were directed to the LSD associated key. Tests with BOL (0.1 to 3 mg/kg) as well as three other psychotropic drugs (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine and, pentobarbital) did not result in responding above 50%) LSD appropriate responses. As a possible antidote, methergoline, a pubetative antagonist of post-synaptic serotonin receptor sites, was administered 75 min prior to testing the cueing properties of LSD. No definitive role for a blocking effect of the LSD-cue is provided by the present data.

keywords:
Animals, Columbidae, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Metergoline, Discrimination Learning, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Kaul B, Davidow B.
publication_date: 1980-07-31
doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1980.tb02542.x
pubmed_id: 7430414
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1980.tb02542.x
keywords: Humans, Phencyclidine Abuse, Phencyclidine, Radioimmunoassay, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Adolescents
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"7430414","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Application of a radioimmunoassay screening test for detection and management of phencyclidine intoxication.

abstract:
A radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed to monitor patients suspected of phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication. Symptoms in 11 patients suspected of phencyclidine intoxication included violent, aggressive behavior with delusions, hallucinations, agitation, and other signs of toxic psychosis. In five subjects serum concentrations of PCP ranged between 0.5 and 40 ng/ml. For laboratory confirmation, ascorbic acid should be administered to the patient after collecting the initial urine specimen. The initial urine and the first and second specimen after acidification should be collected and submitted for analysis. By following this provocative mobilization procedure, phencyclidine has been identified in the first or second postacidification urine when the initial specimen gave either a negative or questionable reaction. Patients reporting to emergency rooms with hallucinations and psychosis and a history of "pot" smoking should be screened for the presence of phencyclidine in their blood and urine. For those cases that turn out to be negative for the phencyclidine group of compounds, other hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, mescaline, or psilocybin may be suspect.


title: EEG effects of hallucinogens and cannabinoids using sleep-waking behavior as baseline.
authors: Fairchild MD, Jenden DJ, Mickey MR, Yale C.
publication_date: 1979-12-31
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90422-0
pubmed_id: 6102770
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(80)90422-0
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"6102770","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Three hallucinogens (d-lysergicacid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin) and two cannabinoid derivatives (tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synhexyl) were tested for their long-term effects on the EEG of the cat. The drug-induced alterations in the EEG frequency spectrum were "drug-specific" in the sense that they would be statistically unlikely to occur during sleep-waking behavior. The two classes of compounds produced distinctly different EEG effects which were remarkably similar within each class. The duration of activity and relative potencies were consistent with those obtained by other measures, both in cats and in other species including man.

keywords:
Animals, Cats, Mescaline, Cannabinoids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Benzopyrans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Wakefulness, Sleep, Female, Dronabinol, Psilocybin


title: The danger of hallucinogenic mushrooms.
authors: Mills PR, Lesinskas D, Watkinson G.
publication_date: 1979-09-30
doi: 10.1177/003693307902400413
pubmed_id: 555819
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1177/003693307902400413
keywords: Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Male, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Adolescents
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"555819","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
There has been a revival of interest amongst young people in the raw consumption of "wild" Psilocybin mushrooms, because of their hallucinogenic properties. Seven cases of mushroom overdosage are described. Whilst the hallucinogenic mushrooms are relatively harmless, the dangers from inadvertent ingestion of commonly occurring poisonous varieties are emphasised.


title: A characteristic effect of hallucinogens on investigatory responding in rats.
authors: Geyer MA, Light RK, Rose GJ, Petersen LR, Horwitt DD, Adams LM, Hawkins RL.
publication_date: 1979-08-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00491975
pubmed_id: 116288
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00491975
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"116288","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The disruption of the temporal distribution of investigatory responses by rats in a novel hole-board following lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD), as described in a companion paper (Geyer and Light, 1979), was found to be a characteristic effect of a variety of hallucinogens. Similar effects were produced by indoleamine hallucinogens, such as LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and psilocin, and by phenylethylamine hallucinogens, such as mescaline or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). Congeners of DOM that are inactive in humans had no significant effects. Furthermore, of a variety of other psychoactive drugs tested, only apomorphine produced an effect similar to that of the hallucinogens. These results suggest that a simple behavioral measure of exploration in a hole-board may provide a useful animal model with which to examine the common effects of hallucinogens.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Phenethylamines, Amphetamines, Apomorphine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Exploratory Behavior, Time Factors, Male, DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine


title: Severe aggression in rats induced by mescaline but not other hallucinogens.
authors: Sbordone RJ, Wingard JA, Gorelick DA, Elliott ML.
publication_date: 1978-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00428319
pubmed_id: 119274
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00428319
keywords: Animals, Humans, Rats, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Aggression, Male
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"119274","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), or 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) IP prior to being placed in a shock-elicited aggression situation. When foot shock was delivered, controls struck each other with their forepaws, but never engaged in either biting or injurious fighting. Mescaline-treated rats (50 or 250 mg) rarely struck each other, but engaged in nearly lethal biting. While LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg), psilocin (2.0 mg/kg), and DMT (5 mg/kg) produced some biting, this did not significantly differ from controls and never resulted in injuries. At higher doses, psilocin, DMT, and DMPEA decreased the amount and intensity of fighting. Rats treated with 5-OHDA (8--200 mg/kg) or LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg) did not differ from controls. These results suggest that mescaline's ability to induce pathological aggression in rats exposed to foot shock is not shared by other hallucinogens or nonhallucinogenic mescaline analogues.


authors: Geyer MA, Petersen LR, Rose GJ, Horwitt DD, Light RK, Adams LM, Zook JA, Hawkins RL, Mandell AJ.
publication_date: 1978-11-30
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31486-2
pubmed_id: 731434
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31486-2
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"731434","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline-derived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function: tactile startle.

abstract:
Tactile startle responding by male Sprague-Dawley rats given 60 presentations of air-puff stimuli (37.5 psi) was measured after the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of hallucinogens and other psychoactive drugs. Among the drugs tested were the indoleamine-derived compounds, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine and psilocin, and the phenylethylamine-derived compounds, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine and a series of active and inactive congeners of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. All of the active phenylethylamines increased startle response magnitudes throughout the test session. This pattern of augmented startle suggests that these drugs increase reactivity. However, none of the indoleamine hallucinogens increased startle responding. Of the nonhallucinogenic drugs tested, only apomorphine increased startle responding, while clonidine significantly decreased it, and amphetamine, chlorimipramine, scopolamine and methysergide had no effect. In additional studies with LSD, it was found that LSD increased the response to only the first stimulus when more intense air-puffs were used (50 psi). Furthermore, when the number of stimuli was increased from 60 to 240 (1 hr) so that appreciable habituation was evident in controls, LSD impaired this habituation. Whereas the response magnitudes of the control group decreased by 70% across the session, the responses of LSD-treated rats decreased by only 32%. These results suggest that LSD and phenylethylamine-derived hallucinogens may differ in their effects on tactile startle responding.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Physical Stimulation, Touch, Time Factors, Male, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Reflex, Startle


authors: Whitaker PM, Seeman P.
publication_date: 1978-08-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00428022
pubmed_id: 100806
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00428022
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study
study_type: In Vitro Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"100806","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
High-affinity 3H-serotonin binding to caudate: inhibition by hallucinogens and serotoninergic drugs.

abstract:
The specific binding of 3H-serotonin to calf caudate homogenate was studied. The dissociation constant was 2nM and the number of specific sites was 14fmoles/mg protein. Of many drugs tested, inhibition of specific 3H-serotonin binding occurred almost exclusively with serotonin agonists and antagonists. The concentrations for 50% inhibition of 3H-serotonin binding by serotonergic agonists follow: bufotenin, 6nM; 5-methoxytryptamine, 12 nM; psilocin, 35nM; dimethyltryptamine, 220 nM; and tryptamine, 270 nM. The concentrations for the antagonists were: LSD9.5 nM; methysergide 16nM and metergoline 25nM.

keywords:
Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Membranes, Animals, Cattle, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Kinetics, In Vitro Techniques


title: Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications.
authors: Hyde C, Glancy G, Omerod P, Hall D, Taylor GS.
publication_date: 1978-05-31
doi: 10.1192/bjp.132.6.602
pubmed_id: 566144
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.132.6.602
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"566144","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The use for hallucinogenic purposes of an indigenous mushroom, Psilocybe semilanceata indigenous to Britain is reported in three patients. Typical psychedelic, transient psychotic and more prolonged schizophrenia-like states were seen, with sympathomimetic signs noted in two cases, in one being prolonged. Enquiry about such mushroom abuse should be considered in individuals presenting to medical or psychiatric emergency clinics.

keywords:
Humans, Basidiomycota, Hallucinations, Substance-Related Disorders, Mental Disorders, Adult, Male, Psilocybin


title: Stimulation of rat prolactin secretion by indolealkylamine hallucinogens.
authors: Meltzer HY, Fessler RG, Simonovic M, Fang VS.
publication_date: 1978-03-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00432847
pubmed_id: 148665
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00432847
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"148665","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The hallucinogenic indoleamine drugs N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), psilocybin, bufotenin, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and N-methyltryptamine, increased rat plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. The increase in plasma PRL produced by N,N-DMT, psilocybin, and bufotenin was inhibited by methysergide, a serotonin receptor blocker. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, significantly potentiated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT, and psilocybin. Parachloroamphetamine, a relatively selective toxin for serotonin neurons, also stimulated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT. These results suggest that the indole hallucinogens stimulate PRL secretion by a serotonergic agonist mechanism. Bufotenin has been reported to pass the blood-brain barrier poorly, but of the indoles studied it had the most potent effect on PRL secretion. This raises the possibility that the serotonin receptors which promote PRL secretion may be outside the blood-brain barrier or that the central 5-HT receptors which mediate PRL secretion may be especially responsive to bufotenin.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Indoles, Prolactin, Fenclonine, Hallucinogens, Stimulation, Chemical, Time Factors, Male


authors: Van Went GF.
publication_date: 1978-02-28
doi: 10.1007/bf01923013
pubmed_id: 631257
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01923013
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"631257","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Mutagenicity testing of 3 hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin and delta 9-THC, using the micronucleus test.

abstract:
Using the micronucleus test as a screening method for mutagenic activity, no significant increase in the number of micronuclei was found when LSD, psilocybin or delta 9-THC were administered in 3 logarithmically increasing doses to mice, Azathioiprine (Imuran), given as a positive control, caused a statistically significantt increase in the micronucleated cells.

keywords:
Bone Marrow, Animals, Mice, Chromosome Aberrations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Azathioprine, Mutagens, Dronabinol, Psilocybin


title: The occurrence of psilocybin in Gymnopilus species.
authors: Hatfield GM, Valdes LJ.
publication_date: 1978-02-28
pubmed_id: 565861
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/565861
keywords: Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"565861","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
An accidental case of mushroom poisoning led to the detection of psilocybin in Gymnopilus validipes (Cortinariaceae). This compound was subsequently isolated (0.12% yield) by anion exchange and cellulose chromatography. Eighteen additional species of Gymnopilus were screened by a method capable of detecting 0.0004% psilocybin in dried carpophores. Psilocybin was detected in G. aeruginosus, G. luteus, G. viridans and G. spectabilis. The latter species has been previously reported to be hallucinogenic. This is the first report of psilocybin from this genus.


title: The identification of LSD-like hallucinogens using the chronic spinal dog.
authors: Martin WR, Vaupel DB, Nozaki M, Bright LD.
publication_date: 1978-02-28
doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(78)90024-8
pubmed_id: 272982
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(78)90024-8
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"272982","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The effects of several indoleamines and phenethylamines were studied in the chronic spinal dog and compared with two standard drugs, LSD and amphetamine. In the nontolerant chronic spinal dog, their effects on a variety of physiologic and behavioral functions were measured in untreated dogs, as well as dogs treated with certain antagonists. The effects of the antagonists phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine on the various physiologic effects were studied for all drugs. For some idoleamines and phenethylamines, the effects of chlorpromazine and pimozide were also studied. Indoleamines and phenethylamines in the LSD-tolerant chronic spinal dog and their anorexigenic effects in the intact dog were also studied. The results of these studies indicate that psilocin, mescaline, dimethyltryptamine and tryptamine are LSD-like drugs. DOM, DOB, DMA, and TMA are predominantly LSD-like drugs but do have some amphetamine-like action. PMA and PEA are predominantly amphetamine-like drugs with some LSD-like activity. MMDA and MDA have a more complicated pharmacology showing proerties that resemble LSD and amphetamine, but they have other actions which are not shared by either LSD or amphetamine, which suggests they have yet other modes of action.

keywords:
Animals, Dogs, Phenethylamines, Dextroamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cordotomy, Feeding Behavior, Structure-Activity Relationship, Female


title: Defining the histamine H2-receptor in brain: the interaction with LSD.
authors: Green JP, Weinstein H, Maayani S.
publication_date: 1977-12-31
pubmed_id: 30911
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30911
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"30911","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Two aspects of the complexities of the mode of action of drugs are described. One is the criteria and pitfalls of defining the interaction with specific receptors. The other is the need to consider each of the pharmacological effects of a drug as a concatenation of receptor events, because it has become clear that each drug may have substantial affinity for many specific receptors. Illustrating these ideas is a characterization of the histamine receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in brain. The activities of a series of H2-antagonists and H2-agaonists were shown to be the same on the histamine receptor linked to adenylate cyclase as on known H2-receptors. The KB values of antagonists and ED50 values of agonists were not distinguishable among these receptors. Notably, at high concentrations, the H1-antagonists are also competitive antagonists of the H2-receptor. Cyproheptadine has especially high affinity for the H2-receptor. It is the most potent H2-antagonist yet reported. Other published results are reviewed to show the variety of receptors that cyproheptadine has affinity for. Its affinity for serotonin receptors led us to examine other serotonin antagonists. On this H2-receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in homogenates of guinea pig hippocampus and cortex, D-LSD and D-2-bromo-LSD (BrLSD) were shown to be competitive antagonists of histamine. L-LSD, mescaline and psilocin were inactive. Noting congurency in the molecular structyre of D-LSD and known H2-antagonists, we predicted a new H2-antagonist. This prediction is shown to be correct: the compound has similar affinity to the H2-receptor as has LSD. The affinities of D-LSD and BrLSD for the H2-receptor are compared with their affinities for other receptors. The pharmacology of D-LSD and BrLSD is reviewed. Evidence is assembled that BrLSD has considerable central effects.

keywords:
Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Cyproheptadine, Receptors, Dopamine, Receptors, Histamine H1, Receptors, Histamine H2, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, Histamine, Histamine H1 Antagonists, Histamine H2 Antagonists, Behavior, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, In Vitro Techniques, Adenylyl Cyclases


title: Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus.
authors: Repke DB, Leslie DT, Guzmán G.
publication_date: 1977-10-31
pubmed_id: 600026
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/600026
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"600026","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.

keywords:
Agaricales, Serotonin, Indoles, Species Specificity, Canada, Mexico, United States, Peru, Psilocybin


authors: Jacobs BL, Trulson ME, Stern WC.
publication_date: 1977-07-31
doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90423-1
pubmed_id: 19128
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90423-1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"19128","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Behavioral effects of LSD in the cat: proposal of an animal behavior model for studying the actions of hallucinogenic drugs.

abstract:
In the course of examining the complete dose-response relationship for the behavioral effects of LSD in the cat, we discovered that, in addition to large increases in investigatory and hallucinatory-like responses, two behaviors, not previously reported, are emitted with a high probability under LSD. Beginning from a baseline of essentially zero in saline-treated animals, limb flicks and abortive grooming increase in frequency in direct relation to the dose of LSD administered (2.5, 10, 25 and 50 microgram/kg i.p.) and then decrease at higher doses (100 and 200 microgram/kg). Limb flicks are a species-specific behavior seen in normal cats almost exclusively in response to the presence of a foreign substance, such as water, on the hindpaw or forepaw. In abortive grooming, the cat orients to the body surfaces as if to groom but does not emit the consummatory grooming response (bite, lick or scratch), or emits the response in midair. These behaviors can serve as an animal behavior model for the actions of LSD and related hallucinogens in humans. The specificity of these behavioral changes is indicated by the fact that they are never seen in response to other classes of psychoactive drugs such as D-amphetamine, atropine, caffeine, and cholorpheniramine. They are, however, elicited by compounds such as psilocybin which are structurally and functionally related to LSD. The validity of the model is based on evidence indicating that it is: specific to hallucinogens, dose dependent, observed in a dose range effective in humans, parallels the major parameters of the actions of LSD in humans (see following paper), sensitive, robust, reliable, quantifiable and easy to score.

keywords:
Animals, Cats, Dextroamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Exploratory Behavior, Motor Activity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Dronabinol


authors: Trulson ME, Stark AD, Jacobs BL.
publication_date: 1977-06-30
doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(77)90097-8
pubmed_id: 560306
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(77)90097-8
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"560306","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.

abstract:
The dopaminergic actions of various hallucinogenic drugs were assessed by examining their effects on turning behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. LSD (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced strong contralateral turning, indicating that it is a potent dopamine receptor agonist, while BOL (5 mg/kg), a non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD, was found to be a weak dopamine receptor agonist. STP (2 and 5 mg/kg) and mescaline (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant ipsilateral turning, indicating that these compounds have a moderate dopamine-releasing action. DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) and 5-M-DMT (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg) produced weak ipsilateral turning, which was not significantly different from that produced by the nonhallucinogenic compounds tryptamine (40 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg). Psilocin (1-20 mg/kg) produced no significant turning in either direction. These data, in conjunction with previous studies, indicate that while inactivation of the brain serotonin system may be a necessary and sufficient condition for hallucinogenesis, the ability to activate dopamine receptors may be an important factor in determining the potency of hallucinogens.

keywords:
Corpus Striatum, Animals, Humans, Rats, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hydroxydopamines, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior, Male


title: GLC-mass spectral analysis of psilocin and psilocybin.
authors: Repke DB, Leslie DT, Mandell DM, Kish NG.
publication_date: 1977-04-30
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600660539
pubmed_id: 559753
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660539
keywords: Basidiomycota, Chromatography, Gas, Methods, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"559753","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
With the combined technique of GLC-mass spectrometry, psilocin and psilocybin, two hallucinogenic indoles, were analyzed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The method was applied to these two components in an extract of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing.


title: Psilocybin: biphasic dose-response effects on the acoustic startle reflex in the rat.
authors: Davis M, Walters JK.
publication_date: 1977-03-31
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(77)90180-0
pubmed_id: 882579
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(77)90180-0
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"882579","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The startle reflex was measured in 7 groups of 10 rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Low doses (0.75-2.0 mg/kg) increased startle amplitude whereas high doses (4.0-8.0 mg/kg) depressed startle. Selected low (0.71 mg/kg) or high (5.70 mg/kg) doses of psilocin also had a biphasic dose-response effect on startle comparable in magnitude to equimolar doses of psilocybin. This biphasic dose-response relationship of the indole hallucinogen, psilocybin, on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is increased when the firing rates of midbrain raphe neurons are selectively inhibited but is depressed when neurons postsynaptic to raphe cells are also inhibited.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Acoustic Stimulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Male, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin


title: The effects of psilocybin on primary process content in language.
authors: Martindale C, Fischer R.
publication_date: 1976-12-31
pubmed_id: 608346
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/608346
keywords: Humans, Language, Thinking, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"608346","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The hypothesis that psilocybin induced primary process thinking was assessed. On four separate occasions, a subject was asked to write before, during, and after the hallucinogenic experience induced by doses ranging between 80 and 200 microgram/kg of psilocybin. Texts produced at the drug peak contained significantly more primary process content and were significantly more stereotyped on several measures than those written before or after the drug peak.


title: Baeocystin in Psilocybe semilanceata.
authors: Repke DB, Leslie DT.
publication_date: 1976-12-31
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600660130
pubmed_id: 556766
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660130
keywords: Basidiomycota, Alkaloids, Indoles, Organophosphates, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"556766","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Baeocystin and psilocybin were found in extracts of a variety of Psilocybe semilanceata. Psilocybin (but not baeocystin) was also detected in extracts of a related species. Psilocyte pelliculosa. Traces of psilocin were present in these two species. The structures of the isolated compounds were corroborated using mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy.


title: Extraordinary experiences during cross-modal perception.
authors: Holt-Hansen K.
publication_date: 1976-11-30
doi: 10.2466/pms.1976.43.3f.1023
pubmed_id: 1012881
source_url: https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1976.43.3f.1023
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Adolescents
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1012881","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
9 Ss were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which Ss experienced harmony between the taste and the sound were determined. At the pitch of harmony Ss reported characteristic experiences, e.g., optimum taste of the beer, rhythmic sensations in the head, and tickling sensations in the jaws and the mouth. 3 Ss also reported experiences resembling those described by persons under the influence of such drugs as mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis.

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinogens, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Perception, Perceptual Distortion, Taste, Research Design, Beer, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male


title: Drug-induced conditioned suppression: specificity due to drug employed as UCS.
authors: Cameron OG, Appel JB.
publication_date: 1976-01-31
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4
pubmed_id: 1265108
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1265108","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The classical conditioning potential of several drugs was tested in rats by pairing a light CS with the drug UCSs; these stimuli were superimposed in a variable-interval 30 sec schedule for water reinforcement. Conditioning (suppression of bar-pressing in the presence of the CS) was definitely demonstrated with psilocybin (2.0 mg/kg), was suggested but not clearly shown with LSD (0.13 MG/kg), and was not evident with methyl atropine nitrate (50 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (25 mg/kg). These results indicate that previously demonstrated drug-induced conditioned suppression is not a nonspecific effect of unconditioned suppression but depends on the type of drug employed.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Atropine, Atropine Derivatives, Pentobarbital, Conditioning, Classical, Reinforcement Schedule, Male, Psilocybin


title: The psilocybin-induced "state of drunkenness" in normal volunteers and schizophrenics.
authors: Parashos AJ.
publication_date: 1976-03-31
pubmed_id: 1052267
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1052267
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Consciousness,Emotional Processing
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1052267","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
The effects of the psilocybin, a psychomimetic substance, on mental junctioning were investigated in normal volunteers as well as in schizophrenics. The disturbances induced constitute a psychoneurotoxic syndrome--"a state of drunkenness"--of about four hours duration which develops in three distinct phases. The basic mental symptoms of this syndrome consist of disturbances of the apperception, sensory perception and emotion. A moderate impairment of egofunctioning or reality appraisal and an inability to integrate different mental processes are observed. The psychomotor behavior is mainly harmonized to the prevailing emotional state and to the experiences caused by perceptual alterations, in a lesser degree. These changes, according to our observations, are more severe and more "psychotic-like" in schizophrenics rather than in normals. Psychopathological analysis of these changes proves that the whole syndrome cannot be considered as related to the spontaneously triggered functional psychoses or to the organic ones and, therefore, the term "model-psychosis" according to our opinion, is unsatisfactory.

keywords:
Humans, Behavior, Emotions, Mental Processes, Consciousness, Memory, Perception, Volition, Attention, Schizophrenic Psychology, Psilocybin


title: Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of delta9-THC and psilocybin in rats.
authors: Greenberg I, Kuhn D, Appel JB.
publication_date: 1975-08-31
doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(75)90131-8
pubmed_id: 1208637
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(75)90131-8
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1208637","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Male albino rats were trained to respond differentially on the left or right lever in a 2-lever chamber on the basis of which drug had been given intra-peritoneally (IP) 30 min before experimentation. In 1 group 1.9 mg/kg of delta9-THC and control injections (vehicle) served as the discriminative stimuli associated with each lever and in another group the drug stimuli were 1.0 mg/kg of delta9-THC and 1.0 mg/kg of psilocybin. The results confirmed those of other experiments using different procedures; that delta9-THC can acquire discriminative control over responding. The fact that delta9-THC and psilocybin were also found to differentially control lever choice demonstrates that these 2 drugs probably produce discriminably different states in rats.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Cannabis, Punishment, Time Factors, Extinction, Psychological, Dronabinol, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological


authors: Hungen KV, Roberts S, Hill DF.
publication_date: 1975-07-31
doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90876-8
pubmed_id: 238721
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(75)90876-8
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"238721","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Interactions between lysergic acid diethylamide and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in rat brain.

abstract:
Investigations were carried out on the interactions of the hallucinogenic drug, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (D-LSD), and other serotonin antagonists with catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in cell-free preparations from different regions of rat brain. In equimolar concentration, D-LSD, 2-brono-D-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL), or methysergide (UML) strongly blocked maximal stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by either norepinephrine or dopamine in particulate preparations from cerebral cortices of young adult rats. D-LSD also eliminated the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity of equimolar concentrations of norepinephrine or dopamine in particulate preparations from rat hippocampus. The effects of this hallucinogenic agent on adenylate cyclase activity were most striking in particulate preparations from corpus striatum. Thus, in 10 muM concentration, D-LSD not only completely eradicated the response to 10 muM dopamine in these preparations but also consistently stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. L-LSD (80 muM) was without effect. Significant activation of striatal adenylate cyclase was produced by 0.1 muM D-LSD. Activation of striatal adenylate cyclase of either D-LSD or dopamine was strongly blocked by the dopamine-blocking agents trifluoperazine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol. The stimulatory effects of D-LSD and dopamine were also inhibited by the serotonin-blocking agents, BOL, 1-methyl-D-lysergic acid diethylamide (MLD), and cyproheptadine, but not by the beta-adrenergic-blocking agent, propranolol. However, these serotonin antagonists by themselves were incapable of stimulating adenylate cyclase activity in the striatal preparations. Several other hallucinogens, which were structurally related to serotonin, were also inactive in this regard, e.g., mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin and bufotenine. Serotonin itself produced a small stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in striatal preparations and, in relatively high concentration (100 muM), partially blocked the activation by 10 muM dopamine, but was without effect on the stimulation by 10 muM D-LSD. The present results indicate that serotonin antagonists, in general, are potent inhibitors of catecholamine-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase systems in brain cell-free preparations. In addition, these results, coupled with earlier findings on the capacity of D-LSD to interact with serotonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems from rat brain23,24 and other neural systems16, strongly suggest that this hallucinogenic agent is capable of acting as an agonist at central dopamine and serotonin receptors, as well as functioning as an antagonist at dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors in the brain.

keywords:
Brain, Hippocampus, Corpus Striatum, Animals, Norepinephrine, Propranolol, Dopamine, Serotonin, Promethazine, Haloperidol, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Cyproheptadine, Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Trifluoperazine, Hallucinogens, Enzyme Activation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Adenylyl Cyclases


title: Therapeutic usefulness of hallucinogenic drugs as a function of their chemical structure.
authors: Fischer R, Goldman H.
publication_date: 1975-06-30
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1094457
pubmed_id: 1233520
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1094457
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1233520","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) displays (1) the phenylethylamine pattern present in mescaline, cyclazocine and catecholamines and (2) the 4-substituted tryptamine structure of psilocybin which is a serotonin analog. Hence (a) Naloxone--a blocker of the LSD-like side effects of cyclazocine--should (and does) block effects of LSD, and (b) cross-tolerance may be present between LSD and cyclazocine but not between mescaline and psilocybin. Even though LSD binds subcortically, its effect on regional perfusion of the brain and, presumably, function is primarily cortical and, since the perfusion shifts evoked by psilocybin are confined to subcortical regions, we assume that other compounds with the phenylethylamine structure such as mescaline, also may selectively affect cortical activity.

keywords:
Brain, Humans, Catecholamines, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Naloxone, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Binding Sites, Structure-Activity Relationship, Chemistry, Chemical Phenomena


title: Adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs.
authors: Rech RH, Tilson HA, Marquis WJ.
publication_date: 1974-12-31
pubmed_id: 1163377
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1163377
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1163377","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Evidence has been presented that d-amphetamine interacts with various types of behavior in the context of a conditioning paradigm. Rats exposed simultaneously to a locomotor activity measurement and three dose levels of d-amphetamine on repeated occasions gradually developed dose-related enhancement of drug-stimulated activity, which persisted after discontinuation of the drug. Rats trained in FR-operant chambers with food reinforcement showed a decrease in the rate of lever pressing after administration of d-amphetamine. Tolerance to this effect required varying numbers of daily drug injections, according to the subject's degree of prior drug experience. In both situations the drug administrations were coupled with the behavioral measure to allow for conditioning effects. In a continuous avoidance procedure the initial dose of d-amphetamine did not enhance response rate, although subsequent doses did produce significant stimulation. Even when the initial doses were administered out of temporal phase with the avoidance measurement, the simultaneous administration of the drug and the behavioral procedure on a subsequent day resulted in a significant drug-induced stimulation of response rate. Thus, in this particular instance, the conditioning influence of the earlier doses was apparent whether or not the drug effect occurred in contiguity with the avoidance measurement. Other reports in the literature (16) suggest that hallucinogenic drug action may be characterized by the peculiar "pause" in an FR pattern of responding for food reinforcement. This proposal was substantiated and extended to a number of representative hallucinogenic agents. d-Amphetamine or chlorpormazine reduced the rate of FR responding without provoking an obvious pause. Examination of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hallucinogenic pause in the FR pattern after LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DOM, and DMT generally indicated interactions between the drugs, although this was not entirely consistent. It follows that the mechanisms of action of these drugs probably have elements in common, though they are not necessarily identical. In doses as small as 10 mg/kg, cinanserin, a serotonergic receptor-blocking agent, completely reversed the pause in FR pattern induced by the various hallucinogenic drugs.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Dextroamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Adaptation, Psychological, Behavior, Animal, Motor Activity, Avoidance Learning, Reinforcement Schedule


title: Hallucinogenic indoleamines: Preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors.
authors: Aghajanian GK, Hailgler HJ.
publication_date: 1974-12-31
pubmed_id: 1063421
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1063421
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study
study_type: In Vitro Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"1063421","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Previously, d-lysergic acid diethylamide was found to have a more powerful inhibitory action upon serotonergic (raphe) neurons than upon neurons in areas receiving an identified serotonergic input (e. g., amygdala, ventral lateral geniculate). In the present studies, using microiontophoretic techniques, the relative potencies of 3 indoleamine hallucinogens, psilocin, DMT, and bufotenine were tested upon 5HT neurons in the raphe (presynaptic neurons) and postsynaptic neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala of the rat. Psilocin showed the greatest preferential inhibitory effect upon raphe as compared to postsynaptic neurons. DMT was intermdeiate and bufotenine had the least differential activity. This rank ordering correlates with the relative hallucinogenic potencies of these compounds: psilocin greater than DMT greater than bufotenine. The results support the hypothesis that low doses of indoleamine halluciogens act preferentially upon presynaptic serotonin receptors to inhibit raphe neurons, thus releasing postsynaptic neurons from a tonic inhibitory serotonergic influence.

keywords:
Synapses, Animals, Rats, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Bufotenin, Receptors, Drug, Hallucinogens, Male, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin


title: Hypersensitivity to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and psilocybin in essential headache.
authors: Fanciullacci M, Franchi G, Sicuteri F.
publication_date: 1974-11-30
doi: 10.1007/bf01919685
pubmed_id: 4442544
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01919685
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4442544","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Humans, Hallucinations, Headache, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Drug, Emotions, Brain Chemistry, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Ladefoged O.
publication_date: 1974-03-31
pubmed_id: 4277695
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4277695
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4277695","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
The effect of LSD, psilocybin, harmaline and amphetamine on the body temperature of para-chlorophenylalanine pretreated rabbits.

keywords:
Animals, Rabbits, Amphetamine, Alkaloids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Pyridines, Indoles, Fenclonine, Body Temperature, Drug Synergism, Stimulation, Chemical, Time Factors, Female, Psilocybin


title: Distribution patterns of 14-C-psilocin in the brains of various animals.
authors: Hopf A, Eckert H.
publication_date: 1974-02-28
pubmed_id: 4454947
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4454947
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4454947","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Brain, Cerebellar Cortex, Cerebellar Nuclei, Pons, Hippocampus, Animals, Rats, Carbon Radioisotopes, Autoradiography, Time Factors, Psilocybin


title: The effects of psilocybin on EEG and behaviour in monkeys.
authors: Horibe M.
publication_date: 1974-02-28
pubmed_id: 4454934
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4454934
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4454934","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Brain, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex, Iris, Animals, Macaca mulatta, Electroencephalography, Eye Movements, Electrooculography, Facial Expression, Behavior, Animal, Sleep Stages, Posture, Time Factors, Psilocybin


title: Quantitative measurement of mixtures of hallucinogens by fluorometry and phosphorimetry.
authors: Fabrick DM, Winefordner JD.
publication_date: 1973-10-31
doi: 10.1016/0039-9140(73)80087-6
pubmed_id: 18961403
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(73)80087-6
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
abstract:
Room temperature fluorometric and low-temperature phosphorimetric analytical curves of hallucinogens in methanol/water solution have been prepared to demonstrate the absence of interference in common binary mixtures of hallucinogenic drugs. Limits of detection and linear dynamic ranges have been determined for drugs in mixtures. Mixtures containing LSD and another hallucinogen such as STP (DOM), psilocybin, mescaline, and phencyclidine have been studied. Detection limits are low, and analytical curves are linear over wide concentration ranges.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"18961403","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Induction and extinction of psilocybin induced transformations of visual space.
authors: Hill RM, Fischer R.
publication_date: 1973-08-31
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1094389
pubmed_id: 4794961
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1094389
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4794961","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Visual Perception, Posture, Gravitation, Time Factors, Adult, Female, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Psilocybin


authors: Ladefoged O.
publication_date: 1973-07-31
pubmed_id: 4270656
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4270656
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4270656","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
The effects of LSD, psilocybin, harmaline and amphetamine on the body temperature of para-chlorophenylalanine pretreated rats.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Amphetamine, Alkaloids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Pyridines, Indoles, Fenclonine, Body Temperature, Drug Interactions, Time Factors, Yeast, Dried, Male, Psilocybin


title: Psychophysics of psilocybin and 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol.
authors: Shaffer JH, Hill RM.
publication_date: 1973-04-30
doi: 10.1007/bf02023852
pubmed_id: 4715535
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02023852
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4715535","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Cannabis, Touch, Sensation, Psychophysics, Time Factors, Adult, Male, Vision, Ocular, Dronabinol, Psilocybin


authors: Panton Y, Fischer R.
publication_date: 1973-02-28
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330106017
pubmed_id: 4688632
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330106017
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change,Emotional Processing
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4688632","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Hallucinogenic drug-induced behavior under sensory attenuation. Prediction of response to psilocybin.

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinations, Pulse, Probability, Emotions, Personality, Sensory Deprivation, Visual Perception, Arousal, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Baker RW, Chothia C, Pauling P, Weber HP.
publication_date: 1972-12-31
doi: 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13703-6
pubmed_id: 4685449
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13703-6
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4685449","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Molecular structures of hallucinogenic substances: lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine.

keywords:
Tryptamines, Amphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Crystallography, X-Ray Diffraction, Molecular Conformation, Psilocybin


authors: Meldrum BS, Naquet R.
publication_date: 1971-11-30
doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(71)90072-1
pubmed_id: 4111479
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(71)90072-1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4111479","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Effects of psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, mescaline and various lysergic acid derivatives on the EEG and on photically induced epilepsy in the baboon (Papio papio).

keywords:
Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Haplorhini, Papio, Epilepsy, Tryptamines, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Electroencephalography, Light, Psilocybin


title: An electroencephalographic analysis of personality-dependent performance under psilocybin.
authors: Thatcher K, Wiederholt WC, Fischer R.
publication_date: 1971-03-31
doi: 10.1007/bf01965376
pubmed_id: 5129520
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01965376
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5129520","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Electroencephalography, Analysis of Variance, Motor Activity, Personality, Light, Pressure, Handwriting, Adult, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Psilocybin


title: EEG changes after psilocybin in organic brain lesions.
authors: Kolarĩk J.
publication_date: 1970-12-31
pubmed_id: 5122145
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5122145
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5122145","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Thalamus, Occipital Lobe, Humans, Brain Neoplasms, Brain Diseases, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin


title: Different reaction of focal and diffuse epileptic EEG activity to psilocybin.
authors: Kolarík J.
publication_date: 1970-12-31
pubmed_id: 5000337
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5000337
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5000337","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Brain, Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Humans, Epilepsy, Epilepsies, Partial, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin


authors: Meldrum BS, Naquet R.
publication_date: 1970-08-31
pubmed_id: 4992165
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4992165
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4992165","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Effects of psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine and various lysergic acid derivatives on photically-induced epilepsy in the baboon (Papio papio).

keywords:
Animals, Haplorhini, Seizures, Myoclonus, Tryptamines, Ergolines, Methylergonovine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Eye Movements, Motor Activity, Evoked Potentials, Muscle Tonus, Light, Psilocybin


title: Psilocybin-induced contraction of nearby visual space.
authors: Fischer R, Hill R, Thatcher K, Scheib J.
publication_date: 1970-07-31
doi: 10.1007/bf01965761
pubmed_id: 5520365
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01965761
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5520365","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Vision Disorders, Vision Tests, Methods, Depth Perception, Form Perception, Perceptual Distortion, Space Perception, Visual Acuity, Visual Fields, Pressure, Time Factors, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: Personality trait dependent performance under psilocybin. II.
authors: Thatcher K, Kappeler T, Wisecup P, Fischer R.
publication_date: 1970-02-28
pubmed_id: 4392526
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4392526
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4392526","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Autonomic Nervous System, Humans, Hallucinations, Dextroamphetamine, Reflex, Pupillary, Motor Activity, Personality, Cognition, Dissociative Disorders, Personality Inventory, MMPI, Sex Factors, Handwriting, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: Personality trait dependent performance under psilocybin.
authors: Fischer R, Kappeler T, Wisecup P, Thatcher K.
publication_date: 1970-01-31
pubmed_id: 5438334
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5438334
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5438334","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Personality, Perception, Motor Skills, Personality Inventory, Pressure, Time Factors, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: Measurement of handwriting area to pressure ratios during psilocybin-induced hallucinations.
authors: Fischer R, Kappeler T, Wisecup P, Thatcher K.
publication_date: 1969-06-30
doi: 10.1007/bf01990020
pubmed_id: 5406119
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01990020
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5406119","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Pupil, Humans, Hallucinations, Administration, Oral, Motor Activity, Sensation, Dissociative Disorders, Physiology, Pressure, Time Factors, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: [Electrophysiological effects of psilocybin in a cercopithecinae, Papio papio].
authors: Bermond F, Bert J.
publication_date: 1969-06-30
doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(69)90108-4
pubmed_id: 4182890
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(69)90108-4
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4182890","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Geniculate Bodies, Cerebral Cortex, Visual Cortex, Retina, Animals, Haplorhini, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Electroencephalography, Electroretinography, Noise, Evoked Potentials, Light, Female, Vision, Ocular, Psilocybin


authors: Leung AY, Paul AG.
publication_date: 1969-02-28
pubmed_id: 5788770
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5788770
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5788770","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
The relationship of carbon and nitrogen nutrition of Psilocybe baeocystis to the production of psilocybin and its analogs.

keywords:
Basidiomycota, Carbon, Nitrogen, Carbohydrates, Tryptophan, Tissue Extracts, Culture Media, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Time Factors, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Psilocybin


title: Effects of psychodysleptic drug psilocybin on visual perception. Changes in brightness preference.
authors: Fischer R, Hill RM, Warshay D.
publication_date: 1969-01-31
doi: 10.1007/bf01899102
pubmed_id: 4389138
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01899102
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Clinical Trial
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4389138","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Pupil, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Dilatation, Visual Perception, MMPI, Dark Adaptation, Light, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological


authors: Sugrue MF.
publication_date: 1969-01-31
doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07983.x
pubmed_id: 5774043
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07983.x
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5774043","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
A study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioral changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs.

abstract:
1. LSD-25, psilocybin and JB-329 reduced the noradrenaline content of the rat hypothalamus.2. All three drugs affected the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response, LSD-25 and psilocybin retarding and JB-329 enhancing the acquisition. With the exception of JB-329, doses affecting the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response were lower than those required to decide hypothalamic noradrenaline concentrations. The time of peak drug effect on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response occurred approximately 1.5 hr after injection as opposed to 3 hr in the case of noradrenaline content.3. The amount of LSD-25, psilocybin and JB-329 necessary to elicit gross behavioural excitation was similar to the dose producing noradrenaline depletion. Here also the peak behavioural effect was detected earlier.4. Pretreatment with reserpine and alpha-MT had no effect on the intensity of gross behavioural excitation induced by LSD-25 and psilocybin but shortened the duration of the response. The excitation induced by JB-329 was abolished by reserpine pretreatment and was markedly reduced both in intensity and duration by the prior injection of alpha-MT.

keywords:
Hypothalamus, Animals, Rats, Norepinephrine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Avoidance Learning, Brain Chemistry, Stimulation, Chemical, Psilocybin, Conditioning, Psychological


authors: Hopf A, Eckert H.
publication_date: 1968-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf02456045
pubmed_id: 5364171
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02456045
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5364171","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of psychoactive drugs in the rat brain. 3. 14C-psilocin.

keywords:
Brain, Mesencephalon, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum, Pons, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, Diencephalon, Telencephalon, Cerebral Cortex, Spinal Cord, Animals, Rats, Carbon Isotopes, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Autoradiography, Male, Psilocybin


title: Baeocystin and norbaeocystin: new analogs of psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis.
authors: Leung AY, Paul AG.
publication_date: 1968-09-30
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600571007
pubmed_id: 5684732
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600571007
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5684732","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Basidiomycota, Tryptamines, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Spectrum Analysis, Infrared Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Psilocybin


title: The effects of psilocybin, dextro-amphetamine and placebo on performance of the trail making test.
authors: Duke RB, Keeler MH.
publication_date: 1968-06-30
doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(196807)24:3<316::aid-jclp2270240310>3.0.co;2-g
pubmed_id: 5661749
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196807)24:3<316::aid-jclp2270240310>3.0.co;2-g
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5661749","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Dextroamphetamine, Placebos, Analysis of Variance, Cognition, Perception, Motor Skills, Psychological Tests, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Horibe M.
publication_date: 1968-02-29
pubmed_id: 4972692
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4972692
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4972692","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
[Pharmacological studies of hallucinogens. Report 3. II. Pharmacological studies of influence of psilocybin on the central nervous system].

keywords:
Central Nervous System, Pupil, Animals, Cats, Rabbits, Haplorhini, Mice, Rats, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Electromyography, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Injections, Intravenous, Behavior, Animal, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Horibe M.
publication_date: 1968-02-29
pubmed_id: 4881757
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4881757
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4881757","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
[Pharmacological studies of hallucinogens. Report 3. I. Bibliographical considerations of psilocybin, with special reference to its actions on the central nervous system].

keywords:
Cardiovascular System, Central Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Humans, Electroencephalography, Body Temperature, Behavior, Animal, Action Potentials, Psilocybin


authors: Rynearson RR, Wilson MR, Bickford RG.
publication_date: 1968-02-29
pubmed_id: 4384806
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4384806
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4384806","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Psilocybin-induced changes in psychologic function, electroencephalogram, and light-evoked potentials in human subjects.

keywords:
Pupil, Humans, Pulse, Electroencephalography, Electroretinography, Affect, Cognition, Perception, Auditory Perception, Touch, Visual Perception, Reaction Time, MMPI, Thematic Apperception Test, Evoked Potentials, Blood Pressure, Computers, Female, Male, Psilocybin


title: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): a new hallucinogenic drug.
authors: Snyder SH, Faillace L, Hollister L.
publication_date: 1967-10-31
doi: 10.1126/science.158.3801.669
pubmed_id: 4860952
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3801.669
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Clinical Trial
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4860952","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
We have assessed the effects in normal control volunteers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, the chemical present in the hallucinogenic drug STP, in two independent trials. In low doses, this compound produces a mild euphoria. Doses greater than 3 milligrams may cause pronounced hallucinogenic effects lasting about 8 hours and similar to those produced by hallucinogenic doses of lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, and psilocybin. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, which is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine, is about 100 times more potent as a hallucinogen than mescaline and only one-thirtieth as potent as lysergic acid diethylamide. Its psychological effects are not accentuated by chlorpromazine.

keywords:
Pupil, Humans, Hallucinations, Catecholamines, Amphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Chlorpromazine, Hallucinogens, Euphoria, Perception, Psychopharmacology, Blood Pressure, Adult, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin


title: Formation of blue oxidation product from psilocybin.
authors: Levine WG.
publication_date: 1967-08-31
doi: 10.1038/2151292a0
pubmed_id: 4964038
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/2151292a0
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4964038","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Brain, Gills, Animals, Mollusca, Copper, Iron, Edetic Acid, Oxidoreductases, Ceruloplasmin, Pigments, Biological, Psilocybin


title: Psilocybin: reaction with a fraction of rat brain.
authors: Gilmour LP, O'Brien RD.
publication_date: 1966-12-31
doi: 10.1126/science.155.3759.207
pubmed_id: 4959075
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3759.207
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"4959075","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
abstract:
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, formed a blue color with a subfraction of rat-brain mitochondria believed to contain nerve-ending particles. Color formation increased with pH, did not require oxygen, and involved a component that could not be solubilized. The effect was not shown by chemically related neuroactive compounds, such as bufotenine and serotonin, and was antagonized by only tyramine or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

keywords:
Mitochondria, Animals, Rats, Serotonin, Tyramine, Edetic Acid, Hallucinogens, Brain Chemistry, Chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Chemical Phenomena, Psilocybin


title: [Alteration of music perception in experimental psychosis (psilocybin)].
authors: Weber K.
publication_date: 1966-12-31
pubmed_id: 5585740
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5585740
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5585740","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Auditory Perception, Music, Adult, Male, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological


authors: Agurell S, Blomkvist S, Catalfomo P.
publication_date: 1966-01-31
pubmed_id: 5948634
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5948634
keywords: Basidiomycota, Carbon Isotopes, Tryptophan, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: In Vitro Study
study_type: In Vitro Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5948634","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Biosynthesis of psilocybin in submerged culture of Psilocybe cubensis. 1. Incorporation of labelled tryptophan and tryptamine.


title: Effect of Psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline on small, involuntary eye movements.
authors: Hebbard FW, Fischer R.
publication_date: 1965-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00404719
pubmed_id: 5983913
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00404719
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5983913","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
keywords:
Humans, Alcohols, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Eye Movements, Electrooculography, Adult, Male, Psilocybin


authors: Abramson HA, Rolo A.
publication_date: 1965-08-31
doi: 10.3109/02770906509106904
pubmed_id: 5318626
source_url: https://doi.org/10.3109/02770906509106904
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json: {"europe_pmc_id":"5318626","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}
title:
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). 38. Comparison with action of methysergide and psilocybin on test subjects.

keywords:
Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Placebos, Drug Tolerance, Migraine Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin


title: CONSISTENCY OF PSILOCYBIN INDUCED CHANGES IN THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY.
authors: KEELER MH, DOEHNE EF.
publication_date: 1965-06-30
doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(196507)21:3<284::aid-jclp2270210319>3.0.co;2-c
pubmed_id: 14332188
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196507)21:3<284::aid-jclp2270210319>3.0.co;2-c
keywords: Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychopharmacology, MMPI, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Personality Change
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14332188","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [THE EXPERIENCE OF ORAL REGRESSION DUE TO THE EFFECT OF HALLUCINOGENS (LSD-25 AND PSILOCYBIN)].
authors: FERNANDEZ-CERDENO A, LEUNER H.
publication_date: 1964-12-31
pubmed_id: 14301325
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14301325
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Pharmacology, Psilocybin, Regression, Psychology

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14301325","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [A PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PSILOCYBIN PSYCHOSIS; COMPARISON WITH THE LSD-25 PSYCHOSIS].
authors: MIYOSHI A.
publication_date: 1964-09-30
pubmed_id: 14286595
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14286595
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Toxicity
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Psychopathology, Psychopharmacology, Toxicology, Research, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14286595","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [USE OF PSILOCYBIN AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN NEUROLOGY].
authors: DUBANSKY B.
publication_date: 1964-05-31
pubmed_id: 14178690
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14178690
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Indoles, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Neurologic Examination, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Neurology, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14178690","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: HOLLISTER LE, SJOBERG BM.
publication_date: 1964-05-31
doi: 10.1016/s0010-440x(64)80030-4
pubmed_id: 14156873
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(64)80030-4
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Emotional Processing
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
CLINICAL SYNDROMES AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING MESCALINE, LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE, PSILOCYBIN AND A COMBINATION OF THE THREE PSYCHOTOMIMETIC DRUGS.

keywords:
Blood, Urine, Humans, Syndrome, Chlorides, Calcium, Phosphorus, Creatine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Creatinine, Blood Glucose, Fatty Acids, Glycerides, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psychopharmacology, Psychological Tests, Biomedical Research, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14156873","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [CLINICAL AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PSILOCYBIN].
authors: REDA GC, VELLA G, CANCRINI L, D AGOSTINO E.
publication_date: 1964-02-29
pubmed_id: 14144273
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14144273
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Personality Change,Toxicity
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Salivary Glands, Hearing Disorders, Movement Disorders, Hallucinations, Asthenia, Nausea, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Depression, Mental Processes, Consciousness, Visual Perception, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Psychopathology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Sweating, Blood Pressure, Vestibule, Labyrinth, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14144273","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Alnaes R.
publication_date: 1963-12-31
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1964.tb04952.x
pubmed_id: 14345225
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1964.tb04952.x
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Consciousness
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF THE CHANGE IN CONSCIOUSNESS PRODUCED BY PSYCHOLYTICA (LSD, PSILOCYBIN, ETC.). THE PSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCE IN THE TREATEMENT OF NEUROSIS.

keywords:
Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Drug Therapy, Self Concept, Consciousness, Neurotic Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14345225","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [ACTION OF CHLORPROMAZINE AND PSILOCYBIN ON THE TELENCEPHALIC AROUSAL REACTION OF A DIPNOAN].
authors: GODET R, DUPE M, BERT J.
publication_date: 1963-12-31
pubmed_id: 14210583
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14210583
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Brain, Telencephalon, Animals, Fishes, Indoles, Chlorpromazine, Hallucinogens, Arousal, Smell, Pharmacology, Physiology, Comparative, Research, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14210583","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: REACTIONS TO PSILOCYBIN ADMINISTERED IN A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT.
authors: LEARY T, LITWIN GH, METZNER R.
publication_date: 1963-11-30
doi: 10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007
pubmed_id: 14087676
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007
keywords: Humans, Hallucinogens, Group Processes, Toxicology, Pregnancy, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Toxicity
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14087676","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: STEINER JE, SULMAN FG.
publication_date: 1963-09-30
pubmed_id: 14067558
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14067558
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
SIMULTANEOUS STUDIES OF BLOOD SUGAR, BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES AND EEG ON THE WAKE RABBIT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF PSILOCYBIN.

keywords:
Animals, Lagomorpha, Rabbits, Blood Glucose, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Behavior, Animal, Pharmacology, Research, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14067558","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: ABRAMSON HA, GETTNER HH, ROLO A, DEAN G.
publication_date: 1963-09-30
doi: 10.1080/00223980.1963.9916652
pubmed_id: 14051981
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1963.9916652
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD-25). 34. COMPARISON WITH EFFECT OF PSILOCYBIN ON THE SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH.

keywords:
Animals, Fishes, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Research, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14051981","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [PSYCHOMIMETIC SUBSTANCES. (CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLINICAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PSILOCYBIN)].
authors: SOGLIANI G, RABASSINI A, BUOSO GM.
publication_date: 1963-08-31
pubmed_id: 14093369
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14093369
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Indoles, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Mental Disorders, Psychopathology, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy, Biomedical Research, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14093369","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: EFFECT OF MESCALINE, LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE AND PSILOCYBIN ON COLOR PERCEPTION.
authors: HARTMAN AM, HOLLISTER LE.
publication_date: 1963-07-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00403349
pubmed_id: 14048565
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00403349
keywords: Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Color Perception, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14048565","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: THE IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECT OF PSILOCYBIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS OF HUMAN CHOLINESTERASES.
authors: ZSIGMOND EK, FOLDES VM, FOLDES FF.
publication_date: 1963-04-30
doi: 10.1007/bf02584093
pubmed_id: 14048543
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02584093
keywords: Humans, Cholinesterases, Hallucinogens, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: In Vitro Study
study_type: In Vitro Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14048543","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [EFFECT OF PSILOCYBIN ON THE CLINICAL AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PICTURE IN ORGANIC CNS LESIONS].
authors: DUBANSKY B, KOLARIK R, SEVCIK M, VYHNANKOVA M.
publication_date: 1963-04-30
pubmed_id: 14070660
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14070660
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Central Nervous System Diseases, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin

raw_json:
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title: [COMPARISON OF PSYCHOPHARMACA LSD-25, BOL-148 AND PSILOCYBIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE].
authors: KANDIC B, DORDEVIC D.
publication_date: 1963-04-30
pubmed_id: 14067329
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14067329
keywords: Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14067329","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and personality change.
authors: UNGER SM.
publication_date: 1963-04-30
doi: 10.1080/00332747.1963.11023344
pubmed_id: 13995386
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1963.11023344
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Personality, Personality Disorders, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13995386","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: An electrographic study of psilocin and 4-methyl-alpha-methyl tryptamine (MP-809).
authors: BRODEY JF, STEINER WG, HIMWICH HE.
publication_date: 1963-03-31
pubmed_id: 14015664
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14015664
keywords: Tryptamines, Indoles, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14015664","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Some biochemical studies on psilocybin and psilogin.
authors: HORITA A.
publication_date: 1963-03-31
doi: 10.21236/ad0291057
pubmed_id: 13954906
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21236/ad0291057
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13954906","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Psilocybin: prospects of its use in clinical psychiatry].
authors: TOSCANO AGUILAR M.
publication_date: 1963-01-31
pubmed_id: 13993760
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13993760
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13993760","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: KEELER MH.
publication_date: 1962-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf02135348
pubmed_id: 14031653
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02135348
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
Inter-relations of the effects of psilocybin on subjective sensation, photopic critical frequency of fusion, and circulating non-esterified fatty acids.

keywords:
Humans, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Hallucinogens, Flicker Fusion, Sensation, Color Vision, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14031653","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [OUR CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL PREPARATION PSILOCYBIN].
authors: DORDEVIC D.
publication_date: 1962-12-31
pubmed_id: 14181869
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14181869
keywords: Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Drug Therapy, Neurotic Disorders, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
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title: [AUTO-OBSERVATION OF2 EXPERIMENTAL INTOXICATIONS WITH PSILOCYBIN].
authors: WIART C.
publication_date: 1962-12-31
pubmed_id: 14070405
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14070405
keywords: Hallucinations, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Toxicology, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Toxicity
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14070405","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH PSILOCYBIN].
authors: KRISTENSEN KK.
publication_date: 1962-12-31
doi: 10.3109/08039486309132763
pubmed_id: 14052290
source_url: https://doi.org/10.3109/08039486309132763
keywords: Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14052290","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Auto-experimentation with LSD-25 and psilocybin].
authors: CALANCA A.
publication_date: 1962-12-31
pubmed_id: 14017795
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14017795
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Empirical Research, Research Design, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14017795","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [The psychomimetic effects of LSD and psilocybin in the clinical exploration of the personality].
authors: ALDAHEFF BW.
publication_date: 1962-12-31
pubmed_id: 14011802
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14011802
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Physical Examination, Personality, Personality Disorders, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14011802","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Pharmacopsychiatric observations with psilocybin].
authors: GREGORETTI L, SINISI C.
publication_date: 1962-11-30
pubmed_id: 13950258
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13950258
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13950258","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Dephosphorylation of psilocybin in the intact mouse.
authors: HORITA A, WEBER LJ.
publication_date: 1962-10-31
doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3
pubmed_id: 13954905
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3
keywords: Animals, Mice, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13954905","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: ADEY WR, BELL FR, DENNIS BJ.
publication_date: 1962-08-31
doi: 10.1212/wnl.12.9.591
pubmed_id: 13859403
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.12.9.591
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
Effects of LSD-25, psiolocybin, and psilocin on temporal lobe EEG patterns and learned behavior in the cat.

keywords:
Temporal Lobe, Animals, Cats, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Learning, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13859403","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: HOLLISTER LE, HARTMAN AM.
publication_date: 1962-07-31
doi: 10.1016/s0010-440x(62)80024-8
pubmed_id: 13908449
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(62)80024-8
keywords: Humans, Syndrome, Mercury, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Color Perception, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin comparison of clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and biochemical measures.

raw_json:
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title: [Initial results of the action of psilocybin in a group of psychiatric patients].
authors: REDA GC, VELLA G, CASINI-NENCINI MG, D'AGOSTINO N, CANCRINI L.
publication_date: 1962-06-30
pubmed_id: 13973488
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13973488
keywords: Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Patients, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13973488","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Serotonin-like and antiserotonin properties of psilocybin and psilocin.
authors: WOOLLEY DW, CAMPBELL NK.
publication_date: 1962-05-31
doi: 10.1126/science.136.3518.777
pubmed_id: 14008293
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.136.3518.777
keywords: Serotonin, Indoles, Serotonin Antagonists, Antihypertensive Agents, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
abstract:
These psychotomimetic analogs of serotonin act like this hormone in some tests and against it in others.

raw_json:
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title: The effect of psilocybin upon the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation of the intact dog.
authors: MAXWELL GM, KNEEBONE GM, ELLIOTT RB.
publication_date: 1962-04-30
pubmed_id: 14471633
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14471633
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Coronary Vessels, Pulmonary Artery, Animals, Dogs, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Biological Phenomena, Blood Circulation, Coronary Circulation, Physiological Phenomena, Psilocybin

raw_json:
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title: The fate of psilocin in the rat.
authors: KALBERER F, KREIS W, RUTSCHMANN J.
publication_date: 1962-03-31
doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(62)90050-3
pubmed_id: 14453239
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(62)90050-3
keywords: Animals, Rats, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14453239","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Changes in spider webs brought about by mescaline, psilocybin and an increase in body weight.
authors: CHRISTIANSEN A, BAUM R, WITT PN.
publication_date: 1962-03-31
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26256-5
pubmed_id: 13879288
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26256-5
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Sphenoid Sinus, Humans, Spiders, Body Weight, Mercury, Mescaline, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13879288","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Occurrence of psilocin in Psilocybe baeocystis.
authors: BENEDICT RG, BRADY LR, TYLER VE.
publication_date: 1962-03-31
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600510428
pubmed_id: 13867140
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600510428
keywords: Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13867140","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25.
authors: WOLBACH AB, MINER EJ, ISBELL H.
publication_date: 1961-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00412109
pubmed_id: 14007905
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00412109
keywords: Mercury, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14007905","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [On the treatment of therapy-resistant neuroses with model psychoses (psilocybin)].
authors: HEIMANN H.
publication_date: 1961-12-31
pubmed_id: 13906023
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13906023
keywords: Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neurotic Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13906023","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [The effects of psilocybin in a case of hysteria].
authors: DUCHE DJ.
publication_date: 1961-10-31
pubmed_id: 13888139
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13888139
keywords: Humans, Hysteria, Conversion Disorder, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13888139","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: HORITA A, WEBER LJ.
publication_date: 1961-06-30
doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(61)90124-1
pubmed_id: 13715852
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90124-1
keywords: Indoles, Phosphorylases, Biochemical Phenomena, Oxidation-Reduction, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
The enzymic dephosphorylation and oxidation of psilocybin and psilocin by mammalian tissue homogenates.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13715852","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Serotonin metabolism in experimental psilocybin psychosis].
authors: VITEK V, VOJTECHOVSKY M, GROF S.
publication_date: 1961-04-30
pubmed_id: 13926289
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13926289
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Serotonin, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Biochemical Phenomena, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13926289","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Clinical, biochemical and psychologic effects of psilocybin.
authors: HOLLISTER LE.
publication_date: 1961-01-31
pubmed_id: 13715376
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13715376
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13715376","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Action of psilocybin on the excitability of the nerve centers].
authors: CHAUCHARD P, MAZOUE H.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
pubmed_id: 24545494
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24545494
keywords: Central Nervous System, Nerve Tissue, Psychomotor Agitation, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"24545494","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Clinical experiences with psilocybin Sandoz (CY39 Sandoz)].
authors: SERCL M, KOVARIK J, JAROS O.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
pubmed_id: 13910755
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13910755
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychosurgery, Mental Disorders, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13910755","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Clinical experiences with psilocybin (CY39 Sandoz)].
authors: SERCL M, KOVARIK J, JAROS O.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
pubmed_id: 13910754
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13910754
keywords: Indoles, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Neurotic Disorders, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13910754","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Psychopsychic correlations under the effect of psycholytics (LSD, psilocybin and similar drugs)].
authors: HOLFELD H.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
pubmed_id: 13908338
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13908338
keywords: Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13908338","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Cross tolerance between LSD and psilocybin.
authors: ISBELL H, WOLBACH AB, WIKLER A, MINER EJ.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00407974
pubmed_id: 13717955
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00407974
keywords: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13717955","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase.
authors: HORITA A, WEBER LJ.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
doi: 10.3181/00379727-106-26228
pubmed_id: 13715851
source_url: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-106-26228
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Indoles, Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, Alkaline Phosphatase, Biochemical Phenomena, Coloring Agents, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13715851","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: HEIMANN H.
publication_date: 1960-12-31
pubmed_id: 13712866
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13712866
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
[Expressive phenomenology of model psychoses (psilocybin). Comparison with self-description and psychic deficiency of performance].

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13712866","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: POLLARD JC, BAKKER C, UHR L, FEUERFILE DF.
publication_date: 1960-11-30
doi: 10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80061-2
pubmed_id: 13736851
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80061-2
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
Controlled sensory input: a note on the technic of drug evaluation with a preliminary report on a comparative study of sernyl, psilocybin, and LSD-25.

keywords:
Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Phencyclidine, Indoles, Anesthetics, Drug Evaluation, Psychopharmacology, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13736851","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Comparison of three psychotropic drugs (psilocybin, JB-329, and IT-290) in volunteer subjects.
authors: HOLLISTER LE, PRUSMACK JJ, PAULSEN A, ROSENQUIST N.
publication_date: 1960-10-31
doi: 10.1097/00005053-196011000-00007
pubmed_id: 13715375
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196011000-00007
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Glycolates, Piperidines, Pyrrolidines, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Drug Combinations, Volunteers, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13715375","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: GESSNER PK, KHAIRALLAH PA, McISAAC WM, PAGE IH.
publication_date: 1960-09-30
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)25873-6
pubmed_id: 13704826
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)25873-6
keywords: Humans, Serotonin, Indoles, Bufotenin, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
The relationship between the metabolic fate and pharmacological actions of serotonin, bufotenine and psilocybin.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13704826","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin, Its History and Pharmacology.
publication_date: 1960-03-31
pubmed_id: 20326260
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20326260
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"20326260","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Psilocybin, a new hallucinogen].
authors: ROUBICEK J, DRVOTA S.
publication_date: 1960-01-31
pubmed_id: 14439519
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14439519
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14439519","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Some observations on psilocybin, a new hallucinogen, in volunteer subjects.
authors: MALITZ S, ESECOVER H, WILKENS B, HOCH PH.
publication_date: 1960-01-31
doi: 10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80045-4
pubmed_id: 14420328
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80045-4
keywords: Humans, Hallucinogens, Volunteers, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14420328","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: WEIDMANN H, CERLETTI A.
publication_date: 1959-12-31
pubmed_id: 13843476
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13843476
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
Studies on psilocybin and related compounds. I. Communication. Structure/activity relationship of oxyindole-derivatives with regard to their effect on the knee jerk of spinal cats.

keywords:
Animals, Cats, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Reflex, Stretch, Communication, Structure-Activity Relationship, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13843476","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Teonanacatl and psilocybin].
authors: CERLETTI A.
publication_date: 1959-11-30
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1114618
pubmed_id: 13808846
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1114618
keywords: Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13808846","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Therapeutic effect of psilocybin on convulsive neurosis].
authors: DELAY J, PICHOT P, LEMPERIERE T, QUETIN AM.
publication_date: 1959-09-30
pubmed_id: 13815609
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13815609
keywords: Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Neurotic Disorders, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: OCD
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13815609","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [The action of psilocybin on the rabbit brain].
authors: MONNIER M.
publication_date: 1959-07-31
doi: 10.1007/bf02158550
pubmed_id: 14423601
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02158550
keywords: Brain, Animals, Rabbits, Indoles, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14423601","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [PSILOCYBIN, a new psychotropic substance].
publication_date: 1959-06-30
pubmed_id: 13857060
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13857060
keywords: Indoles, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13857060","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Identification of psilocin].
authors: HOFMANN A, TROXLER F.
publication_date: 1959-02-28
doi: 10.1007/bf02166696
pubmed_id: 13652944
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02166696
keywords: Indoles, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13652944","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [The place of psilocybin among other psychotropic substances].
authors: RUEMMELE W.
publication_date: 1958-12-31
pubmed_id: 14440055
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14440055
keywords: Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14440055","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Comparison of the reactions induced by psilocybin and LSD-25 in man.
authors: ISBELL H.
publication_date: 1958-12-31
doi: 10.1007/bf00408109
pubmed_id: 14405870
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00408109
keywords: Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Male, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"14405870","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Studies on psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug from the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana].
authors: GNIRSS F.
publication_date: 1958-12-31
pubmed_id: 13850311
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13850311
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
keywords:
Humans, Agaricales, Vegetables, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Mexican Americans, Mexico, Psilocybe, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13850311","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: DELAY J, THUILLIER J, NAKAJIMA H, DURANDIN MC.
publication_date: 1958-12-31
pubmed_id: 13663414
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13663414
keywords: Animals, Mice, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Behavior, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
title:
[Effect of psilocybin on the behavior of normal mice & waltzing mice; comparison with lysergic acid monoethylamide & diethylamide].

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13663414","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Elucidation of the structure and the synthesis of psilocybin].
authors: HOFMANN A, FREY A, OTT H, PETR ZILKA T, TROXLER F.
publication_date: 1958-10-31
doi: 10.1007/bf02160424
pubmed_id: 13609599
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02160424
keywords: Indoles, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13609599","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [The pharmacology of psilocybin, an ac' principle from Psilocybe mexicana Heim].
authors: WEIDMANN H, TAESCHLER M, KONZETT H.
publication_date: 1958-08-31
doi: 10.1007/bf02159166
pubmed_id: 13609592
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02159166
keywords: Fungi, Psilocybe, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13609592","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Psilocybin, a psychotropic substance from the Mexican mushroom Psilicybe mexicana Heim].
authors: HOFMANN A, HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H.
publication_date: 1958-02-28
doi: 10.1007/bf02159243
pubmed_id: 13537892
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02159243
keywords: Agaricales, Vegetables, Hallucinations, Indoles, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:54:15
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13537892","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
publication_date: 2026-04-20
doi: 10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883
source_url: https://doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
raw_json: {"doi":"10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883","reference_dois":[],"reference_count":0}
title:
Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

authors:
Siti Nashria Rusdhy, Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi, Carla Raymondalexas Marchira, Mustika Suci Mahardikaningrum, Teresa Lalita Wiryarini, Devira Ayu Wulandari

abstract:
Psilocybin-assisted therapy shows promise for depression, though current evidence relies on Phase 2 trials with notable methodological limitations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psilocybin-assisted therapy for major or treatment-resistant depression up to February 2024. We evaluated depressive symptom severity using random-effects meta-analysis, moderator analyses, Cochrane Risk of Bias 2, and GRADE methodology. Nine RCTs (N=514) were included. Psilocybin therapy demonstrated a large pooled effect size for symptom reduction (SMD = 1.270, 95% CI: 0.865-1.676, p

topic_tags:
Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety


authors: Khosravi Mohsen, De Berardis Domenico, Tusconi Massimo
journal: Mental Wellness
publication_date: 2026-04-20
doi: 10.4081/mw.2026.40
source_url: https://doi.org/10.4081/mw.2026.40
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Meta-Analysis
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
title:
The efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: a meta-analytic review of clinical outcomes

abstract:
This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized data from 13 clinical trials (n=606) evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Despite early enthusiasm, the pooled standardized mean difference (-0.79, 95% confidence interval: -3.98 to 2.40, p=0.63) revealed no statistically significant overall antidepressant effect, with extreme heterogeneity (I2=96.9%) across studies. Notably, the type of control group (active comparator vs. placebo/waitlist) accounted for 98.7% of between-study variance, with waitlist and low-dose comparators producing exaggerated effect sizes. Session frequency was a significant moderator: 2 to 5 psilocybin sessions yielded larger effects, while more intensive protocols attenuated benefit. Neither participant age nor follow-up duration significantly influenced outcomes. Evidence of reporting bias and small-study effects was detected (Egger’s test p=0.012). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that no single study accounted for the non-significant pooled result. Overall, psilocybin’s antidepressant efficacy appears highly context-dependent-shaped by trial design, comparator, and session structure-rather than universally robust. These findings underscore the need for larger, rigorously controlled trials to clarify psilocybin’s therapeutic role in depression.

topic_tags:
Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety

raw_json:
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journal: Philosophical Psychology
publication_date: 2026-04-09
doi: 10.1080/09515089.2026.2657452
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2026.2657452
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
title:
Observing the mind under psychedelics: conceptual metaphors used following four once-weekly macrodoses of psilocybin

authors:
Rundquist Eric, Monasterio López Diego Nicolás, Oyarzo Alvarado Juan Jonathan, Carhart-Harris Robin, Pasquini Lorenzo, Vinson Erin, Girn Manesh, Ostrand Avery, Allison Kate, Kettner Hannes, Miller Catriona, Griffith Sydney, Gazzaley Adam, Rosati Andrea, Mitchell Jennifer

raw_json:
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authors: Huels E, Smith S, Liu T, Pal D.
publication_date: 2026-05-19
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13172966
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Chronic Pain,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:02
title:
361 Effect of intravenous psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of reserpine-induced chronic centralized pain

raw_json:
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authors: Richmond Linda M.
journal: Psychiatric News
publication_date: 2026-03-31
doi: 10.1176/appi.pn.2026.04.4.3
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2026.04.4.3
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression
study_type: Other
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
raw_json: {"doi":"10.1176/appi.pn.2026.04.4.3","reference_dois":[],"reference_count":0}
title:
MedCheck: FDA Approves Novel Antipsychotic Milsaperidone; Designates Psilocybin Analogue as Breakthrough Therapy for Postpartum Depression, and More!


authors: Buchanan Christine
journal: JACC
publication_date: 2026-03-31
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.3249
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.3249
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Case Report
study_type: Case Report
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
raw_json: {"doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.3249","reference_dois":[],"reference_count":0}
title:
26-CCC-15854-ACC TALK ABOUT A BAD TRIP!: PSILOCYBIN USE WITH PRE-EXISTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, A CASE REPORT


title: Psilocybin, Lp(a), CAC, Niere und Darmkrebs - Evidenz-Quickies KW12
authors: Nößler Denis
journal: EvidenzUpdate
publication_date: 2026-03-21
doi: 10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011
source_url: https://doi.org/10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Biomarkers,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 06:55:42
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
raw_json: {"doi":"10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011","reference_dois":[],"reference_count":0}
abstract:
Nach einer Pause gibt es heute wieder Evidenz-Quickies, und zwar gleich mehrere, dafür aber kürzer und weniger ausführlich als zuletzt. Und dieses Format ist jetzt zweigeteilt: (a) Für alle, denen die Nachricht genügt, gibt es oben die Quickies in Kürze. (b) Alle, die weiterlesen wollen, finden die detaillierten Fassungen unten. Viel Freude und hoffentlich interessante Lektüre! 🍄 Psilocybin bei Depression: Noch nicht. Die bislang methodisch stärkste randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (EPIsoDE) verfehlt den primären Endpunkt (≥50% Reduktion auf der Depressionsskala HAMD17) bei therapieresistenter Depression doch recht klar. Sekundärsignale sind nett, aber durch kaputte Verblindung und Erwartungseffekte kaum interpretierbar. Ein paralleles Editorial und ein Review liefern Erklärungen, warum Psychedelika in Studien systematisch besser aussehen, als sie vermutlich sind. Details unten👇 🫀 Lipoprotein(a) + Koronarkalk = Hochrisiko-Duo. Wer beides erhöht hat (Lp(a) >50 mg/dl + CAC ≥300), trägt ein über 6-fach erhöhtes Risiko für atherosklerotische Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (ASCVD). Die Kombination könnte die Risikostratifizierung bei den Koronarien verändern. Therapeutische Konsequenzen hat das aber noch nicht. Die Arbeit ist eher eine Bestätigung, in welche Richtung der kardiovaskuläre Diskurs gehen dürfte. Details unten👇 ✉️ Briefe helfen (den Nieren) nicht. Ein einmaliger elektronischer Erinnerungsbrief (engl. Nudge) an Patient:innen mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung (CKD) oder an deren Hausärzt:innen verbessert die Leitlinientreue bei der CKD-Therapie nach 6 und 12 Monaten nicht. Awareness ≠ Aktion. Details unten👇 🧻 Positiver Darmkrebs-Stuhltest? Bitte zur Kolo! Wer nach positivem Stuhltest die Koloskopie verweigert, hat ein über 4-fach erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko vs. der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Im Umkehrschluss werden durch die Kolo die meisten Befunde der Stuhltests (in der Studie zuerst Guajak-Tests und dann iFOBT) wieder ausgeschlossen. Die Botschaft ist der Arbeit klar, die Methodik der Studie hat aber Lücken. Details unten👇 🚽 Krebsscreening per Abwasser: Eher Durchfall als Durchbruch. Eine Proof-of-Concept-Studie aus Louisville zeigt, dass Darmkrebs-Biomarker (CDH1-RNA) im Abwasser nachweisbar sind. Allerdings nur mit N=12 Proben von einem einzigen Dienstag im Juli. Interessant-irrelevant, starker Interessenkonflikt inklusive. Details unten👇 Und ab hier geht’s in die Details und wird etwas detaillierter … Sie sind im Trend: Magic Mushrooms. Nicht nur auf YouTube, auch auf PubMed. Die halluzinogenen, psilocybinhaltigen Pilze sollen gegen allerhand psychische Leiden helfen, u.a. bei Major-Depression. Ob es was bringt, dazu liefern neue Erkenntnisse Daten einer RCT1 samt Editorial 2 sowie ein paralleler Review 3, frisch in JAMA Psychiatry veröffentlicht. Die methodisch sehr hochwertige randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie aus D hat Psilocybin bei therapieresistenter Depression (TRD) untersucht. Die Signale sind durchaus ermutigend, aber der primäre Endpunkt wurde nicht signifikant verbessert.


title: [PSILOCYBIN].
publication_date: 1960-02-29
pubmed_id: 13858316
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13858316
keywords: Hallucinogens, Psilocybin
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:07
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"13858316","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: [Hallucinogenic mushrooms].
authors: Reingardiene D, Vilcinskaite J, Lazauskas R.
publication_date: 2004-12-31
doi: 10.2307/j.ctvs32r8v.16
pubmed_id: 16401965
source_url: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs32r8v.16
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Adolescents,Toxicity
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
abstract:
The group of hallucinogenic mushrooms (species of the genera Conocybe, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, Pluteus, Psilocybe, and Stropharia) is psilocybin-containing mushrooms. These "magic", psychoactive fungi have the serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin. Toxicity of these mushrooms is substantial because of the popularity of hallucinogens. Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin are similar to lysergic acid diethylamide. These hallucinogens affect the central nervous system rapidly (within 0.5-1 hour after ingestion), producing ataxia, hyperkinesis, and hallucinations. In this review article there are discussed about history of use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and epidemiology; pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, somatic effects and pharmacokinetics of psilocybin, the clinical effects of psilocybin and psilocin, signs and symptoms of ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms, treatment and prognosis.

keywords:
Brain, Animals, Humans, Guinea Pigs, Mice, Rats, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Lethal Dose 50, Time Factors, History, 17th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Adolescent, Adult, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"16401965","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Rapid-acting antidepressants.
authors: Witkin JM, Martin AE, Golani LK, Xu NZ, Smith JL.
publication_date: 2019-04-23
doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002
pubmed_id: 31378256
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adverse Events
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:06
abstract:
Conventional antidepressants (biogenic amine mechanisms) are not fully efficacious (e.g., symptoms remain after treatment, not all patients respond), produce effects only after weeks of daily dosing, and do not impact all disease symptoms. In contrast, a new class of antidepressants has been emerging since 2006 that has demonstrated rapid onset, large effect size, activity after only a single or few dose applications, and positive impact in treatment refractory patients and against some treatment-resistant symptoms (e.g., anhedonia). Rapid-acting antidepressant drug action has been demonstrated in controlled clinical studies for ketamine, a few other NMDA receptor antagonists, and scopolamine. Less clinical data are currently available for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca. The mechanisms of action of rapid-acting antidepressants are not fully understood. However, a general triggering mechanism appears to involve the potentiation of AMPA receptor function. Although the durability of antidepressant effects of ketamine and scopolamine is limited, psychedelic drugs have been reported to produce effects for many months. The primary impediment to generating a medicine of this type for depressed patients is side effects and the lack of methods to ensure enduring antidepressant effects. Thus, further exploration of drug possibilities continues. Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) was recently FDA approved. Compounds currently in clinical development include the NMDA receptor antagonist (R)-ketamine, the NMDA receptor modulator, GLYX-13 (Rapastinel), and the AMPA receptor potentiator TAK-653. Additional pharmacological classes have produced effects in the preclinical laboratory to suggest their potential as rapid-acting agents. These include mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor potentiators, and negative allosteric modulators of GABAA(α5) receptors. In all cases, molecules exist that could be used to provide clinical proof of concept testing.

keywords:
Animals, Humans, Receptors, Muscarinic, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Muscarinic Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"31378256","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.
abstract: (Reprinted with permission from 2020; 177:391-410).
journal: Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)
publication_date: 2020-12-31
doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.19104
pubmed_id: 34483775
source_url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34483775/
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: PubMed
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:20:39
raw_json: {"pubmed_id":"34483775"}
authors:
Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Kalin NH, McDonald WM, Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments, a Division of the American Psychiatric Association Council of Research

keywords:
Ayahuasca, Drug-Psychotherapy Combination, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, MDMA, Psilocybin, Psychedelics


title: Acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats.
authors: Torrado Pacheco A, Olson RJ, Garza G, Moghaddam B.
publication_date: 2023-02-19
doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01545-z
pubmed_id: 36807609
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01545-z
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
abstract:
Psilocybin has been shown to improve symptoms of depression and anxiety when combined with psychotherapy or other clinician-guided interventions. To understand the neural basis for this pattern of clinical efficacy, experimental and conceptual approaches that are different than traditional laboratory models of anxiety and depression are needed. A potential novel mechanism is that acute psilocybin improves cognitive flexibility, which then enhances the impact of clinician-assisted interventions. Consistent with this idea, we find that acute psilocybin robustly improves cognitive flexibility in male and female rats using a task where animals switched between previously learned strategies in response to uncued changes in the environment. Psilocybin did not influence Pavlovian reversal learning, suggesting that its cognitive effects are selective to enhanced switching between previously learned behavioral strategies. The serotonin (5HT) 2 A receptor antagonist ketanserin blocked psilocybin's effect on set-shifting, while a 5HT2C-selective antagonist did not. Ketanserin alone also improved set-shifting performance, suggesting a complex relationship between psilocybin's pharmacology and its impact on flexibility. Further, the psychedelic drug 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) impaired cognitive flexibility in the same task, suggesting that this effect of psilocybin does not generalize to all other serotonergic psychedelics. We conclude that the acute impact of psilocybin on cognitive flexibility provides a useful behavioral model to investigate its neuronal effects relevant to its positive clinical outcome.

keywords:
Animals, Rats, Serotonin, Ketanserin, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Cognition, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"36807609","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


publication_date: 2023-05-28
doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01613-4
pubmed_id: 37248402
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01613-4
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
title:
UNRAVELing the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain-wide immediate early gene expression in mice.

authors:
Rijsketic DR, Casey AB, Barbosa DAN, Zhang X, Hietamies TM, Ramirez-Ovalle G, Pomrenze MB, Halpern CH, Williams LM, Malenka RC, Heifets BD.

abstract:
The effects of context on the subjective experience of serotonergic psychedelics have not been fully examined in human neuroimaging studies, partly due to limitations of the imaging environment. Here, we administered saline or psilocybin to mice in their home cage or an enriched environment, immunofluorescently-labeled brain-wide c-Fos, and imaged iDISCO+ cleared tissue with light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to examine the impact of environmental context on psilocybin-elicited neural activity at cellular resolution. Voxel-wise analysis of c-Fos-immunofluorescence revealed clusters of neural activity associated with main effects of context and psilocybin-treatment, which were validated with c-Fos+ cell density measurements. Psilocybin increased c-Fos expression in subregions of the neocortex, caudoputamen, central amygdala, and parasubthalamic nucleus while it decreased c-Fos in the hypothalamus, cortical amygdala, striatum, and pallidum in a predominantly context-independent manner. To gauge feasibility of future mechanistic studies on ensembles activated by psilocybin, we confirmed activity- and Cre-dependent genetic labeling in a subset of these neurons using TRAP2+/-;Ai14+ mice. Network analyses treating each psilocybin-sensitive cluster as a node indicated that psilocybin disrupted co-activity between highly correlated regions, reduced brain modularity, and dramatically attenuated intermodular co-activity. Overall, our results indicate that main effects of context and psilocybin were robust, widespread, and reorganized network architecture, whereas context×psilocybin interactions were surprisingly sparse.

keywords:
Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Genes, Immediate-Early, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"37248402","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


publication_date: 2023-10-23
doi: 10.1007/s00210-023-02778-x
pubmed_id: 37874338
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02778-x
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
title:
Ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant-like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in C57BL/6J male mice.

authors:
Takaba R, Ibi D, Yoshida K, Hosomi E, Kawase R, Kitagawa H, Goto H, Achiwa M, Mizutani K, Maeda K, González-Maeso J, Kitagaki S, Hiramatsu M.

abstract:
Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and DOI exert a hallucinatory effect through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A) activation. Recent studies have revealed that serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive and anxiety-related disorders. However, the involvement of 5-HT2A in mediating the therapeutic effects of these drugs remains unclear. In this study, we ethopharmacologically analyzed the role of 5-HT2A in the occurrence of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocin, an active metabolite of psilocybin, DOI, and TCB-2 in mice 24 h post-treatment. Mice with acute intraperitoneal psychedelic treatment exhibited significantly shorter immobility times in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail-suspension test (TST) than vehicle-treated control mice. These effects were eliminated by pretreatment with volinanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist. Surprisingly, the decreasing immobility time in the FST in response to acute psilocin treatment was sustained for at least three weeks. In the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), the latency to feed, an indicator of anxiety-like behavior, was decreased by acute administration of psilocin; however, pretreatment with volinanserin did not diminish this effect. In contrast, DOI and TCB-2 did not affect the NSFT performance in mice. Furthermore, psilocin, DOI, and TCB-2 treatment did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity or head-twitch response, a hallucination-like behavior in rodents. These results suggest that 5-HT2A contributes to the antidepressant effects of serotonergic psychedelics rather than anxiolytic effects.

keywords:
Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Amphetamines, Methylamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Motor Activity, Swimming, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"37874338","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


publication_date: 2024-04-30
pubmed_id: 38740403
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38740403
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:04
title:
PSYCHEDELIC PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY REDUCES DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS WITH CANCER AND DEPRESSION.

keywords:
Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"38740403","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin Therapy for Females With Anorexia Nervosa: A Phase 1, Open-Label Feasibility Study.
authors: Peck SK, Shao S, Gruen T, Yang K, Babakanian A, Trim J, Finn DM, Kaye WH.
publication_date: 2024-06-27
doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.24022013
pubmed_id: 38988455
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.24022013
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
abstract:
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a deadly illness with no proven treatments to reverse core symptoms and no medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Novel treatments are urgently needed to improve clinical outcomes. In this open-label feasibility study, 10 adult female participants (mean body mass index 19.7 kg m-2; s.d. 3.7) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for AN or pAN (partial remission) were recruited to a study conducted at an academic clinical research institute. Participants received a single 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin in conjunction with psychological support. The primary aim was to assess safety, tolerability and feasibility at post-treatment by incidences and occurrences of adverse events (AEs) and clinically significant changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), laboratory tests, vital signs and suicidality. No clinically significant changes were observed in ECG, vital signs or suicidality. Two participants developed asymptomatic hypoglycemia at post-treatment, which resolved within 24 h. No other clinically significant changes were observed in laboratory values. All AEs were mild and transient in nature. Participants' qualitative perceptions suggest that the treatment was acceptable for most participants. Results suggest that psilocybin therapy is safe, tolerable and acceptable for female AN, which is a promising finding given physiological dangers and problems with treatment engagement. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04661514. Appeared originally in Nat Med 2023; 29:1947-1953.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"38988455","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Foldi CJ, Liknaitzky P, Williams M, Oldfield BJ.
publication_date: 2024-06-27
doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.24022012
pubmed_id: 38988467
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.24022012
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:03
title:
Rethinking Therapeutic Strategies for Anorexia Nervosa: Insights From Psychedelic Medicine and Animal Models.

abstract:
Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease, yet available pharmacological treatments are largely ineffective due, in part, to an inadequate understanding of the neurobiological drivers that underpin the condition. The recent resurgence of research into the clinical applications of psychedelic medicine for a range of mental disorders has highlighted the potential for classical psychedelics, including psilocybin, to alleviate symptoms of AN that relate to serotonergic signaling and cognitive inflexibility. Clinical trials using psychedelics in treatment-resistant depression have shown promising outcomes, although these studies are unable to circumvent some methodological biases. The first clinical trial to use psilocybin in patients with AN commenced in 2019, necessitating a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms through which psychedelics act. Animal models are beneficial in this respect, allowing for detailed scrutiny of brain function and behavior and the potential to study pharmacology without the confounds of expectancy and bias that are impossible to control for in patient populations. We argue that studies investigating the neurobiological effects of psychedelics in animal models, including the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model, are particularly important to inform clinical applications, including the subpopulations of patients that may benefit most from psychedelic medicine. Appeared originally in Front Neurosci 2020; 14:43.

topic_tags:
Depression,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"38988467","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Rapid, biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo.
authors: Zhang R, Anguiano M, Aarrestad IK, Lin S, Chandra J, Vadde SS, Olson DE, Kim CK.
publication_date: 2024-08-04
doi: 10.1038/s41592-024-02375-7
pubmed_id: 39103446
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-02375-7
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:03
abstract:
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is ubiquitous to cell signaling across biology. While existing fluorescent sensors and reporters can detect activated cells with elevated Ca2+ levels, these approaches require implants to deliver light to deep tissue, precluding their noninvasive use in freely behaving animals. Here we engineered an enzyme-catalyzed approach that rapidly and biochemically tags cells with elevated Ca2+ in vivo. Ca2+-activated split-TurboID (CaST) labels activated cells within 10 min with an exogenously delivered biotin molecule. The enzymatic signal increases with Ca2+ concentration and biotin labeling time, demonstrating that CaST is a time-gated integrator of total Ca2+ activity. Furthermore, the CaST readout can be performed immediately after activity labeling, in contrast to transcriptional reporters that require hours to produce signal. These capabilities allowed us to apply CaST to tag prefrontal cortex neurons activated by psilocybin, and to correlate the CaST signal with psilocybin-induced head-twitch responses in untethered mice.

keywords:
Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Calcium, Biotin, Calcium Signaling, Male

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"39103446","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Brownstien M, Lazar M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Blakolmer K, Lerer L, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.
publication_date: 2024-10-10
doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02786-0
pubmed_id: 39394457
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02786-0
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
title:
Striking long-term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the SAPAP3 rodent model of OCD-like excessive self-grooming.

abstract:
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent disorder that causes serious disability. Available treatments leave 40% or more of people with OCD significantly symptomatic. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Mice that carry a homozygous deletion of the SAPAP3 gene (SAPAP3 KO) manifest a phenotype of excessive self-grooming, tic-like head-body twitches and anxiety. These behaviors closely resemble pathological self-grooming behaviors observed in humans in conditions that overlap with OCD. Following a preliminary report that the tryptaminergic psychedelic, psilocybin, may reduce symptoms in patients with OCD, we undertook a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin in 50 SAPAP3 KO mice (28 male, 22 female). Mice that fulfilled inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to a single intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg), psychedelic mushroom extract (encompassing the same psilocybin dose) or vehicle control and were evaluated after 2, 12, and 21 days by a rater blind to treatment allocation for grooming characteristics, head-body twitches, anxiety, and other behavioral features. Mice treated with vehicle (n = 18) manifested a 118.71 ± 95.96% increase in total self-grooming (the primary outcome measure) over the 21-day observation period. In contrast, total self-grooming decreased by 14.60 ± 17.90% in mice treated with psilocybin (n = 16) and by 19.20 ± 20.05% in mice treated with psychedelic mushroom extract (n = 16) (p = 0.001 for effect of time; p = 0.0001 for time × treatment interaction). Five mice were dropped from the vehicle group because they developed skin lesions; 4 from the psilocybin group and none from the psychedelic mushroom extract group. Secondary outcome measures such as head-body twitches and anxiety all showed a significant improvement over 21 days. Notably, in mice that responded to psilocybin (n = 12) and psychedelic mushroom extract (n = 13), the beneficial effect of a single treatment persisted up to 7 weeks. Mice initially treated with vehicle and non-responsive, showed a clear and lasting therapeutic response when treated with a single dose of psilocybin or psychedelic mushroom extract and followed for a further 3 weeks. While equivalent to psilocybin in overall effect on self-grooming, psychedelic mushroom extract showed superior effects in alleviating head-body twitches and anxiety. These findings strongly justify clinical trials of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD and further studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms that underlie the long-term effects to alleviate excessive self-grooming observed in this study. Prepared with BioRender ( https://www.biorender.com/ ).

keywords:
Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Agaricales, Disease Models, Animal, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Female, Male, Psilocybin

topic_tags:
Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Drug Interactions

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"39394457","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Floris G, Dabrowski KR, Zanda MT, Daws SE.
publication_date: 2024-10-20
doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02788-y
pubmed_id: 39433903
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02788-y
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
title:
Psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats.

abstract:
Preclinical and human studies indicate psilocybin may reduce perseverant maladaptive behaviors, including nicotine and alcohol seeking. Such studies in the opioid field are lacking, though opioids are involved in >50% of overdose deaths. Psilocybin is an agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), a well-documented target for modulation of drug seeking, and evidence suggests 5-HT2AR agonists may dampen motivation for opioids. We sought to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in mediating cessation of opioid use and maintenance of long-lasting abstinence from opioid seeking behavior in a rat model of heroin self-administration (SA). Psilocybin or 5-HT2AR antagonists ketanserin and volinanserin were administered systemically to rats prior to SA of 0.075 mg/kg/infusion of heroin, or relapse following forced abstinence. Psilocybin did not alter heroin taking, but a single exposure to 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin 4-24 h prior to a relapse test blunted cue-induced heroin seeking. Conversely, 5-HT2AR antagonists exacerbated heroin relapse. To begin to elucidate mechanisms of psilocybin, drug-naïve rats received psilocybin and/or ketanserin, and tissue was collected from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region critical for drug seeking and responsive to psilocybin, 24 h later for RNA-sequencing. 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin regulated ~2-fold more genes in the PFC than 1.0 mg/kg, including genes involved in the cytoskeleton and cytokine signaling. Ketanserin blocked >90% of psilocybin-regulated genes, including the IL-17a cytokine receptor, Il17ra. Psychedelic compounds have reported anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore we performed a gene expression array to measure chemokine/cytokine molecules in the PFC of animals that displayed psilocybin-mediated inhibition of heroin seeking. Psilocybin regulated 4 genes, including Il17a, and a subset of genes correlated with relapse behavior. Selective inhibition of PFC IL-17a was sufficient to reduce heroin relapse. We conclude that psilocybin reduces heroin relapse and highlight IL-17a signaling as a potential downstream pathway of psilocybin that also reduces heroin seeking.

keywords:
Nucleus Accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Heroin Dependence, Fluorobenzenes, Heroin, Piperidines, Ketanserin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Self Administration, Gene Expression, Male, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"39433903","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


publication_date: 2025-02-11
doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56850-6
pubmed_id: 39939591
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56850-6
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:02
title:
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression.

authors:
Aboharb F, Davoudian PA, Shao LX, Liao C, Rzepka GN, Wojtasiewicz C, Indajang J, Dibbs M, Rondeau J, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Kwan AC.

abstract:
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The growing interest in using these compounds as therapeutics necessitates preclinical assays that can accurately screen psychedelics and related analogs. We posit that a promising approach may be to measure drug action on markers of neural plasticity in native brain tissues. We therefore developed a pipeline for drug classification using light sheet fluorescence microscopy of immediate early gene expression at cellular resolution followed by machine learning. We tested male and female mice with a panel of drugs, including psilocybin, ketamine, 5-MeO-DMT, 6-fluoro-DET, MDMA, acute fluoxetine, chronic fluoxetine, and vehicle. In one-versus-rest classification, the exact drug was identified with 67% accuracy, significantly above the chance level of 12.5%. In one-versus-one classifications, psilocybin was discriminated from 5-MeO-DMT, ketamine, MDMA, or acute fluoxetine with >95% accuracy. We used Shapley additive explanation to pinpoint the brain regions driving the machine learning predictions. Our results suggest a unique approach for characterizing and validating psychoactive drugs with psychedelic properties.

keywords:
Brain, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Fluoxetine, Ketamine, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Female, Male, Machine Learning, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"39939591","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: A Rapid Review of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Palliative Care.
authors: Miller M, Meyers M, Martin A, Napolitano S, Dorsen C, Penn A, Rosa WE
publication_date: 2025-03-31
doi: 10.1097/njh.0000000000001113
pubmed_id: 40042324
source_url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40042324/
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety
study_type: Review Article
source_name: PubMed
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:20:36
raw_json: {"pubmed_id":"40042324"}
abstract:
Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) involves supported experiences with psychedelic medicines in carefully curated environments. Early evidence suggests possible utility of PAT for addressing psychosocial-spiritual-existential concerns, yet gaps remain in understanding findings related to PAT's role in palliative care. This rapid review aims to synthesize current literature on applications of PAT in the context of palliative care. Through a systematic process, we identified 34 articles published between January 2021 and July 2024. Protocols varied yet included common components of participant screening, preparation, dosing, and integration. Psilocybin was the most commonly studied compound. Results support safety and initial efficacy of PAT for psycho-spiritual-existential outcomes among carefully screened and highly homogonous samples of patients with serious illness (predominantly cancer). Current efforts and challenges around integrating PAT into systems of palliative care were highlighted. Additional work is needed to (1) explore PAT's safety and efficacy within more diverse samples and contexts, (2) train palliative care providers on PAT, (3) determine systems of care delivery best suited for translation of PAT into practice, and (4) begin developing policy solutions to support safe and equitable access to PAT. Because many patients lack access to basic psychosocial-spiritual-existential care, careful consideration is needed around integration of PAT.

journal:
Journal of hospice and palliative nursing : JHPN : the official journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association


title: Psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles.
authors: Rogers SA, Heller EA, Corder G.
publication_date: 2025-05-25
doi: 10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9
pubmed_id: 40419686
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
The psychedelic drug psilocybin demonstrates rapid and long-lasting efficacy across neuropsychiatric disorders that are characterized by behavioral inflexibility. However, its impact on the neural activity underlying sustained changes in behavioral flexibility has not been characterized. To test whether psilocybin enhances behavioral flexibility by altering activity in cortical neural ensembles, we performed longitudinal single-cell calcium imaging in the mouse retrosplenial cortex across a 5-day trace fear learning and extinction assay. We found that a single dose of psilocybin altered cortical ensemble turnover and oppositely modulated fear- and extinction-active neurons. Suppression of fear-active neurons and recruitment of extinction-active neurons predicted psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction. In a computational model of this microcircuit, inhibition of simulated fear-active units modulated recruitment of extinction-active units and behavioral variability in freezing, aligning with experimental results. These results suggest that psilocybin enhances behavioral flexibility by recruiting new neuronal populations and suppressing fear-active populations in the retrosplenial cortex.

keywords:
Gyrus Cinguli, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Fear, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"40419686","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum.
authors: Miller DR, Jacobs JT, Rockefeller A, Singer H, Bollinger IM, Conway J, Slot JC, Cliffel DE.
publication_date: 2024-04-04
doi: 10.1556/2054.2023.00332
pubmed_id: 41836496
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00332
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Genomics
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 07:01:03
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
abstract:
Psilocybe zapotecorum is a strongly blue-bruising psilocybin mushroom used by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico and beyond. While this species has a rich history of ceremonial use, research into its chemistry and genetics has been limited. Herein, we report on mushroom morphology, cultivation parameters, chemical profile, and the full genome sequence of P. zapotecorum. First, we detail growth and cloning methods that are simple, and reproducible. In combination with high resolution microscopic analysis, the strain was identified by DNA barcoding, confirming the field identification. Full genome sequencing reveals the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster in P. zapotecorum, and can serve as a reference genome for Psilocybe clade I. Characterization of the tryptamine profile revealed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9 ± 1.7 mg/g, with a range of 10.6-25.7 mg/g (n = 7), and similar tryptamines (psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, and 4-HO-tryptamine) in lesser concentrations for a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5 ± 3.2 mg/g. These results show P. zapotecorum to be a potent and chemically variable Psilocybe mushroom. Chemical profiling, genetic analysis, and cultivation assist in demystifying these mushrooms. As clinical studies with psilocybin gain traction, understanding the diversity of Psilocybe expands the conversation beyond the molecule.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"41836496","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: Human Brain Mapping
publication_date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.1002/hbm.70596
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70596
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Other
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:06
last_checked: 2026-07-02 06:54:51
title:
Modeled Long-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Dynamic Activity and Effective Connectivity of Fronto-Striatal-Thalamic Circuits

authors:
Pasquini Lorenzo, Vohryzek Jakub, Escrichs Anira, Perl Yonatan Sanz, Ponce‐Alvarez Adrian, Idesis Sebastian, Girn Manesh, Roseman Leor, Mitchell Jennifer M., Gazzaley Adam, Kringelbach Morten, Nutt David J., Lyons Taylor, Carhart‐Harris Robin L., Deco Gustavo

abstract:
ABSTRACT Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained symptoms improvements across various psychiatric conditions, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we performed secondary analyses and applied computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first showed that dynamic FST activity increased 4 weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceeded to mechanistically account for these changes by providing tentative model-based support that reductions in the structure-function coupling contribute to increased dynamic FST activity postpsilocybin. Finally, we used computational approaches to show that psilocybin induces longitudinal increases in bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. We then used publicly available receptor maps to show that cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, while increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relates to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings suggest that increased FST flexibility weeks after a high dose of psilocybin is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism contributing to the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia nervosa.

topic_tags:
Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers

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title: 265 Self-reported rates of psilocybin use in North Florida, 2012 to present
authors: Millay T, Kodali M, Cottler L.
publication_date: 2026-05-19
source_url: https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13172864
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:01
raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PMC13172864","source":"PMC","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in iPSC-derived human cortical neurons
journal: eLife
publication_date: 2026-03-26
doi: 10.7554/elife.104006.3
source_url: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.104006.3
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
study_type: Other
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
authors:
Schmidt Malin, Hoffrichter Anne, Davoudi Mahnaz, Horschitz Sandra, Lau Thorsten, Meinhardt Marcus W, Spanagel Rainer, Ladewig Julia, Köhr Georg, Koch Philipp

abstract:
Psilocybin is studied as innovative medication in anxiety, substance abuse and treatment-resistant depression. Animal studies show that psychedelics promote neuronal plasticity by strengthening synaptic responses and protein synthesis. However, the exact molecular and cellular changes induced by psilocybin in the human brain are not known. Here, we treated human cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocin - the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin. We analyzed how exposure to psilocin affects gene expression, neuronal morphology, synaptic markers and neuronal function. Psilocin provoked a 5-HT2A-R-mediated augmentation of BDNF abundance. Transcriptomic profiling identified gene expression signatures priming neurons to neuroplasticity. On a morphological level, psilocin induced enhanced neuronal complexity and increased expression of synaptic proteins, in particular in the postsynaptic compartment. Consistently, we observed an increased excitability and enhanced synaptic network activity in neurons treated with psilocin. In conclusion, exposure of human neurons to psilocin might induce a state of enhanced neuronal plasticity, which could explain why psilocin is beneficial in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders where synaptic dysfunctions are discussed.

topic_tags:
Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics

raw_json:
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authors: Brinsko Kelly M., Golemis Dean, King Meggan B., Laughlin Gary J., Sparenga Sebastian B.
journal: The Microscope
publication_date: 2018-12-31
doi: 10.59082/tnwk8166
source_url: https://doi.org/10.59082/tnwk8166
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
title:
Microcrystal Tests for the Identification of Illicit Drugs: Phencyclidine, Pseudoephedrine, and Psilocin

abstract:
The Microscope is publishing monographs from McCrone Research Institute’s A Modern Compendium of Microcrystal Tests for Illicit Drugs and Diverted Pharmaceuticals (4th revision: September 13, 2021), which contains 19 different drugs and their microcrystal test reagents. This issue includes the final installment of monographs, with the following drugs/reagents: • phencyclidine (PCP)/potassium permanganate• phencyclidine (PCP)/ammonium thiocyanate• pseudoephedrine/dilituric acid• pseudoephedrine/gold chloride• psilocin/trinitrobenzoic acid The previous set of monographs were published in issue 66:4 (2018): oxycodone with platinum bromide, oxycodone with potassium triiodide (Clarke’s I-KI, No. 1), and oxycodone with sodium carbonate.

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authors: Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H.
publication_date: 2005-02-28
doi: 10.1520/jfs2004276
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004276
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:05
title:
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of hallucinogenic indoles psilocin and psilocybin in "magic mushroom" samples.

abstract:
Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for psilocin (PC) and psilocybin (PB), tryptamine-type hallucinogens contained in "magic mushrooms," were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The chromatographic separation on an ODS column and mass spectral information gave complete discrimination between PC and PB without derivatization. The mass spectrometric detection had a high sensitivity, and the tandem mass spectrometric detection provided more specificity and accuracy, as well as high sensitivity. The detection limits ranged from 1 to 25 pg by LC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode, and the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were estimated to be 4.21-5.93% by LC-MS-MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode. By applying the present LC-MS-MS technique to four real samples, the contents of PC and PB were found to vary over a wide range (0.60-1.4 and 0.18-3.8 mg/g dry wt. for PC and PB, respectively) between samples.

keywords:
Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Sensitivity and Specificity, Forensic Medicine, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"15813544","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Saito Kimie, Toyo’oka Toshimasa, Fukushima Takeshi, Kato Masaru, Shirota Osamu, Goda Yukihiro
journal: Analytica Chimica Acta
publication_date: 2004-11-30
doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
title:
Determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

raw_json:
{"doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071","reference_dois":["10.1016/s0015-7368(83)71545-8","10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00211-5","10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91195-6","10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x","10.1016/s0021-9673(01)99190-3","10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3","10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9","10.1520/jfs15014j","10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00461-8","10.1039/an9952000385","10.1016/0003-2670(95)00270-a","10.1016/0021-9673(94)00978-i","10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00617-7","10.1016/0021-9673(92)87188-e","10.1016/0021-9673(92)85221-e","10.1016/0003-2670(93)80086-z","10.1039/an9931800759","10.1016/0003-2670(94)80074-x","10.1002/bmc.1130080208","10.3987/com-99-8492"],"reference_count":24}


authors: Yamada Fumio, Tamura Mayumi, Hasegawa Atsuko, Somei Masanori
journal: ChemInform
publication_date: 2002-07-22
doi: 10.1002/chin.200229147
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200229147
substance_tags: psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Other
source_name: Crossref
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:21:33
raw_json: {"doi":"10.1002/chin.200229147","reference_dois":["10.1248/cpb.50.92"],"reference_count":1}
title:
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Indoles. Part 109. Synthetic Studies of Psilocin Analogues Having Either a Formyl Group or Bromine Atom at the 5- or 7-Position.


title: The detection of psilocin in human urine.
authors: Grieshaber AF, Moore KA, Levine B.
publication_date: 2001-04-30
doi: 10.1520/jfs15014j
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15014j
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:07
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:05
abstract:
Pharmacokinetic studies of psilocybin in humans have shown the rapid dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin with further conversion to 4-hydroxy-tryptophole (4HT) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in plasma. Our study shows that psilocin also undergoes conjugation and can be found in the urine as the psilocin-glucuronide conjugate. Recoveries after enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine with beta-glucuronidase (Helix Pomatia or E. Coli) when compared to non-hydrolyzed urine confirmed the presence of the glucuronide. Detection of psilocin from hydrolyzed and extracted samples was optimized for GC/MS by derivatization with MSTFA. The method developed allows for the detection of psilocin in urine with a limit of quantitation of 10 ng/mL, based on 5 mL of spiked urine. Using this method, our laboratory has confirmed the presence of psilocin in 6 out of 8 urine samples, with concentrations ranging from 10 ng/mL to greater than 200 ng/mL. Before implementation of the hydrolysis and derivatization steps, our limit of detection was 200 ng/mL, based on spiked urine standards. No case samples were positive without hydrolysis and derivatization.

keywords:
Humans, Hallucinogens, Sensitivity and Specificity, Substance Abuse Detection, Forensic Medicine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"11373000","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in iPSC-derived human cortical neurons
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4242829/v3
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4242829/v3
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
authors:
Koch P, Schmidt M, Hoffrichter A, Davoudi M, Horschitz S, Lau T, Meinhardt M, Spanagel R, Ladewig J, Köhr G.

abstract:
Abstract Psilocybin is studied as innovative medication in anxiety, substance abuse and treatment-resistant depression. Animal studies show that psychedelics promote neuronal plasticity by strengthening synaptic responses and protein synthesis. However, the exact molecular and cellular changes induced by psilocybin in the human brain are not known. Here, we treated human cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocin - the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin. We analyzed how exposure to psilocin affects 5-HT2A receptor localization, gene expression, neuronal morphology, synaptic markers and neuronal function. Upon exposure of human neurons to psilocin, we observed a decrease of cell surface-located 5-HT2A receptors first in the axonal- followed by the somatodendritic-compartment. Psilocin further provoked a 5-HT2A-R-mediated augmentation of BDNF abundance. Transcriptomic profiling identified gene expression signatures priming neurons to neuroplasticity. On a morphological level, psilocin induced enhanced neuronal complexity and increased expression of synaptic proteins, in particular in the postsynaptic-compartment. Consistently, we observed an increased excitability and enhanced synaptic network activity in neurons treated with psilocin. In conclusion, exposure of human neurons to psilocin might induces a state of enhanced neuronal plasticity which could explain why psilocin is beneficial in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders where synaptic dysfunctions are discussed.

topic_tags:
Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1140594","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin acutely reduces low-frequency BOLD power and frequency-specific connectivity
authors: Olsen AS, Larsen K, McCulloch DE, Ganz M, Madsen MK, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM, Rehman Nu, Fisher PM.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-04-12
doi: 10.64898/2026.04.09.717379
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.09.717379
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Healthy Volunteers
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
Psilocybin and other serotonergic drugs acutely alter human brain function and large-scale connectivity as measured with BOLD fMRI, but whether these effects are frequency-specific remains unknown. We applied multitaper spectral and cross-spectral analyses to resting-state fMRI data from 28 healthy volunteers scanned multiple times acutely following oral psilocybin administration (0.2 - 0.3 mg/kg), together with plasma psilocin measurements, to estimate psilocin associations with temporal frequency-specific activity and connectivity. Psilocybin produced a selective reduction in low-frequency spectral power (0.01 - 0.06 Hz ) and an increase in spectral entropy, with the strongest effects in transmodal networks. We also observed a reduction in low-frequency connectivity energy explained by the unimodal/transmodal axis. These findings demonstrate that psilocin induces spatially distributed, frequency-dependent alterations, suggesting that broadband fMRI analyses may obscure low-frequency dynamics. Frequency-resolved approaches may offer greater sensitivity for characterizing psychedelic effects on brain activity.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1215195","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Inhibition of cortico-amygdala projections underlies affective bias modification by psilocybin
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-03-03
doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.709133
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.02.709133
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
authors:
Claydon MDB, Hinchcliffe JK, Bartlett J, Golden CT, Thomas CW, Gilmour G, Mellor JR, Bortolotto ZA, Robinson ESJ.

abstract:
Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can produce rapid and enduring antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)[1, 2], yet the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Negative affective biases are an important neuropsychological mechanism central to the development and perpetuation of MDD[3]. Using a translational rodent model, we previously demonstrated that psilocybin modulates negative affective biases which, we hypothesize, contribute to its antidepressant effects[4]. Here, we identify the prelimbic subregion (PrL) of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a key locus for the modulation of affective biases by psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, and reveal a cell-type-specific bidirectional regulation of synaptic transmission. Psilocin selectively suppressed excitatory synaptic input to cortico-amygdala (CA) projection neurons, but enhanced excitatory transmission to other, putatively cortico-cortical, targets. Interestingly, suppression of the excitatory input to CA cells by psilocin, and modulation of affective biases by psilocybin, were both dependent on 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A receptor signaling. Consistent with the long-term therapeutic effects of rapidly acting antidepressants[1, 2, 4, 5], psilocin produced sustained changes to affective biases evident 24 hours after PrL infusion. In parallel, the suppressed excitatory transmission shifted to enhanced inhibitory synaptic input selectively in CA cells. Finally, chemogenetic inhibition of CA neurons in PrL recapitulated both the acute and sustained modulation of negative affective biases by psilocybin, as well as positively biasing new reward memories. Together, these findings identify modulation of the PrL cortico-amygdala circuit as a key substrate for affective bias modification by psilocybin, an effect which could explain its rapid and sustained antidepressant actions.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1221362","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: Authorea Preprints
publication_date: 2025-12-28
doi: 10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study,Safety
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin as a Serotonergic Therapy in Epilepsy: Narrative Review of Therapeutic Potentials and Seizure Risks

authors:
Cervera-Sanchez MB, San-Juan D, Díaz-Peregrino R, Camacho-Castillo EZ, Bringas-Ortiz SA, Padilla-Cabezutd C.

abstract:
Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in neuropsychiatric disorders but presents a paradoxical relationship with seizures and epilepsy. Methods:: A narrative review was conducted up to November 23, 2025. We conducted structured literature searches across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science. and Google Scholar using MeSH terms and keywords to identify studies on psilocybin, magic mushrooms, or psilocin related to seizures or epilepsy. We also covered our research on serotonergic modulation and epilepsy. We selected a set of core studies directly addressing the research question and additional publications providing mechanistic and contextual evidence for the narrative synthesis. The Risk of Bias of the studies was assessed according to their type. Results:: Experimental models demonstrate that psilocybin’s action on 5-HT2A receptors may confer anticonvulsant effects, reducing seizure severity in certain contexts. Preclinical findings support serotonergic modulation as a therapeutic strategy, notably in Dravet syndrome models. However, observational studies report seizures associated with recreational psilocybin use, raising concerns about its pro-convulsant potential, particularly outside controlled environments. Our risk of bias assessment of this evidence revealed significant methodological limitations, urging a cautious interpretation. Nevertheless, clinical trials in neuropsychiatric populations have not shown increased seizure risks under medical supervision. Conclusions:: Psilocybin holds potential as a novel adjunctive therapy for epilepsy through selective serotonergic modulation, although conflicting data emphasize the caution with which psilocybin should be implemented clinically, especially in high doses. Animal studies and clinical trials in the future should verify the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of epilepsy.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1203831","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Authorea Preprints","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Unmixing the Psychedelic Connectome: Brain Network Traits of Psilocybin
authors: Bhavaraju KP, Mason NL, Mallaroni P, Heinke D, Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG, Amico E.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-11-16
doi: 10.1101/2025.11.17.688834
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.17.688834
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
Psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness, yet prevailing neural models often describe a monolithic change in brain connectivity that may not fully capture the multifaceted nature of the psychedelic state. To test the hypothesis of a composite neural state, this study applied a robust, data-driven framework, Connectome Independent Component Analysis (connICA) with multi-level resampling, to resting-state fMRI data from healthy volunteers. The analysis decomposed connectomes into statistically independent functional connectivity traits ("FC-Traits"), revealing a primary trait whose expression was significantly modulated by plasma psilocin concentration, providing a whole-cortical signature of the drug’s physiological action. Crucially, a second, distinct trait was also isolated, which independently associated with impaired performance on a visual divergent thinking task. These findings demonstrate that the acute psilocybin state is a composite of co-occurring neural processes. This validates the application of a decompositional connectomic framework to move beyond global descriptions and successfully disentangle the specific neural patterns underlying distinct pharmacological and cognitive correlates.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1121312","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Stasiak A, Sienkiewicz M, Kwiatkowski P, Kowalczyk E.
journal: Preprints.org
publication_date: 2026-04-14
doi: 10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin in Older Adults: Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammation-Driven Disorders of Aging-From Depression to Neurodegeneration

abstract:
Aging is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation (“inflammaging”), which contributes to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Conventional pharmacotherapies often provide limited benefit in older adults and are further complicated by polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic acting primarily as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and currently undergoing accelerated clinical development, has emerged as a potential multimodal therapeutic agent addressing these challenges. Acting via its active metabolite psilocin, 5-HT2A-mediated signaling biases cortical glutamatergic transmission, enhances TrkB/BDNF pathways, and modulates neuro-immune cascades (including NF-κB), with convergent systems-level effects such as re-organization of the default mode network. Human studies report acute reductions in TNF-α with variable effects on IL-6 and CRP, consistent with an immunomodulatory profile. Pharmacokinetically, psilocybin shows properties advantageous in geriatric care: rapid onset, short half-life, and predominant phase-II glucuronidation, reducing interaction risk. Controlled studies demonstrate rapid antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and existential distress, with emerging feasibility signals in neurodegeneration. Together, these find-ings support the hypothesis that a time-limited, mechanism-based intervention may improve mood and cognition while attenuating inflammation. This review integrates current evidence on psilocybin’s neuroimmune and pharmacokinetic mechanisms rel-evant to aging, outlining its potential role in inflammation-related disorders and high-lighting the need for targeted studies in older adults, who remain underrepresented in psychedelic research.

topic_tags:
Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Inflammaging,Review Article,Older Adults,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1179388","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Preprints.org","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Islam S, Liden T, Goff R, Schug KA.
publication_date: 2025-04-28
doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466009
pubmed_id: 40319561
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466009
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: General
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non-psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.

abstract:
Psilocybin mushrooms, particularly those containing the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin, have attracted recent attention due to their potential therapeutic use for the treatment of psychological disorders. To use psilocybin mushrooms in a clinical context, it is important to understand their chemical composition more fully. An untargeted analysis using liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed to explore the chemical diversity of various species of psilocybin mushrooms (PM) relative to edible non-psilocybin mushrooms (NPM). The analysis was performed using reversed phase LC with electrospray ionization in data independent acquisition mode. The study revealed the presence of several classes of compounds and their derivatives. The data was analyzed using multiple statistical methods. Principal component analysis showed that the psilocybin mushrooms and non-psilocybin mushrooms are compositionally very different from each other. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the chemical complexity of psilocybin mushrooms and lay groundwork for future research into their potential applications in medicine and psychology.

keywords:
Agaricales, Chromatography, Liquid, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Principal Component Analysis, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"40319561","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-05-17
doi: 10.64898/2026.05.14.725265
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.14.725265
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Eating Disorders,Receptor Pharmacology
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Appetite for change: How psilocybin reshapes food reward learning through striatal dopamine function

authors:
Conn K, Wong N, Sunnetci S, Al Siyabi A, McCoy K, Huang K, Greaves E, Milton LK, Kuhlmann L, Maguire S, Foldi CJ.

abstract:
Psilocybin has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for psychiatric disorders characterised by cognitive rigidity and disrupted reward processing, including anorexia nervosa. While its pro-cognitive effects have been mechanistically probed almost exclusively through serotonin receptor subtype antagonism, the downstream contributions of dopaminergic systems to these outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we examined how psilocybin (1.5 mg/kg) modulates striatal dopamine dynamics and cognitive flexibility across multiple operant paradigms in female rats, and whether nutritional state or prior activity-based anorexia (ABA) exposure moderate these effects. Calorie restriction selectively attenuated psilocybin-enhanced reversal learning, shifting the temporal profile of benefit without abolishing it, and was associated with exacerbated nucleus accumbens (NAc) cFos+ expression relative to ad libitum fed animals. In vivo fiber photometry revealed that psilocybin broadly amplified NAc dopamine transients time-locked to expected and unexpected outcomes during probabilistic reversal learning across 7 days. Computational modelling identified psilocybin-specific increases in learning rate and reductions in prior value weighting, consistent with strengthened feedback-driven updating. In touchscreen paradigms, psilocybin enhanced discrimination accuracy and accelerated reversal learning acquisition when administered prior to initial discrimination, but impaired serial reversal accuracy when administered at a later training stage. ABA exposure constrained psilocybin’s pro-cognitive effects, abolishing discrimination accuracy benefits and trending toward worsened reversal learning, likely reflecting ABA-induced reductions in cortical 5-HT2A receptor availability. These findings provide the first direct evidence that psilocybin modulates striatal dopamine prediction error signalling in a behaving animal and demonstrate that nutritional state and prior ABA exposure critically moderate its cognitive effects.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1209323","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Walters CK, Chetty S, Rants’o TA, Gossayn S, Lerotholi LJ.
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2026-05-10
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283280/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283280/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Systematic Review
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review

abstract:
Abstract Background: Conventional pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been found to provide limited benefit in a subset of patients. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has emerged as a promising modality due to its rapid-acting antidepressant effects and favourable tolerability profile shown in early trials. Despite growing research interest in psilocybin-assisted therapy the evidence for its use remains fragmented. Aim: To systematically review the evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in adults with TRD. Methods: This review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and JBI Manual for Systematic Reviews of Effectiveness. PubMed ®, MEDLINE ®, the Cochrane Collaboration's CENTRAL ® trials registry, PsycINFO ® and EMBASE ® were searched between 2014 and 2025 for clinical trials and observational studies that met the inclusion criteria for psilocybin versus other antidepressants for TRD. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists were used to assess the quality of the clinical trials. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251063913) Results: Six trials met the inclusion criteria. Psilocybin showed promising results in lowering depressive scores in participants with TRD. Common adverse events included anxiety, nausea, headache, fatigue and suicidal ideation. No serious safety concerns or cases of physiological toxicity were identified. Study limitations included small sample sizes, open-label designs, and heterogeneous psychotherapy protocols. Conclusions: Psilocybin as a novel therapy for TRD demonstrates promising efficacy and tolerability safety profile. Nonetheless, current evidence remains preliminary, and larger, methodologically robust randomized trials are needed to confirm efficacy, optimize dosing, and standardize psychological support frameworks.

topic_tags:
Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1188752","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.64898/2026.06.12.731811
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.12.731811
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem

authors:
Dagnino PC, Acero-Pousa I, Zamora-López G, Escrichs A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Sanz Perl Y, Kringelbach ML, Deco G.

abstract:
In recent decades, the psychedelic psilocybin has been studied as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), offering an alternative to traditional antidepressants. However, the brain changes underlying the clinical effects of different interventions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of psilocybin and a conventional antidepressant, escitalopram, from the double-blind randomised controlled trial (DB-RCT) - NCT03429075 - on the brain’s hierarchical organisation. Using pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we built whole-brain models and obtained a generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each patient. Based on the GEC, we measured the level of non-equilibrium brain dynamics by quantifying the deviation from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) and performed complementary analysis on brain segregation and asymmetry. Our results showed opposite reconfigurations of the hierarchical non-equilibrium brain dynamics following each treatment. Additionally, baseline measures effectively distinguished responders from non-responders within each treatment. These findings suggest that the deviation of the FDT may serve as a marker for differentiating the effects of psilocybin and escitalopram in MDD treatment, overall, contributing to the understanding of therapeutic mechanisms of depression.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1253375","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Frick A, Blest-Hopley G, Grin M, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2026-06-18
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9880403/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9880403/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Drug Interactions
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Sex-Specific Effects of Psilocybin Versus Escitalopram on Anxiety and Anhedonia: A Bayesian Reanalysis of Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes

abstract:
Abstract Rationale: Major depressive disorder (MDD) shows marked sex differences in prevalence, symptomatology, and treatment response. However, women remain underrepresented in many clinical trials, and sex-specific treatment outcomes are rarely examined. Objectives This study reanalyzed data from a randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin and escitalopram for MDD to evaluate sex differences across multiple psychological domains. Methods We reanalyzed data from a six-week, double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin with escitalopram in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD. Post-treatment depressive symptoms (MADRS, QIDS-SR-16, BDI), anhedonia (SHAPS), anxiety (STAI), thought suppression (WBSI), and well-being (WEMWBS) were modeled as a function of sex, treatment condition, their interaction, and baseline symptom severity. Sexual dysfunction severity (PRSexDQ-SALSEX), assessed only at the six-week follow-up, was analyzed separately as an ordinal outcome. Results Sex-related patterns emerged for anxiety and anhedonia. Women receiving psilocybin showed greater reductions in anxiety than men (STAI: 95% CrI − 17.5 to − 3.29), whereas women receiving escitalopram showed greater reductions in anhedonia than men (SHAPS: 95% CrI − 4.63 to 0.00). For the remaining continuous outcomes, sex differences were generally small and uncertain. Sexual dysfunction severity was lower overall in the psilocybin group than in the escitalopram group and lower in women than in men, although the treatment-by-sex interaction was not significant. Conclusions This reanalysis identified domain-specific sex-related patterns in anxiety and anhedonia, suggesting that responses to psilocybin and escitalopram may differ between women and men. These preliminary findings support adequately powered, sex-balanced, and hormone-informed trials of serotonergic treatments for MDD.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1255612","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2026-03-10
doi: 10.31234/osf.io/4jm2n_v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4jm2n_v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article,Observational Study
study_type: Review Article
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs

authors:
Luoma JB, Hoffman K, Wilson-Poe A, Levander X, Bazinet A, Cook R, McCarty D, Pertl K, Bielavitz S, Gregoire D, Wolf C, Jarlais DD, Harrison HV, Stauffer C, Korthuis P.

abstract:
BACKGROUND: New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocybin facilitators. This study describes Oregon's early psilocybin facilitator workforce and assesses state-approved training programs. METHODS: The Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus (OPEN) reviewed Oregon Health Authority-approved training programs and surveyed facilitators who had completed or were enrolled in these programs between July and November 2023. Data collection included a review of public listings, contact with training programs, and facilitator survey. RESULTS: In the 16 active training programs, the mean tuition was $9,359 and half offered diversity scholarships. Survey respondents (n=106) were relatively diverse; many had an existing healthcare license. The majority reported that training expenses were a moderate-to-severe financial strain. Most were satisfied with training. The mean planned price for a session was $1,388 and the most common areas of specialization were trauma, mental disorders, consciousness exploration, and spirituality. Facilitators requested ongoing training opportunities. CONCLUSION: Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce and training programs are in early development These findings are crucial for informing future policy and training program development to support a diverse and effective workforce.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1165131","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"PsyArXiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-06-25
doi: 10.64898/2026.06.22.733731
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.22.733731
keywords: neuroscience
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-02 06:56:32
raw_json: {"server":"biorxiv","version":"1","category":"neuroscience","type":"new results"}
title:
Divergent changes in perturbation-induced brain reconfiguration following depression treatment with psilocybin and escitalopram

authors:
Dagnino, P. C.; Acero-Pousa, I.; Carhart-Harris, R.; Erritzoe, D.; Nutt, D. J.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Sanz Perl, Y.; Deco, G.

abstract:
A central challenge in neuroscience is understanding how the human brain is organised to support optimal functioning and adaptability. One approach to characterise complex brain dynamics is by artificially perturbing whole-brain models. Here, we asked whether whole-brain organisation under perturbation in major depressive disorder (MDD) changes after intervention with psilocybin and escitalopram. First, we built whole-brain models of pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and obtained an initial generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each individual. Then, we employed systematic and local artificial perturbations across intensities, re-optimised each model to create a response GEC (GECr), and assessed the extent of brain reorganisation by quantifying the brain network reconfiguration index (NRI). Our results showed that the global brain NRI increases with psilocybin and decreases with escitalopram. Across sessions and interventions, higher global NRI was related with localised perturbations in brain areas orchestrating the brains hierarchical dynamics. Traditional approaches complemented our investigation. Our findings suggest distinct neural changes following each treatment for MDD. The increase in brain reorganisation under perturbation following psilocybin is consistent with greater brain flexibility and changeability, whereas the decrease following escitalopram suggests more stabilised brain dynamics. Overall, perturbation-induced brain NRI may represent a useful approach for uncovering neural changes following different interventions for depression.


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-06-11
doi: 10.64898/2026.06.09.731183
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.09.731183
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Longevity,Healthy Volunteers
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:45
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
EEG microstate dynamics during psilocybin intoxication relate to acute experience and persisting psychological changes

authors:
Jajcay N, Vejmola Č, Korčák J, Tylš F, Viktorinová M, Viktorin V, Bravermanová A, Androvičová R, Balíková M, Horáček J, Brunovský M, Hlinka J, Páleníček T.

abstract:
Psilocybin and other serotonergic psychedelics show therapeutic promise for psychiatric disorders, yet objective neural correlates linking the acute psychedelic state to persisting psychological outcomes remain limited. Electroencephalography (EEG) microstate analysis characterizes the rapid spatiotemporal organization of large-scale brain activity, offering a millisecond-resolution window into neural dynamics. Here, we examined resting-state EEG microstates in 15 healthy volunteers who participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study of psilocybin, using both data-driven (three-microstate) and canonical (four-microstate) analysis solutions. EEG was recorded at five time points spanning pre-drug baseline, peak intoxication, and recovery. Psilocybin significantly increased the number of global field power (GFP) peaks and reduced microstate lifespan while increasing frequency of occurrence during peak intoxication (50-100 min post-administration), consistent with accelerated transitions between brain states. Notably, microstate coverage was largely preserved, with only a transient difference at peak intoxication in the 2-20 Hz band-width, suggesting that access to the repertoire of canonical brain states is broadly maintained despite altered temporal dynamics. Critically, individual differences in microstate dynamics during peak intoxication correlated with both acute subjective experience intensity and self-reported psychological changes measured 28 days post-administration, providing exploratory evidence for a link between acute neural dynamics and longer-term experiential outcomes in healthy volunteers. These findings suggest that psilocybin is associated with altered temporal organization of large-scale brain dynamics with largely preserved microstate coverage, and identify EEG microstates as candidate neural markers for psychedelic-induced alterations in consciousness with potential relevance to therapeutic research.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1251659","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-03-09
doi: 10.64898/2026.03.06.710108
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.06.710108
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Proteomics
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Enhancing cGMP signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response

authors:
Floris G, Jefferson SJ, Rondeau J, Yu AL, Menniti FS, Kwan AC, De Aquino JP, Krystal JH, Pittenger C, Kaye AP.

abstract:
Psilocybin has antidepressant effects, but its 5-HT2 AR-mediated perceptual effects limit tolerability. We combined psilocybin with a phosphodiesterase-9 inhibitor (PDE9i) and observed suppression of head-twitch response, but maintenance of antidepressant-like behavior. Proteomics showed that PDE9i-psilocybin reduced 5-HT2 AR-mediated pathways while enhancing synaptogenesis. These results suggest that PDE9i-psilocybin represents a promising therapeutic strategy.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1214698","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant OCD: A Randomized Controlled Trial
journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2026-01-14
source_url: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/atfum_v1
keywords: Psychiatry
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,OCD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:30
raw_json: {"osf_id":"atfum_v1","version":1,"reviews_state":"accepted"}
abstract:
Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 2-3% of the population worldwide. 40-60% of patients do not respond to first-line interventions. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with treatment-resistant OCD. Methods: In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 28 adults with treatment-resistant OCD to receive a single dose of psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg; n=14) or niacin (250 mg; n=14), in a supportive controlled setting. Primary outcomes were Acute Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (A-YBOCS) from baseline to 48 hours post-treatment and weekly Y-BOCS assessments through 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms (MADRS) and functional disability (SDS). All participants initially assigned to niacin crossed over to open-label psilocybin after 1 week. Results: At 48 hours, A-YBOCS scores decreased from 24.07±6.02 to 14.31±8.83 in the psilocybin group versus no change (24.29±4.81 to 24.36±3.95) in the niacin group (between-group difference, 9.83 points; 95% CI, 5.19-14.91; P


title: Comparative Medico-Legal Frameworks for Psilocybin Regulation: A March 2026 Update
authors: Brinzei OV.
journal: Preprints.org
publication_date: 2026-04-19
doi: 10.20944/preprints202604.1423.v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1423.v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
In the past year, the medical regulation of psilocybin-assisted therapy has expanded across additional international jurisdictions, requiring an update to the original medico-legal synthesis. Newly established or clarified regulatory pathways in New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and at the United States federal level reflect continued evolution in therapeutic governance. Within the United States, Utah and New Mexico have now joined Oregon and Colorado in establishing lawful medical access pathways. These developments build upon earlier reforms in Alberta, Canada and Australia, where structured psychiatric prescribing frameworks were implemented.This update consolidates recent statutory amendments and regulatory decisions to provide a current comparative overview of jurisdictions permitting lawful medical use of psilocybin. By distinguishing comprehensive medical regulation from restricted or exceptional access schemes, this revised analysis maintains clarity within an increasingly dynamic global regulatory landscape.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1180553","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Preprints.org","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2026-02-10
source_url: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/d94hb_v1
keywords: Psychiatry
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mystical Experience
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:30
raw_json: {"osf_id":"d94hb_v1","version":1,"reviews_state":"accepted"}
title:
Mystical but Not Challenging Experiences Predict Symptom Improvement After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant OCD

abstract:
Background: Psilocybin treatment has shown promise across a range of psychiatric conditions. Mystical-type experiences during dosing sessions have been shown to predict the clinical effects of psilocybin treatment in depression, anxiety, and addiction. However, no studies have examined whether acute subjective experiences predict treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: Exploratory analyses were conducted using data from participants with treatment-resistant OCD who received psilocybin as part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and subsequent open-label phase. Twenty-seven participants who received psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg) completed the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) the day following their session. OCD severity was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at baseline and at 1- and 12-week follow-up. Results: Greater mystical-type experiences during psilocybin were associated with lower OCD symptom severity at 1- and 12-week follow-up, even after controlling for baseline OCD symptom severity and treatment condition. The Mystical subscale demonstrated the strongest and most consistent associations at both time points, while the Space-Time subscale was only associated with lower Y-BOCS at 12 weeks. The Positive Mood and Ineffability subscales were not significantly associated with post-treatment OCD symptom severity after correction for multiple comparisons. Challenging experiences were not significantly associated with post-treatment OCD severity. Conclusions: Mystical experiences - particularly experiences of unity, sacredness, and transcendence - during psilocybin sessions are associated with greater OCD symptom reduction. These findings support attention to experiential quality in psilocybin-assisted therapy and have implications for optimizing treatment through dosing, set, setting, and integration practices.


authors: Petranker R, Farb N, Syed O, Li E, Shore D, Anderson T, Blackman A.
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2026-02-22
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319478/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319478/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Safety and Efficacy of Microdosing Psilocybin over 8 Weeks for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial

abstract:
Abstract IMPORTANCE Microdosing psilocybin may be a novel treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). OBJECTIVE Assessing the antidepressant effects and safety of repeated low doses of psilocybin in participants diagnosed with MDD. DESIGN This was a Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING The trial was conducted from July 2022 to December 2024 at two centers: a pediatric clinic and a dedicated psychedelic therapy clinic. PARTICIPANTS were 39 adults aged 27 to 65 years with a diagnosis of MDD and mild to moderate symptom severity. INTERVENTIONS Participants received four weekly doses of placebo or 2 mg psilocybin, followed by four weekly open-label psilocybin doses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome: Patient Health Questionnaire with Self-Directed Assessment Scales (PHQ-9) score from baseline week four. Secondary outcome measures were symptom counts measured by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) symptom count, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), and the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS-A-17) from baseline to week four. RESULTS 39 participants (mean age 44.4; 56.4% female) reported similar reductions in PHQ-scores regardless of group assignment after four weeks (psilocybin: mean difference -5.4; placebo: -6.0). Similar trends were observed in the QIDS and SCID-5, but participants in the microdose-first group showed more symptoms reduction than those in the placebo-first group (psilocybin: mean difference -1.2; placebo: -0.1) for the DAS-A-17. Symptom reductions persisted through open-label phase, with no serious treatment-emergent adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Repeated low doses of psilocybin were safe and well tolerated but did not demonstrate statistically greater efficacy than placebo. Trial participation itself contributed to clinically significant symptom improvement. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05259943

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1157780","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Ketamine and Psilocybin Differentially Impact Sensory Learning During the Mismatch Negativity
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.1101/2025.11.06.687023
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.06.687023
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
authors:
Allohverdi SG, Soltanzadeh M, Schmidt A, Charlton CE, Hauke DJ, Karvelis P, Vollenweider FX, Diaconescu AO.

abstract:
Ketamine and psilocybin show potential as therapies for various mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder. However, further investigation into their neural mechanisms is required to understand their effects on the brain. By combining computational modelling with electroencephalography (EEG), we examine the effects of ketamine and psilocybin on hierarchical sensory pwPE learning in the context of the auditory mismatch negativity, an event-related potential consistently shown to be reduced under psychotomimetic interventions. We employed a Bayesian framework and re-analyzed a previously acquired EEG dataset (Schmidt et al., 2012) by modelling single-trial EEG data using the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. Using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design, healthy subjects were administered either S-ketamine or psilocybin during an auditory roving paradigm of pure sinusoidal tones. Our findings elucidate distinct neural impacts of ketamine and psilocybin on sensory learning: ketamine led to a larger reduction in the effect of sensory precision compared to placebo from 207 to 316 ms peaking at 277 ms in the frontal central channels, while psilocybin showed no significant effect. Both drugs reduced the expression of belief precision between 160 to 184 ms, peaking at 172 ms. For higher-level volatility pwPEs, ketamine reduced the expression at 312 ms while psilocybin had a null effect. For perception of elementary imagery, ketamine had a greater effect than psilocybin on sensory and volatility precision, while psilocybin had a greater effect on volatility pwPEs. Our findings suggest hallucinogens have distinct effects on sensory learning that could inform tailored therapies for major depression.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1116082","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: medRxiv
publication_date: 2024-09-21
doi: 10.1101/2024.09.19.24313958
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.19.24313958
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers
study_type: Other
source_name: medRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Acute psilocybin and ketanserin effects on cerebral blood flow: 5-HT2AR neuromodulation in healthy humans

authors:
Larsen K, Lindberg U, Ozenne B, McCulloch DE, Armand S, Madsen MK, Johansen A, Stenbæk DS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.

abstract:
Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, is a psychedelic and agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) that has shown positive therapeutic effects for brain disorders such as depression. To elucidate the brain effects of psilocybin, we directly compared the acute effects of 5-HT2AR agonist (psilocybin) and antagonist (ketanserin) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a single-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy participants. We evaluated associations between plasma psilocin level (PPL) or subjective drug intensity (SDI) and CBF. We also evaluated drug effects on internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter using time-of-flight MRI angiography. PPL and SDI were significantly negatively associated with regional and global CBF (∼11.5% at peak drug effect, p

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR913484","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"medRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2026-05-13
source_url: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/3b9fx_v1
keywords: microdosing, psilocybin, social anxiety, Psychiatry
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:30
raw_json: {"osf_id":"3b9fx_v1","version":1,"reviews_state":"accepted"}
title:
Low doses of psilocybin as adjunct pharmacological treatment to virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

abstract:
Background: Social anxiety disorder is a chronic and disabling condition with limited response to standard therapies. Low-dose psilocybin may enhance the effectiveness of exposure-based treatments by modulating neural circuits associated with fear and avoidance. Virtual reality exposure therapy offers a controlled and individualized platform for intervention. Objective: This phase 2b, double-blind clinical trial (n = 32) investigates feasibility and tolerability of low-dose psilocybin as an adjunct to virtual reality exposure therapy in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Design and Methods: Participants will be randomized to receive either low-dose psilocybin or placebo alongside virtual reality exposure therapy. The primary outcome is the change in social anxiety symptoms, measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The primary endpoint is a Cohen’s d ≥ 0.5 for LSAS reduction in the psilocybin group versus placebo. Secondary outcomes include identification of multimodal biomarkers predictive of treatment response. Neuroimaging (e.g., amygdala reactivity, thalamo-cortical connectivity), psychophysiological (e.g., heart rate variability, galvanic skin response, sleep quality), and behavioral task measures (e.g., Affective Shift Task, Emotional Go/No-Go Task) will be analyzed to stratify participants and predict therapeutic response. Successful biomarker stratification is defined as a significant correlation with LSAS change and classification accuracy >70%. Conclusion: This study will provide proof-of-concept evidence for low-dose psilocybin as an adjunct to virtual reality exposure therapy in social anxiety disorder and evaluate multimodal biomarkers for patient stratification. Positive results will support progression to a larger phase 3 trial and inform precision-based approaches for treatment of social anxiety disorder.

topic_tags:
Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-12-21
doi: 10.64898/2025.12.17.694940
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.17.694940
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Wellbeing,Psychological Flexibility,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
A Naturalistic Study on the Combined Neural and Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and Compassion Focused Imagery

authors:
Pallavicini C, Llobenes L, Cavanna F, de la Fuente LA, Muller S, Costa M, Gumiy N, Bruno N, D’Amelio T, Basran J, Plowright P, Stolkiner A, Namías M, Gilbert P, Tagliazucchi E.

abstract:
Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug known to alter subjective experience and elicit long-term psychological changes, enhancing cognitive flexibility and reducing rigid self-related beliefs. Combined with compassion motivational primes that involve generating mental representations of compassion, it may increase the potential for activating the care-affiliative motivational systems, linked to several important biopsychosocial processes underpinning social safeness, social connection and mental wellbeing. We investigated the synergetic effects of psilocybin and compassion imagery with self-reported questionnaires and functional resonance imaging data (fMRI) in a sample of 105 participants. Participants were primed with either attention to breathing or a short compassion focused imagery prime. We found a long-term synergetic effect of compassion imagery and psilocybin on cognitive absorption, as well as changes relative to baseline self-compassion and decentering. Based on functional interactions between attentional, executive and default mode networks, fMRI-based classifiers detected participant engagement in compassion focused imagery before psilocybin intake and distinguished compassion imagery vs. attention to breathing priming only the high dose of psilocybin. Our results support the potential for synergistic effects from combinations of psilocybin and compassion-based interventions to induce long-term psychological changes, reshaping the functional organization of large-scale brain networks. Future confirmatory studies of our exploratory analyses should be conducted to determine whether the combination of psilocybin and compassion-based practices promotes increases in caring and contemplative abilities, enhanced psychological flexibility and well-being.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1230558","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2026-03-25
source_url: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7xfek_v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events
study_type: Randomized Controlled Trial
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:30
raw_json: {"osf_id":"7xfek_v1","version":1,"reviews_state":"accepted"}
title:
Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Open-Label Extension of a Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial

abstract:
Background: Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown promise for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the effects of open-label administration following blinded treatment are unclear. Here, we present safety and efficacy data from an open-label extension of a Phase II RCT (NCT02061293) examining PAT for AUD. Methods: Adults with AUD (N = 59) received a single administration of psilocybin (25-40mg/70kg) along with four total hours of therapy. Of this cohort, 30 participants had originally received psilocybin during the blinded phase of the RCT and 29 received active placebo (diphenhydramine). Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated Measures examined the effects of PAT on (a) alcohol consumption (percent heavy drinking [PHDD], drinks per day [DpD], and percent drinking days [PDD]), (b) alcohol craving, (c) abstinence self-efficacy, (d) and treatment readiness across a four-month follow-up. Results: Psilocybin was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. Across participants, PDD decreased at 1-month but returned to baseline by Months 2-4. Among those with higher baseline drinking, PHDD, DpD, and PDD showed similar transient reductions. Participants from both double-blind groups demonstrated improvements in craving, self-efficacy, and treatment readiness one week after psilocybin with variable trajectories over follow-up. Discussion: Results suggest that a single administration of psilocybin in an open-label context may produce short-term improvements in alcohol use and core predictors of clinical change. Given long-lasting efficacy in the double-blind phase, it remains unclear if the short-term durability in the open-label extension is due to baseline floor effects, treatment resistance, lower treatment readiness and motivation, or fewer medication/therapy sessions.

keywords:
alcohol use disorder, clinical trial, craving, psilocybin, psychedelic, short inventory of problems, treatment readiness, Psychiatry


authors: Hinchcliffe JK, Thomas CW, Gilmour G, Robinson ES.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-01-14
doi: 10.64898/2026.01.14.699553
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.14.699553
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Inflammation
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin rapidly, but not immediately, reverses reward learning deficits in a durable manner in an inflammatory rat model of depressive symptoms

abstract:
The serotonergic psychedelic, psilocybin, shows potential for rapid and sustained antidepressant effects but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using a chronic interferon-alpha-induced rat model of depression, we show acute psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) reverses impaired reward-induced biases within 24hrs, with effects enduring for at least 7 days. This suggests psilocybin can restore blunted reward processing, an effect which could significantly contribute to its sustained antidepressant effects.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1226195","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Rebensburg P.
journal: EcoEvoRxiv
publication_date: 2026-01-27
doi: 10.32942/x2v66q
source_url: https://doi.org/10.32942/x2v66q
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Drug Interactions,Genomics
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin and the Evolutionary Significance of Altered Neural States: Interaction-Based Perspectives Beyond Deterrence Models

abstract:
Psilocybin is a psychoactive tryptamine produced by a phylogenetically discontinuous yet ecologically diverse subset of fungi. Despite decades of chemical, pharmacological, and ethnobiological research, the evolutionary forces driving the emergence and persistence of this compound remain insufficiently explained. Recent hypotheses proposing that psilocybin evolved primarily as a deterrent against insect fungivory account for certain laboratory observations but struggle to reconcile key features of the molecule, including its substantial biosynthetic investment, its highly specific and conserved neuromodulatory effects across taxa, and its patchy phylogenetic distribution. Here, I present a hypothesis-driven conceptual synthesis that reassesses the evolutionary significance of psilocybin by integrating evidence from fungal genomics, chemical ecology, evolutionary biology, and systems neuroscience. To test the limits of deterrence-based explanations, psilocybin is situated within a broader comparative framework that includes other naturally occurring tryptamines, most notably N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and related derivatives such as baeocystin and bufotenin. These compounds occur across fungi, plants, animals, and microbial symbioses, act on conserved serotonergic systems, and reliably induce transient but structured alterations of perception, behavior, and cognition. I argue that psilocybin is more parsimoniously understood as an interaction-modulating secondary metabolite that alters neural and behavioral states in ways that can influence ecological interactions, rather than as a narrowly targeted defensive toxin. Comparative analysis reveals convergent evolutionary patterns that are difficult to reconcile with deterrence-only models but are consistent with a broader evolutionary solution space in which altered neural states represent biologically accessible and functionally meaningful regimes. By reframing psilocybin as part of a class of secondary metabolites that modulate organism-environment interactions through transient alterations of neural state, this synthesis advances an interaction-based evolutionary framework and outlines testable predictions for future empirical work.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1148835","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"EcoEvoRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review
authors: Suspène J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.
journal: Qeios
publication_date: 2025-12-08
doi: 10.32388/xcfsag.2
source_url: https://doi.org/10.32388/xcfsag.2
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorders. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1132205","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Qeios","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: The Ecstasy of Gold in Neurodiversity: Focus on the Use of Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder
authors: Marini S, De Berardis D.
journal: Preprints.org
publication_date: 2026-04-28
doi: 10.20944/preprints202604.1998.v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1998.v1
substance_tags: psilocybin,psilocin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
Psychedelic drugs are serotonergic hallucinogens that can be divided into two types: naturally occurring (psilocybin, psilocin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and synthetic (LSD, MDMA, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and ketamine). Psychedelics generally work on 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and might be useful in cognitive enhancement, brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, and neuronal regeneration. These properties could be used in the pharmacological treatment of selected mental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders include a group of developmental disorders characterized by social communication issues, the presence of restricted interests as well as repetitive behaviors that impact the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. Currently, there are no authorized drugs for the treatment of the symptomatic features of ASD, but drugs are used for comorbid psychopathological aspects, but the efficacy and tolerability of such treatments are often questionable. Here, studies demonstrating the therapeutic utility of using psychedelic substances in autism are reported. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of psychedelics for some aspects of symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1183908","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Preprints.org","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review
authors: Suspène J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.
journal: Qeios
publication_date: 2025-11-20
doi: 10.32388/xcfsag
source_url: https://doi.org/10.32388/xcfsag
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorder. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1124098","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Qeios","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Houff J, Williams A, Allen O, Gisabella B, Pantazopoulos H, Del Arco A.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-12-25
doi: 10.64898/2025.12.22.696123
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.22.696123
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin decreases reward-seeking behavior accompanied by increased activity of parvalbumin neurons with perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal cortex

abstract:
ABSTRACT Clinical trials suggest that a single dose of psilocybin is an effective treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Choice impulsivity is a value-based decision-making bias that predicts drug-intake escalation and is commonly associated with SUDs. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) regulates choice impulsivity and is enriched with 5-HT2A receptors that mediate effects of psilocybin. We hypothesized that psilocybin has long-term (≥48 hours) effects on choice impulsivity in association with dmPFC inhibitory interneurons with perineuronal nets (PNNs). Male Long Evans rats were trained in a delay discounting task (DDT) where rats chose between delayed large rewards (LR) and immediate small rewards (SR). 48 hours after psilocybin or vehicle injections, DDT was assessed, and rats’ brains processed for microscopy analysis of extracellular matrix (PNNs) together with inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and c-fos as a marker of neuronal activity. Psilocybin acutely increased head-twitch responses. Psilocybin decreased LR choices and increased the latency to LR choices 48 hours after administration. These effects were independent of delay and therefore not consistent with changes in impulsivity. Psilocybin also increased the density of PNN+PV+cFos triple-labeled neurons in the dmPFC. These results suggest that psilocybin decreases reward seeking through the increased activation of dmPFC PV interneurons with PNNs.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1230007","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Wherefore the magic? The evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.64898/2025.12.17.694186
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.17.694186
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
authors:
Matthews Nicholass K, Flis I, Hanley M, Knight M, Lane S, Littlejohn G, Thom M, Billington R, Boden R, Cummins R, Green B, Griffin C, Jones S, Salmon D, Sleep I, Smirnoff N, Ellis J.

abstract:
Research into psychedelic compounds is in resurgence due to the exciting potential for their use in the treatment of psychiatric and mental health disorders. Despite this revival, remarkably little is known about their evolution. One of the most intriguing psychedelic compounds is psilocybin, the compound found in ‘magic’ mushrooms and used in ritual ceremonies in Central America for generations. Associated with agaricomycete fungi of the genus Psilocybe, psilocybin acts in a similar way to the neurotransmitter serotonin, yet how and why natural selection favoured its biosynthesis remains unclear. Given the resemblance to serotonin, modulation of invertebrate behaviour for defence is a likely explanation, but neither this nor alternative hypotheses have ever been formally tested. Here, we show that Drosophila larvae exposed to extracts from Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit reduced survival, pupation rates, and inhibited locomotion. Adults exposed during development show reduced thorax and wing size, along with increased fluctuating asymmetry, indicating developmental stress. Conversely, mutants lacking 5HT2A receptors showed the same response to Psilocybe extracts as wild-type flies. Furthermore, DNA metabarcoding revealed that while Psilocybe semilanceata demonstrates a distinct invertebrate community compared to most other grassland fungi, it overlapped with the non-psychedelic species Mycena epipterygia. This study provides a crucial first step toward understanding the evolutionary role of psilocybin-producing fungi and provides a grounding for future research into the molecular mechanisms, ecological interactions and evolutionary origins of psychedelic compounds in nature.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1230910","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


publication_date: 2025-12-30
doi: 10.1007/s11274-025-04758-0
pubmed_id: 41474478
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04758-0
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Mechanism of Action
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: published
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin: clinical potential, mechanistic insights, and biotechnological advances for scalable production.

authors:
Islas-Vargas J, Armenta S, Rivera-Román ÁA, Hernández-León S, Méndez-Hernández JE, Arce-Cervantes O.

abstract:
Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid from Psilocybe mushrooms, has emerged as a high-value biopharmaceutical candidate due to its promising applications in mental health. While clinical studies highlight its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, current challenges lie in achieving scalable, reproducible, and cost-effective production to meet growing research and therapeutic demand. Traditional extraction from fungal biomass yields low concentrations and requires extensive downstream processing, limiting industrial viability. Chemical synthesis ensures purity but is hindered by high costs and multistep complexity. In contrast, biotechnological approaches have demonstrated significant progress toward sustainable production. Heterologous expression of psilocybin biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans has enabled improved metabolic flux and precursor availability, reaching titers over 200 mg/L under optimized conditions. Moreover, recent engineering Escherichia coli strains has further enhanced catalytic efficiency of key enzymes such as PsiH, achieving production levels up to 2000 mg/L, while simplifying fermentation and purification workflows. These advances establish microbial platforms as a promising route for industrial-scale biosynthesis. Beyond production, psilocybin offers an opportunity to integrate biotechnology with socio-cultural context. In regions where diversity of Psilocybe species and ancestral knowledge converge, the development of biotechnological pipelines could foster innovation in drug discovery, sustainable manufacturing, and policy reform. Overall, psilocybin exemplifies a frontier molecule in biotechnology, where metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and bioresource valorization converge to transform a natural product into a reproducible, scalable, and globally relevant therapeutic.

keywords:
Humans, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans, Biotechnology, Fermentation, Biosynthetic Pathways, Psilocybe, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"41474478","source":"MED","pub_type":null,"publisher":null,"importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: SSRIs, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Disease Modeling: Strategies to Advance PTSD Treatment
authors: Ishii M, Zervas M.
journal: ScienceOpen Preprints
publication_date: 2026-02-23
doi: 10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article
study_type: Review Article
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
S elective S erotonin R euptake I nhibitors (SSRIs) and two psychedelics, Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) act on serotonergic-related neural circuits and function as serotonin modulators. All three molecules are either currently used or proposed as novel therapeutic modalities to treat P ost- T raumatic S tress D isorder (PTSD). While there are important clinical implications for treating PTSD, there are also a number of unanswered questions and still limited understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of how these therapeutic modalities function at a molecular, cellular, and neural circuit level. Given their utility (e.g. SSRIs) and future consideration (e.g. Psilocybin, MDMA) for alleviating the complex symptoms of PTSD, a better understanding of their neurobiological role as well as their past and future intellectual property considerations are important converging topics. This review is a Position Paper by Zervas Scientific Consulting (ZSC) that places in context valuable and multidisciplinary topics to appropriately develop therapeutics with the ultimate goal of advancing effective novel treatment options for patients that currently live with PTSD.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1158857","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"ScienceOpen Preprints","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Shultz S, Allen J, O'Regan G, Brand J, Liknaitzky P, O'Brien T, Christie B, McDonald S.
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2026-02-22
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555503/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555503/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Emotional Processing,Inflammation
study_type: Other
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Delayed psilocybin treatment after repeated mild traumatic brain injury recovers chronic behavioural deficits, reduces microglial density, and enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in rats

abstract:
Abstract Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI) can produce lasting cognitive, emotional, and social deficits (e.g., persistent post-concussion symptoms; PPCS). Despite the prevalence of RmTBI in sports, military, and domestic violence settings, effective treatments to alleviate the neurological consequences of RmTBI remain limited. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can enhance neuroplasticity and reduce neuroinflammation and has shown efficacy in psychiatric conditions that share overlapping pathophysiological and symptomatic features with RmTBI and PPCS. Here we examined whether delayed administration of psilocybin after RmTBI could improve long-term recovery in rats. Adult male rats received either five mTBIs delivered once daily via a lateral impactor or underwent sham procedures. After an 8-week recovery period, rats were administered psilocybin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Behavioural testing began 24 hours later to evaluate psilocybin’s potential therapeutic effects. Afterwards, rats were perfused for immunohistochemical analysis of Cd11b and doublecortin to assess the density and morphology of microglia and newborn neurons, respectively, in the dorsal dentate gyrus. RmTBI produced persistent behavioural deficits across affective, social, and cognitive domains. Psilocybin treatment reversed several of these alterations, exhibiting antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim and sucrose preference tests, promoting pro-social behaviour, and increasing nociceptive thresholds in the hot plate test. Psilocybin also partially recovered RmTBI-induced increases in microglial density and, while RmTBI had minimal impact on the number of newborn neurons, psilocybin increased their abundance and enhanced their dendritic complexity. These results support the potential of psilocybin as a novel intervention for the enduring consequences of RmTBI.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1157820","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Jungwirth J, Westenhöfer S, Aicher H, Provaznikova B, Kronenberg G, Seifritz E, Prinz S, Olbrich S.
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2025-12-09
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8079137/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8079137/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Real-World Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: a Retrospective Observational Study

abstract:
Abstract Psilocybin has demonstrated promising antidepressant effects in depression and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in controlled clinical trials. However, its effectiveness and safety in real-world therapeutic settings remain largely unknown. Although psilocybin is not yet approved as an antidepressant treatment, Switzerland’s unique legal framework allows its limited medical use for TRD. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from 19 TRD patients treated with psilocybin (20-35mg) across one to four dosing sessions at the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich. Depression severity was assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). Changes from baseline to interim and post-treatment were analyzed, including response, remission, and the reliable change index. MADRS scores significantly decreased from baseline ( M = 30.78) to post-treatment ( M = 19.89), with a large effect size (Hedges’ g = 1.37, p

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1132641","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Rosal SRP, Faber SC.
journal: Research Square
publication_date: 2025-11-16
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000629/v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000629/v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Observational Study
study_type: Observational Study
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Standardization of Psilocybin Dosing in a Natural Product-Based Retreat Setting: A Practical Method for Dose Quantification and Adjustment Across Sessions

abstract:
Abstract Natural variation in psilocybin content across mushroom samples presents a significant challenge to consistent dosing in both research and retreat settings. In this observational report, we describe a pragmatic approach for quantifying psilocybin content in naturally sourced material to ensure more standardized dosing across participants. Eleven individuals participated in a 7-day psilocybin retreat, receiving two doses of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The psilocybin content was chemically analyzed rather than inferred from weight, revealing large variability across samples. Standardization based on measured psilocybin concentration allowed for dose adjustments, including a planned increase of the second dose to approximately twice the first to compensate for known acute tolerance effects. This method provides a model for responsible natural product use in community or retreat settings and can inform future translational research.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1120883","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Research Square","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacity: A Scoping Review
authors: Suspene J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.
journal: Preprints.org
publication_date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.20944/preprints202510.1355.v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202510.1355.v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: Europe PMC
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorder. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1104657","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"Preprints.org","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Barbieri A.
journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2025-12-17
doi: 10.31234/osf.io/v7pxn_v1
source_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v7pxn_v1
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Safety
study_type: Other
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Exploring Psilocybin-Assisted Schema Therapy: A Conceptual Framework for Potential Therapeutic Synergies in Personality Disorders

abstract:
Personality disorders (PDs) are characterized by rigid and maladaptive patterns of self- and interpersonal functioning, leading to high clinical burden and limited treatment outcomes. Schema Therapy (ST), an integrative psychotherapy rooted in cognitive-behavioral principles, conceptualizes PDs in terms of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS)-pervasive cognitive-affective structures formed through unmet emotional needs-and schema modes, dynamic states organizing emotion, belief, and behavior. Evidence indicates moderate efficacy of ST, mainly for borderline personality disorder, with limited research on other Cluster B and C PDs. Emerging evidence suggests that psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can induce enduring personality change, supporting its potential use in treating PDs. Within a predictive coding framework, the REBUS (“Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics”) and REBAS (“Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics”) models propose that psilocybin relaxes high-level priors, facilitating cognitive flexibility and revision of maladaptive self-beliefs. Conceptual parallels between EMS and high-level priors suggest that psychedelic-induced relaxation of entrenched beliefs may enhance responsiveness to ST’s experiential and cognitive interventions. Psilocybin-Assisted Schema Therapy (PAST) is proposed as a model in which psilocybin sessions are followed by integration combining psychedelic-induced cognitive flexibility with ST techniques, aimed at strengthening adaptive modes and reducing dysfunctional EMS and dysfunctional modes. PAST could be relevant in the future for enhancing outcomes and potentially reducing treatment duration in Cluster B and C PDs, pending empirical validation. Although current literature is insufficient to recommend psilocybin-assisted interventions for PDs, this theoretical article bridges computational neuroscience and clinical psychotherapy, outlining a framework for future studies on PAST feasibility, safety, and efficacy.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1135824","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"PsyArXiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time-dependent manner
authors: Shadani S, McCoy K, Ong L, Greaves E, Conn K, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-12-21
doi: 10.64898/2025.12.18.695064
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.18.695064
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
With the resurgence of psychedelic research and the growing interest in their therapeutic potential, there is an urgent need to understand how these compounds act across biological sexes. Despite widespread interest in their use for conditions marked by social impairments, including depression, anxiety, and anorexia nervosa, the influence of sex as a biological variable (SABV) on the prosocial effects of psychedelics remains poorly understood. Indeed, enhanced connectedness, sociability and empathy are common outcomes of psychedelic use and these have shaped human social structures for millennia. Here, we investigated the sex-specific effects of a single dose of psilocybin (1.5 mg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice on various aspects of social behaviours. We show an intriguing connection between huddling behaviour and body temperature acutely elicited by psilocybin that was restricted to females. We also observe temporally distinct patterns of social behaviour alterations in female mice, whereby enhanced preference for social novelty was observed after acute effects subsided (4 h post-administration), which was maintained for ∼24 h. Longer-term, the impact of psilocybin was reversed and promoted preference for familiar over novel conspecifics when assessed 7d post-administration, which was associated with prolonged nucleus accumbens dopamine signalling during familiar sniffing. In males, psilocybin reduced stress-related behaviours at 24 h and increased preference for familiar conspecifics, along with blunted novelty-evoked dopamine responses at both 24 h and 7 days post-treatment. Both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors were involved in modulating these behaviours, though in sex-specific ways. These findings highlight that the prosocial effects of psychedelics are not universal and emphasize the importance of sex-informed approaches in both preclinical research and clinical application. Graphical Abstract

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1229283","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-09-16
doi: 10.1101/2025.09.15.676273
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.15.676273
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin-mediated analgesia

authors:
Askey T, Allen-Ross D, Luzyanin D, Lasrado R, Gilmour G, Hunt SP, Tamagnini F, Ahmed M, Stephens GJ, Maiarú M.

abstract:
Chronic pain states are challenging to control with current drug therapies. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin can produce a sustained anti-nociceptive effect in a model of chronic neuropathic pain in male and female mice. Psilocybin anti-nociceptive effects were mediated by 5-HT2A receptors, although additional mechanisms might also be involved. Furthermore, a single dose of psilocybin caused a significant increase in the anti-nociceptive potential of gabapentin, a widely used treatment for neuropathic pain consistent with the establishment of longer lasting changes in network processing. Overall, these findings present the first preclinical evidence that psilocybin could be a valuable approach for treating chronic pain from nerve injury and serve as a new therapeutic addition for pain management.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1085617","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Electrophysiological effects of psilocybin co-administered with midazolam
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-07-28
doi: 10.1101/2025.07.25.666887
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.25.666887
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Consciousness
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
authors:
Sutherland MH, Nicholas CR, Lennertz RC, Wenthur CJ, Krause BM, Sauder CJ, Riedner BA, Smith RF, Hutson PR, Raison CL, Banks MI.

abstract:
The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin induces neural plasticity and profoundly alters consciousness. The benzodiazepine midazolam blunts neural plasticity and induces conscious sedation and amnesia at low doses. In our recent open label pilot study, we administered oral psilocybin (25 mg) along with intravenous midazolam at doses allowing a full psychedelic experience while blunting memory for the experience. We previously reported preliminary results from high density scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recorded during the dosing session. Here, we examined changes in EEG band power, normalized Lempel Ziv complexity (LZCn), and spectral exponent. We used linear mixed effects models that incorporated time and the subjective effects of midazolam and psilocybin, measured with the Observer’s Assessment of Arousal and Sedation (OAA/S) and selected items from the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire, respectively. At 15-30 mins, when midazolam (but likely not psilocybin) was at its targeted effect site concentration, we observed increased beta power and decreased spectral exponent. As the subjective effects of psilocybin commenced and over the next six hours, we observed increased LZCn and spectral exponent and decreased broadband power. OAA/S improved model fits for alpha power while ASC improved model fits for LZCn and spectral exponent. These data are further evidence that the effects of psilocybin are maintained in the presence of midazolam, supporting its utility in mechanistic studies of psilocybin’s therapeutic activity.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1058017","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: medRxiv
publication_date: 2025-12-22
doi: 10.64898/2025.12.22.25342874
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.22.25342874
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: medRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
A Randomised, Triple-Blind, Dose-Finding Study of the Impact of Psilocybin on Motor Function in Healthy Participants

authors:
Bhagavan C, Carter O, Nielsen G, Berlowitz D, Issak S, Braat S, Zaloumis S, Attard Z, Oliver G, Mayne D, Rucker J, Butler M, Dandash O, Bryson A, Kanaan RA.

abstract:
Background Psychedelics exert widespread effects on brain activity, but their impact on motor function is unclear. This is clinically relevant given the emerging interest in psychedelic-assisted physical therapy for disorders of motor function. This study’s primary objectives examined the feasibility and safety of administering movement tasks following low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin in healthy volunteers. Methods Healthy participants were randomly assigned three psilocybin doses consisting of either (1) 5mg, 10mg, and 15mg, or (2) 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg, with at least one week between doses. Movement tasks were administered during the acute drug effects. Participants, physiotherapists, and statisticians were blinded to the dosing order. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating completion of the de Morton Mobility Index and Functional Movement Exploration (measures of gross motor function). Safety outcomes included vital signs and adverse events. Additional exploratory motor outcomes included the Action Research Arm Test (assessing dexterity), Box and Block Test (Original and Modified versions) (combining dexterity with motor speed), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (combining motor speed with intellectual functions), and Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test (assessing reaction time). The 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness and Ego-Dissolution Inventory assessed changes in states of consciousness. Blinding efficacy was assessed by asking participants and physiotherapists to guess the doses administered. Results Thirteen participants were randomised: seven to 5mg, 10mg, and 15mg; six to 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg. One participant was unable to complete several movement tasks at 20mg. Nausea (n=8, 62%) and headache (n=7, 54%) were the most common adverse events. No serious adverse events or adverse events related to movement task administration occurred. Median values [interquartile ranges] remained near-perfect across doses for the de Morton Mobility Index (92.5-100.0 [85.0-100.0]), Functional Movement Exploration (100.0 [96.0-100.0]), and Action Research Arm Test (56.0-57.0 [52.0-57.0]). Baseline Box and Block Test (Original) median scores (65.0 [60.0-67.0]) improved to 79.0 [70.0-83.0] at 5mg and 4.5 hours post-dose (5mg-4.5H), and worsened to 57.5 [51.0-64.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Baseline Box and Block Test (Modified) median scores (48.0 [47.0-53.0]) worsened to 43.0 [35.0-45.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Baseline Digit Symbol Substitution Test median scores (73.0 [66.0-77.0]) improved to 87.0 [81.0-90.0] at 10mg-4.5H, and worsened to 62.0 [54.0-86.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test scores lacked consistent dose-related changes across participants. Changes in states of consciousness were greatest at 20mg. Participants and physiotherapists correctly guessed the administered dose 53% and 50% of the time, respectively. Conclusions Movement tasks were feasible during psilocybin dosing up to 15mg. Impairments emerged at 20mg in tasks that combined motor and additional cognitive functions. These findings support the feasibility of performing complex movement tasks during psilocybin dosing and will inform the conduct of trials utilising psilocybin-assisted physical rehabilitation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000560897 Date registered: 12 May 2021 URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=381526&isReview=true Key Findings There is growing interest for psychedelic-assisted physical therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders of motor dysfunction, however, the impact of psychedelics on motor function remains unclear. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and impact on motor function of administering movement tasks following low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin in healthy volunteers. These findings support the feasibility of performing complex movement tasks during psilocybin dosing up to 15mg and will inform the conduct of trials utilising psilocybin-assisted physical therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders.

topic_tags:
Headache / Migraine,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1254240","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"medRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Tarailis P, Griskova-Bulanova I.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2026-05-07
doi: 10.64898/2026.05.05.723034
source_url: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.05.723034
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Brain Imaging,Microdosing
study_type: Other
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Characterizing Resting-State Brain Dynamics with Frequency-Resolved EEG Microstates: Parallel Analyses of Psilocybin Microdosing and Acute Inhaled DMT

abstract:
Electroencephalographic (EEG) microstates provide a compact framework for characterizing the temporal organization of large-scale brain activity, yet their sensitivity to altered brain states remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we applied broadband and frequency-resolved EEG microstate analysis to resting-state EEG data from two publicly available datasets acquired under markedly different altered-state conditions: psilocybin microdosing and acute inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The aim was to determine whether narrowband microstate analysis reveals structured alterations in resting-state brain dynamics beyond those captured by broadband analysis alone. Psilocybin microdosing was associated with relatively subtle effects, including reduced global field power and frequency-specific alterations in delta- and theta-band microstate parameters, while no significant broadband spatiotemporal changes were observed. In contrast, acute inhaled DMT was associated with broader microstate alterations spanning broadband, delta, theta, and alpha activity, indicating more extensive reorganization of temporal microstate expression. Across both datasets, a descriptive overlap was observed in the delta band, where microstate C showed increased duration and microstate D showed decreased occurrence. Given the substantial differences between datasets in dose, route of administration, temporal dynamics, and study context, these overlapping effects should be interpreted cautiously. Overall, the findings support frequency-resolved EEG microstate analysis as a useful approach for characterizing altered resting-state brain dynamics and for detecting frequency-specific effects that may be obscured in broadband summaries.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1211288","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


authors: Shadani S, Greaves E, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ.
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-10-14
doi: 10.1101/2025.10.14.682467
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.14.682467
substance_tags: psilocybin
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
title:
Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behaviour and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia (ABA)

abstract:
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa (AN). These disorders often share social deficits that may be effectively alleviated by psychedelics considering their use has been linked with emotional empathy and enhanced social cognition. However, the mechanisms through which psychedelics alter social behaviour are unclear, and mechanistic studies in animal models have largely focused on male subjects. This is problematic for understanding the therapeutic effects relevant for disorders that predominantly affect females, such as AN. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model to examine the effects of a single psilocybin dose on social behaviour in female mice and compared outcomes to mice exposed to food restriction (FR), exercise (RW) or standard housing (Controls). Together with these metabolic stressors, we also investigated the effects of psilocybin on the circulating proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is implicated in AN and is suppressed by psychedelics. Psilocybin did not alter sociability in ABA, RW, or FR mice but increased preference for familiarity in Controls. Novelty-seeking behaviour was elevated in both ABA and RW groups, although with distinct social patterns. Psilocybin elevated IL-6 levels in RW mice, which was positively correlated with preference for novelty. No such relationships were found in ABA or FR groups. These findings reveal subtle, context-dependent effects of psilocybin on social behaviour and inflammation in female mice, highlighting the need to clarify its temporal, neuroplastic, and immune-related mechanisms across sexes and disease models.

topic_tags:
Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1102183","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2025-11-15
source_url: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/hmnsw_v1
keywords: Psychiatry
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety
study_type: Clinical Trial
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:30
raw_json: {"osf_id":"hmnsw_v1","version":1,"reviews_state":"accepted"}
title:
Microdosing Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder: Study Protocol for a Phase II Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Partial Crossover Trial

abstract:
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting roughly 322 million people. Recently, doses of psilocybin have shown promise in treating mood disorders, sparking interest in other dosing practices. According to anecdotal reports and observational studies, microdosing psilocybin yields benefits to mental health; however, rigorously controlled trials have failed to produce compelling evidence for this. Aims: To conduct a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized partial crossover trial to compare microdosing psilocybin to placebo for MDD, evaluating its safety, tolerability, and preliminary antidepressant effects. Method: 40 adults with MDD will be randomized to four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) or placebo (maltodextrin) once weekly over four weeks, then four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) once weekly for an additional four weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint will be change in depression symptoms, as measured at baseline (0 weeks), after the experimental phase (4 weeks), and after the open-label phase (8 weeks). A battery of mood, well-being, attention, creativity, mindfulness, and pro-sociality measures will be administered at each time point. Follow ups will occur every six months for up to two years after the trial start date, as part of a long-term extension study. Conclusions: Findings will inform future research on microdosing psilocybin for MDD, regarding dose regimens, effect sizes, and expectancy bias. Findings will also facilitate discussions on the comparable benefits of sub- versus threshold doses of psilocybin, and the therapeutic value of radically altered perception.


journal: PsyArXiv
publication_date: 2025-12-09
source_url: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dczw2_v2
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults
study_type: Other
source_name: PsyArXiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:30
raw_json: {"osf_id":"dczw2_v2","version":2,"reviews_state":"accepted"}
title:
Age and cannabis co-use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin: a retrospective study

abstract:
As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional retrospective study examined 365 people who currently use psilocybin, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater perceived improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.

keywords:
age, cannabis, harms, psilocybin, psychedelic, public health, well being, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology


title: Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks
journal: bioRxiv
publication_date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.1101/2025.08.06.668927
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.06.668927
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Neuroplasticity,Default Mode Network,Animal Study
study_type: Animal Study
source_name: bioRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
authors:
Jiang Q, Shao L, Yao S, Savalia NK, Gilbert AD, Davoudian PA, Nothnagel JD, Tian G, Hung TS, Lai H, Beier KT, Zeng H, Kwan AC.

abstract:
SUMMARY Psilocybin holds promise as a treatment for mental illnesses. One dose of psilocybin induces structural remodeling of dendritic spines in the medial frontal cortex in mice. The dendritic spines would be innervated by presynaptic neurons, but the sources of these inputs have not been identified. Here, using monosynaptic rabies tracing, we map the brain-wide distribution of inputs to frontal cortical pyramidal neurons. We discover that psilocybin’s effect on connectivity is network-specific: strengthening the routing of inputs from perceptual and medial regions (homolog of default mode network) to subcortical targets, while weakening inputs that are part of cortico-cortical recurrent loops. The pattern of synaptic reorganization depends on the drug-evoked spiking activity, because silencing a presynaptic region during psilocybin administration disrupts the rewiring. Collectively, the results reveal the impact of psilocybin on the connectivity of large-scale cortical networks and demonstrate neural activity modulation as an approach to sculpt the psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1065205","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"bioRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


title: Psilocybin Experiential Therapist Training: Insights from a World-First Study
authors: Ioakimidis-MacDougall G, Gardner J, Liknaitzky P.
journal: medRxiv
publication_date: 2025-11-16
doi: 10.1101/2025.11.15.25340324
source_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.15.25340324
substance_tags: psilocybin
topic_tags: Emotional Processing,Healthcare Workers,Safety
study_type: Other
source_name: medRxiv
publication_status: preprint
date_added: 2026-07-01 11:03:46
last_checked: 2026-07-01 11:22:00
abstract:
First-hand experience with psychedelics may help clinicians develop skills and knowledge needed to work with the profound changes to conscious awareness occasioned by psychedelics. However, the topic remains contentious and underexplored. In this world-first study, we investigated the utility of psilocybin experiential therapist training in a sample of 14 mental healthcare professionals training to provide psilocybin-assisted therapy. Participants received one 25 mg dose of psilocybin in a clinical research context alongside psychological support before, during, and after dosing. Quantitative measures and semi-structured interviews were then undertaken by participants to explore their experiences and reflections. Through the intervention, participants reported developing a greater and embodied understanding of key therapeutic principles and processes. Moreover, they reported increases in therapeutic qualities (e.g., empathy, attunement, emotion regulation) that underpin therapeutic alliance and promote trust and safety. While participants did not report experiencing harms from participation, they speculated about two potential risks of psychedelic experiential therapist training: first, that it could elicit challenging material that feels destabilising for a period; and second, that therapists could project their experience onto clients in a manner that narrows interpretative range and reduces attunement. Recommendations were made for psychedelic experiential therapist training design and implementation, including strategies to mitigate such risks. Participants indicated that psychedelic experiential therapist training is necessary but not sufficient for providing the highest quality of care in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Findings support the inclusion of an optional psychedelic experiential component within psychedelic therapist training programs for clinicians with prior psychotherapeutic training and well-developed reflective capacity.

raw_json:
{"europe_pmc_id":"PPR1121194","source":"PPR","pub_type":null,"publisher":"medRxiv","importer":"Europe PMC"}


