{ "meta": { "tracker_site_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com", "publication_tracker_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com/", "generated_at_utc": "2026-07-05 09:32:10", "record_count": 109 }, "papers": [ { "id": 3002, "title": "Modeled Long-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Dynamic Activity and Effective Connectivity of Fronto-Striatal-Thalamic Circuits.", "normalized_title": "modeled long term effects of psilocybin on dynamic activity and effective connectivity of fronto striatal thalamic circuits", "authors": "Pasquini L, Vohryzek J, Escrichs A, Perl YS, Ponce-Alvarez A, Idesis S, Girn M, Roseman L, Mitchell JM, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach M, Nutt DJ, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained symptoms improvements across various psychiatric conditions, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we performed secondary analyses and applied computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first showed that dynamic FST activity increased 4 weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceeded to mechanistically account for these changes by providing tentative model-based support that reductions in the structure-function coupling contribute to increased dynamic FST activity postpsilocybin. Finally, we used computational approaches to show that psilocybin induces longitudinal increases in bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. We then used publicly available receptor maps to show that cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, while increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relates to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings suggest that increased FST flexibility weeks after a high dose of psilocybin is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism contributing to the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia nervosa.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.70596", "pubmed_id": "42381187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70596", "keywords": "Thalamus, Corpus Striatum, Frontal Lobe, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Longitudinal Studies, Models, Neurological, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-05 01:20:21", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42381187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166854327\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166854327\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1748789401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046230471\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058046532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064319583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116031726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2525626228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2597410197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608583841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798279033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2893373014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894570760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969829800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015902292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3034488128\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084035636\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118861474\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185074371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205085416\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213347163\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225144612\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243954785\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281774703\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292791729\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302424620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306408159\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316016059\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390227433\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409843587\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018132997\",\"display_name\":\"Lorenzo Pasquini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-7061\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073642716\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Vohryzek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-5054\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027614540\",\"display_name\":\"Anira Escrichs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-9737\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091490801\",\"display_name\":\"Yonatan Sanz Perl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-5564\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059409168\",\"display_name\":\"Adrián Ponce-Alvarez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-7392\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135135782\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Idesis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8158-1673\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017398137\",\"display_name\":\"Manesh Girn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-4273\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139783089\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078452831\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer Mitchell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7567-8129\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032146606\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Gazzaley\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110937167\",\"display_name\":\"Morten Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035033638\",\"display_name\":\"Taylor Lyons\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-7344\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139833133\",\"display_name\":\"Robin L. Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047963275\",\"display_name\":\"Gustavo Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70596\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166854327" }, { "id": 3026, "title": "Divergent changes in perturbation-induced brain reconfiguration following depression treatment with psilocybin and escitalopram", "normalized_title": "divergent changes in perturbation induced brain reconfiguration following depression treatment with psilocybin and escitalopram", "authors": "Dagnino, P. C.; Acero-Pousa, I.; Carhart-Harris, R.; Erritzoe, D.; Nutt, D. J.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Sanz Perl, Y.; Deco, G.", "abstract": "A central challenge in neuroscience is understanding how the human brain is organised to support optimal functioning and adaptability. One approach to characterise complex brain dynamics is by artificially perturbing whole-brain models. Here, we asked whether whole-brain organisation under perturbation in major depressive disorder (MDD) changes after intervention with psilocybin and escitalopram. First, we built whole-brain models of pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and obtained an initial generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each individual. Then, we employed systematic and local artificial perturbations across intensities, re-optimised each model to create a response GEC (GECr), and assessed the extent of brain reorganisation by quantifying the brain network reconfiguration index (NRI). Our results showed that the global brain NRI increases with psilocybin and decreases with escitalopram. Across sessions and interventions, higher global NRI was related with localised perturbations in brain areas orchestrating the brains hierarchical dynamics. Traditional approaches complemented our investigation. Our findings suggest distinct neural changes following each treatment for MDD. The increase in brain reorganisation under perturbation following psilocybin is consistent with greater brain flexibility and changeability, whereas the decrease following escitalopram suggests more stabilised brain dynamics. Overall, perturbation-induced brain NRI may represent a useful approach for uncovering neural changes following different interventions for depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.22.733731", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.22.733731", "keywords": "neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-03 01:22:13", "raw_json": "{\"server\":\"biorxiv\",\"version\":\"1\",\"category\":\"neuroscience\",\"type\":\"new results\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3024, "title": "Sex-Specific Effects of Psilocybin Versus Escitalopram on Anxiety and Anhedonia: A Bayesian Reanalysis of Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on anxiety and anhedonia a bayesian reanalysis of antidepressant treatment outcomes", "authors": "Frick A, Blest-Hopley G, Grin M, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale: Major depressive disorder (MDD) shows marked sex differences in prevalence, symptomatology, and treatment response. However, women remain underrepresented in many clinical trials, and sex-specific treatment outcomes are rarely examined. Objectives This study reanalyzed data from a randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin and escitalopram for MDD to evaluate sex differences across multiple psychological domains. Methods We reanalyzed data from a six-week, double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin with escitalopram in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD. Post-treatment depressive symptoms (MADRS, QIDS-SR-16, BDI), anhedonia (SHAPS), anxiety (STAI), thought suppression (WBSI), and well-being (WEMWBS) were modeled as a function of sex, treatment condition, their interaction, and baseline symptom severity. Sexual dysfunction severity (PRSexDQ-SALSEX), assessed only at the six-week follow-up, was analyzed separately as an ordinal outcome. Results Sex-related patterns emerged for anxiety and anhedonia. Women receiving psilocybin showed greater reductions in anxiety than men (STAI: 95% CrI − 17.5 to − 3.29), whereas women receiving escitalopram showed greater reductions in anhedonia than men (SHAPS: 95% CrI − 4.63 to 0.00). For the remaining continuous outcomes, sex differences were generally small and uncertain. Sexual dysfunction severity was lower overall in the psilocybin group than in the escitalopram group and lower in women than in men, although the treatment-by-sex interaction was not significant. Conclusions This reanalysis identified domain-specific sex-related patterns in anxiety and anhedonia, suggesting that responses to psilocybin and escitalopram may differ between women and men. These preliminary findings support adequately powered, sex-balanced, and hormone-informed trials of serotonergic treatments for MDD.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-06-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9880403/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9880403/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1255612\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3023, "title": "Distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem", "normalized_title": "distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the fluctuation dissipation theorem", "authors": "Dagnino PC, Acero-Pousa I, Zamora-López G, Escrichs A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Sanz Perl Y, Kringelbach ML, Deco G.", "abstract": "In recent decades, the psychedelic psilocybin has been studied as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), offering an alternative to traditional antidepressants. However, the brain changes underlying the clinical effects of different interventions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of psilocybin and a conventional antidepressant, escitalopram, from the double-blind randomised controlled trial (DB-RCT) - NCT03429075 - on the brain’s hierarchical organisation. Using pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we built whole-brain models and obtained a generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each patient. Based on the GEC, we measured the level of non-equilibrium brain dynamics by quantifying the deviation from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) and performed complementary analysis on brain segregation and asymmetry. Our results showed opposite reconfigurations of the hierarchical non-equilibrium brain dynamics following each treatment. Additionally, baseline measures effectively distinguished responders from non-responders within each treatment. These findings suggest that the deviation of the FDT may serve as a marker for differentiating the effects of psilocybin and escitalopram in MDD treatment, overall, contributing to the understanding of therapeutic mechanisms of depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.12.731811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.12.731811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1253375\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 119, "title": "Human brain changes after first psilocybin use.", "normalized_title": "human brain changes after first psilocybin use", "authors": "Lyons T, Spriggs M, Kerkelä L, Rosas FE, Roseman L, Mediano PAM, Timmermann C, Oestreich L, Pagni BA, Zeifman RJ, Hampshire A, Trender W, Douglass HM, Girn M, Godfrey K, Kettner H, Sharif F, Espasiano L, Gazzaley A, Wall MB, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have robust effects on acute brain function and long-term behavior but whether they also cause enduring functional and anatomical brain changes is largely unknown. In an exploratory, placebo-controlled, within-subjects, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in 28 healthy, entirely psychedelic-naive participants, anatomical and functional brain changes are detected from one-hour to one-month after a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin. Increases in cognitive flexibility, psychological insight, and well-being are seen at one-month. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) done before and one-month after 25 mg psilocybin reveals decreased axial diffusivity bilaterally in prefrontal-subcortical tracts that correlate with decreases in brain network modularity (fMRI) over the same month. Enduring functional brain changes are largely absent, but network modularity change (numerical decrease) negatively correlates with well-being change (significant increase), in line with previous findings in depression. Increased cortical signal entropy (EEG) at 1- and 2-hours post-dosing predicts improved psychological well-being at one-month. Next-day psychological insight mediates the entropy to well-being relationship. All effects are exclusive to 25 mg psilocybin; no effects occur with a 1 mg psilocybin placebo.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-71962-3", "pubmed_id": "42086570", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71962-3", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Psilocybin, Psychological Well-Being, Cognitive Flexibility", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42086570\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 237, "title": "The combination of exercise and psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "the combination of exercise and psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Fabiano N, Stubbs B, Lawrence DW, Rosenblat JD, Teixeira PJ, Wong S, Zhou C, Carhart-Harris R", "abstract": "Upwards of 50% of people do not respond to the primary treatment modalities for major depressive disorder (MDD), which has led to increased attention and use of alternative methods, including exercise and psychedelics. While interventions using either exercise or psychedelics have demonstrated largely positive results in isolation, their synergistic potential has yet to be explored. As such, this commentary provides an overview of exercise/psychedelics as a treatment for depression and their potential synergy and/or complementarity. From a biological perspective, psychedelics acutely enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling, while exercise provides sustained BDNF elevation; psychedelics enhance neuroplasticity largely in the cortex (with only modest effects in the hippocampus), while exercise boosts hippocampal neurogenesis; psychedelics increase glutamate release via stimulation of 5-HT receptors on pyramidal neurons, while exercise enhances glutamatergic transmission via the endocannabinoid system and reduction of systemic inflammation; both boost serotonin release; and psychedelics temporarily disrupt functional connectivity between the hippocampus and default mode network (DMN), while exercise normalizes this connectivity, which may sustain post-psychedelic gains. Through the lens of psychological and behaviour change, psychedelics appear to facilitate the adoption or maintenance of physical activity habits, increase psychological flexibility, and since exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress, this may allow users to experience deeper immersion and exploration during their psychedelic experience, improving antidepressant outcomes. In summary, exercise and psychedelics have numerous potential complementary mechanisms, therefore, future research is warranted to explore the efficacy, tolerability, safety, and neurobiology of this combination.", "journal": "Discover mental health", "publication_date": "2026-03-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-026-00408-5", "pubmed_id": "41793582", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41793582/", "keywords": "Exercise, Depression, Major depressive disorder, Physical activity, Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41793582\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Psychological Flexibility,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3254, "title": "The entropic brain today", "normalized_title": "the entropic brain today", "authors": "Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Introduced in 2014 and revised in 2018, the entropic brain hypothesis has accrued a wealth of supportive evidence. The hypothesis states that- along a dimension of breadth of conscious experience- ‘expansive states’ reliably exhibit increased brain entropy whereas the inverse applies for states of no or reduced consciousness. Examples of expansive states include those of expert meditation, flicker light stimulation, the near-death experience, atypical breathing, rapid-eye-movement sleep, the pre-ictal aura, unmedicated early psychosis and psychedelic drug states. Example states of no or reduced consciousness with low brain entropy, include disorders of consciousness, deep sleep, the anesthetized state, seizure, post-stroke, ageing, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disorders. It is shown here that the entropic brain has convergent, correlative, predictive, discriminative and external validity. Regarding its predictive validity, increased brain entropy under psilocybin predicts subsequent improvements in mental health (improved well-being 1-month post-dose). Regarding its discriminative validity, changes in brain entropy selectively index the breadth of subjective experience versus alternative dimensions, such as arousal. Regarding portability/external validity, an entropy (temperature) function is used in generative artificial intelligence. In conclusion, the entropic brain is proving to be a useful model of conscious states.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ubzq3_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ubzq3_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1133707\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 413, "title": "Correction: Short- and long-term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "correction short and long term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin", "authors": "Purple RJ, Gupta R, Thomas CW, Golden CT, Palomero-Gallagher N, Carhart-Harris R, Froudist-Walsh S, Jones MW.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03231-6", "pubmed_id": "40913115", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03231-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40913115\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 408, "title": "Efficacy, all-cause discontinuation, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA to treat mental disorders: A living systematic review with meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy all cause discontinuation and safety of serotonergic psychedelics and mdma to treat mental disorders a living systematic review with meta analysis", "authors": "Højlund M, Kafali HY, Kırmızı B, Fusar-Poli P, Correll CU, Cortese S, Sabé M, Fiedorowicz J, Saraf G, Zein J, Berk M, Husain MI, Rosenblat JD, Rubaiyat R, Corace K, Wong S, Hatcher S, Kaluzienski M, Yatham LN, Cipriani A, Gosling CJ, Carhart-Harris R, Tanuseputro P, Myran DT, Fabiano N, Moher D, Mayo LM, Nicholls SG, White T, Prisco M, Radua J, Vieta E, Ladha KS, Katz J, Veroniki AA, Solmi M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics and 3,4-methylendioxtmethamphetamine (MDMA) are promising treatments for mental disorders with a continuously evolving evidence base. We searched Pubmed/Scopus/clinical trial registries up to 08july2025 for double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing MDMA or serotonergic psychedelics in patients with mental disorders. Primary outcomes were change in disease-specific symptoms and all-cause discontinuation. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and relative risk (RR) were estimated using random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed with Cochrane's RoB-tool version 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE. The review is maintained as living systematic review (https://ebipsyche-database.org/). We included 30 RCTs (1480 participants; female=45.8 %; with psychological support=83.3 %; high RoB=83.3 %). In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), MDMA reduced PTSD symptoms compared to any control (k = 11; SMD=-0.85 [-1.09; -0.60]; I2=0 %; GRADE=low). In major depressive disorder (MDD), psilocybin/ayahuasca/LSD reduced depressive symptoms (k = 8; SMD=-0.62 [-0.97; -0.28]; I2=55 %; GRADE=very low). In anxiety disorders, both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics reduced anxiety symptoms (SMDMDMA=-1.18 [-2.04; -0.32]; I2=0 %; k = 2; GRADE=low and SMDserotonergic=-0.88 [-1.70; -0.06]; I2=54 %;k = 5; GRADE=very low). In alcohol use disorder, neither psilocybin nor LSD reduced abstinence rates (k = 6; RR=1.42 [0.89; 2.26]; I2=7 %; GRADE=very low). In attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), LSD did not reduce ADHD symptoms (k = 1; SMD=0.22 [-0.32; 0.76]; GRADE=very low). Moderate certainty in evidence was only found for MDMA on PTSD symptoms when compared to placebo. MDMA/serotonergic psychedelics were not associated with higher risk of all-cause discontinuation (RRMDMA=0.74 [0.32; 1.72]; RRserotonergic=0.81 [0.56; 1.15]). Overall, MDMA/serotonergic psychedelics are promising for the treatment of PTSD, MDD, and anxiety disorders with moderate to large effect sizes. Pragmatic trials, long-term, head-to-head trials exploring the role of psychological support, aiming to identify predictors of response, and accounting for expectancy and functional unblinding are needed. Studies addressing these limitations will likely be required for regulatory approval of psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011", "pubmed_id": "41205366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41205366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 325, "title": "Corrigendum to \"The role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression\" [Journal of Affective Disorders, Volume 372 (2025), Pages 523-532].", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to the role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression journal of affective disorders volume 372 2025 pages 523 532", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Carhart-Harris R, Chai-Rees J, Croal M, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Feifel D, Hellerstein DJ, Husain MI, Kelly JR, Kirlic N, Licht RW, Marwood L, Meyer TD, Mistry S, Nowakowska A, Páleníček T, Repantis D, Schoevers RA, Simmons H, Somers M, Teoh E, Tsai J, Wahba M, Williams S, Young AH, Young MB, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120352", "pubmed_id": "41075579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120352", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41075579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3775, "title": "Blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "normalized_title": "blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "authors": "Aday JS, Carhart-Harris R, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are increasingly being studied as therapeutics for myriad health conditions; however, predicting individual responses is notoriously difficult. An arguably underappreciated variable potentially moderating responses to psychedelics is age. Older adults exhibit unique pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders and, accordingly, have unique treatment considerations. In the case of psychedelics, differences in life circumstances, peripheral physiology, polypharmacy, weight, and neurobiology may present unique theoretical risks and opportunities for older adults. Here, we overview increased interest in studying psychedelics in older adults and spotlight an overlooked but consistent trend that has emerged in the literature-blunted psychedelic drug effects across the lifespan.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/yz4cd_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yz4cd_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1079275\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Longevity,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 560, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy, Positive Emotional Experiences, and the Central Role of Self-Compassion", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy positive emotional experiences and the central role of self compassion", "authors": "Zeifman R, Danias G, Agin-Liebes G, Pagni B, Kettner H, Bhat V, Ross S, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Psychedelics can acutely induce mystical experiences and elevated positive mood, which may contribute to the potential benefits of psychedelic therapy. However, there remains limited understanding of the occurrence and importance of specific positive emotional experiences within psychedelic therapy. Therefore, we examined the effects of psychedelics on positive emotional experiences and their association with improvements in mental health. Methods: Study 1 was an observational study of naturalistic psychedelic use. Study 2 used data from a clinical trial that compared psilocybin with escitalopram in individuals with major depressive disorder. In this trial, participants completed two dosing sessions, where they received either 25mg or 1mg of psilocybin. In both studies, following their psychedelic experience or psilocybin dosing sessions, participants rated their acute experiences of seven specific positive emotional experiences (self-compassion, compassion toward others, gratitude, love, awe, ecstasy, and peace). Results: Relative to low-dose psychedelic, medium and high-dose psychedelic use were associated with greater positive emotional experiences. Relative to 1mg psilocybin, 25mg psilocybin was associated with greater positive emotional experiences. Several positive emotional experiences predicted improvements in mental health and mediated treatment outcomes, with the strongest evidence for the effect of self-compassion (over and above mystical experience and positive mood). Discussion: Positive emotional experiences, especially self-compassion, appear to play an important role within psychedelic therapy. Based on these findings, we highlight key considerations surrounding psychotherapeutic approaches to, and optimization of, psychedelic therapy. Future research should move beyond retrospective, self-reports of emotional experiences to fully capture their role within psychedelic therapy.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-08-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420529/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420529/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1071953\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3216, "title": "Accurate and Interpretable Prediction of Antidepressant Treatment Response from Receptor-informed Neuroimaging", "normalized_title": "accurate and interpretable prediction of antidepressant treatment response from receptor informed neuroimaging", "authors": "Tolle HM, Luppi AI, Lawn T, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL, Mediano PAM.", "abstract": "Conventional antidepressants show moderate efficacy in treating major depressive disorder. Psychedelic-assisted therapy holds promise, yet individual responses vary, underscoring the need for predictive tools to guide treatment selection. Here, we present graphTRIP (graph-based Treatment Response Interpretability and Prediction) - a geometric deep learning architecture that enables three advances: 1) accurate prediction of post-treatment depression severity using only pretreatment clinical and neuroimaging data; 2) identification of robust biomarkers; and 3) causal analysis of treatment effects and underlying mechanisms. Trained on data from a clinical trial comparing psilocybin and escitalopram ( NCT03429075 ), graphTRIP achieves strong predictive accuracy ( r = 0.72, p = 6.8 ×10 −8 ), and shows clear generalization to both an independent dataset and across brain atlases. The model identifies stronger functional connectivity within sensory networks as a robust predictor of poorer response across both treatments. In contrast, causal analysis implicates frontoparietal and default mode networks as key moderators of differential response, with stronger 5-HT1A- and 5-HT2A-related signalling in the frontoparietal network predicting escitalopram response but psilocybin resistance. Overall, this work advances precision medicine and biomarker discovery in depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.02.662710", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.02.662710", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1046304\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 635, "title": "Exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders.", "normalized_title": "exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders", "authors": "Carrithers BM, Roberts DE, Weiss BM, King JD, Carhart-Harris RL, Gordon AR, Pagni BA, Moreau M, Ross S, Zeifman RJ", "abstract": "Both psychotherapeutic interventions and pharmacological agents have demonstrated limited efficacy in the treatment of personality disorders (PDs). Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic therapy, already showing promise in treating various psychiatric conditions commonly comorbid with PDs, may exert therapeutic effects by promoting adaptive changes in personality. Thus, psychedelic therapy could hold potential for addressing core features of PDs through shared mechanisms of personality modulation. Although historical literature and observational studies suggest the potential clinical utility of psychedelics in treating PDs, rigorous research is lacking, and individuals with PDs are often excluded from modern psychedelic therapy trials. In the present review, we first discuss research on the effects of psychedelics in individuals with a PD through the conventional lens of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR) categorical model. Next, using the dimensional DSM Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (DSM-AMPD) as a framework, we examine how psychedelics may affect self-functioning, interpersonal functioning, and pathological personality traits. We conclude by discussing the clinical relevance of psychedelic therapy as a treatment for personality pathology, including safety considerations, gaps and limitations, and recommendations for approaching psychedelic therapy within these more complex clinical populations.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413", "pubmed_id": "40081794", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40081794/", "keywords": "Personality disorders, Personality traits, Psilocybin-assisted therapy, Psychedelics, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40081794\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 625, "title": "Correction: Dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises.", "normalized_title": "correction dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises", "authors": "Harding R, Singer N, Wall MB, Hendler T, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03066-1", "pubmed_id": "40481249", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03066-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40481249\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 889, "title": "Human neuroimaging: fMRI.", "normalized_title": "human neuroimaging fmri", "authors": "Wall MB, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Human neuroimaging with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been a key feature of the current wave of psychedelic research, in both healthy and clinical populations. The available data has suggested that classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT) have a characteristic effect of acutely and profoundly disrupting the normal pattern of resting-state connectivity in the human brain, and that this effect may be closely related to both the characteristic subjective phenomenology of psychedelics, and their more clinically-relevant longer-term effects on emotional brain systems. This chapter briefly outlines the basic methodological background of fMRI, and then provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of psychedelic drug action as revealed by task and resting-state fMRI, in both non-clinical and clinical cohorts. Current limitations of the field are largely addressable by ongoing and future work, particularly in terms of providing additional datasets, increased standardisation of data acquisition and analysis procedures, potential multi-modal imaging studies, and more open data-sharing. Neuroimaging with fMRI remains a central platform of modern psychedelic research, with implications for our mechanistic understanding of psychedelics, as well as a strong influence on the clinical development of psychedelic-based treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.013", "pubmed_id": "40541308", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.013", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroimaging", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541308\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 710, "title": "Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity and psychedelics a comprehensive examination of classic and non classic compounds in pre and clinical models", "authors": "Agnorelli C, Spriggs M, Godfrey K, Sawicka G, Bohl B, Douglass H, Fagiolini A, Parastoo H, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity, the ability of the nervous system to adapt throughout an organism's lifespan, offers potential as both a biomarker and treatment target for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelics, a burgeoning category of drugs, are increasingly prominent in psychiatric research, prompting inquiries into their mechanisms of action. Distinguishing themselves from traditional medications, psychedelics demonstrate rapid and enduring therapeutic effects after a single or few administrations, believed to stem from their neuroplasticity-enhancing properties. This review examines how classic psychedelics (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, N,N-DMT) and non-classic psychedelics (e.g., ketamine, MDMA) influence neuroplasticity. Drawing from preclinical and clinical studies, we explore the molecular, structural, and functional changes triggered by these agents. Animal studies suggest psychedelics induce heightened sensitivity of the nervous system to environmental stimuli (meta-plasticity), re-opening developmental windows for long-term structural changes (hyper-plasticity), with implications for mood and behavior. Translating these findings to humans faces challenges due to limitations in current imaging techniques. Nonetheless, promising new directions for human research are emerging, including the employment of novel positron-emission tomography (PET) radioligands, non-invasive brain stimulation methods, and multimodal approaches. By elucidating the interplay between psychedelics and neuroplasticity, this review informs the development of targeted interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders and advances understanding of psychedelics' therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "pubmed_id": "40185376", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40185376\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Longevity,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3104, "title": "The effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Henry J, Giribaldi B, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R, Lyons T.", "abstract": "Background Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have more dysfunctional attitudes and pessimism than healthy individuals and these biases are correlated with depression severity. Psilocybin has demonstrated sustained remission in MDD. Methods Secondary analysis of a two-arm, randomized controlled trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03429075 ) assessing the effect of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on ‘maladaptive’ cognitive biases relevant to the construct of depression. Psilocybin group participants received two 25mg doses and escitalopram group received three weeks of daily 10mg, increased to 20mg for a following three weeks. Primary outcomes in this analysis were post-treatment changes in biases at six weeks compared with baseline, as measured using three validated psychological scales. Findings Fifty-nine MDD patients were randomly allocated to the psilocybin (n=30) or escitalopram (n=29) groups. Self-reported optimism showed a large and significant increase six-weeks after psilocybin treatment ( M diff =6·63 p", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.17.25324123", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.17.25324123", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR993220\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3209, "title": "Psychedelics Align Brain Activity with Context", "normalized_title": "psychedelics align brain activity with context", "authors": "Stoliker D, Novelli L, Khajehnejad M, Biabani M, Greaves MD, Barta T, Williams M, Chopra S, Bazin O, Simonsson O, Chambers R, Barrett F, Deco G, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Seth A, Sundram S, Egan GF, Razi A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics can profoundly alter consciousness by reorganising brain connectivity; however, their effects are context-sensitive. To understand how this reorganisation depends on context, we collected and comprehensively analysed the largest psychedelic neuroimaging dataset to date. Sixty-two adults were scanned with functional MRI and EEG during rest and naturalistic stimuli (meditation, music, and movie), before and after ingesting 19 mg of psilocybin (functional MRI ≈80 min post-dose; EEG ≈150 min post-dose). Half the participants ranked the experience among the most meaningful of their lives. Under psilocybin, functional MRI and EEG signals recorded during eyes-closed conditions became similar to those recorded during an eyes-open condition. Global functional connectivity increased in associative regions and decreased in sensory areas. Using machine learning to represent neural activity as low-dimensional trajectories, we found that psilocybin reorganised these into structured, context-sensitive patterns of brain activity that reflected both experimental condition and the quality of subjective experience, revealing an organisation that was missed by time-averaged connectivity measures. Under psilocybin, brain networks that ordinarily segregate internal and external processing coherently integrated and aligned neural dynamics with context. This context-alignment manifested as distinct and cohesive neural trajectories in participants reporting positively felt self- and boundary-dissolving effects, corresponding to the felt experience of being part of the environment, which we refer to as embeddedness -the subjective experience of being continuous with, rather than separate from, the surrounding environment. The strength of this context-alignment was associated with next-day mindset change, bridging the neural, experiential, and therapeutic dimensions of the psychedelic state. These findings show that the organisation of brain activity covaries with the experiential coherence of the psychedelic state, and provide a systems-level framework for how context-sensitive brain dynamics link neurobiology to subjective experience and behavioural change.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.09.642197", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.09.642197", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR987866\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3116, "title": "Revealing Changes in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Connectivity After Psilocybin and Escitalopram Treatment in Patients with Depression", "normalized_title": "revealing changes in linear and nonlinear functional connectivity after psilocybin and escitalopram treatment in patients with depression", "authors": "Quah S, Glick C, Roseman L, Pasquini L, Carhart-Harris R, Saggar M.", "abstract": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is typically characterized by altered linear functional connectivity (FC) across large-scale brain networks. Yet, it is unclear whether similar alterations are observed when nonlinear FC is examined. This study investigated how antidepressant treatment (i.e., psilocybin and escitalopram) modulates both linear FC and nonlinear FC in individuals with MDD. Here, we focused specifically on five key canonical brain networks: the Default Mode Network (DMN), Frontoparietal Network (FPN), Salience Network (SAL), Dorsal Attention Network (DAN), and Ventral Attention Network (VAN). Across both treatments, using resting-state fMRI data, we first compared changes in linear and nonlinear FC between responders and non-responders. Responders exhibited increased linear FC within the VAN and greater nonlinear FC within the DMN and VAN than non-responders. We also observed more between-network linear FC for DMN-DAN and nonlinear FC for DMN-VAN in responders than non-responders. Next, we compared treatments and observed that Psilocybin responders showed greater connectivity between FPN-VAN (linear FC), DMN-VAN (nonlinear FC), and SAL-VAN (nonlinear FC) integration than Escitalopram responders, reflecting enhanced coordination and integration between higher-order networks. Conversely, Escitalopram responders exhibited reduced within-network linear FC within the DMN and SAL and between the DMN and VAN, consistent with a dampening of self-referential and salience processing and altered attentional control. These findings highlight potentially distinct mechanisms of action for psilocybin and escitalopram. Incorporating both linear and nonlinear FC analyses provided a novel characterization of these effects, emphasizing the role of these different interactions in antidepressant response. Future studies should investigate the long-term stability of these network changes and their relationship to clinical outcomes.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.05.641592", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.05.641592", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR987622\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 793, "title": "A Field-Wide Review and Analysis of Study Materials Used in Psilocybin Trials: Assessment of Two Decades of Research.", "normalized_title": "a field wide review and analysis of study materials used in psilocybin trials assessment of two decades of research", "authors": "Yaden DB, Graziosi M, Owen AM, Agin-Liebes G, Aaronson ST, Allen KE, Barrett FS, Bogenschutz MP, Carhart-Harris R, Ching THW, Cosimano MP, Danforth A, Davis AK, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths R, Grob CS, Gründer G, Gukasyan N, Heinzerling KG, Hendricks PS, Holze F, Horton DM, Johnson MW, Kelmendi B, Knatz Peck S, Koslowski M, Liechti ME, Mertens LJ, Moreno FA, Nayak SM, Nicholas CR, Preller KH, Rieser NM, Ross S, Sergi K, Sloshower J, Smigielski L, Stenbæk DS, Vollenweider FX, Weiss B, Wolff M, Yaden ME.", "abstract": "IntroductionSerotonergic psychedelics, serotonin 2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin that can result in substantially altered states of consciousness, are used in recreational and research settings. The safety of psychedelic experiences in research settings is supported by controlled physical environments, presence of clinical and medical staff to address emergent issues, screening for personal and family history of potential contraindications, and psychoeducational preparation with psychological support. Research settings typically provide psychoeducation to participants verbally and in writing (e.g., informed consent), and such documents and conversations can provide safety-related information-but may also introduce a wide range of expectancies. Such expectancies might involve the specific character of the acute subjective effects of psychedelics, possible side effects, and anticipated outcomes.MethodsTo better understand the content of this psychoeducation, we gathered study materials from many psilocybin studies conducted in the past two decades in healthy and therapeutic populations. We conducted a reflexive thematic analysis to better understand these documents.ResultsWhile these documents varied substantially between studies, we identified themes intended to lower levels of risk and optimize therapeutic effects from psychedelic treatments. The most frequently coded themes related to (1) biological and physical safety, (2) psychological safety and well-being, (3) aspects of setting, and (4) potential for expectancies. Prioritizing biological and psychological safety was evident in the materials from all sites. Furthermore, we identify potential contributors to expectancy unrelated to safety and suggest that these extrapharmacological elements be studied systematically in future research.ConclusionsIdeally, future research should strive to maximize safety while attempting to minimize extraneous expectancies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0019", "pubmed_id": "40351554", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0019", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40351554\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 845, "title": "Correction: Study Protocol for 'PsilOCD: A Pharmacological Challenge Study Evaluating the Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on the Neurocognitive and Clinical Correlates of Compulsivity'.", "normalized_title": "correction study protocol for psilocd a pharmacological challenge study evaluating the effects of the 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on the neurocognitive and clinical correlates of compulsivity", "authors": "O'Connor S, Godfrey K, Reed S, Peill J, Rohani-Shukla C, Healy M, Robbins T, Frota Lisboa Pereira de Souza A, Tyacke R, Papasyrou M, Stenbæk D, Castro-Rodrigues P, Chiera M, Lee H, Martell J, Carhart-Harris R, Pellegrini L, Fineberg NA, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.78171.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.c209", "pubmed_id": "39897296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.c209", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39897296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3201, "title": "Perturbing whole-brain models of brain hierarchy: an application for depression following pharmacological treatment", "normalized_title": "perturbing whole brain models of brain hierarchy an application for depression following pharmacological treatment", "authors": "Socoró Garrigosa M, Sanz Perl Y, Kringelbach ML, Carhart-Harris R, Vohryzek J, Deco G.", "abstract": "Neural representation can extend beyond localised activity to encompass global patterns, where information is distributed across brain networks in a hierarchical manner. Recent research suggests that the hierarchy of causal influences shaping these patterns can serve as a signature of distinct brain states, with implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we first delve into how whole-brain models, guided by the Thermodynamics of Mind framework, can estimate the brain hierarchy of specific brain states, and how perturbations of such models can study the in-silico transitions to other states represented by static functional connectivity. We then show an application for major depressive disorder, where different brain hierarchical reconfigurations have been found following psilocybin and escitalopram treatments. We build whole-brain models of depressed patients before and after psilocybin and escitalopram interventions, and we carry a dynamic sensitivity analysis to explore the susceptibility of brain states and their drivability to healthier states. We show that susceptibility is on average reduced by escitalopram and increased by psilocybin, and that both treatments succeed in promoting healthier transitions. These results align with the post-treatment window of plasticity opened by serotonergic psychedelics, as well as with the similar clinical efficacy of both drugs observed in clinical trials. Graphical Abstract We apply whole-brain models of brain hierarchy based on the Thermodynamics of Mind framework to investigate state transitions in depression. Dynamic sensitivity analysis explores how psilocybin and escitalopram affect susceptibility and drivability to healthier states. Results show that psilocybin increases susceptibility, while escitalopram reduces it, with both enabling optimal transitions. This pipeline demonstrates the promise of in-silico approaches to inform neurostimulation protocols, potentially enhancing or complementing antidepressant therapies.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.01.631011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.01.631011", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR962216\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3298, "title": "Brain dynamics of classical psychedelics show paradoxical hierarchical flattening with increased complexity", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics of classical psychedelics show paradoxical hierarchical flattening with increased complexity", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Garcia Guzman E, Kringelbach ML, Lopez-Sola E, Timmermann C, Roseman L, Tagliazucchi E, Ruffini G, Carhart-Harris R, Deco G, Sanz Perl Y.", "abstract": "Despite divergent behavioral and phenomenological profiles, both psychedelic states and reduced states of consciousness have been associated with a flattening of the brain's functional hierarchy. To address this apparent paradox, we developed a more specific definition of hierarchy based on the proximity of the brain to thermodynamic equilibrium and then applied it to investigate the changes to the functional hierarchy elicited by three classical serotonergic psychedelics: psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and dimethyltryptamine. We found that all three psychedelics consistently induced a global reduction in the functional hierarchy. In contrast to the flattening of the functional hierarchy observed during loss of consciousness, psychedelics displaced the brain towards equilibrium while simultaneously increasing the complexity of neural activity, indicating a unique mechanism linked to specific changes in the configuration and differentiation of resting-state networks. This work showcases how metrics based on statistical mechanics can be used for the specific characterization of different global brain states, contributing to the understanding of consciousness as a collective process emerging from complex neural interactions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.21.629922", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.21.629922", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR958078\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 932, "title": "Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.", "normalized_title": "synergistic multi level understanding of psychedelics three systematic reviews and meta analyses of their pharmacology neuroimaging and phenomenology", "authors": "Shinozuka K, Jerotic K, Mediano P, Zhao AT, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: (1) subjective experience (phenomenology), (2) neuroimaging and (3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1", "pubmed_id": "39632810", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39632810\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 970, "title": "Preliminary Evidence of Sleep Improvements Following Psilocybin Administration, and their Involvement in Antidepressant Therapeutic Action.", "normalized_title": "preliminary evidence of sleep improvements following psilocybin administration and their involvement in antidepressant therapeutic action", "authors": "Reid MJ, Kettner H, Blanken TF, Weiss B, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Purpose of the studyPsilocybin is a rapidly-emerging treatment for depression, yet its impact on sleep is not well understood. We sought to explore the literature on sleep and psilocybin use, and explore the topic using our own primary data.FindingsWhilst clinical trials demonstrate large depressive symptom improvements, the impact of psilocybin on sleep quality or insomnia symptoms, has not been directly studied. Using our own preliminary-data we demonstrated that both depressive-symptoms and sleep-disturbances decreased significantly following psilocybin use, though sleep improvements were smaller compared to depressive symptoms. More severe sleep-disturbances at baseline were linked to lower probability of depression remission, underscoring a potential interaction between sleep and psilocybin's efficacy. Addressing sleep disturbances could enhance therapeutic outcomes in psilocybin-assisted therapy and could lead to more effective, personalized treatment-strategies. Future research should focus on populations with sleep disorders, and on examining causal-pathways of sleep physiology's impact on psilocybin efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01539-8", "pubmed_id": "39532819", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01539-8", "keywords": "Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Adult, Female, Male, Sleep Wake Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39532819\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3108, "title": "Long-term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits", "normalized_title": "long term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto striatal thalamic circuits", "authors": "Pasquini L, Vohryzek J, Escrichs A, Sanz Perl Y, Ponce-Alvarez A, Idesis S, Girn M, Roseman L, Mitchell JM, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach M, Nutt DJ, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained improvements in mental well-being across various populations, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we apply empirical methods and computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first show increases in FST dynamic activity four weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceed to mechanistically account for these increased dynamics, by showing that reduced structural constraints underlie increased FST dynamic activity post psilocybin. Further, we show that these reduced structural constraints come along with increased bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. While cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relate to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings show that increased FST flexibility weeks after psilocybin administration is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism underling the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia. Significance Statement Fronto-striatal-thalamic systems, which underlie motivation and reward, go through profound functional and structural changes following psilocybin administration. We leveraged longitudinal fMRI data from a within-subject psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy participants to show that psilocybin increases fronto-striatal-thalamic dynamic activity as well as flexibility four weeks after dosing. Computational modeling revealed that this increased flexibility is mechanistically caused by reduced structural constraints on functional dynamics. Further long-term changes included increased bottom-up and reduced top-down information flow mediated by the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. This long-term functional re-organization of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits may reflect a common mechanism underlying clinical symptoms improvements across diagnostic groups, such as increased openness, improved well-being, and reductions in anhedonia, apathy, and substance craving.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.11.06.622302", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.06.622302", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR936542\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3106, "title": "Human brain changes after first psilocybin use", "normalized_title": "human brain changes after first psilocybin use", "authors": "Lyons T, Spriggs M, Kerkelä L, Rosas F, Roseman L, Mediano P, Timmermann C, Oestreich L, Pagni B, Zeifman R, Hampshire A, Trender W, Douglass H, Girn M, Godfrey K, Kettner H, Sharif F, Espasiano L, Gazzaley A, Wall M, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psychedelics have robust effects on acute brain function and long-term behavior but whether they also cause enduring functional and anatomical brain changes is unknown. In a placebo-controlled, within-subjects, electroencephalography, and magnetic resonance imaging study in 28 healthy, entirely psychedelic-naive participants, anatomical and functional brain changes were detected from one-hour to one-month after a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin. Increases in cognitive flexibility, psychological insight, and well-being were seen at one-month. Diffusion imaging done before and one-month after 25mg psilocybin revealed decreased axial diffusivity bilaterally in prefrontal-subcortical tracts that correlated with decreased brain network modularity over the same time period. Decreased modularity also correlated with improved well-being. Increased cortical signal entropy at 1- and 2-hours post-dosing predicted improved psychological well-being at one-month. Next-day psychological insight mediated the entropy to well-being relationship. All effects were exclusive to 25mg psilocybin; no effects occurred with a 1mg psilocybin ‘placebo’ dose.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.11.617955", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.11.617955", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR924123\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3268, "title": "A virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders of consciousness", "normalized_title": "a virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Alnagger NL, Cardone P, Martial C, Sanz Perl Y, Mindlin I, Sitt JD, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Bonhomme V, Laureys S, Deco G, Gosseries O, Nunez P, Annen J.", "abstract": "Disorders of consciousness (DoC), including the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS), have limited treatment options. Recent research suggests that psychedelic drugs, known for their complexity-enhancing properties, could be promising treatments for DoC. This study uses whole-brain computational models to explore this potential. We created individualised models for DoC patients, optimised with empirical fMRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data, and simulated the administration of LSD and psilocybin. We used an in-silico perturbation protocol to distinguish between different states of consciousness, including DoC, anaesthesia, and the psychedelic state, and assess the dynamical stability of the brains of DoC patients pre- and post-psychedelic simulation. Our findings indicate that LSD and psilocybin shift DoC patients' brains closer to criticality, with a greater effect in MCS patients. In UWS patients, the treatment response correlates with structural connectivity, while in MCS patients, it aligns with baseline functional connectivity. This virtual clinical trial lays a computational foundation for using psychedelics in DoC treatment and highlights the future role of computational modelling in drug discovery and personalised medicine.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-08-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.08.16.608251", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.16.608251", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR897826\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1128, "title": "Time-resolved coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience under the psychedelic DMT", "normalized_title": "time resolved coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience under the psychedelic dmt", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Luppi A, Atasoy S, Deco G, Timmermann C, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Exploring the intricate relationship between brain's structure and function, and how this affects subjective experience is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Psychedelic substances offer a unique insight into the influences of specific neurotransmitter systems on perception, cognition and consciousness. Specifically, their impact on brain function propagates across the structural connectome, a network of white matter pathways linking different regions. To comprehensively grasp the effects of psychedelic compounds on brain function, we used a theoretically rigorous framework known as connectome harmonic decomposition. This framework provides a robust method to characterize how brain function intricately depends on the organized network structure of the human connectome. We show that the connectome harmonic repertoire under DMT is reshaped in line with other reported psychedelic compounds; psilocybin, LSD and ketamine. Furthermore, we show that the repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics increases under DMT, as with those other psychedelics. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that measures of energy spectrum difference and repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics indexes the intensity of subjective experience of the participants in a time-resolved manner reflecting close coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.30.596410", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596410", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR860621\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3282, "title": "The Temporal Trajectory of the Psychedelic Mushroom Experience Mimics the Narrative Arc of the Hero’s Journey", "normalized_title": "the temporal trajectory of the psychedelic mushroom experience mimics the narrative arc of the hero s journey", "authors": "Brouwer A, Brown JK, Erowid E, Erowid F, Thyssen S, Raison CL, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychedelic therapy has the potential to become a revolutionary and transdiagnostic mental health treatment, yielding enduring benefits that are often attributed to the experiences that coincide with peak psychedelic effects. However, there may be an underrecognized temporal structure to this process that helps explain why psychedelic and related altered states of consciousness can have a initially distressing but ultimately a distress-resolving effect. Here we present a qualitative analysis of the self-reported ‘comeup’ or onset phase, and ‘comedown’ or falling phase, of the psychedelic experience. Focusing on psilocybin or psilocybin-containing mushrooms, we show that the comeup is more often characterized by negatively valenced feeling states, while the comedown phase is more often characterized by positively valenced feeling states of the sort often observed following recovery from illness or adversity. In this way, the temporal trajectory of the psychedelic experience could be seen to mimic the narrative arc of the monomythical ‘Hero’s Journey’.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-02-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941205/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941205/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR810141\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1286, "title": "Psilocybin and Other Classic Psychedelics in Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and other classic psychedelics in depression", "authors": "Nutt DJ, Peill JM, Weiss B, Godfrey K, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and ketamine are returning to clinical research and intervention across several disorders including the treatment of depression. This chapter focusses on psychedelics that specifically target the 5-HT2A receptor such as psilocybin and DMT. These produce plasma-concentration related psychological effects such as hallucinations and out of body experiences, insightful and emotional breakthroughs as well as mystical-type experiences. When coupled with psychological support, effects can produce a rapid improvement in mood among people with depression that can last for months. In this chapter, we summarise the scientific studies to date that explore the use of psychedelics in depressed individuals, highlighting key clinical, psychological and neuroimaging features of psychedelics that may account for their therapeutic effects. These include alterations in brain entropy that disrupt fixed negative ruminations, a period of post-treatment increased cognitive flexibility, and changes in self-referential psychological processes. Finally, we propose that the brain mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of serotonergic psychedelics might be distinct from those underlying classical serotonin reuptake-blocking antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2023_451", "pubmed_id": "37955822", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2023_451", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37955822\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3342, "title": "Statistical diversity distinguishes global states of consciousness", "normalized_title": "statistical diversity distinguishes global states of consciousness", "authors": "Starkey J, Carhart-Harris RL, Pigorini A, Nobili L, Barrett AB.", "abstract": "Application of complexity measures to neurophysiological time series has seen increased use in recent years to identify neural correlates of global states of consciousness. Lempel-Ziv complexity is currently the de-facto complexity measure used in these investigations. However, by simply counting the number of patterns, this measure theoretically takes its maximum value for data that are completely random. Recently, a measure of ‘statistical complexity’ - which calculates the diversity of statistical interactions - has been devised which aims to account for and remove randomness seen in data. It was recently found that this measure decreases during anaesthesia in fruit flies. This paper investigates this statistical complexity measure on human neurophysiology data from different stages of sleep, and from individuals under the effects of three psychedelic substances: ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin. Results indicate that statistical complexity: (i) differentiates the different stages of sleep analogously to Lempel-Ziv complexity; (ii) increases relative to placebo for all three psychedelic substances. Thus, statistical complexity is a useful alternative measure for investigating the complexity of neural activity associated with different states of consciousness.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.12.05.570101", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.05.570101", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR770814\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3351, "title": "The entropic heart: Tracking the psychedelic state via heart rate dynamics", "normalized_title": "the entropic heart tracking the psychedelic state via heart rate dynamics", "authors": "Rosas FE, Mediano PA, Timmermann C, Luppi AI, Candia-Rivera D, Abbasi-Asl R, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach ML, Muthukumaraswamy S, Bor D, Garfinkel S, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "A growing body of work shows that autonomic signals provide a privileged evidence-stream to capture various aspects of subjective and neural states. This work investigates the potential for autonomic markers to track the effects of psychedelics - potent psychoactive drugs with important scientific and clinical value. For this purpose, we introduce a novel Bayesian framework to estimate the entropy of heart rate dynamics under psychedelics. We also calculate Bayesian estimates of mean heart rate and heart rate variability, and investigate how these measures relate to subjective reports and neural effects. Results on datasets covering four drugs - lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocybin, and sub-anaesthetic doses of the dissociative agent ketamine - show consistent increases in mean heart rate, high-frequency heart rate variability, and heart rate entropy during the psychedelic experience. Moreover, these effects have predictive power over various dimensions of the psychedelic experience. Changes in heart rate entropy were found to be correlated with increases in brain entropy, while other autonomic markers were not. Overall, our results show that a cost-efficient autonomic measure has the potential to reveal surprising detail about subjective and brain states, opening up a range of new research avenues to explore in both basic and clinical neuroscience.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-11-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.11.07.566008", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.07.566008", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR756922\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3188, "title": "Synergistic, Multi-level Understanding of Psychedelics: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Their Pharmacology, Neuroimaging and Phenomenology", "normalized_title": "synergistic multi level understanding of psychedelics three systematic reviews and meta analyses of their pharmacology neuroimaging and phenomenology", "authors": "Shinozuka K, Jerotic K, Mediano P, Zhao AT, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: 1) subjective experience (phenomenology), 2) neuroimaging and 3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.10.06.561183", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.06.561183", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR738055\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1390, "title": "Assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and individual participant data meta analysis", "authors": "Simonsson O, Carlbring P, Carhart-Harris R, Davis AK, Nutt DJ, Griffiths RR, Erritzoe D, Goldberg SB.", "abstract": "We conducted a meta-analysis using individual participant data from three, two-dose psilocybin trials for depression (N = 102) with the aim of assessing the risk of symptom worsening. Clinically significant symptom worsening occurred for a minority of participants in the psilocybin and escitalopram conditions (∼10%) and for a majority of participants in the waitlist condition (63.6%). Using data from the two trials with control arms, the psilocybin arm showed a lower likelihood of symptom worsening versus waitlist, and no difference in the likelihood of symptom worsening versus escitalopram. The limitation of a relatively small sample size should be addressed in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "pubmed_id": "37523886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Sample Size, Depression, Symptom Flare Up, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37523886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1293, "title": "Personality Change in a Trial of Psilocybin Therapy vs Escitalopram Treatment for Depression - CORRIGENDUM.", "normalized_title": "personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy vs escitalopram treatment for depression corrigendum", "authors": "Weiss B, Ginige I, Shannon L, Giribaldi B, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Baker-Jones M, Martell J, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291723002039", "pubmed_id": "37466289", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291723002039", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Depression, Personality, Personality Disorders, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37466289\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3153, "title": "Reduced brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli with escitalopram but not psilocybin therapy for depression", "normalized_title": "reduced brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli with escitalopram but not psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Wall MB, Demetriou L, Giribaldi B, Roseman L, Ertl N, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy is an emerging intervention for depression that may be at least as effective as standard first-line treatments i.e., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Here we assess neural responses to emotional faces (fear, happy, and neutral) using Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in two groups with major depressive disorder: 1) a ‘psilocybin group’ that received two dosing sessions with 25mg plus six weeks of daily placebo, and 2) an ‘escitalopram group’ that received six weeks of the SSRI escitalopram, plus two dosing sessions with an inactive/placebo dose of 1mg psilocybin. Both groups had an equal amount of psychological support throughout. An emotional face fMRI paradigm was completed at baseline (pre-treatment) and at the six-week post-treatment primary endpoint (three weeks following psilocybin dosing sessions). An analysis examining the interaction between patient group (psilocybin vs. escitalopram) and time-point (pre-vs. post-treatment) showed a robust effect in a distributed network of cortical brain regions. Follow-up analyses showed that post-treatment BOLD responses to emotional faces of all types were significantly reduced in the escitalopram group, with no change, or even a slight increase, in the psilocybin group. Specific analyses of the amygdala showed a reduction of response to fear faces in the escitalopram group, but no effects for the psilocybin group. Despite large improvements in depressive symptoms in the psilocybin group, psilocybin-therapy had only a minor effect on brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli. We suggest that reduced emotional responsiveness may be a biomarker of SSRIs’ antidepressant action that is not shared by psilocybin-therapy.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.29.23290667", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.29.23290667", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR670172\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1487, "title": "Time-resolved network control analysis links reduced control energy under DMT with the serotonin 2a receptor, signal diversity, and subjective experience", "normalized_title": "time resolved network control analysis links reduced control energy under dmt with the serotonin 2a receptor signal diversity and subjective experience", "authors": "Singleton SP, Timmermann C, Luppi AI, Eckernäs E, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris RL, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics offer a profound window into the functioning of the human brain and mind through their robust acute effects on perception, subjective experience, and brain activity patterns. In recent work using a receptor-informed network control theory framework, we demonstrated that the serotonergic psychedelics lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin flatten the brain’s control energy landscape in a manner that covaries with more dynamic and entropic brain activity. Contrary to LSD and psilocybin, whose effects last for hours, the serotonergic psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) rapidly induces a profoundly immersive altered state of consciousness lasting less than 20 minutes, allowing for the entirety of the drug experience to be captured during a single resting-state fMRI scan. Using network control theory, which quantifies the amount of input necessary to drive transitions between functional brain states, we integrate brain structure and function to map the energy trajectories of 14 individuals undergoing fMRI during DMT and placebo. Consistent with previous work, we find that global control energy is reduced following injection with DMT compared to placebo. We additionally show longitudinal trajectories of global control energy correlate with longitudinal trajectories of EEG signal diversity (a measure of entropy) and subjective ratings of drug intensity. We interrogate these same relationships on a regional level and find that the spatial patterns of DMT’s effects on these metrics are correlated with serotonin 2a receptor density (obtained from separately acquired PET data). Using receptor distribution and pharmacokinetic information, we were able to successfully recapitulate the effects of DMT on global control energy trajectories, demonstrating a proof-of-concept for the use of control models in predicting pharmacological intervention effects on brain dynamics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.11.540409", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.11.540409", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR659698\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1528, "title": "Canalization and plasticity in psychopathology.", "normalized_title": "canalization and plasticity in psychopathology", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Chandaria S, Erritzoe DE, Gazzaley A, Girn M, Kettner H, Mediano PAM, Nutt DJ, Rosas FE, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Weiss B, Zeifman RJ, Friston KJ.", "abstract": "This theoretical article revives a classical bridging construct, canalization, to describe a new model of a general factor of psychopathology. To achieve this, we have distinguished between two types of plasticity, an early one that we call 'TEMP' for 'Temperature or Entropy Mediated Plasticity', and another, we call 'canalization', which is close to Hebbian plasticity. These two forms of plasticity can be most easily distinguished by their relationship to 'precision' or inverse variance; TEMP relates to increased model variance or decreased precision, whereas the opposite is true for canalization. TEMP also subsumes increased learning rate, (Ising) temperature and entropy. Dictionary definitions of 'plasticity' describe it as the property of being easily shaped or molded; TEMP is the better match for this. Importantly, we propose that 'pathological' phenotypes develop via mechanisms of canalization or increased model precision, as a defensive response to adversity and associated distress or dysphoria. Our model states that canalization entrenches in psychopathology, narrowing the phenotypic state-space as the agent develops expertise in their pathology. We suggest that TEMP - combined with gently guiding psychological support - can counter canalization. We address questions of whether and when canalization is adaptive versus maladaptive, furnish our model with references to basic and human neuroscience, and offer concrete experiments and measures to test its main hypotheses and implications. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398", "pubmed_id": "36584883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398", "keywords": "Humans, Learning, Phenotype, United States, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36584883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1600, "title": "Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "changes in music evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Shukuroglou M, Roseman L, Wall M, Nutt D, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMusic listening is a staple and valued component of psychedelic therapy, and previous work has shown that psychedelics can acutely enhance music-evoked emotion.AimsThe present study sought to examine subjective responses to music before and after psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was acquired.MethodsNineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression received a low oral dose (10 mg) of psilocybin, and a high dose (25 mg) 1 week later. fMRI was performed 1 week prior to the first dosing session and 1 day after the second. Two scans were conducted on each day: one with music and one without. Visual analogue scale ratings of music-evoked 'pleasure' plus ratings of other evoked emotions (21-item Geneva Emotional Music Scale) were completed after each scan. Given its role in musical reward, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was chosen as region of interest for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Effects of drug (vs placebo) and music (vs no music) on subjective and FC outcomes were assessed. Anhedonia symptoms were assessed pre- and post-treatment (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale).ResultsResults revealed a significant increase in music-evoked emotion following treatment with psilocybin that correlated with post-treatment reductions in anhedonia. A post-treatment reduction in NAc FC with areas resembling the default mode network was observed during music listening (vs no music).ConclusionThese results are consistent with current thinking on the role of psychedelics in enhancing music-evoked pleasure and provide some new insight into correlative brain mechanisms.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-11-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221125354", "pubmed_id": "36433778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221125354", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Emotions, Music, Anhedonia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36433778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4310295919\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4310295919\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":38,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W183123008\",\"https://openalex.org/W225944826\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1812780868\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970629232\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973576997\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973776237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982230178\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982325587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983627329\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999919402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004874491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005276770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038509004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044423747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057572880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085281696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095438393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116692278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125068060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129736850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130668599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133852590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141927127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146747402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151422895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153777989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158327608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169442707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2254185066\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312379049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325964754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2403484840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2510443052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605126420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791796165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192093002\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088290575\",\"display_name\":\"Melissa Shukuroglou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-351X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221125354\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4310295919" }, { "id": 1602, "title": "Body mass index (BMI) does not predict responses to psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "body mass index bmi does not predict responses to psilocybin", "authors": "Spriggs MJ, Giribaldi B, Lyons T, Rosas FE, Kärtner LS, Buchborn T, Douglass HM, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a serotonin type 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonist and naturally occurring psychedelic. 5-HT2A receptor density is known to be associated with body mass index (BMI), however, the impact of this on psilocybin therapy has not been explored. While body weight-adjusted dosing is widely used, this imposes a practical and financial strain on the scalability of psychedelic therapy. This gap between evidence and practice is caused by the absence of studies clarifying the relationship between BMI, the acute psychedelic experience and long-term psychological outcomes.MethodData were pooled across three studies using a fixed 25 mg dose of psilocybin delivered in a therapeutic context to assess whether BMI predicts characteristics of the acute experience and changes in well-being 2 weeks later. Supplementing frequentist analysis with Bayes Factors has enabled for conclusions to be drawn regarding the null hypothesis.ResultsResults support the null hypothesis that BMI does not predict overall intensity of the altered state, mystical experiences, perceptual changes or emotional breakthroughs during the acute experience. There was weak evidence for greater 'dread of ego dissolution' in participants with lower BMI, however, further analysis suggested BMI did not meaningfully add to the combination of the other covariates (age, sex and study). While mystical-type experiences and emotional breakthroughs were strong predictors of improvements in well-being, BMI was not.ConclusionsThese findings have important implications for our understanding of pharmacological and extra-pharmacological contributors to psychedelic-assisted therapy and for the standardization of a fixed therapeutic dose in psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-11-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221131994", "pubmed_id": "36373934", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131994", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Body Mass Index, Bayes Theorem, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36373934\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4308952246\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4308952246\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1966419092\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973927342\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978662219\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985465524\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989324273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993101534\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005441991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020220004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025861780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052725640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054831953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078501925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081861598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084658093\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087193153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123552131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134099620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325134021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2571392308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2742569683\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810374266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005218696\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035524447\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083797211\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097501343\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108632668\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135335789\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221001769\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230096730\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390794773\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025030452\",\"display_name\":\"Meg J. Spriggs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-1586\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035033638\",\"display_name\":\"Taylor Lyons\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-7344\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020498855\",\"display_name\":\"Fernando E. Rosas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-6183\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044522468\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Kärtner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045797880\",\"display_name\":\"Tobias Buchborn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0538-5184\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031966441\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah Douglass\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-385X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131994\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4308952246" }, { "id": 1642, "title": "Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for a treatment resistant episode of major depression", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Arden PC, Baker A, Bennett JC, Bird C, Blom RE, Brennan C, Brusch D, Burke L, Campbell-Coker K, Carhart-Harris R, Cattell J, Daniel A, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Eisen K, Feifel D, Forbes M, Haumann HM, Hellerstein DJ, Hoppe AI, Husain MI, Jelen LA, Kamphuis J, Kawasaki J, Kelly JR, Key RE, Kishon R, Knatz Peck S, Knight G, Koolen MHB, Lean M, Licht RW, Maples-Keller JL, Mars J, Marwood L, McElhiney MC, Miller TL, Mirow A, Mistry S, Mletzko-Crowe T, Modlin LN, Nielsen RE, Nielson EM, Offerhaus SR, O'Keane V, Páleníček T, Printz D, Rademaker MC, van Reemst A, Reinholdt F, Repantis D, Rucker J, Rudow S, Ruffell S, Rush AJ, Schoevers RA, Seynaeve M, Shao S, Soares JC, Somers M, Stansfield SC, Sterling D, Strockis A, Tsai J, Visser L, Wahba M, Williams S, Young AH, Ywema P, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression.MethodsIn this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits).ResultsA total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa2206443", "pubmed_id": "36322843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206443", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36322843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1084,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W795371411\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999142409\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069138677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085758661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111663098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914444775\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127909847\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037628078\",\"display_name\":\"Guy M. Goodwin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-2816\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064457148\",\"display_name\":\"Scott T. Aaronson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-8801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031562832\",\"display_name\":\"Oscar Alvarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058441585\",\"display_name\":\"Peter C. Arden\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022149933\",\"display_name\":\"Annie Baker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101823997\",\"display_name\":\"James Bennett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-2638\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033191459\",\"display_name\":\"Catherine Bird\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-6931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057241343\",\"display_name\":\"Renske E. Blom\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069190672\",\"display_name\":\"Christine Brennan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-439X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020230510\",\"display_name\":\"Donna Brusch\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005359506\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Burke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5995\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071185535\",\"display_name\":\"Kete Campbell-Coker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060142215\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph Cattell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060699046\",\"display_name\":\"Aster Daniel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8668-2097\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030186541\",\"display_name\":\"Charles DeBattista\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056637382\",\"display_name\":\"Boadie W. Dunlop\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-0483\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052980069\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine Eisen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-4002\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000063591\",\"display_name\":\"David Feifel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8185-0220\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037818125\",\"display_name\":\"MacKenzie Forbes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029325479\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah M. Haumann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048687842\",\"display_name\":\"David J. Hellerstein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8031-4354\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080468726\",\"display_name\":\"Astrid I. Hoppe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078217449\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Ishrat Husain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-5750\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021214721\",\"display_name\":\"Luke A. Jelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-5239\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016694325\",\"display_name\":\"Jeanine Kamphuis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041387281\",\"display_name\":\"Julie Kawasaki\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6824-2835\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046590180\",\"display_name\":\"John R. Kelly\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-0615\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044012591\",\"display_name\":\"Richard E. Key\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037603205\",\"display_name\":\"Ronit Kishon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4288-3860\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011897192\",\"display_name\":\"Stéphanie Knatz Peck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-9158\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015494091\",\"display_name\":\"Gemma Knight\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045551069\",\"display_name\":\"Martijn H.B. Koolen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078628093\",\"display_name\":\"Melanie Lean\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-9914\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083653322\",\"display_name\":\"Rasmus Wentzer Licht\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-3490\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081814425\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica L. Maples-Keller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7332\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077603661\",\"display_name\":\"Jan Mars\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080462431\",\"display_name\":\"Lindsey Marwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-2199\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042856673\",\"display_name\":\"Martin McElhiney\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-399X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110607035\",\"display_name\":\"Tammy Miller\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055331297\",\"display_name\":\"Arvin Mirow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108850316\",\"display_name\":\"Sunil Mistry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017664220\",\"display_name\":\"Tanja Mletzko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8900-9698\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036262527\",\"display_name\":\"Liam N. Modlin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049815184\",\"display_name\":\"René Ernst Nielsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087298757\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth M. Nielson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-4558\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084045182\",\"display_name\":\"Sjoerd R. Offerhaus\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020131072\",\"display_name\":\"Veronica O’Keane\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1519-099X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089615811\",\"display_name\":\"David Printz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031699306\",\"display_name\":\"Marleen C. Rademaker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066645269\",\"display_name\":\"Aumer van Reemst\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082252502\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick Reinholdt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012350581\",\"display_name\":\"Dimitris Repantis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-6286\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050421509\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel Rudow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081719098\",\"display_name\":\"Simon Ruffell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8250-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013246959\",\"display_name\":\"A. John Rush\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-2382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026480246\",\"display_name\":\"Robert A. Schoevers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-9866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063914720\",\"display_name\":\"Mathieu Seynaeve\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057873669\",\"display_name\":\"Samantha Shao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082192669\",\"display_name\":\"Jair C. Soares\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5466-5628\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021140380\",\"display_name\":\"Metten Somers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5596\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019711791\",\"display_name\":\"S. C. Stansfield\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062662397\",\"display_name\":\"Diane Sterling\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049560345\",\"display_name\":\"Aaron Strockis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103816856\",\"display_name\":\"Joyce Tsai\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058974399\",\"display_name\":\"Lucy Visser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063245678\",\"display_name\":\"Mourad Wahba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-6601\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038234384\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel P. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7651-3457\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058414502\",\"display_name\":\"Allan H. Young\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-6952\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009766080\",\"display_name\":\"Paula Ywema\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053651400\",\"display_name\":\"Sidney Zisook\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3341-9185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021278348\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Malievskaia\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S62468778\",\"source_display_name\":\"New England Journal of Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4308146982" }, { "id": 3730, "title": "A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression.", "normalized_title": "a bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Nayak SM, Bari BA, Yaden DB, Spriggs MJ, Rosas FE, Peill JM, Giribaldi B, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "ObjectivesTo perform a Bayesian reanalysis of a recent trial of psilocybin (COMP360) versus escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in order to provide a more informative interpretation of the indeterminate outcome of a previous frequentist analysis.DesignReanalysis of a two-arm double-blind placebo controlled trial.ParticipantsFifty-nine patients with MDD.InterventionsTwo doses of psilocybin 25mg and daily oral placebo versus daily escitalopram and 2 doses of psilocybin 1mg, with psychological support for both groups.Outcome measuresQuick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS SR-16), and three other depression scales as secondary outcomes: HAMD-17, MADRS, and BDI-1A.ResultsUsing Bayes factors and 'skeptical priors' which bias estimates towards zero, for the hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by any margin, we found indeterminate evidence for QIDS SR-16, strong evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and extremely strong evidence for HAMD-17. For the stronger hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by a 'clinically meaningful amount' (using literature defined values of the minimally clinically important difference), we found moderate evidence against it for QIDS SR-16, indeterminate evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and moderate evidence supporting it for HAMD-17. Furthermore, across the board we found extremely strong evidence for psilocybin's non-inferiority versus escitalopram. These findings were robust to prior sensitivity analysis.ConclusionsThis Bayesian reanalysis supports the following inferences: 1) that psilocybin did indeed outperform escitalopram in this trial, but not to an extent that was clinically meaningful--and 2) that psilocybin is almost certainly non-inferior to escitalopram. The present results provide a more precise and nuanced interpretation to previously reported results from this trial, and support the need for further research into the relative efficacy of psilocybin therapy for depression with respect to current leading treatments.Trial registration numberNCT03429075.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2022-10-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0002", "pubmed_id": "37337526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0002", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37337526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4307481727\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4307481727\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W313647156\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977670030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017663874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027873737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047970223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092724165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102890221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117415335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123263696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159450977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2306296749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335953718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2505690247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2564988627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2780349532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803603947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2896849124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912774204\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945690835\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962758893\",\"https://openalex.org/W2977706610\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985332844\",\"https://openalex.org/W3037007306\",\"https://openalex.org/W3037221689\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109761717\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124268961\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129586996\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3206865065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3212574639\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232976691\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040929530\",\"display_name\":\"Sandeep M. Nayak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6832-0639\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021371430\",\"display_name\":\"Bilal A. Bari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8381-3802\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039486115\",\"display_name\":\"David B. Yaden\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-6227\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025030452\",\"display_name\":\"Meg J. Spriggs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-1586\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020498855\",\"display_name\":\"Fernando E. Rosas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-6183\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089523890\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph Peill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-4617\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387284413\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0002\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4307481727" }, { "id": 1668, "title": "Receptor-informed network control theory links LSD and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain's control energy landscape.", "normalized_title": "receptor informed network control theory links lsd and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain s control energy landscape", "authors": "Singleton SP, Luppi AI, Carhart-Harris RL, Cruzat J, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Stamatakis EA, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin temporarily alter subjective experience through their neurochemical effects. Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor agonism by these compounds is associated with more diverse (entropic) brain activity. We postulate that this increase in entropy may arise in part from a flattening of the brain's control energy landscape, which can be observed using network control theory to quantify the energy required to transition between recurrent brain states. Using brain states derived from existing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets, we show that LSD and psilocybin reduce control energy required for brain state transitions compared to placebo. Furthermore, across individuals, reduction in control energy correlates with more frequent state transitions and increased entropy of brain state dynamics. Through network control analysis that incorporates the spatial distribution of 5-HT2a receptors (obtained from publicly available positron emission tomography (PET) data under non-drug conditions), we demonstrate an association between the 5-HT2a receptor and reduced control energy. Our findings provide evidence that 5-HT2a receptor agonist compounds allow for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. More broadly, we demonstrate that receptor-informed network control theory can model the impact of neuropharmacological manipulation on brain activity dynamics.", "journal": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-022-33578-1", "pubmed_id": "36192411", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33578-1", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36192411\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4300960088\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4300960088\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":156,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1973272857\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976623182\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999890357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000619457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006679756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024729467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064420997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067456724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072379803\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077736018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077770566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094377986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100145912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122609459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135430763\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142688387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147546041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148764920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165465442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170328207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170702893\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297988641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2526529257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537847389\",\"https://openalex.org/W2548043919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2563279629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2597410197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604795661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726287250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2764276205\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765216222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2766937272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768082096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790184875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803837136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2869293430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886105060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2893373014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898334035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913125551\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945067895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949283084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951377678\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2961423603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964054977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971683016\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979305445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2989698352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991342487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2998542624\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001784287\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012472614\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015902292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016831942\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026200696\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044345421\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080221164\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084035636\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087272695\",\"https://openalex.org/W3089377940\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091722552\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094017755\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097501343\",\"https://openalex.org/W3103071805\",\"https://openalex.org/W3104445344\",\"https://openalex.org/W3106028942\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113841452\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124266865\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136690591\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136858771\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155846106\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172751851\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224217494\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4233957217\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247079904\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251222512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295750005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300960088\",\"https://openalex.org/W6607999579\",\"https://openalex.org/W6969339067\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012511332\",\"display_name\":\"S. Parker Singleton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-7820\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065968159\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea I. Luppi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3461-6431\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074754048\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Cruzat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8657\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047963275\",\"display_name\":\"Gustavo Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043559110\",\"display_name\":\"Morten L. Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007542404\",\"display_name\":\"Emmanuel A. Stamatakis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-9601\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031732445\",\"display_name\":\"Amy Kuceyeski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5050-8342\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S64187185\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33578-1\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4300960088" }, { "id": 1669, "title": "Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics.", "normalized_title": "effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics", "authors": "Cruzat J, Perl YS, Escrichs A, Vohryzek J, Timmermann C, Roseman L, Luppi AI, Ibañez A, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Tagliazucchi E, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs show promise as safe and effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, yet their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. A fundamental hypothesis is that psychedelics work by dose-dependently changing the functional hierarchy of brain dynamics, but it is unclear whether different psychedelics act similarly. Here, we investigated the changes in the brain's functional hierarchy associated with two different psychedelics (LSD and psilocybin). Using a novel turbulence framework, we were able to determine the vorticity, that is, the local level of synchronization, that allowed us to extend the standard global time-based measure of metastability to become a local-based measure of both space and time. This framework produced detailed signatures of turbulence-based hierarchical change for each psychedelic drug, revealing consistent and discriminate effects on a higher level network, that is, the default mode network. Overall, our findings directly support a prior hypothesis that psychedelics modulate (i.e., \"compress\") the functional hierarchy and provide a quantification of these changes for two different psychedelics. Implications for therapeutic applications of psychedelics are discussed.", "journal": "Network Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1162/netn_a_00250", "pubmed_id": "38800462", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00250", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38800462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223566727\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223566727\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":28,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1952174810\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957794009\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972724226\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978476682\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983183519\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993665893\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048856090\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123830992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148764920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167845354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168202614\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605334700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618615166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756033535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772639718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790381919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898334035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899405464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906685213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2925936518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949283084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951401594\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953144044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979305445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979559266\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007570878\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048561249\",\"https://openalex.org/W3061139324\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093680025\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113009972\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127201130\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172038233\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179426622\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185074371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195093253\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207629458\",\"https://openalex.org/W3212303547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243066586\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248070489\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283738890\",\"https://openalex.org/W6665309465\",\"https://openalex.org/W6677629077\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074754048\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Cruzat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8657\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091490801\",\"display_name\":\"Yonatan Sanz Perl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-5564\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027614540\",\"display_name\":\"Anira Escrichs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-9737\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073642716\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Vohryzek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-5054\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065968159\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea I. Luppi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3461-6431\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014213472\",\"display_name\":\"Agustín Ibáñez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-5101\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058986420\",\"display_name\":\"Enzo Tagliazucchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-9993\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047963275\",\"display_name\":\"Gustavo Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043559110\",\"display_name\":\"Morten L. Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210225821\",\"source_display_name\":\"Network Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00250\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4223566727" }, { "id": 3244, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: Prediction of Clinical Outcome by Natural Language Processing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing", "authors": "Dougherty RF, Clarke P, Alti M, Kuc J, Schlosser D, Dunlop BW, Hellerstein DJ, Aaronson ST, Zisook S, Young AH, Carhart-Harris R, Goodwin G, Ryslik GA.", "abstract": "Background: Therapeutic administration of psychedelic drugs has shown significant potential in historical accounts and in recent clinical trials in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. A recent randomized double-blind phase-IIb study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of COMP360, COMPASS Pathways’ proprietary synthetic formulation of psilocybin, in participants with treatment resistant depression. While promising, the treatment works for a portion of the population and early prediction of outcome is a key objective. Methods: Transcripts were made from audio recordings of the psychological support session between participant and therapist one day post COMP360 administration. A zero-shot machine learning classifier based on the BART large language model was used to compute two-dimensional sentiment (valence and arousal) for the participant and therapist from the transcript. These scores, combined with the Emotional Breakthrough Index (EBI) and treatment arm were used to predict treatment outcome as measured by MADRS scores. Code and data are available at https://github.com/compasspathways/Sentiment2DResults: Two multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict responder status at week 3 and through week 12. Cross-validation of these models resulted in 85% and 88% accuracy and AUC values of 88% and 85%. Conclusions: A machine learning algorithm using NLP and EBI accurately predicts long term patient response, allowing rapid prognostication of personalized response to psilocybin treatment and insight into therapeutic model optimization. Further research is required to understand if language data from earlier stages in the therapeutic process hold similar predictive power.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR553222\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3126, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord L, Fernandes H, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Deco G, Kringelbach M.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression - to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used whole-brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a heathy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (> 50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2022-09-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2060381/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2060381/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR548038\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1698, "title": "Effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression", "authors": "Barba T, Buehler S, Kettner H, Radu C, Cunha BG, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is often associated with maladaptive coping strategies, including rumination and thought suppression.AimsTo assess the comparative effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram, and the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin (COMP360), on rumination and thought suppression in major depressive disorder.MethodBased on data derived from a randomised clinical trial (N = 59), we performed exploratory analyses on the impact of escitalopram versus psilocybin (i.e. condition) on rumination and thought suppression from 1 week before to 6 weeks after treatment inception (i.e. time), using mixed analysis of variance. Condition responder versus non-responder subgroup analyses were also done, using the standard definition of ≥50% symptom reduction.ResultsA time×condition interaction was found for rumination (F(1, 56) = 4.58, P = 0.037) and thought suppression (F(1,57) = 5.88, P = 0.019), with post hoc tests revealing significant decreases exclusively in the psilocybin condition. When analysing via response, a significant time×condition×response interaction for thought suppression (F(1,54) = 8.42, P = 0.005) and a significant time×response interaction for rumination (F(1,54) = 23.50, P < 0.001) were evident. Follow-up tests revealed that decreased thought suppression was exclusive to psilocybin responders, whereas rumination decreased in both responder groups. In the psilocybin arm, decreases in rumination and thought suppression correlated with ego dissolution and session-linked psychological insight.ConclusionsThese data provide further evidence on the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin and escitalopram in the treatment of depression.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2022-09-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2022.565", "pubmed_id": "36065128", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.565", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36065128\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":57,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1534895897\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014891896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030767477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034323533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081064950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2728383199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796377954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157759986\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206700491\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211130665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237812064\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253507931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300870773\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005427567\",\"display_name\":\"Tommaso Barba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2565-4628\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027485819\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Buehler\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002649940\",\"display_name\":\"Caterina Radu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6386-8857\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028567759\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi Cunha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.565\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4294808278" }, { "id": 1651, "title": "The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world.", "normalized_title": "the watts connectedness scale a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self others and world", "authors": "Watts R, Kettner H, Geerts D, Gandy S, Kartner L, Mertens L, Timmermann C, Nour MM, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L.", "abstract": "RationaleA general feeling of disconnection has been associated with mental and emotional suffering. Improvements to a sense of connectedness to self, others and the wider world have been reported by participants in clinical trials of psychedelic therapy. Such accounts have led us to a definition of the psychological construct of 'connectedness' as 'a state of feeling connected to self, others and the wider world'. Existing tools for measuring connectedness have focused on particular aspects of connectedness, such as 'social connectedness' or 'nature connectedness', which we hypothesise to be different expressions of a common factor of connectedness. Here, we sought to develop a new scale to measure connectedness as a construct with these multiple domains. We hypothesised that (1) our scale would measure three separable subscale factors pertaining to a felt connection to 'self', 'others' and 'world' and (2) improvements in total and subscale WCS scores would correlate with improved mental health outcomes post psychedelic use.ObjectivesTo validate and test the 'Watts Connectedness Scale' (WCS).MethodsPsychometric validation of the WCS was carried out using data from three independent studies. Firstly, we pooled data from two prospective observational online survey studies. The WCS was completed before and after a planned psychedelic experience. The total sample of completers from the online surveys was N = 1226. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and construct and criterion validity were tested. A third dataset was derived from a double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy (n = 27) with 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (n = 25) for major depressive disorder (MDD), where the WCS was completed at baseline and at a 6-week primary endpoint.ResultsAs hypothesised, factor analysis of all WCS items revealed three main factors with good internal consistency. WCS showed good construct validity. Significant post-psychedelic increases were observed for total connectedness scores (η2 = 0.339, p", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-08-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5", "pubmed_id": "35939083", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35939083\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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openalex.org/W4256013753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392993378\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110662235\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalind Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008270587\",\"display_name\":\"Dana Geerts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069610539\",\"display_name\":\"Sam Gandy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2877-6244\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044522468\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Kärtner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070309082\",\"display_name\":\"Lea J. Mertens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-3941\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073964938\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew M. Nour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-6184\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4290631853" }, { "id": 1719, "title": "Antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample.", "normalized_title": "antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample", "authors": "Nygart VA, Pommerencke LM, Haijen E, Kettner H, Kaelen M, Mortensen EL, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D", "abstract": "Over the last two decades, a number of studies have highlighted the potential of psychedelic therapy. However, questions remain to what extend these results translate to naturalistic samples, and how contextual factors and the acute psychedelic experience relate to improvements in affective symptoms following psychedelic experiences outside labs/clinics. The present study sought to address this knowledge gap. Here, we aimed to investigate changes in anxiety and depression scores before versus after psychedelic experiences in naturalistic contexts, and how various pharmacological, extrapharmacological and experience factors related to outcomes. Individuals who planned to undergo a psychedelic experience were enrolled in this online survey study. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks post-psychedelic experience, with self-rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR-16) as the primary outcome. To facilitate clinical translation, only participants with depressive symptoms at baseline were included. Sample sizes for the four time points were = 302, = 182, = 155 and = 109, respectively. Relative to baseline, reductions in depressive symptoms were observed at 2 and 4 weeks. A medicinal motive, previous psychedelic use, drug dose and the type of acute psychedelic experience (i.e. specifically, having an emotional breakthrough) were all significantly associated with changes in self-rated QIDS-SR-16. These results lend support to therapeutic potential of psychedelics and highlight the influence of pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors in determining response. Mindful of a potential sample and attrition bias, further controlled and observational longitudinal studies are needed to test the replicability of these findings.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221101061", "pubmed_id": "35924888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35924888/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, anxiety, depression, mystical experience, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35924888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3372, "title": "Mapping Pharmacologically-induced Functional Reorganisation onto the Brain’s Neurotransmitter Landscape", "normalized_title": "mapping pharmacologically induced functional reorganisation onto the brain s neurotransmitter landscape", "authors": "Luppi AI, Hansen JY, Adapa R, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Golkowski D, Golkowski D, Ranft A, Ilg R, Jordan D, Bonhomme V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Jaquet O, Bahri MA, Alnagger NL, Cardone P, Peattie ARD, Manktelow AE, de Araujo DB, Sensi SL, Owen AM, Naci L, Menon DK, Misic B, Stamatakis EA.", "abstract": "To understand how pharmacological interventions can exert their powerful effects on brain function, we need to understand how they engage the brain’s rich neurotransmitter landscape. Here, we bridge microscale molecular chemoarchitecture and pharmacologically-induced macroscale functional reorganisation, by relating the regional distribution of 19 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters obtained from Positron Emission Tomography, and the regional changes in functional MRI connectivity induced by 10 different mind-altering drugs: propofol, sevoflurane, ketamine, LSD, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, MDMA, modafinil, and methylphenidate. Our results reveal that psychoactive drugs exert their effects on brain function by engaging multiple neurotransmitter systems. The effects of both anaesthetics and psychedelics on brain function are organised along hierarchical gradients of brain structure and function. Finally, we show that regional co-susceptibility to pharmacological interventions recapitulates co-susceptibility to disorder-induced structural alterations. Collectively, these results highlight rich statistical patterns relating molecular chemoarchitecture and drug-induced reorganisation of the brain’s functional architecture.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.12.499688", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.12.499688", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR518432\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3785, "title": "From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary Development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q)", "normalized_title": "from relaxed beliefs under psychedelics rebus to revised beliefs after psychedelics rebas preliminary development of the relaxed beliefs questionnaire reb q", "authors": "Zeifman R, Spriggs MJ, Kettner H, Lyons T, Rosas F, Mediano P, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Background: The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model proposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs, and offers a unified account of the acute and therapeutic action of psychedelics. Although REBUS has received some neuroscientific support, little research has examined its psychological validity. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; (b) this relaxation and revision facilitates positive therapeutic outcomes and is associated with the entropy of EEG signals (an index of neurophysiological mechanisms relevant to REBUS). Method: Healthy individuals (N=11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mg psilocybin 4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings for personally held negative and positive beliefs were obtained before, during, and 4-weeks after dosing sessions. Acute entropy and self-reported subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks after dosing sessions). Results: Confidence in negative self-beliefs decreased following 25 mg psilocybin and not following 1 mg psilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mg psilocybin correlated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence (acute and 4-weeks after dosing). Particularly strong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-being at 4-weeks. Conclusions: We report the first empirical evidence that the relaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidence mediates positive psychological outcomes; a psychological assumption of REBUS. Replication within larger and clinical samples remains necessary. We also introduce a new measure, the Relaxed BEliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q), for examining the robustness of these preliminary findings and the utility of the REBUS model.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR515142\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3131, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord L, Fernandes HM, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression - to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used whole-brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a heathy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (>50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.06.30.497950", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.30.497950", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR521801\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3731, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: A review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss MK, Carhart-Harris RL, Rosas FE, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Preller KH, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Müller F, Fisher PM", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelics is expanding rapidly, showing promising efficacy across myriad disorders. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a commonly used strategy to identify psychedelic-induced changes in neural pathways in clinical and healthy populations. Here we, a large group of psychedelic imaging researchers, review the 42 research articles published to date, based on the 17 unique studies evaluating psychedelic effects on rs-fMRI, focusing on methodological variation. Prominently, we observe that nearly all studies vary in data processing and analysis methodology, two datasets are the foundation of over half of the published literature, and there is lexical ambiguity in common outcome metric terminology. We offer guidelines for future studies that encourage coherence in the field. Psychedelic rs-fMRI will benefit from the development of novel methods that expand our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating its intriguing effects; yet, this field is at a crossroads where we must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104689", "pubmed_id": "35588933", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588933/", "keywords": "Ayahausca, Clinical, DMT, Entheogen, FMRI, Hallucinogen, Human, LSD, Neuroimaging, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Replication, Resting-state, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35588933\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3187, "title": "A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression", "normalized_title": "a bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Nayak SM, Bari BA, Yaden DB, Spriggs MJ, Rosas F, Peill JM, Giribaldi B, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Objectives: To perform a Bayesian reanalysis of a recent trial of psilocybin (COMP360) versus escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in order to provide a more informative interpretation of the indeterminate outcome of a previous frequentist analysis. Design: Reanalysis of a two-arm double-blind placebo controlled trial.Participants: Fifty-nine patients with MDD.Interventions: Two doses of psilocybin 25mg and daily oral placebo versus daily escitalopram and 2 doses of psilocybin 1mg, with psychological support for both groups.Outcome measures: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS SR-16), and three other depression scales as secondary outcomes: HAMD-17, MADRS, and BDI-1A. Results: Using Bayes factors and ‘skeptical priors’ which bias estimates towards zero, for the hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by any margin, we found indeterminate evidence for QIDS SR-16, strong evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and extremely strong evidence for HAMD-17. For the stronger hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by a ‘clinically meaningful amount’ (using literature defined values of the minimally clinically important difference), we found moderate evidence against it for QIDS SR-16, indeterminate evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and moderate evidence supporting it for HAMD-17. Furthermore, across the board we found extremely strong evidence for psilocybin’s non-inferiority versus escitalopram. These findings were robust to prior sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: This Bayesian reanalysis supports the following inferences: 1) that psilocybin did indeed outperform escitalopram in this trial, but not to an extent that was clinically meaningful--and 2) that psilocybin is almost certainly non-inferior to escitalopram. The present results provide a more precise and nuanced interpretation to previously reported results from this trial, and support the need for further research into the relative efficacy of psilocybin therapy for depression with respect to current leading treatments.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/sb5ur", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sb5ur", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR512763\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3770, "title": "A critique of: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds", "normalized_title": "a critique of skepticism about recent evidence that psilocybin opens depressed minds", "authors": "Carhart-Harris R, Daws RE, Nutt D.", "abstract": "This document details an authors' response to a critique of their work entitled: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/pdbf5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pdbf5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR491363\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1727, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelic drugs lsd and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex", "authors": "Girn M, Roseman L, Bernhardt B, Smallwood J, Carhart-Harris R, Nathan Spreng R.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are serotonergic psychedelic compounds with potential in the treatment of mental health disorders. Past neuroimaging investigations have revealed that both compounds can elicit significant changes to whole-brain functional organization and dynamics. A recent proposal linked past findings into a unified model and hypothesized reduced whole-brain hierarchical organization as a key mechanism underlying the psychedelic state, but this has yet to be directly tested. We applied a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique previously used to map hierarchical connectivity gradients to assess cortical organization in the LSD and psilocybin state from two previously published pharmacological resting-state fMRI datasets (N = 15 and 9, respectively). Results supported our primary hypothesis: The principal gradient of cortical connectivity, describing a hierarchy from unimodal to transmodal cortex, was significantly flattened under both drugs relative to their respective placebo conditions. Between-condition contrasts revealed that this was driven by a reduction of functional differentiation at both hierarchical extremes - default and frontoparietal networks at the upper end, and somatomotor at the lower. Gradient-based connectivity mapping indicated that this was underpinned by a disruption of modular unimodal connectivity and increased unimodal-transmodal crosstalk. Results involving the second and third gradient, which, respectively represent axes of sensory and executive differentiation, also showed significant alterations across both drugs. These findings provide support for a recent mechanistic model of the psychedelic state relevant to therapeutic applications of psychedelics. More fundamentally, we provide the first evidence that macroscale connectivity gradients are sensitive to an acute pharmacological manipulation, supporting a role for psychedelics as scientific tools to perturb cortical functional organization.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2022-04-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119220", "pubmed_id": "35483649", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119220", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35483649\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":112,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1760829075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006554089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019930104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043553533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054260111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116658855\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148601705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148764920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2282150471\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2407594647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2536956629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2587061236\",\"https://openalex.org/W2592111319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604795661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618615166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773293192\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783076752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2797702265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886680918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938544796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945408075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971974346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972959563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985453840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995495462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000451470\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007250256\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009793993\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010363778\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035816145\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035968464\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036939434\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081087537\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087190666\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092040519\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3143890706\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166067865\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169621848\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180887856\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210329175\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241485676\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247582466\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295750005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297677430\",\"https://openalex.org/W6730248474\",\"https://openalex.org/W6763633403\",\"https://openalex.org/W6783780691\",\"https://openalex.org/W6796089156\",\"https://openalex.org/W6796121931\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017398137\",\"display_name\":\"Manesh Girn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-4273\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005096130\",\"display_name\":\"Boris C. Bernhardt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9256-6041\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088006732\",\"display_name\":\"Jonathan Smallwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-2459\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078300477\",\"display_name\":\"R. Nathan Spreng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-8916\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119220\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4226057129" }, { "id": 1798, "title": "Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Daws RE, Timmermann C, Giribaldi B, Sexton JD, Wall MB, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy shows antidepressant potential, but its therapeutic actions are not well understood. We assessed the subacute impact of psilocybin on brain function in two clinical trials of depression. The first was an open-label trial of orally administered psilocybin (10 mg and 25 mg, 7 d apart) in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was recorded at baseline and 1 d after the 25-mg dose. Beck's depression inventory was the primary outcome measure ( MR/J00460X/1 ). The second trial was a double-blind phase II randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin therapy with escitalopram. Patients with major depressive disorder received either 2 × 25 mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily placebo ('psilocybin arm') or 2 × 1 mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (10-20 mg) ('escitalopram arm'). fMRI was recorded at baseline and 3 weeks after the second psilocybin dose ( NCT03429075 ). In both trials, the antidepressant response to psilocybin was rapid, sustained and correlated with decreases in fMRI brain network modularity, implying that psilocybin's antidepressant action may depend on a global increase in brain network integration. Network cartography analyses indicated that 5-HT2A receptor-rich higher-order functional networks became more functionally interconnected and flexible after psilocybin treatment. The antidepressant response to escitalopram was milder and no changes in brain network organization were observed. Consistent efficacy-related brain changes, correlating with robust antidepressant effects across two studies, suggest an antidepressant mechanism for psilocybin therapy: global increases in brain network integration.", "journal": "Nature Medicine", "publication_date": "2022-04-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z", "pubmed_id": "35411074", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35411074\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":431,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1950473838\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001567161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004874491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013523345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021469680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068252829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074617510\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078524519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095293504\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100111273\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131681506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135176444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138566349\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142566135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152329655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156737316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160599403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181732012\",\"https://openalex.org/W2345489637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346168897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2371895244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2520032442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2536956629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537247270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608304771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622366552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2730632269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2752088033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889504249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921129816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2955797788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962725064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2974707943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979698969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999261467\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007757062\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036741565\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036992158\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3099375003\",\"https://openalex.org/W3099768174\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110378780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129438202\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136346826\",\"https://openalex.org/W3149222464\",\"https://openalex.org/W3149674515\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154528253\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180716265\",\"https://openalex.org/W6768636864\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026599997\",\"display_name\":\"Richard E. Daws\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-5768\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032084209\",\"display_name\":\"James Sexton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-2748\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S203256638\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4223491164" }, { "id": 1802, "title": "Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic alliance and rapport modulate responses to psilocybin assisted therapy for depression", "authors": "Murphy R, Kettner H, Zeifman R, Giribaldi B, Kartner L, Martell J, Read T, Murphy-Beiner A, Baker-Jones M, Nutt D, Erritzoe D, Watts R, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Background: Across psychotherapeutic frameworks, the strength of the therapeutic alliance has been found to correlate with treatment outcomes; however, its role has never been formally assessed in a trial of psychedelic-assisted therapy. We aimed to investigate the relationships between therapeutic alliance and rapport, the quality of the acute psychedelic experience and treatment outcomes. Methods: This 2-arm double-blind randomized controlled trial compared escitalopram with psychedelic-assisted therapy for moderate-severe depressive disorder (N = 59). This analysis focused on the psilocybin condition (n = 30), who received two oral doses of 25 mg psilocybin, 3-weeks apart, with psychological preparation, in-session support, and integration therapy. A new psychedelic therapy model, called \"Accept-Connect-Embody\" (ACE), was developed in this trial. The primary outcome was depression severity 6 weeks post treatment (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, QIDS-SR-16). Path analyses tested the hypothesis that therapeutic alliance (Scale To Assess the Therapeutic Relationship Patient Version, STAR-P) would predict depression outcomes via its influence on the acute psychedelic experience, specifically emotional-breakthrough (EBI) and mystical-type experiences (MEQ). The same analysis was performed on the escitalopram arm to test specificity. Results: The strength of therapeutic alliance predicted pre-session rapport, greater emotional-breakthrough and mystical-type experience (maximum EBI and MEQ scores across the two psilocybin sessions) and final QIDS scores (β = -0.22, R2 = 0.42 for EBIMax; β = -0.19, R2 = 0.32 for MEQMax). Exploratory path models revealed that final depression outcomes were more strongly affected by emotional breakthrough during the first, and mystical experience during the second session. Emotional breakthrough, but not mystical experience, during the first session had a positive effect on therapeutic alliance ahead of the second session (β = 0.79, p < 0.0001). Therapeutic alliance ahead of the second session had a direct impact on final depression scores, not mediated by the acute experience, with a weaker alliance ahead of the second psilocybin session predicting higher absolute depression scores at endpoint (β = -0.49, p < 0.001) Discussion: Future research could consider therapist training and characteristics; specific participant factors, e.g., attachment style or interpersonal trauma, which may underlie the quality of the therapeutic relationship, the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes; and consider how therapeutic approaches might adapt in cases of weaker therapeutic alliance. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier (NCT03429075).", "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-03-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.788155", "pubmed_id": "35431912", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.788155", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35431912\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Murphy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056827751\",\"display_name\":\"Rick Zeifman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044522468\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Kärtner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036560266\",\"display_name\":\"Jonny Martell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-7669\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083068952\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Read\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-4848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020659258\",\"display_name\":\"Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055877835\",\"display_name\":\"Michelle Baker-Jones\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110662235\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalind Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S132108250\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.788155\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4221001769" }, { "id": 3227, "title": "Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression", "normalized_title": "increased low frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Wall MB, Lam C, Ertl N, Kaelen M, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with psilocybin is an emerging therapy with great promise for depression, and modern psychedelic therapy (PT) methods incorporate music as a key element. Music is an effective emotional/hedonic stimulus that could also be useful in assessing changes in emotional responsiveness following psychedelic therapy. Brain responses to music were assessed before and after PT using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and ALFF (Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations) analysis methods. Nineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression underwent two treatment sessions involving administration of psilocybin, with MRI data acquired one week prior and the day after completion of the second of two psilocybin dosing sessions. Comparison of music-listening and resting-state scans revealed significantly greater ALFF in bilateral superior temporal cortex for the post-treatment music scan, and in the right ventral occipital lobe for the post-treatment resting-state scan. ROI analyses of these clusters revealed a significant effect of treatment in the superior temporal lobe for the music scan only. Somewhat consistently, voxelwise comparison of treatment effects showed relative increases for the music scan in the bilateral superior temporal lobes and supramarginal gyrus, and relative decreases in the medial frontal lobes for the resting-state scan. ALFF in these music-related clusters was significantly correlated with intensity of subjective effects felt during the dosing sessions. These data suggest a specific effect of PT on the brain’s response to a hedonic stimulus (music), implying an elevated responsiveness to music after psilocybin therapy that was related to subjective drug effects felt during dosing.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-02-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.02.13.480302", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.13.480302", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR454661\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1894, "title": "Study Protocol for \"Psilocybin as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study\".", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa a pilot study", "authors": "Spriggs MJ, Douglass HM, Park RJ, Read T, Danby JL, de Magalhães FJC, Alderton KL, Williams TM, Blemings A, Lafrance A, Nicholls DE, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and life-threatening psychiatric condition. With a paucity of approved treatments, there is a desperate need for novel treatment avenues to be explored. Here, we present (1) an overview of the ways through which Public Patient Involvement (PPI) has informed a trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for AN and (2) a protocol for a pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy in AN currently underway at Imperial College London. The study aims to assess the feasibility, brain mechanisms and preliminary outcomes of treating anorexia nervosa with psilocybin. Methods: (1) PPI: Across two online focus groups, eleven individuals with lived experience of AN were presented with an overview of the protocol. Their feedback not only identified solutions to possible barriers for future participants, but also helped the research team to better understand the concept of \"recovery\" from the perspective of those with lived experience. (2) Protocol: Twenty female participants [21-65 years old, body mass index (BMI) 15 kg/m2 or above] will receive three oral doses of psilocybin (up to 25 mg) over a 6-week period delivered in a therapeutic environment and enveloped by psychological preparation and integration. We will work with participant support networks (care teams and an identified support person) throughout and there will be an extended remote follow-up period of 12 months. Our two-fold primary outcomes are (1) psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination) across the 6-month follow-up and (2) readiness and motivation to engage in recovery (Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire) across the 6-week trial period. Neurophysiological outcome measures will be: (1) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain changes from baseline to 6-week endpoint and (2) post-acute changes in electroencephalography (EEG) activity, including an electrophysiological marker of neuronal plasticity. Discussion: The results of this pilot study will not only shed light on the acceptability, brain mechanisms, and impression of the potential efficacy of psilocybin as an adjunct treatment for AN but will be essential in shaping a subsequent Randomised Control Trial (RCT) that would test this treatment against a suitable control condition. Clinical Trial Registration: identifier: NCT04505189.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-10-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523", "pubmed_id": "34744825", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34744825\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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J. Spriggs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-1586\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031966441\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah Douglass\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-385X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005010143\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca J. Park\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8611-4409\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083068952\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Read\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-4848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046578118\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer L. Danby\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112142761\",\"display_name\":\"Frederico José Coelho de Magalhães\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008058826\",\"display_name\":\"Kirsty L. Alderton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048534479\",\"display_name\":\"Allan Blemings\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035542356\",\"display_name\":\"Adèle Lafrance\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-7786\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030053635\",\"display_name\":\"Dasha Nicholls\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7257-6605\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3205506305" }, { "id": 2149, "title": "Sustained, Multifaceted Improvements in Mental Well-Being Following Psychedelic Experiences in a Prospective Opportunity Sample.", "normalized_title": "sustained multifaceted improvements in mental well being following psychedelic experiences in a prospective opportunity sample", "authors": "Mans K, Kettner H, Erritzoe D, Haijen ECHM, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "In the last 15 years, psychedelic substances, such as LSD and psilocybin, have regained legitimacy in clinical research. In the general population as well as across various psychiatric populations, mental well-being has been found to significantly improve after a psychedelic experience. Mental well-being has large socioeconomic relevance, but it is a complex, multifaceted construct. In this naturalistic observational study, a comprehensive approach was taken to assessing well-being before and after a taking a psychedelic compound to induce a \"psychedelic experience.\" Fourteen measures of well-being related constructs were included in order to examine the breadth and specificity of change in well-being. This change was then analysed to examine clusters of measures changing together. Survey data was collected from volunteers that intended to take a psychedelic. Four key time points were analysed: 1 week before and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 2 years after the experience (N = 654, N = 315, N = 212, and N = 64, respectively). Change on the included measures was found to cluster into three factors which we labelled: 1) \"Being well\", 2) \"Staying well,\" and 3) \"Spirituality.\" Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance revealed all but the spirituality factor to be improved in the weeks following the psychedelic experience. Additional Mixed model analyses revealed selective increases in Being Well and Staying Well (but not Spirituality) that remained statistically significant up to 2 years post-experience, albeit with high attrition rates. Post-hoc examination suggested that attrition was not due to differential acute experiences or mental-health changes in those who dropped out vs. those who did not. These findings suggest that psychedelics can have a broad, robust and sustained positive impact on mental well-being in those that have a prior intention to use a psychedelic compound. Public policy implications are discussed.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-06-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909", "pubmed_id": "34267683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34267683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3174895070\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3174895070\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":64,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W110954331\",\"https://openalex.org/W582832642\",\"https://openalex.org/W1478790517\",\"https://openalex.org/W1502056772\",\"https://openalex.org/W1525408234\",\"https://openalex.org/W1869362176\",\"https://openalex.org/W1900412657\",\"https://openalex.org/W1910555369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966524739\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966603703\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982872896\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988048929\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992646537\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993814443\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995156734\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003039094\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004853152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012159028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025714662\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036087550\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037808094\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038506024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049850769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051521144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055566656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063078923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064471675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067401440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088092198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101743268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102797406\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114345484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120582212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123552131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127259621\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135004468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135198973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139904909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140484936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149637903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155648052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156367904\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162090451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165847290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166262899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169968595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173679640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2249595199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312418295\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2467415720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2505361583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2523056141\",\"https://openalex.org/W2545275594\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567295262\",\"https://openalex.org/W2606586703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608099725\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2739110661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2751045565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2752858203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789137369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791765313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796377954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798132064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809718318\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892664712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2893135637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898717395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938570586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985188679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999812626\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000674126\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002930728\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004031348\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010491167\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044541442\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124068636\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124410800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158642864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185477803\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229969541\",\"https://openalex.org/W4250386232\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251347306\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252468642\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253343296\",\"https://openalex.org/W6631318266\",\"https://openalex.org/W6640013349\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003140933\",\"display_name\":\"Keri Mans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-4557\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012463698\",\"display_name\":\"Eline Haijen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-1486\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3174895070" }, { "id": 3400, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss M, Deco G, Carhart-Harris R, Rosas F, Preller K, Ramaekers J, Mason N, Müller F, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR355494\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1867, "title": "Psychedelics and health behaviour change.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behaviour change", "authors": "Teixeira PJ, Johnson MW, Timmermann C, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Douglass H, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Healthful behaviours such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called 'lifestyle diseases'-in personal suffering, premature mortality and public health costs-is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviours are increasingly being studied, e.g., using psychobiological models of behavioural regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive and has been shown to predict favourable changes in patients with depression, anxiety and other conditions marked by rigid behavioural patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics' proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behaviour change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behaviour change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and well-being.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211008554", "pubmed_id": "34053342", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211008554", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Health Behavior, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Healthy Lifestyle", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34053342\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3230, "title": "Decreased brain modularity after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "decreased brain modularity after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Daws R, Timmerman C, Giribaldi B, Sexton J, Wall M, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Abstract Importance Psilocybin therapy shows antidepressant potential; our data link its antidepressant effects to decreased brain network modularity post-treatment. Objective To assess the sub-acute impact of psilocybin on brain activity in patients with depression. Design Pre vs post-treatment resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) was recorded in two trials: 1) Open-label treatment-resistant depression (TRD) trial with baseline vs 1 day post-treatment fMRI (April-2015 to April-2016); 2) Two-arm double-blind RCT in major depressive disorder (MDD), fMRI baseline vs 3 week after psilocybin-therapy or 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (January-2019 to March-2020). Setting Study visits occurred at the NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility.Participants Adult male and female patients with TRD or MDD. Intervention(s) (for clinical trials) or Exposure(s) (for observational studies)Study 1: Two oral doses of psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, fixed order, 7 days apart). fMRI was recorded at baseline and one day after the 25mg dose. Study 2: either: 2 x 25mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily placebo (‘psilocybin-arm’), or 2 x 1mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily escitalopram [10-20mg] (‘escitalopram-arm’). fMRI was recorded at baseline and 3 weeks after the 2nd psilocybin dose, which was the final day of the 6-week daily capsule ingestion. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Beck Depression Inventory and fMRI network modularity. Results Study 1: In 16 adults (mean age [SD], 42.8 [10.1] years, 4 [25%] female), psilocybin therapy was associated with markedly decreased BDI scores at 1 week (mean difference, -21; 95% CI=[-27.3, -14.7], P", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2021-05-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-513323/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-513323/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR344499\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3269, "title": "LSD and psilocybin flatten the brain’s energy landscape: insights from receptor-informed network control theory", "normalized_title": "lsd and psilocybin flatten the brain s energy landscape insights from receptor informed network control theory", "authors": "Singleton SP, Luppi AI, Carhart-Harris RL, Cruzat J, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Stamatakis EA, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin offer a powerful window into the function of the human brain and mind, by temporarily altering subjective experience through their neurochemical effects. A recent model postulates that serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor agonism allows the brain to explore its dynamic landscape more readily, as reflected by more diverse (entropic) brain activity. We postulate that this increase in entropy may arise in part from a flattening of the brain’s control energy landscape, which can be observed using network control theory to quantify the energy required to transition between recurrent brain states measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in individuals under LSD, psilocybin, and placebo conditions. We show that LSD and psilocybin reduce the amount of control energy required for brain state transitions, and, furthermore, that, across individuals, LSD’s reduction in control energy correlates with more frequent state transitions and increased entropy of brain state dynamics. Through network control analysis that incorporates the spatial distribution of 5-HT2a receptors from publicly available (non-drug) positron emission tomography (PET) maps, we demonstrate the specific role of this receptor in reducing control energy. Our findings provide evidence that 5-HT2a receptor agonist compounds allow for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. More broadly, by combining receptor-informed network control theory with pharmacological modulation, our work highlights the potential of this approach in studying the impacts of targeted neuropharmacological manipulation on brain activity dynamics. Significance Statement We present a multi-modal framework for quantifying the effects of two psychedelic drugs (LSD and psilocybin) on brain dynamics by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion MRI (dMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and network control theory. Our findings provide evidence that psychedelics flatten the brain’s control energy landscape, allowing for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. We also demonstrate that the spatial distribution of serotonin 2a receptors - the main target of LSD and psilocybin - is optimized for generating these effects. This approach could be used to understand how drugs act on different receptors in the brain to influence brain activity dynamics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.05.14.444193", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.14.444193", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR341322\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2153, "title": "Association Between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use and Hypertension in the Past Year.", "normalized_title": "association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and hypertension in the past year", "authors": "Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Carhart-Harris R, Kettner H, Osika W", "abstract": "[Figure: see text].", "journal": "Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979)", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16715", "pubmed_id": "33677982", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33677982/", "keywords": "adults, blood pressure, hypertension, odds ratio, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33677982\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2165, "title": "Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression.", "normalized_title": "trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, Baker-Jones M, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Martell J, Blemings A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin may have antidepressant properties, but direct comparisons between psilocybin and established treatments for depression are lacking.MethodsIn a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial involving patients with long-standing, moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, over a 6-week period. Patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two separate doses of 25 mg of psilocybin 3 weeks apart plus 6 weeks of daily placebo (psilocybin group) or two separate doses of 1 mg of psilocybin 3 weeks apart plus 6 weeks of daily oral escitalopram (escitalopram group); all the patients received psychological support. The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the score on the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR-16; scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater depression) at week 6. There were 16 secondary outcomes, including QIDS-SR-16 response (defined as a reduction in score of >50%) and QIDS-SR-16 remission (defined as a score of ≤5) at week 6.ResultsA total of 59 patients were enrolled; 30 were assigned to the psilocybin group and 29 to the escitalopram group. The mean scores on the QIDS-SR-16 at baseline were 14.5 in the psilocybin group and 16.4 in the escitalopram group. The mean (±SE) changes in the scores from baseline to week 6 were -8.0±1.0 points in the psilocybin group and -6.0±1.0 in the escitalopram group, for a between-group difference of 2.0 points (95% confidence interval [CI], -5.0 to 0.9) (P = 0.17). A QIDS-SR-16 response occurred in 70% of the patients in the psilocybin group and in 48% of those in the escitalopram group, for a between-group difference of 22 percentage points (95% CI, -3 to 48); QIDS-SR-16 remission occurred in 57% and 28%, respectively, for a between-group difference of 28 percentage points (95% CI, 2 to 54). Other secondary outcomes generally favored psilocybin over escitalopram, but the analyses were not corrected for multiple comparisons. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the trial groups.ConclusionsOn the basis of the change in depression scores on the QIDS-SR-16 at week 6, this trial did not show a significant difference in antidepressant effects between psilocybin and escitalopram in a selected group of patients. Secondary outcomes generally favored psilocybin over escitalopram, but the analyses of these outcomes lacked correction for multiple comparisons. Larger and longer trials are required to compare psilocybin with established antidepressants. (Funded by the Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust and Imperial College London's Centre for Psychedelic Research; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03429075.).", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa2032994", "pubmed_id": "33852780", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032994", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33852780\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1365,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037317432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067271431\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082645015\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169083980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2279122780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100714436\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211263234\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110662235\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalind Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055877835\",\"display_name\":\"Michelle Baker-Jones\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020659258\",\"display_name\":\"Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111666675\",\"display_name\":\"Roberta Murphy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036560266\",\"display_name\":\"Jonny Martell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-7669\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048534479\",\"display_name\":\"Allan Blemings\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S62468778\",\"source_display_name\":\"New England Journal of Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3156937150" }, { "id": 3799, "title": "Psychedelics and Health Behavior Change - Journal of Psychopharmacology (in press)", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behavior change journal of psychopharmacology in press", "authors": "Teixeira PJ, Johnson M, Timmermann C, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Douglass H, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Healthful behaviors such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active, and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called “lifestyle diseases” - in personal suffering, premature mortality, and public health costs - is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviors are increasingly being studied, e.g. using psychobiological models of behavioral regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive, and has been shown to predict favorable changes in patients with depression, anxiety, and other conditions marked by rigid behavioral patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics’ proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behavior change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behavior change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure, and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and wellbeing.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8vks6", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8vks6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR321591\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1916, "title": "Trends in the Top-Cited Articles on Classic Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "trends in the top cited articles on classic psychedelics", "authors": "Lawrence DW, Sharma B, Griffiths RR, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "This study was designed to identify trends in the top-cited classic psychedelic publications. The top 50 publications on classic psychedelics with the greatest total of number of citations and annual citation rate were identified and pooled. Unique articles (n = 76) were dichotomized by median year of publication (2010.5); the differential distribution of study characteristics between the \"Recent Cohort\" (n = 38) and \"Older Cohort\" (n = 38) were documented. The Recent Cohort had a greater annual citation rate (median 76.0, IQR38.5 to 101.5) compared to the Older Cohort (median10.0, IQR5.2 to 19.3, p", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2021-02-02", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573", "pubmed_id": "33535907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33535907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127644232\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127644232\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":37,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W608574129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1909779418\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980271090\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019578492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052432047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075222452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077611838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080413586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082287442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082950241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122110548\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143382895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172147355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335809166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341140535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398650533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582418833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900955536\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907379922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938570586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236670183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4245810542\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080548305\",\"display_name\":\"David W. Lawrence\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1386-7127\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015849619\",\"display_name\":\"Bhanu Sharma\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1395-0860\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3127644232" }, { "id": 2142, "title": "Does Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?", "normalized_title": "does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential", "authors": "Kočárová R, Horáček J, Carhart-Harris R", "abstract": "Addressing global mental health is a major 21st-century challenge. Current treatments have recognized limitations; in this context, new ones that are prophylactic and effective across diagnostic boundaries would represent a major advance. The view that there exists a core of transdiagnostic overlap between psychiatric disorders has re-emerged in recent years, and evidence that psychedelic therapy holds promise for a range of psychiatric disorders supports the position that it may be transdiagnostically effective. Here, we propose that psychedelic therapy's core, transdiagnostically relevant action lies in its ability to increase neuronal and mental plasticity, thus enhancing the potential for change, which we consider to be a key to its therapeutic benefits. Moreover, we suggest that enhanced plasticity psychedelics, combined with a psychotherapeutic approach, can aid healthy adaptability and resilience, which are protective factors for long-term well-being. We present candidate neurological and psychological markers of this plasticity and link them with a predictive processing model of the action of psychedelics. We propose that a model of psychedelic-induced plasticity combined with an adequate therapeutic context has prophylactic and transdiagnostic potential, implying that it could have a broad, positive impact on public health.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661233", "pubmed_id": "34349678", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34349678/", "keywords": "hallucinogens, plasticity, prevention, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychological flexibility, transdiagnostic, well-being", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34349678\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Resilience,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2201, "title": "Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review of modern era clinical studies", "authors": "Andersen KAA, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of modern-era (post-millennium) clinical studies assessing the therapeutic effects of serotonergic psychedelics drugs for mental health conditions. Although the main focus was on efficacy and safety, study characteristics, duration of antidepressants effects across studies, and the role of the subjective drug experiences were also reviewed and presented.MethodA systematic literature search (1 Jan 2000 to 1 May 2020) was conducted in PubMed and PsychINFO for studies of patients undergoing treatment with a serotonergic psychedelic.ResultsData from 16 papers, representing 10 independent psychedelic-assisted therapy trials (psilocybin = 7, ayahuasca = 2, LSD = 1), were extracted, presented in figures and tables, and narratively synthesized and discussed. Across these studies, a total of 188 patients suffering either cancer- or illness-related anxiety and depression disorders (C/I-RADD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or substance use disorder (SUD) were included. The reviewed studies established feasibility and evidence of safety, alongside promising early data of efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, OCD, and tobacco and alcohol use disorders. For a majority of patients, the therapeutic effects appeared to be long-lasting (weeks-months) after only 1 to 3 treatment session(s). All studies were conducted in line with guidelines for the safe conduct of psychedelic therapy, and no severe adverse events were reported.ConclusionThe resurrection of clinical psychedelic research provides early evidence for treatment efficacy and safety for a range of psychiatric conditions, and constitutes an exciting new treatment avenue in a health area with major unmet needs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1111/acps.13249", "pubmed_id": "33125716", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13249", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33125716\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3303, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelic drugs lsd and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex", "authors": "Girn M, Roseman L, Bernhardt B, Smallwood J, Carhart-Harris R, Spreng RN.", "abstract": "LSD and psilocybin are serotonergic psychedelic compounds with potential in the treatment of mental health disorders. Past neuroimaging investigations have revealed that both compounds can elicit significant changes to whole-brain functional organization and dynamics. A recent proposal linked past findings into a unified model and hypothesized reduced whole-brain hierarchical organization as a key mechanism underlying the psychedelic state, but this has yet to be directly tested. We applied a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique previously used to map hierarchical connectivity gradients to pharmacological resting-state fMRI data to assess cortical organization in the LSD and psilocybin state. Results supported our primary hypothesis: The principal gradient of cortical connectivity, describing a hierarchy from unimodal to transmodal cortex, was significantly flattened under both drugs relative to their respective placebo conditions. Between-condition contrasts revealed that this was driven by a reduction of functional differentiation at both hierarchical extremes - default and frontoparietal networks at the upper end, and somatomotor at the lower. Gradient-based connectivity mapping confirmed that this was underpinned by increased unimodal-transmodal crosstalk. In addition, LSD-dependent principal gradient changes tracked changes in self-reported ego-dissolution. Results involving the second and third gradient, which respectively represent axes of sensory and executive differentiation, also showed significant alterations across both drugs. These findings provide support for a recent mechanistic model of the psychedelic state relevant to therapeutic applications of psychedelics. More fundamentally, we provide the first evidence that macroscale connectivity gradients are sensitive to a pharmacological manipulation, specifically highlighting an important relationship between cortical organization and serotonergic modulation.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-05-02", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.05.01.072314", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.072314", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR157921\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3406, "title": "Decreased Directed Functional Connectivity in the Psychedelic State", "normalized_title": "decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state", "authors": "Barnett L, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Seth AK.", "abstract": "Neuroimaging studies of the psychedelic state offer a unique window onto the neural basis of conscious perception and selfhood. Despite well understood pharmacological mechanisms of action, the large-scale changes in neural dynamics induced by psychedelic compounds remain poorly understood. Using source-localised, steady-state MEG recordings, we describe changes in functional connectivity following the controlled administration of LSD, psilocybin and low-dose ketamine, as well as, for comparison, the (non-psychedelic) anticonvulsant drug tiagabine. We compare both undirected and directed measures of functional connectivity between placebo and drug conditions. We observe a general decrease in directed functional connectivity for all three psychedelics, as measured by Granger causality, throughout the brain. These data support the view that the psychedelic state involves a breakdown in patterns of functional organisation or information flow in the brain. In the case of LSD, the decrease in directed functional connectivity is coupled with an increase in undirected functional connectivity, which we measure using correlation and coherence. This surprising opposite movement of directed and undirected measures is of more general interest for functional connectivity analyses, which we interpret using analytical modelling. Overall, our results uncover the neural dynamics of information flow in the psychedelic state, and highlight the importance of comparing multiple measures of functional connectivity when analysing time-resolved neuroimaging data.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-07-15", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/703660", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/703660", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR85812\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2338, "title": "REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "rebus and the anarchic brain toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ.", "abstract": "This paper formulates the action of psychedelics by integrating the free-energy principle and entropic brain hypothesis. We call this formulation relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) and the anarchic brain, founded on the principle that-via their entropic effect on spontaneous cortical activity-psychedelics work to relax the precision of high-level priors or beliefs, thereby liberating bottom-up information flow, particularly via intrinsic sources such as the limbic system. We assemble evidence for this model and show how it can explain a broad range of phenomena associated with the psychedelic experience. With regard to their potential therapeutic use, we propose that psychedelics work to relax the precision weighting of pathologically overweighted priors underpinning various expressions of mental illness. We propose that this process entails an increased sensitization of high-level priors to bottom-up signaling (stemming from intrinsic sources), and that this heightened sensitivity enables the potential revision and deweighting of overweighted priors. We end by discussing further implications of the model, such as that psychedelics can bring about the revision of other heavily weighted high-level priors, not directly related to mental health, such as those underlying partisan and/or overly-confident political, religious, and/or philosophical perspectives. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelics are capturing interest, with efforts underway to bring psilocybin therapy to marketing authorisation and legal access within a decade, spearheaded by the findings of a series of phase 2 trials. In this climate, a compelling unified model of how psychedelics alter brain function to alter consciousness would have appeal. Towards this end, we have sought to integrate a leading model of global brain function, hierarchical predictive coding, with an often-cited model of the acute action of psychedelics, the entropic brain hypothesis. The resulting synthesis states that psychedelics work to relax high-level priors, sensitising them to liberated bottom-up information flow, which, with the right intention, care provision and context, can help guide and cultivate the revision of entrenched pathological priors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-06-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1124/pr.118.017160", "pubmed_id": "31221820", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Models, Neurological, Culture", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31221820\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3315, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics LSD & Psilocybin Increase the Fractal Dimension of Cortical Brain Activity in Spatial and Temporal Domains", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics lsd psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains", "authors": "Varley T, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L, Menon DK, Stamatakis E.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, represent unique tools for researchers in-vestigating the neural origins of consciousness. Currently, the most compelling theories of how psychedelics exert their effects is by increasing the complexity of brain activity and moving the system towards a critical point between order and disorder, creating more dynamic and complex patterns of neural activity. While the concept of criticality is of central importance to this theory, few of the published studies on psychedelics investigate it directly, testing instead related measures such as algorithmic complexity or Shannon entropy. We propose using the fractal dimension of functional activity in the brain as a measure of complexity since findings from physics suggest that as a system organizes towards criticality, it tends to take on a fractal structure. We tested two different measures of fractal dimension, one spatial and one temporal, using fMRI data from volunteers under the influence of both LSD and psilocybin. The first was the fractal dimension of cortical functional connectivity networks and the second was the fractal dimension of BOLD time-series. We were able to show that both psychedelic drugs significantly increased the fractal dimension of functional connectivity networks, and that LSD significantly increased the fractal dimension of BOLD signals, with psilocybin showing a non-significant trend in the same direction. With both LSD and psilocybin, we were able to localize changes in the fractal dimension of BOLD signals to brain areas assigned to the dorsal-attentional network. These results show that psychedelic drugs increase the fractal character of activity in the brain and we see this as an indicator that the changes in consciousness triggered by psychedelics are associated with evolution towards a critical zone. Author Summary The unique state of consciousness produced by psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin (the active component in magic mushrooms) are potentially useful tools for discovering how specific changes in the brain are related to differences in perception and thought patterns. Past research into the neuroscience of psychedelics has led to the proposal of a general theory of brain function and consciousness: the Entropic Brain Hypothesis proposes that consciousness emerges when the brain is sitting near a critical tipping point between order and chaos and that the mind-expanding elements of the psychedelic experience are caused by the brain moving closer to that critical transition point. Physicists have discovered that near this critical point, many different kinds of systems, from magnets to ecosystems, take on a distinct, fractal structure. Here, we used two measures of fractal-quality of brain activity, as seen in fMRI, to test whether the activity of the brain on psychedelics is more fractal than normal. We found evidence that this is the case and interpret that as supporting the theory that, psychedelic drugs are move the brain towards a more critical state.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-01-10", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/517847", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/517847", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR67170\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2432, "title": "Common neural signatures of psychedelics: Frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome-harmonic decomposition.", "normalized_title": "common neural signatures of psychedelics frequency specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome harmonic decomposition", "authors": "Atasoy S, Vohryzek J, Deco G, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "The search for the universal laws of human brain function is still on-going but progress is being made. Here we describe the novel concepts of connectome harmonics and connectome-harmonic decomposition, which can be used to characterize the brain activity associated with any mental state. We use this new frequency-specific language to describe the brain activity elicited by psilocybin and LSD and find remarkably similar effects in terms of increases in total energy and power, as well as frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion. In addition, we find enhanced signatures of criticality suggesting that the brain dynamics tune toward criticality in both psychedelic elicited states. Overall, our findings provide new evidence for the remarkable ability of psychedelics to change the spatiotemporal dynamics of the human brain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.009", "pubmed_id": "30471684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.009", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Connectome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30471684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2385, "title": "More Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "more realistic forecasting of future life events after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Background: Evidence suggests that classical psychedelics can promote enduring changes in personality, attitudes and optimism, as well as improvements in mental health outcomes. Aim: To investigate the effects of a composite intervention, involving psilocybin, on pessimism biases in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: Patients with TRD (n = 15) and matched, untreated non-depressed controls (n = 15) performed the Prediction Of Future Life Events (POFLE) task. The POFLE task requires participants to predict the likelihood of certain life events occurring within a 30-day period, after which the actual rate of event occurrence is reported; this gives an index of potential pessimism versus optimism bias. Psilocybin was administered in two oral dosing sessions (10 and 25 mg) one week apart. Main outcome measures were collected at baseline and one week after the second dosing session. Results: Patients showed a significant pessimism bias at baseline [t(14) = -3.260, p = 0.006; 95% CI (-0.16, -0.03), g = 1.1] which was related to the severity of their depressive symptoms (rs = -0.55, p = 0.017). One week after psilocybin treatment, this bias was significantly decreased [t(14) = -2.714, p = 0.017; 95% CI (-0.21, -0.02), g = 0.7] and depressive symptoms were greatly improved [t(14) = 7.900, p < 0.001; 95% CI (16.17, 28.23), g = 1.9]; moreover, the magnitude of change in both variables was significantly correlated (r = -0.57, p = 0.014). Importantly, post treatment, patients became significantly more accurate at predicting the occurrence of future life events [t(14) = 1.857, p = 0.042; 95% CI (-0.01, 0.12), g = 0.6] whereas no such change was observed in the control subjects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that psilocybin with psychological support might correct pessimism biases in TRD, enabling a more positive and accurate outlook.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publication_date": "2018-10-11", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721", "pubmed_id": "30369890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30369890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Lyons\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-7344\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9692511\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2889504249" }, { "id": 2388, "title": "Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics meditation and self consciousness", "authors": "Millière R, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Trautwein FM, Berkovich-Ohana A.", "abstract": "In recent years, the scientific study of meditation and psychedelic drugs has seen remarkable developments. The increased focus on meditation in cognitive neuroscience has led to a cross-cultural classification of standard meditation styles validated by functional and structural neuroanatomical data. Meanwhile, the renaissance of psychedelic research has shed light on the neurophysiology of altered states of consciousness induced by classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, whose effects are mainly mediated by agonism of serotonin receptors. Few attempts have been made at bridging these two domains of inquiry, despite intriguing evidence of overlap between the phenomenology and neurophysiology of meditation practice and psychedelic states. In particular, many contemplative traditions explicitly aim at dissolving the sense of self by eliciting altered states of consciousness through meditation, while classical psychedelics are known to produce significant disruptions of self-consciousness, a phenomenon known as drug-induced ego dissolution. In this article, we discuss available evidence regarding convergences and differences between phenomenological and neurophysiological data on meditation practice and psychedelic drug-induced states, with a particular emphasis on alterations of self-experience. While both meditation and psychedelics may disrupt self-consciousness and underlying neural processes, we emphasize that neither meditation nor psychedelic states can be conceived as simple, uniform categories. Moreover, we suggest that there are important phenomenological differences even between conscious states described as experiences of self-loss. As a result, we propose that self-consciousness may be best construed as a multidimensional construct, and that \"self-loss,\" far from being an unequivocal phenomenon, can take several forms. Indeed, various aspects of self-consciousness, including narrative aspects linked to autobiographical memory, self-related thoughts and mental time travel, and embodied aspects rooted in multisensory processes, may be differently affected by psychedelics and meditation practices. Finally, we consider long-term outcomes of experiences of self-loss induced by meditation and psychedelics on individual traits and prosocial behavior. We call for caution regarding the problematic conflation of temporary states of self-loss with \"selflessness\" as a behavioral or social trait, although there is preliminary evidence that correlations between short-term experiences of self-loss and long-term trait alterations may exist.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publication_date": "2018-09-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475", "pubmed_id": "30245648", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30245648\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Millière\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6965-6073\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049607708\",\"display_name\":\"Fynn-Mathis Trautwein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-0193\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012998089\",\"display_name\":\"Aviva Berkovich-Ohana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-0168\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9692511\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2892061340" }, { "id": 3347, "title": "Altered trajectories in the dynamical repertoire of functional network states under psilocybin", "normalized_title": "altered trajectories in the dynamical repertoire of functional network states under psilocybin", "authors": "Lord L, Expert P, Atasoy S, Roseman L, Rapuano K, Lambiotte R, Nutt DJ, Deco G, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML, Cabral J.", "abstract": "Brain activity can be understood as the exploration of a dynamical landscape of activity configurations over both space and time. This dynamical landscape may be defined in terms of spontaneous transitions within a repertoire of discrete metastable states of functional connectivity (FC), which underlie different mental processes. However, it remains unclear how the brain’s dynamical landscape might be changed in altered states of consciousness, such as the psychedelic state. The present study investigated changes in the brain’s dynamical repertoire in an fMRI dataset of healthy participants intravenously injected with the psychedelic compound psilocybin, which is found in “magic mushrooms”. We employed a data-driven approach to study brain dynamics in the psychedelic state, which focuses on the dominant FC pattern captured by the leading eigenvector of dynamic FC matrices, and enables the identification of recurrent FC patterns (“FC-states”), and their transition profiles over time. We found that a FC state closely corresponding to the fronto-parietal control system was strongly destabilized in the psychedelic state, while transitions toward a globally synchronized FC state were enhanced. These differences between brain state trajectories in normal waking consciousness and the psychedelic state suggest that the latter biases a global mode of functional integration at the expense of locally segregated activity in specific networks. These results provide a mechanistic perspective on subjective quality of the psychedelic experience, and further raise the possibility that mapping the brain’s dynamical landscape may help guide pharmacological interventions in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2018-07-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1101/376491", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/376491", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR45786\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2374, "title": "Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure", "authors": "Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, MacLean K, Kaelen M, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD).MethodTwenty patients with moderate or severe, unipolar, TRD received oral psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, one week apart) in a supportive setting. Personality was assessed at baseline and at 3-month follow-up using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), the subjective psilocybin experience with Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) scale, and depressive symptoms with QIDS-SR16.ResultsNeuroticism scores significantly decreased while Extraversion increased following psilocybin therapy. These changes were in the direction of the normative NEO-PI-R data and were both predicted, in an exploratory analysis, by the degree of insightfulness experienced during the psilocybin session. Openness scores also significantly increased following psilocybin, whereas Conscientiousness showed trend-level increases, and Agreeableness did not change.ConclusionOur observation of changes in personality measures after psilocybin therapy was mostly consistent with reports of personality change in relation to conventional antidepressant treatment, although the pronounced increases in Extraversion and Openness might constitute an effect more specific to psychedelic therapy. This needs further exploration in future controlled studies, as do the brain mechanisms of postpsychedelic personality change.", "journal": "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica", "publication_date": "2018-06-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1111/acps.12904", "pubmed_id": "29923178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12904", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Personality, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29923178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":268,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W606553535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1503049217\",\"https://openalex.org/W1589221672\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971459727\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977240000\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980375822\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990644324\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991604982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000909913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008525776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018277166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025604131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040661201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051521144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058805315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059819102\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065217375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068198479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081793457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092115693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095643440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104811266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123750279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126990876\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137597447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137785404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146140851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155054485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172124190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181560023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319511153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333901870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412432222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2492489237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519170540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567179506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2568037688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582927459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589071607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608583841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2657342869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2782003333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784860341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301064750\",\"https://openalex.org/W6635244525\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073964938\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew M. Nour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-6184\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110383308\",\"display_name\":\"Keir Maclean\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113636502\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S199498439\",\"source_display_name\":\"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12904\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Personality Change,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2807534705" }, { "id": 2410, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA reduce costly punishment in the Ultimatum Game.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma reduce costly punishment in the ultimatum game", "authors": "Gabay AS, Carhart-Harris RL, Mazibuko N, Kempton MJ, Morrison PD, Nutt DJ, Mehta MA.", "abstract": "Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psychological mechanisms underlying interpersonal interactions, such as the Ultimatum Game (UG). Rejection behaviour in the UG represents altruistic punishment - the costly punishment of norm violators - but the mechanisms underlying it require clarification. To investigate the psychopharmacology of UG behaviour, we carried out two studies with healthy participants, employing serotonergic agonists: psilocybin (open-label, within-participant design, N = 19) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, N = 20). We found that both MDMA and psilocybin reduced rejection of unfair offers (odds ratio: 0.57 and 0.42, respectively). The reduction in rejection rate following MDMA was associated with increased prosociality (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.025). In the MDMA study, we investigated third-party decision-making and proposer behaviour. MDMA did not reduce rejection in the third-party condition, but produced an increase in the amount offered to others (Cohen's d = 0.82). We argue that these compounds altered participants' conceptualisation of 'social reward', placing more emphasis on the direct relationship with interacting partners. With these compounds showing efficacy in drug-assisted psychotherapy, these studies are an important step in the further characterisation of their psychological effects.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2018-05-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2", "pubmed_id": "29844496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Social Behavior, Altruism, Emotions, Interpersonal Relations, Punishment, Reward, Decision Making, Psychopharmacology, Games, Experimental, Socialization, Adult, Middle Aged, Male, Community-Based Participatory Research, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Rejection, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29844496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2806513910\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2806513910\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":38,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1546556888\",\"https://openalex.org/W1600050098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1612167481\",\"https://openalex.org/W1825286732\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966733439\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985112394\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987076450\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992359236\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996714946\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001476380\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011428797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012058098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013498451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024532043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033226218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035376227\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037056680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037184398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045443942\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045744884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046234340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052710610\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058582869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073612520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076029586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079344098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089149909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090157943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093273763\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102420923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110233917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110775598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111112265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118919555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121743627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122307809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127654449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129135549\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131610559\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132011757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143847857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161335496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604124685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2750269398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2763021308\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125042683\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248435336\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041603476\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony S. Gabay\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-1046\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007580896\",\"display_name\":\"Ndaba Mazibuko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-2602\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011077117\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew J. Kempton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-9947\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103918701\",\"display_name\":\"Paul D. Morrison\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016544125\",\"display_name\":\"Mitul A. Mehta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-5323\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2806513910" }, { "id": 2416, "title": "Natural speech algorithm applied to baseline interview data can predict which patients will respond to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "natural speech algorithm applied to baseline interview data can predict which patients will respond to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Carrillo F, Sigman M, Fernández Slezak D, Ashton P, Fitzgerald L, Stroud J, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundNatural speech analytics has seen some improvements over recent years, and this has opened a window for objective and quantitative diagnosis in psychiatry. Here, we used a machine learning algorithm applied to natural speech to ask whether language properties measured before psilocybin for treatment-resistant can predict for which patients it will be effective and for which it will not.MethodsA baseline autobiographical memory interview was conducted and transcribed. Patients with treatment-resistant depression received 2 doses of psilocybin, 10 mg and 25 mg, 7 days apart. Psychological support was provided before, during and after all dosing sessions. Quantitative speech measures were applied to the interview data from 17 patients and 18 untreated age-matched healthy control subjects. A machine learning algorithm was used to classify between controls and patients and predict treatment response.ResultsSpeech analytics and machine learning successfully differentiated depressed patients from healthy controls and identified treatment responders from non-responders with a significant level of 85% of accuracy (75% precision).ConclusionsAutomatic natural language analysis was used to predict effective response to treatment with psilocybin, suggesting that these tools offer a highly cost-effective facility for screening individuals for treatment suitability and sensitivity.LimitationsThe sample size was small and replication is required to strengthen inferences on these results.", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "publication_date": "2018-03-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.006", "pubmed_id": "29407543", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.006", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Speech Production Measurement, Case-Control Studies, Language, Speech, Algorithms, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Memory, Episodic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Machine Learning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29407543\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2790056169\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2790056169\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":57,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2402700\",\"https://openalex.org/W37461795\",\"https://openalex.org/W1267646904\",\"https://openalex.org/W1678885949\",\"https://openalex.org/W1912123407\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989385699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019096529\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028140375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071268704\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106686523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113867800\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134387421\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135725784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153579005\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341587966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518778515\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594253446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211205428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294170691\",\"https://openalex.org/W6601532327\",\"https://openalex.org/W6637399314\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682691769\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052030569\",\"display_name\":\"Facundo Carrillo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005493160\",\"display_name\":\"Mariano Sigman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-0033\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051251964\",\"display_name\":\"Diego Fernández Slezak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6348-1559\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109390088\",\"display_name\":\"Philip Ashton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103797369\",\"display_name\":\"Lily Fitzgerald\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009897597\",\"display_name\":\"Jack Stroud\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-4491\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S113871862\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Affective Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.006\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2790056169" }, { "id": 2425, "title": "The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy.", "normalized_title": "the hidden therapist evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Raine J, Evans L, Timmerman C, Rodriguez N, Roseman L, Feilding A, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "RationaleRecent studies have supported the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy for mood disorders and addiction. Music is considered an important component in the treatment model, but little empirical research has been done to examine the magnitude and nature of its therapeutic role.ObjectivesThe present study assessed the influence of music on the acute experience and clinical outcomes of psychedelic therapy.MethodsSemi-structured interviews inquired about the different ways in which music influenced the experience of 19 patients undergoing psychedelic therapy with psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to the interview data to identify salient themes. In addition, ratings were given for each patient for the extent to which they expressed \"liking,\" \"resonance\" (the music being experienced as \"harmonious\" with the emotional state of the listener), and \"openness\" (acceptance of the music-evoked experience).ResultsAnalyses of the interviews revealed that the music had both \"welcome\" and \"unwelcome\" influences on patients' subjective experiences. Welcome influences included the evocation of personally meaningful and therapeutically useful emotion and mental imagery, a sense of guidance, openness, and the promotion of calm and a sense of safety. Conversely, unwelcome influences included the evocation of unpleasant emotion and imagery, a sense of being misguided and resistance. Correlation analyses showed that patients' experience of the music was associated with the occurrence of \"mystical experiences\" and \"insightfulness.\" Crucially, the nature of the music experience was significantly predictive of reductions in depression 1 week after psilocybin, whereas general drug intensity was not.ConclusionsThis study indicates that music plays a central therapeutic function in psychedelic therapy.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-02-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5", "pubmed_id": "29396616", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Music Therapy, Emotions, Auditory Perception, Psychotherapy, Music, Adult, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": 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Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074153650\",\"display_name\":\"Jordan Raine\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0504-6019\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061474054\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Evans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-4143\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089121796\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmerman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069950620\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Rodriguez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6669-8737\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2784069100" }, { "id": 2431, "title": "Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Introduction: It is a basic principle of the \"psychedelic\" treatment model that the quality of the acute experience mediates long-term improvements in mental health. In the present paper we sought to test this using data from a clinical trial assessing psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In line with previous reports, we hypothesized that the occurrence and magnitude of Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) (sharing features with mystical-type experience) and Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED) (similar to anxiety) would predict long-term positive outcomes, whereas sensory perceptual effects would have negligible predictive value. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with treatment resistant depression underwent treatment with psilocybin (two separate sessions: 10 and 25 mg psilocybin). The Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of experiences in the 25 mg psilocybin session. From the ASC, the dimensions OBN and DED were used to measure the mystical-type and challenging experiences, respectively. The Self-Reported Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR) at 5 weeks served as the endpoint clinical outcome measure, as in later time points some of the subjects had gone on to receive new treatments, thus confounding inferences. In a repeated measure ANOVA, Time was the within-subject factor (independent variable), with QIDS-SR as the within-subject dependent variable in baseline, 1-day, 1-week, 5-weeks. OBN and DED were independent variables. OBN-by-Time and DED-by-Time interactions were the primary outcomes of interest. Results: For the interaction of OBN and DED with Time (QIDS-SR as dependent variable), the main effect and the effects at each time point compared to baseline were all significant (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively, for main effects), confirming our main hypothesis. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation of OBN with QIDS-SR (5 weeks) was specific compared to perceptual dimensions of the ASC (p < 0.05). Discussion: This report further bolsters the view that the quality of the acute psychedelic experience is a key mediator of long-term changes in mental health. Future therapeutic work with psychedelics should recognize the essential importance of quality of experience in determining treatment efficacy and consider ways of enhancing mystical-type experiences and reducing anxiety. Trial Registration: ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14426797.", "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-01-16", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2017.00974", "pubmed_id": "29387009", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00974", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29387009\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S132108250\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00974\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2792444257" }, { "id": 2405, "title": "Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "RationalePrevious research suggests that classical psychedelic compounds can induce lasting changes in personality traits, attitudes and beliefs in both healthy subjects and patient populations.AimHere we sought to investigate the effects of psilocybin on nature relatedness and libertarian-authoritarian political perspective in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).MethodsThis open-label pilot study with a mixed-model design studied the effects of psilocybin on measures of nature relatedness and libertarian-authoritarian political perspective in patients with moderate to severe TRD ( n=7) versus age-matched non-treated healthy control subjects ( n=7). Psilocybin was administered in two oral dosing sessions (10 mg and 25 mg) 1 week apart. Main outcome measures were collected 1 week and 7-12 months after the second dosing session. Nature relatedness and libertarian-authoritarian political perspective were assessed using the Nature Relatedness Scale (NR-6) and Political Perspective Questionnaire (PPQ-5), respectively.ResultsNature relatedness significantly increased ( t(6)=-4.242, p=0.003) and authoritarianism significantly decreased ( t(6)=2.120, p=0.039) for the patients 1 week after the dosing sessions. At 7-12 months post-dosing, nature relatedness remained significantly increased ( t(5)=-2.707, p=0.021) and authoritarianism remained decreased at trend level ( t(5)=-1.811, p=0.065). No differences were found on either measure for the non-treated healthy control subjects.ConclusionsThis pilot study suggests that psilocybin with psychological support might produce lasting changes in attitudes and beliefs. Although it would be premature to infer causality from this small study, the possibility of drug-induced changes in belief systems seems sufficiently intriguing and timely to deserve further investigation.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-01-16", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881117748902", "pubmed_id": "29338538", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Severity of Illness Index, Case-Control Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Authoritarianism, Environment, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Politics, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": 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Lyons\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-7344\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2784860341" }, { "id": 2376, "title": "Increased amygdala responses to emotional faces after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "increased amygdala responses to emotional faces after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Roseman L, Demetriou L, Wall MB, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Recent evidence indicates that psilocybin with psychological support may be effective for treating depression. Some studies have found that patients with depression show heightened amygdala responses to fearful faces and there is reliable evidence that treatment with SSRIs attenuates amygdala responses (Ma, 2015). We hypothesised that amygdala responses to emotional faces would be altered post-treatment with psilocybin. In this open-label study, 20 individuals diagnosed with moderate to severe, treatment-resistant depression, underwent two separate dosing sessions with psilocybin. Psychological support was provided before, during and after these sessions and 19 completed fMRI scans one week prior to the first session and one day after the second and last. Neutral, fearful and happy faces were presented in the scanner and analyses focused on the amygdala. Group results revealed rapid and enduring improvements in depressive symptoms post psilocybin. Increased responses to fearful and happy faces were observed in the right amygdala post-treatment, and right amygdala increases to fearful versus neutral faces were predictive of clinical improvements at 1-week. Psilocybin with psychological support was associated with increased amygdala responses to emotional stimuli, an opposite effect to previous findings with SSRIs. This suggests fundamental differences in these treatments' therapeutic actions, with SSRIs mitigating negative emotions and psilocybin allowing patients to confront and work through them. Based on the present results, we propose that psilocybin with psychological support is a treatment approach that potentially revives emotional responsiveness in depression, enabling patients to reconnect with their emotions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-12-26", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041", "pubmed_id": "29288686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041", "keywords": "Amygdala, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prognosis, Combined Modality Therapy, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29288686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":239,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W878533373\",\"https://openalex.org/W1544863932\",\"https://openalex.org/W1831666347\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989982790\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990140024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992103170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000681816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014870330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042333532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044264234\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056575770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063619953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072833030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076972670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078524519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082497868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105190393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125375538\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146747402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150537415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157803948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167738136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325558246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328159225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2579967741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801279915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211573487\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683831411\",\"https://openalex.org/W6732555809\",\"https://openalex.org/W6744856292\",\"https://openalex.org/W6803356969\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060501027\",\"display_name\":\"Lysia Demetriou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-0900\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S160566677\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2781340150" }, { "id": 2427, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support for treatment resistant depression six month follow up", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, Rucker J, Watts R, Erritzoe DE, Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Bloomfield M, Pilling S, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Curran HV, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "RationaleRecent clinical trials are reporting marked improvements in mental health outcomes with psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy.ObjectivesHere, we report on safety and efficacy outcomes for up to 6 months in an open-label trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.MethodsTwenty patients (six females) with (mostly) severe, unipolar, treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, 7 days apart) in a supportive setting. Depressive symptoms were assessed from 1 week to 6 months post-treatment, with the self-rated QIDS-SR16 as the primary outcome measure.ResultsTreatment was generally well tolerated. Relative to baseline, marked reductions in depressive symptoms were observed for the first 5 weeks post-treatment (Cohen's d = 2.2 at week 1 and 2.3 at week 5, both p", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-11-07", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x", "pubmed_id": "29119217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Feasibility Studies, Double-Blind Method, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Psychosocial Support Systems", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29119217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":976,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988444307\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005066505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015666695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024075080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100532211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100834566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107232050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107743363\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111920357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148560706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157384069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2224635535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2502147470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2511532223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586756570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109366794\",\"display_name\":\"Camilla Day\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110514937\",\"display_name\":\"R. Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058082561\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Bloomfield\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1972-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049702763\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Pilling\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-8202\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065550029\",\"display_name\":\"James A. Rickard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-6025\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083073338\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Forbes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014436895\",\"display_name\":\"David Taylor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-1710\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061200799\",\"display_name\":\"Valerie H. Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113636502\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767530231" }, { "id": 2429, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Stroud JB, Freeman TP, Leech R, Hindocha C, Lawn W, Nutt DJ, Curran HV, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "RationaleDepressed patients robustly exhibit affective biases in emotional processing which are altered by SSRIs and predict clinical outcome.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to investigate whether psilocybin, recently shown to rapidly improve mood in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), alters patients' emotional processing biases.MethodsSeventeen patients with treatment-resistant depression completed a dynamic emotional face recognition task at baseline and 1 month later after two doses of psilocybin with psychological support. Sixteen controls completed the emotional recognition task over the same time frame but did not receive psilocybin.ResultsWe found evidence for a group × time interaction on speed of emotion recognition (p =.035). At baseline, patients were slower at recognising facial emotions compared with controls (p", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-10-29", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y", "pubmed_id": "29085980", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Facial Expression, Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Emotions, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin, Psychosocial Support Systems", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29085980\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":101,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1557789711\",\"https://openalex.org/W1812780868\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975345989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005846380\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021977439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030616474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031733717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044852178\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048956357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050478809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055098509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076029586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076986525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082047362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082531061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090514581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098958400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100141046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103413823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105465456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109105506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116335159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126009018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127699202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131066767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134189152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138664664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139628377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150537415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157392644\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169442707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2286702847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2505115395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2579967741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2737054084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247424590\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009897597\",\"display_name\":\"Jack Stroud\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-4491\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047194230\",\"display_name\":\"Tom P. Freeman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5667-507X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073240173\",\"display_name\":\"Chandni Hindocha\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1692-7401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084374822\",\"display_name\":\"Will Lawn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-2724\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061200799\",\"display_name\":\"Valerie H. Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767171514" }, { "id": 2452, "title": "Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression fmri measured brain mechanisms", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Bolstridge M, Demetriou L, Pannekoek JN, Wall MB, Tanner M, Kaelen M, McGonigle J, Murphy K, Leech R, Curran HV, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin with psychological support is showing promise as a treatment model in psychiatry but its therapeutic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after treatment with psilocybin (serotonin agonist) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Quality pre and post treatment fMRI data were collected from 16 of 19 patients. Decreased depressive symptoms were observed in all 19 patients at 1-week post-treatment and 47% met criteria for response at 5 weeks. Whole-brain analyses revealed post-treatment decreases in CBF in the temporal cortex, including the amygdala. Decreased amygdala CBF correlated with reduced depressive symptoms. Focusing on a priori selected circuitry for RSFC analyses, increased RSFC was observed within the default-mode network (DMN) post-treatment. Increased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-bilateral inferior lateral parietal cortex RSFC was predictive of treatment response at 5-weeks, as was decreased parahippocampal-prefrontal cortex RSFC. These data fill an important knowledge gap regarding the post-treatment brain effects of psilocybin, and are the first in depressed patients. The post-treatment brain changes are different to previously observed acute effects of psilocybin and other 'psychedelics' yet were related to clinical outcomes. A 'reset' therapeutic mechanism is proposed.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2017-10-12", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7", "pubmed_id": "29030624", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29030624\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":589,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W202043522\",\"https://openalex.org/W1552940129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964807622\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972616052\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973776237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982325587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992059353\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999520265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006509419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012702426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018608345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024729467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035495352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036970657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037316926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044423747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055862036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060895955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061564920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078524519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083937514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095438393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103583518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109492510\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123722617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129736850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131398580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139505744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143859454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146747402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2235823035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330815024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2464316004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060501027\",\"display_name\":\"Lysia Demetriou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-0900\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012877956\",\"display_name\":\"J. Nienke Pannekoek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3954-5297\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051781791\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Tanner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6706-6536\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110317265\",\"display_name\":\"John McGonigle\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057824637\",\"display_name\":\"Kevin Murphy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-313X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061200799\",\"display_name\":\"H. Valerie Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2762746674" }, { "id": 2456, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs past present and future", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Goodwin GM.", "abstract": "Plant-based psychedelics, such as psilocybin, have an ancient history of medicinal use. After the first English language report on LSD in 1950, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychology and psychiatry. Used most notably as aids to psychotherapy for the treatment of mood disorders and alcohol dependence, drugs such as LSD showed initial therapeutic promise before prohibitive legislature in the mid-1960s effectively ended all major psychedelic research programs. Since the early 1990s, there has been a steady revival of human psychedelic research: last year saw reports on the first modern brain imaging study with LSD and three separate clinical trials of psilocybin for depressive symptoms. In this circumspective piece, RLC-H and GMG share their opinions on the promises and pitfalls of renewed psychedelic research, with a focus on the development of psilocybin as a treatment for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-04-25", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/npp.2017.84", "pubmed_id": "28443617", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.84", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28443617\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2472, "title": "Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "increased spontaneous meg signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine lsd and psilocybin", "authors": "Schartner MM, Carhart-Harris RL, Barrett AB, Seth AK, Muthukumaraswamy SD.", "abstract": "What is the level of consciousness of the psychedelic state? Empirically, measures of neural signal diversity such as entropy and Lempel-Ziv (LZ) complexity score higher for wakeful rest than for states with lower conscious level like propofol-induced anesthesia. Here we compute these measures for spontaneous magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals from humans during altered states of consciousness induced by three psychedelic substances: psilocybin, ketamine and LSD. For all three, we find reliably higher spontaneous signal diversity, even when controlling for spectral changes. This increase is most pronounced for the single-channel LZ complexity measure, and hence for temporal, as opposed to spatial, signal diversity. We also uncover selective correlations between changes in signal diversity and phenomenological reports of the intensity of psychedelic experience. This is the first time that these measures have been applied to the psychedelic state and, crucially, that they have yielded values exceeding those of normal waking consciousness. These findings suggest that the sustained occurrence of psychedelic phenomenology constitutes an elevated level of consciousness - as measured by neural signal diversity.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2017-04-18", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/srep46421", "pubmed_id": "28422113", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46421", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetoencephalography, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Healthy Volunteers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28422113\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":450,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1517951919\",\"https://openalex.org/W1665195116\",\"https://openalex.org/W1799123644\",\"https://openalex.org/W1953260479\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957794009\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974165416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005821483\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017522310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020220004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037557484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043176976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043887334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049487837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050865511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058046532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077770566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090414491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096221603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102204212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106822551\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106916988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112966028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116393125\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120078534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123924457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125943886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137478377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137660391\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142680372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152497784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156959828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158143447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158935941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163400075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166073443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169423285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170232314\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2212776331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290435019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336630210\",\"https://openalex.org/W2339840868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2397739939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2435903015\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581533121\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883784006\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207961398\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243177274\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070456193\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Schartner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-3034\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012720030\",\"display_name\":\"Adam B. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-7779\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084274787\",\"display_name\":\"Anil K. Seth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1421-6051\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000583874\",\"display_name\":\"Suresh Muthukumaraswamy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-3920\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46421\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2605399484" }, { "id": 2503, "title": "Question-based Drug Development for psilocybin - Authors' reply.", "normalized_title": "question based drug development for psilocybin authors reply", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30217-6", "pubmed_id": "27568266", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30217-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27568266\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2511, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support for treatment resistant depression an open label feasibility study", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, Day CM, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, Bloomfield M, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Pilling S, Curran VH, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a serotonin receptor agonist that occurs naturally in some mushroom species. Recent studies have assessed the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for various conditions, including end-of-life anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and smoking and alcohol dependence, with promising preliminary results. Here, we aimed to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with unipolar treatment-resistant depression.MethodsIn this open-label feasibility trial, 12 patients (six men, six women) with moderate-to-severe, unipolar, treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin (10 mg and 25 mg, 7 days apart) in a supportive setting. There was no control group. Psychological support was provided before, during, and after each session. The primary outcome measure for feasibility was patient-reported intensity of psilocybin's effects. Patients were monitored for adverse reactions during the dosing sessions and subsequent clinic and remote follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed with standard assessments from 1 week to 3 months after treatment, with the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) serving as the primary efficacy outcome. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797.FindingsPsilocybin's acute psychedelic effects typically became detectable 30-60 min after dosing, peaked 2-3 h after dosing, and subsided to negligible levels at least 6 h after dosing. Mean self-rated intensity (on a 0-1 scale) was 0·51 (SD0·36) for the low-dose session and 0·75 (SD0·27) for the high-dose session. Psilocybin was well tolerated by all of the patients, and no serious or unexpected adverse events occurred. The adverse reactions we noted were transient anxiety during drug onset (all patients), transient confusion or thought disorder (nine patients), mild and transient nausea (four patients), and transient headache (four patients). Relative to baseline, depressive symptoms were markedly reduced 1 week (mean QIDS difference -11·8, 95% CI -9·15 to -14·35, p=0·002, Hedges' g=3·1) and 3 months (-9·2, 95% CI -5·69 to -12·71, p=0·003, Hedges' g=2) after high-dose treatment. Marked and sustained improvements in anxiety and anhedonia were also noted.InterpretationThis study provides preliminary support for the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and motivates further trials, with more rigorous designs, to better examine the therapeutic potential of this approach.FundingMedical Research Council.", "journal": "The Lancet Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2016-05-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7", "pubmed_id": "27210031", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Social Support, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27210031\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1539,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W183123008\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971459727\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006861654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020472715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037317432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039056175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055277208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083885069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100834566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157384069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W6607541484\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109366794\",\"display_name\":\"Camilla Day\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058082561\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Bloomfield\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1972-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065550029\",\"display_name\":\"James A. Rickard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-6025\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069886359\",\"display_name\":\"Ben Forbes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-6107\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014436895\",\"display_name\":\"David Taylor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-1710\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103869816\",\"display_name\":\"Steve Pilling\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021720240\",\"display_name\":\"Valerie H. Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2531556786\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Lancet Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2396675581" }, { "id": 2536, "title": "Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "finding the self by losing the self neural correlates of ego dissolution under psilocybin", "authors": "Lebedev AV, Lövdén M, Rosenthal G, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Ego-disturbances have been a topic in schizophrenia research since the earliest clinical descriptions of the disorder. Manifesting as a feeling that one's \"self,\" \"ego,\" or \"I\" is disintegrating or that the border between one's self and the external world is dissolving, \"ego-disintegration\" or \"dissolution\" is also an important feature of the psychedelic experience, such as is produced by psilocybin (a compound found in \"magic mushrooms\"). Fifteen healthy subjects took part in this placebo-controlled study. Twelve-minute functional MRI scans were acquired on two occasions: subjects received an intravenous infusion of saline on one occasion (placebo) and 2 mg psilocybin on the other. Twenty-two visual analogue scale ratings were completed soon after scanning and the first principal component of these, dominated by items referring to \"ego-dissolution\", was used as a primary measure of interest in subsequent analyses. Employing methods of connectivity analysis and graph theory, an association was found between psilocybin-induced ego-dissolution and decreased functional connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and high-level cortical regions. Ego-dissolution was also associated with a \"disintegration\" of the salience network and reduced interhemispheric communication. Addressing baseline brain dynamics as a predictor of drug-response, individuals with lower diversity of executive network nodes were more likely to experience ego-dissolution under psilocybin. These results implicate MTL-cortical decoupling, decreased salience network integrity, and reduced inter-hemispheric communication in psilocybin-induced ego disturbance and suggest that the maintenance of \"self\"or \"ego,\" as a perceptual phenomenon, may rest on the normal functioning of these systems.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2015-05-21", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.22833", "pubmed_id": "26010878", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Ego, Self Concept, Perception, Principal Component Analysis, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26010878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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V. Lebedev\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-2357\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008745650\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Lövdén\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-2028\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083109597\",\"display_name\":\"Gidon Rosenthal\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2100182643" }, { "id": 2547, "title": "Drug models of schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "drug models of schizophrenia", "authors": "Steeds H, Carhart-Harris RL, Stone JM", "abstract": "Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains. Approximately one third of patients are resistant to currently available medication. New therapeutic targets and a better understanding of the basic biological processes that drive pathogenesis are needed in order to develop therapies that will improve quality of life for these patients. Several drugs that act on neurotransmitter systems in the brain have been suggested to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals and in man. In this paper, we selectively review findings from dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, cannabinoid, GABA, cholinergic and kappa opioid pharmacological drug models to evaluate their similarity to schizophrenia. Understanding the interactions between these different neurotransmitter systems and their relationship with symptoms will be an important step towards building a coherent hypothesis for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2015-01-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314557797", "pubmed_id": "25653831", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25653831/", "keywords": "LSD, PCP, THC, amphetamine, cannabis, drug models, kappa opioid, ketamine, models, psilocybin, psychosis, salvia divinorum, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25653831\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2552, "title": "Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks.", "normalized_title": "homological scaffolds of brain functional networks", "authors": "Petri G, Expert P, Turkheimer F, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Hellyer PJ, Vaccarino F.", "abstract": "Networks, as efficient representations of complex systems, have appealed to scientists for a long time and now permeate many areas of science, including neuroimaging (Bullmore and Sporns 2009 Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 186-198. (doi:10.1038/nrn2618)). Traditionally, the structure of complex networks has been studied through their statistical properties and metrics concerned with node and link properties, e.g. degree-distribution, node centrality and modularity. Here, we study the characteristics of functional brain networks at the mesoscopic level from a novel perspective that highlights the role of inhomogeneities in the fabric of functional connections. This can be done by focusing on the features of a set of topological objects-homological cycles-associated with the weighted functional network. We leverage the detected topological information to define the homological scaffolds, a new set of objects designed to represent compactly the homological features of the correlation network and simultaneously make their homological properties amenable to networks theoretical methods. As a proof of principle,we apply these tools to compare resting state functional brain activity in 15 healthy volunteers after intravenous infusion of placebo and psilocybin-the main psychoactive component of magic mushrooms. The results show that the homological structure of the brain's functional patterns undergoes a dramatic change post-psilocybin, characterized by the appearance of many transient structures of low stability and of a small number of persistent ones that are not observed in the case of placebo.", "journal": "Journal of The Royal Society Interface", "publication_date": "2014-11-30", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1098/rsif.2014.0873", "pubmed_id": "25401177", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0873", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Radiography, Models, Neurological, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25401177\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":687,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1492597407\",\"https://openalex.org/W1589873300\",\"https://openalex.org/W1671906456\",\"https://openalex.org/W1850979810\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967760180\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967770064\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975938737\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978472512\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987924998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989757660\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991566301\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992444821\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999653836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007318901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007581301\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009726930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015099070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020044743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020055733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021947606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026940923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034630192\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037613900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046246518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055308646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058765104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068252829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071391326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089572795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090357978\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095577612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096424452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097835496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104339857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107385756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111169612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112591991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112615110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126424784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126956247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131681506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136199096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137556660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138576397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144044408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147238273\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147401077\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149446634\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151936673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153986241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154187696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158073373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167822639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172177542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2329925658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013843370\",\"https://openalex.org/W3099768174\",\"https://openalex.org/W3102191718\",\"https://openalex.org/W3140579943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210552159\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295196781\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295605475\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063367289\",\"display_name\":\"Giovanni Petri\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-5031\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050966346\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Expert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5016-4623\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079810332\",\"display_name\":\"Federico Turkheimer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-3815\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075157980\",\"display_name\":\"Peter J. Hellyer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-3401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016656924\",\"display_name\":\"Francesco Vaccarino\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0610-9168\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S129150467\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of The Royal Society Interface\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0873\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2017360110" }, { "id": 2557, "title": "Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience", "authors": "Tagliazucchi E, Carhart-Harris R, Leech R, Nutt D, Chialvo DR.", "abstract": "The study of rapid changes in brain dynamics and functional connectivity (FC) is of increasing interest in neuroimaging. Brain states departing from normal waking consciousness are expected to be accompanied by alterations in the aforementioned dynamics. In particular, the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin (a substance found in \"magic mushrooms\") is characterized by unconstrained cognition and profound alterations in the perception of time, space and selfhood. Considering the spontaneous and subjective manifestation of these effects, we hypothesize that neural correlates of the psychedelic experience can be found in the dynamics and variability of spontaneous brain activity fluctuations and connectivity, measurable with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy subjects were scanned before, during and after intravenous infusion of psilocybin and an inert placebo. Blood-Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) temporal variability was assessed computing the variance and total spectral power, resulting in increased signal variability bilaterally in the hippocampi and anterior cingulate cortex. Changes in BOLD signal spectral behavior (including spectral scaling exponents) affected exclusively higher brain systems such as the default mode, executive control, and dorsal attention networks. A novel framework enabled us to track different connectivity states explored by the brain during rest. This approach revealed a wider repertoire of connectivity states post-psilocybin than during control conditions. Together, the present results provide a comprehensive account of the effects of psilocybin on dynamical behavior in the human brain at a macroscopic level and may have implications for our understanding of the unconstrained, hyper-associative quality of consciousness in the psychedelic state.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2014-07-02", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.22562", "pubmed_id": "24989126", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22562", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Oxygen, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Entropy, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Adult, Female, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24989126\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":423,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W152955478\",\"https://openalex.org/W1491393156\",\"https://openalex.org/W1564034482\",\"https://openalex.org/W1574650603\",\"https://openalex.org/W1760829075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1886029756\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970695058\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975476104\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981113766\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987430298\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996187129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999830133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001567161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005007623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013378223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020220004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021981153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031134471\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036325410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040737547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049649543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054256297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059512699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063900064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064087048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064222587\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067962467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073175305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094500507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113525305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114050444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114267373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117207767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117621792\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126156582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126448292\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132486749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136116461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137526583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149013149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149745827\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153394220\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159929956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160372996\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162501988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165465442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166359858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167014329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319713459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2322527340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2394881923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408288035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413044490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799087070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801470730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897080393\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022117183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240623198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W6618289328\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058986420\",\"display_name\":\"Enzo Tagliazucchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-9993\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031163192\",\"display_name\":\"Dante R. Chialvo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-3637\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22562\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2170596036" }, { "id": 2560, "title": "The effects of psilocybin and MDMA on between-network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin and mdma on between network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Roseman L, Leech R, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Perturbing a system and observing the consequences is a classic scientific strategy for understanding a phenomenon. Psychedelic drugs perturb consciousness in a marked and novel way and thus are powerful tools for studying its mechanisms. In the present analysis, we measured changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between a standard template of different independent components analysis (ICA)-derived resting state networks (RSNs) under the influence of two different psychoactive drugs, the stimulant/psychedelic hybrid, MDMA, and the classic psychedelic, psilocybin. Both were given in placebo-controlled designs and produced marked subjective effects, although reports of more profound changes in consciousness were given after psilocybin. Between-network RSFC was generally increased under psilocybin, implying that networks become less differentiated from each other in the psychedelic state. Decreased RSFC between visual and sensorimotor RSNs was also observed. MDMA had a notably less marked effect on between-network RSFC, implying that the extensive changes observed under psilocybin may be exclusive to classic psychedelic drugs and related to their especially profound effects on consciousness. The novel analytical approach applied here may be applied to other altered states of consciousness to improve our characterization of different conscious states and ultimately advance our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying them.", "journal": "Frontiers in Human Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2014-05-26", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204", "pubmed_id": "24904346", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24904346\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":293,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W615812809\",\"https://openalex.org/W1522559070\",\"https://openalex.org/W1564034482\",\"https://openalex.org/W1760829075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967126833\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980527160\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987430298\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994102540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004644140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007318901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007565547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009494091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012702426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021803760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035391615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035482871\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038098617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039619955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041404167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052644075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059512699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071881327\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078152479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087302183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093969628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095031720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097974840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099046646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114461993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114900706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117663940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118232570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129920623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132011757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137473377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137526583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149013149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162501988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411432352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2417217304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993383518\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235770099\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S146364893\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1963722081" }, { "id": 2563, "title": "The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "the entropic brain a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, Shanahan M, Feilding A, Tagliazucchi E, Chialvo DR, Nutt D.", "abstract": "Entropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, where high entropy is synonymous with high disorder. Entropy is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, with a particular focus on the psychedelic state. The psychedelic state is considered an exemplar of a primitive or primary state of consciousness that preceded the development of modern, adult, human, normal waking consciousness. Based on neuroimaging data with psilocybin, a classic psychedelic drug, it is argued that the defining feature of \"primary states\" is elevated entropy in certain aspects of brain function, such as the repertoire of functional connectivity motifs that form and fragment across time. Indeed, since there is a greater repertoire of connectivity motifs in the psychedelic state than in normal waking consciousness, this implies that primary states may exhibit \"criticality,\" i.e., the property of being poised at a \"critical\" point in a transition zone between order and disorder where certain phenomena such as power-law scaling appear. Moreover, if primary states are critical, then this suggests that entropy is suppressed in normal waking consciousness, meaning that the brain operates just below criticality. It is argued that this entropy suppression furnishes normal waking consciousness with a constrained quality and associated metacognitive functions, including reality-testing and self-awareness. It is also proposed that entry into primary states depends on a collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the default-mode network (DMN) and a decoupling between the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (which are normally significantly coupled). These hypotheses can be tested by examining brain activity and associated cognition in other candidate primary states such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and early psychosis and comparing these with non-primary states such as normal waking consciousness and the anaesthetized state.", "journal": "Frontiers in Human Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2014-02-02", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020", "pubmed_id": "24550805", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24550805\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075157980\",\"display_name\":\"Peter J. Hellyer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-3401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072322524\",\"display_name\":\"Murray Shanahan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-2964\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058986420\",\"display_name\":\"Enzo Tagliazucchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-9993\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031163192\",\"display_name\":\"Dante R. Chialvo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-3637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S146364893\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2109543774" }, { "id": 2565, "title": "A qualitative report on the subjective experience of intravenous psilocybin administered in an FMRI environment.", "normalized_title": "a qualitative report on the subjective experience of intravenous psilocybin administered in an fmri environment", "authors": "Turton S, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundThis report documents the phenomenology of the subjective experiences of 15 healthy psychedelic experienced volunteers who were involved in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that was designed to image the brain effects of intravenous psilocybin.MethodsThe participants underwent a semi-structured interview exploring the effects of psilocybin in the MRI scanner. These interviews were analysed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The resultant data is ordered in a detailed matrix, and presented in this paper.ResultsNine broad categories of phenomenology were identified in the phenomenological analysis of the experience; perceptual changes including visual, auditory and somatosensory distortions, cognitive changes, changes in mood, effects of memory, spiritual or mystical type experiences, aspects relating to the scanner and research environment, comparisons with other experiences, the intensity and onset of effects, and individual interpretation of the experience.DiscussionThis article documents the phenomenology of psilocybin when given in a novel manner (intravenous injection) and setting (an MRI scanner). The findings of the analysis are consistent with previous published work regarding the subjective effects of psilocybin. There is much scope for further research investigating the phenomena identified in this paper.", "journal": "Current Drug Abuse Reviews", "publication_date": "2013-12-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.2174/1874473708666150107120930", "pubmed_id": "25563444", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107120930", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Injections, Intravenous, Affect, Memory, Adult, Female, Male, Interviews as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25563444\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2131536379\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2131536379\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":48,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1517190443\",\"https://openalex.org/W1536888678\",\"https://openalex.org/W1553183615\",\"https://openalex.org/W1602427958\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982044027\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019122242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084473597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085845714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086066229\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087265397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101070580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108817006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112313930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117207767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134763275\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141585509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141746953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144455058\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159929956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163181850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167605189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170811861\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078091210\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel Turton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-2375\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113636502\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S129558293\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Drug Abuse Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107120930\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2131536379" }, { "id": 2576, "title": "Experienced drug users assess the relative harms and benefits of drugs: a web-based survey.", "normalized_title": "experienced drug users assess the relative harms and benefits of drugs a web based survey", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 drug users with personal experience with 11 different illicit drugs that are widely used in the UK. Asked to assess the relative harms of these drugs, they ranked alcohol and tobacco as the most harmful, and three \"Class A\" drugs (MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin) and one class B (cannabis) were ranked as the four least harmful drugs. When asked to assess the relative potential for benefit of the 11 drugs, MDMA, LSD, psilocybin, and cannabis were ranked in the top four; and when asked why these drugs are beneficial, rather than simply report hedonic properties, they referred to potential therapeutic applications (e.g., as tools to assist psychotherapy). These results provide a useful insight into the opinions of experienced drug users on a subject about which they have a rare and intimate knowledge.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2013-08-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2013.825034", "pubmed_id": "24377171", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.825034", "keywords": "Humans, Data Collection, Knowledge, Internet, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Drug Users, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24377171\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2107232050\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2107232050\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":55,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1495091049\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973960016\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986225748\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991871193\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021752411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042116862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084658093\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089149909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108914738\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.825034\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2107232050" }, { "id": 2575, "title": "Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state.", "normalized_title": "broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Moran RJ, Brookes MJ, Williams TM, Errtizoe D, Sessa B, Papadopoulos A, Bolstridge M, Singh KD, Feilding A, Friston KJ, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs produce profound changes in consciousness, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms for this remain unclear. Spontaneous and induced oscillatory activity was recorded in healthy human participants with magnetoencephalography after intravenous infusion of psilocybin--prodrug of the nonselective serotonin 2A receptor agonist and classic psychedelic psilocin. Psilocybin reduced spontaneous cortical oscillatory power from 1 to 50 Hz in posterior association cortices, and from 8 to 100 Hz in frontal association cortices. Large decreases in oscillatory power were seen in areas of the default-mode network. Independent component analysis was used to identify a number of resting-state networks, and activity in these was similarly decreased after psilocybin. Psilocybin had no effect on low-level visually induced and motor-induced gamma-band oscillations, suggesting that some basic elements of oscillatory brain activity are relatively preserved during the psychedelic experience. Dynamic causal modeling revealed that posterior cingulate cortex desynchronization can be explained by increased excitability of deep-layer pyramidal neurons, which are known to be rich in 5-HT2A receptors. These findings suggest that the subjective effects of psychedelics result from a desynchronization of ongoing oscillatory rhythms in the cortex, likely triggered by 5-HT2A receptor-mediated excitation of deep pyramidal cells.", "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2013-08-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013", "pubmed_id": "24048847", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electrocardiography, Cortical Synchronization, Magnetoencephalography, Analysis of Variance, Photic Stimulation, Nonlinear Dynamics, Models, Neurological, Rest, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24048847\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":8,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":501,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1551715170\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964982672\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975315697\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980721637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980942712\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983166983\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985728900\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989045420\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990935024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993042337\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996219251\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998776339\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999512151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001718669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003178762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003411364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004473438\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005612592\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006686128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008659680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012501717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013798878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017108196\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018699045\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020220004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024202336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025175823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026208009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026352631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030825382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031255974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032215616\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046742092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048939758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050479285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052524465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054052425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063243792\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063542323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064452374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066456831\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067992844\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071881327\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082429984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083522308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086521788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093972428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096424283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099907163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104016179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108673721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113257799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114104729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114864644\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116373155\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119837022\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120079537\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120918936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122418437\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123649031\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123750279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126561556\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127389037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129234356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129736850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130575754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131634223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135894974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138790588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148764920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149981907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153819129\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156162268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157877092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159929956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161186572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163386852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166045982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231963173\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294214781\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000583874\",\"display_name\":\"Suresh Muthukumaraswamy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-3920\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079076250\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalyn Moran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-2621\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106788181\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew J. Brookes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8687-8185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056667568\",\"display_name\":\"David Errtizoe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081065269\",\"display_name\":\"Ben Sessa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1212-6060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113509149\",\"display_name\":\"Andreas Papadopoulos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083338138\",\"display_name\":\"Krish D. Singh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-2475\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086852785\",\"display_name\":\"Karl Friston\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-8909\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5555990\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2033134445" }, { "id": 2578, "title": "Psychiatry's next top model: cause for a re-think on drug models of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychiatry s next top model cause for a re think on drug models of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Brugger S, Nutt DJ, Stone JM.", "abstract": "Despite the widespread application of drug modelling in psychiatric research, the relative value of different models has never been formally compared in the same analysis. Here we compared the effects of five drugs (cannabis, psilocybin, amphetamine, ketamine and alcohol) in relation to psychiatric symptoms in a two-part subjective analysis. In the first part, mental health professionals associated statements referring to specific experiences, for example 'I don't bother to get out of bed', to one or more psychiatric symptom clusters, for example depression and negative psychotic symptoms. This measured the specificity of an experience for a particular disorder. In the second part, individuals with personal experience with each of the above-listed drugs were asked how reliably each drug produced the experiences listed in part 1, both acutely and sub-acutely. Part 1 failed to find any experiences that were specific for negative or cognitive psychotic symptoms over depression. The best model of positive symptoms was psilocybin and the best models overall were the acute alcohol and amphetamine models of mania. These results challenge current assumptions about drug models and motivate further research on this understudied area.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2013-06-18", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1177/0269881113494107", "pubmed_id": "23784738", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113494107", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Ethanol, Amphetamine, Ketamine, Pilot Projects, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Female, Male, Drug Users, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23784738\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1982429022\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1982429022\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":43,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W161649858\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964167179\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986571862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006936427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011221060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016770185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017358382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027656344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028498302\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028884770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029674061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037722480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045243340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053347807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065540111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070461647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077239925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079417531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085688415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090124411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106292424\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119265191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129374552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138368199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144598750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145731152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149317326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160695817\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171056452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2734455806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W3187277950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229920826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109246392\",\"display_name\":\"RL Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058340620\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan Brugger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2608-8173\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113762702\",\"display_name\":\"DJ Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053590250\",\"display_name\":\"James Stone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-0135\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113494107\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1982429022" }, { "id": 2573, "title": "Functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis.", "normalized_title": "functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Erritzoe D, Williams TM, Stone JM, Evans J, Sharp DJ, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic and a candidate drug model of psychosis. This study measured the effects of psilocybin on resting-state network and thalamocortical functional connectivity (FC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy volunteers received intravenous infusions of psilocybin and placebo in 2 task-free resting-state scans. Primary analyses focused on changes in FC between the default-mode- (DMN) and task-positive network (TPN). Spontaneous activity in the DMN is orthogonal to spontaneous activity in the TPN, and it is well known that these networks support very different functions (ie, the DMN supports introspection, whereas the TPN supports externally focused attention). Here, independent components and seed-based FC analyses revealed increased DMN-TPN FC and so decreased DMN-TPN orthogonality after psilocybin. Increased DMN-TPN FC has been found in psychosis and meditatory states, which share some phenomenological similarities with the psychedelic state. Increased DMN-TPN FC has also been observed in sedation, as has decreased thalamocortical FC, but here we found preserved thalamocortical FC after psilocybin. Thus, we propose that thalamocortical FC may be related to arousal, whereas DMN-TPN FC is related to the separateness of internally and externally focused states. We suggest that this orthogonality is compromised in early psychosis, explaining similarities between its phenomenology and that of the psychedelic state and supporting the utility of psilocybin as a model of early psychosis.", "journal": "Schizophrenia Bulletin", "publication_date": "2012-10-07", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1093/schbul/sbs117", "pubmed_id": "23044373", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs117", "keywords": "Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Nerve Net, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Psychotic Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Cerebrum, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23044373\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":266,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W1760829075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964982672\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965325756\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978348024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981113766\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985728900\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987638762\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992373062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011700455\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014339193\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020318870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045844145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074225517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084473597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093972428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101070580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112639978\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115687188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119792333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130912823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134170969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137526583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139765609\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144421443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156395637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159929956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163005465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163181850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166094975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167641660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169787465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333681810\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408288035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801279915\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W6684124908\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Tim M. Williams\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053590250\",\"display_name\":\"James Stone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-0135\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008494200\",\"display_name\":\"John Evans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-4245\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042936423\",\"display_name\":\"David Sharp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-2240\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059929148\",\"display_name\":\"Richard G. Wise\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-2144\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S117485531\",\"source_display_name\":\"Schizophrenia Bulletin\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs117\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2122335802" }, { "id": 2606, "title": "Implications for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "implications for psychedelic assisted psychotherapy functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Williams TM, Erritzoe D, Abbasi N, Bargiotas T, Hobden P, Sharp DJ, Evans J, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug that has a history of use in psychotherapy. One of the rationales for its use was that it aids emotional insight by lowering psychological defences.AimsTo test the hypothesis that psilocybin facilitates access to personal memories and emotions by comparing subjective and neural responses to positive autobiographical memories under psilocybin and placebo.MethodTen healthy participants received two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (2 mg intravenous psilocybin v. intravenous saline), separated by approximately 7 days, during which they viewed two different sets of 15 positive autobiographical memory cues. Participants viewed each cue for 6 s and then closed their eyes for 16 s and imagined re-experiencing the event. Activations during this recollection period were compared with an equivalent period of eyes-closed rest. We split the recollection period into an early phase (first 8 s) and a late phase (last 8 s) for analysis.ResultsRobust activations to the memories were seen in limbic and striatal regions in the early phase and the medial prefrontal cortex in the late phase in both conditions (P", "journal": "The British Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2012-01-25", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309", "pubmed_id": "22282432", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Placebos, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Combined Modality Therapy, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Emotions, Memory, Psychotherapy, Adult, Female, Male, Memory, Episodic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22282432\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":240,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W101520166\",\"https://openalex.org/W615929756\",\"https://openalex.org/W1809188141\",\"https://openalex.org/W1937144007\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965965542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968067697\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989045560\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993324335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013378223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015108059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035391615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050943404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065247877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110601496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111879008\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117663940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139658019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142343279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146205180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153101815\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886921230\",\"https://openalex.org/W6604134018\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083427963\",\"display_name\":\"Najam ul Hasan Abbasi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-230X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034990647\",\"display_name\":\"Theodoras Bargiotas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042455955\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Hobden\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042936423\",\"display_name\":\"David Sharp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-2240\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008494200\",\"display_name\":\"John Evans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-4245\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059929148\",\"display_name\":\"Richard G. Wise\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-2144\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113636502\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S127936299\",\"source_display_name\":\"The British Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2119134849" }, { "id": 2608, "title": "Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fmri studies with psilocybin", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D, Williams T, Stone JM, Reed LJ, Colasanti A, Tyacke RJ, Leech R, Malizia AL, Murphy K, Hobden P, Evans J, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have a long history of use in healing ceremonies, but despite renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, we continue to know very little about how they work in the brain. Here we used psilocybin, a classic psychedelic found in magic mushrooms, and a task-free functional MRI (fMRI) protocol designed to capture the transition from normal waking consciousness to the psychedelic state. Arterial spin labeling perfusion and blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI were used to map cerebral blood flow and changes in venous oxygenation before and after intravenous infusions of placebo and psilocybin. Fifteen healthy volunteers were scanned with arterial spin labeling and a separate 15 with BOLD. As predicted, profound changes in consciousness were observed after psilocybin, but surprisingly, only decreases in cerebral blood flow and BOLD signal were seen, and these were maximal in hub regions, such as the thalamus and anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (ACC and PCC). Decreased activity in the ACC/medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was a consistent finding and the magnitude of this decrease predicted the intensity of the subjective effects. Based on these results, a seed-based pharmaco-physiological interaction/functional connectivity analysis was performed using a medial prefrontal seed. Psilocybin caused a significant decrease in the positive coupling between the mPFC and PCC. These results strongly imply that the subjective effects of psychedelic drugs are caused by decreased activity and connectivity in the brain's key connector hubs, enabling a state of unconstrained cognition.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2012-01-22", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1119598109", "pubmed_id": "22308440", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109", "keywords": "Arteries, Brain, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Oxygen, Spin Labels, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Perfusion, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22308440\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1189,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1522559070\",\"https://openalex.org/W1919168435\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964625711\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986387796\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986938874\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990644324\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011190163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014611832\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032980276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037350170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045658734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068067169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080744486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085519455\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085598752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085845714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114885295\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117207767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121379737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123750279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133371501\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134763275\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136435696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136838610\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138092999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140774335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141585509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145403933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146146069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147972558\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148764920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151875733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156454043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159929956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2264455884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333694673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2602582143\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053590250\",\"display_name\":\"James Stone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-0135\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111420415\",\"display_name\":\"Laurence Reed\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072668978\",\"display_name\":\"Alessandro Colasanti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6017-801X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108727800\",\"display_name\":\"Robin J. Tyacke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029138023\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea L. Malizia\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057824637\",\"display_name\":\"Kevin Murphy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-313X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042455955\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Hobden\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008494200\",\"display_name\":\"John Evans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-4245\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059929148\",\"display_name\":\"Richard G. Wise\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-2144\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S125754415\",\"source_display_name\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2026832357" }, { "id": 2616, "title": "The administration of psilocybin to healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-functional magnetic resonance imaging environment: a preliminary investigation of tolerability.", "normalized_title": "the administration of psilocybin to healthy hallucinogen experienced volunteers in a mock functional magnetic resonance imaging environment a preliminary investigation of tolerability", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Williams TM, Sessa B, Tyacke RJ, Rich AS, Feilding A, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "This study sought to assess the tolerability of intravenously administered psilocybin in healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-magnetic resonance imaging environment as a preliminary stage to a controlled investigation using functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the effects of psilocybin on cerebral blood flow and activity. The present pilot study demonstrated that up to 2 mg of psilocybin delivered as a slow intravenous injection produces short-lived but typical drug effects that are psychologically and physiologically well tolerated. With appropriate care, this study supports the viability of functional magnetic resonance imaging work with psilocybin.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2010-04-14", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1177/0269881110367445", "pubmed_id": "20395317", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110367445", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Injections, Intravenous, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Drug Tolerance, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20395317\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":53,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W60326299\",\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076780080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2324093635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801279915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802856933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2857765758\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081065269\",\"display_name\":\"Ben Sessa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1212-6060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108727800\",\"display_name\":\"Robin J. Tyacke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111940587\",\"display_name\":\"Ann Rich\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110367445\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2051426845" } ] }