{ "meta": { "tracker_site_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com", "publication_tracker_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com/", "generated_at_utc": "2026-07-05 11:55:28", "record_count": 50 }, "papers": [ { "id": 1390, "title": "Assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and individual participant data meta analysis", "authors": "Simonsson O, Carlbring P, Carhart-Harris R, Davis AK, Nutt DJ, Griffiths RR, Erritzoe D, Goldberg SB.", "abstract": "We conducted a meta-analysis using individual participant data from three, two-dose psilocybin trials for depression (N = 102) with the aim of assessing the risk of symptom worsening. Clinically significant symptom worsening occurred for a minority of participants in the psilocybin and escitalopram conditions (∼10%) and for a majority of participants in the waitlist condition (63.6%). Using data from the two trials with control arms, the psilocybin arm showed a lower likelihood of symptom worsening versus waitlist, and no difference in the likelihood of symptom worsening versus escitalopram. The limitation of a relatively small sample size should be addressed in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "pubmed_id": "37523886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Sample Size, Depression, Symptom Flare Up, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37523886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3793, "title": "Naturalistic Psilocybin Use Increases Mind Perception but not Atheist-Believer status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psilocybin use increases mind perception but not atheist believer status a prospective longitudinal study", "authors": "Nayak SM, White S, Hilbert S, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g., believer, agnostic, or non-believer). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psychedelic experience. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g., plants, animals). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g., dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psychedelic experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/auycp", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/auycp", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR673873\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3359, "title": "Naturalistic Psilocybin Use Increases Mind Perception but not Atheist-Believer status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psilocybin use increases mind perception but not atheist believer status a prospective longitudinal study", "authors": "Nayak SM, White SH, Hilbert S, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g., believer, agnostic, or non-believer). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psychedelic experience. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g., plants, animals). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g., dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psychedelic experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/auycp_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/auycp_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1036094\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1447, "title": "Corrigendum to 'Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity': Neuroimage 2022 Oct 15;260:119434.", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity neuroimage 2022 oct 15 260 119434", "authors": "Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mostofsky SH, Mejia AF, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120130", "pubmed_id": "37148779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120130", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37148779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1627, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for People with Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for people with eating disorders", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Schreyer CC, Griffiths RR, Guarda AS", "abstract": "A growing body of research suggests psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) may be safe and effective for a variety of mental health conditions. Among these, eating disorders have been a recent target of interest. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the potential mechanisms and use of PAT in people diagnosed with eating disorders, with a focus on anorexia nervosa. Classic psychedelics may have transdiagnostic efficacy through several mechanisms relevant to eating disorder pathology. Interest in, and efforts to increase access to PAT are both high. Early clinical trials are focused on establishing the safety and utility of this treatment in eating disorders, and efficacy remains unclear. High-quality published data to support the use of PAT for people with eating disorders remains lacking. Recent studies however suggest PAT has the potential to augment the efficacy of current interventions for these difficult-to-treat conditions.", "journal": "Current psychiatry reports", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01394-5", "pubmed_id": "36374357", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374357/", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36374357\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3756, "title": "Serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects", "normalized_title": "serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Griffiths RR, Yaden DB, Antoine D, Nayak SM.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin is being studied for depression, but little is known about how it interacts with common antidepressants. Limited data suggests that psilocybin’s effects may be diminished by serotonergic antidepressants acutely and even after a medication washout period. Aims: To learn the extent to which serotonergic antidepressants may diminish psilocybin’s effects both concurrently and after discontinuation of antidepressants. Methods: Online survey of individuals with use of psilocybin 1) with an antidepressant and/or 2) within two years of discontinuing an antidepressant. Participants who took psilocybin with an antidepressant and either took the same dose of psilocybin pre-antidepressant or took the same dose with other people not on antidepressant reported the strength of psilocybin’s effect relative to their expectation. Participants who took psilocybin following discontinuation of a serotonergic antidepressant also reported the presence of weakened effects. Results: In reports (n=595) of taking psilocybin with an antidepressant, probabilities [95% CI] of weaker than expected psilocybin effects were 0.48 [0.41-0.54] (SSRIs), 0.56 [0.44-0.67] (SNRIs) and 0.29 [0.2-0.39] (bupropion). Following serotonergic antidepressant discontinuation (n=1,542 reports), the odds of reduced psilocybin effects were not significantly different from the earliest post-discontinuation timepoint (within 1 week) until 3-6 months OR = 0.42, 95% [0.25-0.72] p = 0.001. Conclusions: Serotonergic antidepressants appear to weaken psilocybin’s effects relative to a non-serotonergic antidepressant. This dampening effect on psilocybin effects may last as long as 3 months following antidepressant discontinuation.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2zys9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2zys9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR564597\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1710, "title": "Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying.", "normalized_title": "comparison of psychedelic and near death or other non ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying", "authors": "Sweeney MM, Nayak S, Hurwitz ES, Mitchell LN, Swift TC, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Both psychedelic drug experiences and near-death experiences can occasion changes in perspectives on death and dying, but there have been few direct comparisons of these phenomena. This study directly compared psychedelic occasioned and non-drug experiences which altered individuals' beliefs about death. Individuals who reported an experience that altered their beliefs about death occasioned by either a psychedelic drug or a near-death or other non-ordinary experience completed an online survey. Circumstances of the experience, mystical and near-death subjective features, changes in attitudes about death, and other persisting effects were evaluated. The study sample (n = 3192) included five groups: non-drug near-death or other non-ordinary experiences (n = 933), and drug experiences occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (n = 904), psilocybin (n = 766), ayahuasca (n = 282), or N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (n = 307). Analyses of differences in experiences were adjusted statistically for demographic differences between groups. Compared to the psychedelic groups, the non-drug group was more likely to report being unconscious, clinically dead, and that their life was in imminent danger. The groups were remarkably similar in the reported changes in death attitudes attributed to the experience, including a reduced fear of death and high ratings of positive persisting effects and personal meaning, spiritual significance, and psychological insight. Although both psychedelic and non-drug participants showed robust increases on standardized measures of mystical and near-death experiences, these measures were significantly greater in the psychedelic participants. Non-drug participants were more likely to rate their experiences as the single most meaningful of their lives. Comparing across psychedelic substances, ayahuasca and DMT groups tended report stronger and more positive enduring consequences of the experience than the psilocybin and LSD groups, which were largely indistinguishable. These data provide a detailed characterization and comparison of psychedelic occasioned and non-drug experiences that changed attitudes about death and suggest the importance of future prospective psychedelic administration studies.", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "publication_date": "2022-08-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0271926", "pubmed_id": "36001643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Phobic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36001643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293101934\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293101934\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":60,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1496545621\",\"https://openalex.org/W1555807473\",\"https://openalex.org/W1849760686\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897975986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011119951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049105730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064822410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077803993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085185407\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141307719\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146797989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2568541401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757295924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790261613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887016029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898717395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899609131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900056676\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900445331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911924713\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940999002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2974625540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991390907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991926272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005896034\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018943978\",\"https://openalex.org/W3033052133\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108732817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134897339\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247582466\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052736051\",\"display_name\":\"Mary M. Sweeney\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6931-4321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040929530\",\"display_name\":\"Sandeep M. Nayak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6832-0639\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058310363\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa N. Mitchell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-1244\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002580794\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Cody Swift\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S202381698\",\"source_display_name\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4293101934" }, { "id": 1650, "title": "Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and Controlled Substances Act scheduling.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and controlled substances act scheduling", "authors": "Henningfield JE, Coe MA, Griffiths RR, Belouin SJ, Berger A, Coker AR, Comer SD, Heal DJ, Hendricks PS, Nichols CD, Sapienza F, Vocci FJ, Zia FZ.", "abstract": "New medicines containing classic hallucinogenic and entactogenic psychedelic substance are under development for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Many of these, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are Schedule I controlled substances of the United States Controlled Substances Act (US CSA), and similarly controlled globally. The implications of the CSA for research and medicines development, the path to approval of medicines, and their subsequent removal from Schedule I in the US are discussed. This entire process occurs within the framework of the CSA in the US and its counterparts internationally in accordance with international drug control treaties. Abuse potential related research in the US informs the eight factors of the CSA which provide the basis for rescheduling actions that must occur upon approval of a drug that contains a Schedule I substance. Abuse-related research also informs drug product labeling and the risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) will likely be required for approved medicines. Human abuse potential studies typically employed in CNS drug development may be problematic for substances with strong hallucinogenic effects such as psilocybin, and alternative strategies are discussed. Implications for research, medicinal development, and controlled substance scheduling are presented in the context of the US CSA and FDA requirements with implications for global regulation. We also discuss how abuse-related research can contribute to understanding mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects as well as the totality of the effects of the drugs on the brain, behavior, mood, and the constructs of spirituality and consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220", "pubmed_id": "35987353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Controlled Substances, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35987353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1658, "title": "Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity", "authors": "Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mostofsky SH, Mejia AF, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, and other serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists evoke acute alterations in perception and cognition. Altered thalamocortical connectivity has been hypothesized to underlie these effects, which is supported by some functional MRI (fMRI) studies. These studies have treated the thalamus as a unitary structure, despite known differential 5-HT2AR expression and functional specificity of different intrathalamic nuclei. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been previously used to identify reliable group-level functional subdivisions of the thalamus from resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. We build on these efforts with a novel data-maximizing ICA-based approach to examine psilocybin-induced changes in intrathalamic functional organization and thalamocortical connectivity in individual participants.MethodsBaseline rsfMRI data (n=38) from healthy individuals with a long-term meditation practice was utilized to generate a statistical template of thalamic functional subdivisions. This template was then applied in a novel ICA-based analysis of the acute effects of psilocybin on intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity in follow-up scans from a subset of the same individuals (n=18). We examined correlations with subjective reports of drug effect and compared with a previously reported analytic approach (treating the thalamus as a single functional unit).ResultsSeveral intrathalamic components showed significant psilocybin-induced alterations in spatial organization, with effects of psilocybin largely localized to the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei. The magnitude of changes in individual participants correlated with reported subjective effects. These components demonstrated predominant decreases in thalamocortical connectivity, largely with visual and default mode networks. Analysis in which the thalamus is treated as a singular unitary structure showed an overall numerical increase in thalamocortical connectivity, consistent with previous literature using this approach, but this increase did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsWe utilized a novel analytic approach to discover psilocybin-induced changes in intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity of intrathalamic nuclei and cortical networks known to express the 5-HT2AR. These changes were not observed using whole-thalamus analyses, suggesting that psilocybin may cause widespread but modest increases in thalamocortical connectivity that are offset by strong focal decreases in functionally relevant intrathalamic nuclei.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2022-07-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434", "pubmed_id": "35792293", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434", "keywords": "Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Serotonin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Rest, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35792293\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":37,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1963781350\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972328487\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978694642\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980151324\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985327120\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995045083\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997812584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017237202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017573281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055655674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090664364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091177453\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101135654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107411892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120836623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2276857175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738849673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2758789655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760291954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890356717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899890309\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944339144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971601581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972959563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981635040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994753895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026536334\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046391612\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049192188\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091722552\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110990374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134702649\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209545233\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210459991\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225144612\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321760707\",\"https://openalex.org/W6730244987\",\"https://openalex.org/W6805395898\",\"https://openalex.org/W6810527906\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023659704\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew Gaddis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1611-3726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005271512\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel E. Lidstone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-3790\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057324811\",\"display_name\":\"Mary Beth Nebel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-3382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025787531\",\"display_name\":\"Stewart H. Mostofsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-2411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062906939\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda F. Mejia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4312-8974\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113976793\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4283768889" }, { "id": 3398, "title": "Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory", "normalized_title": "unique effects of sedatives dissociatives psychedelics stimulants and cannabinoids on episodic memory a review and reanalysis of acute drug effects on recollection familiarity and metamemory", "authors": "Doss MK, Samaha J, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, de Wit H, Gallo DA, Koen JD.", "abstract": "Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from one’s past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or déjà vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology. Public significance statement This systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR496762\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1794, "title": "Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits.", "normalized_title": "models of psychedelic drug action modulation of cortical subcortical circuits", "authors": "Doss MK, Madden MB, Gaddis A, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mathur BN, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have recaptured the imagination of both science and popular culture, and may have efficacy in treating a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Human and animal studies of psychedelic drug action in the brain have demonstrated the involvement of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor and the cerebral cortex in acute psychedelic drug action, but different models have evolved to try to explain the impact of 5-HT2A activation on neural systems. Two prominent models of psychedelic drug action (the cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical, or CSTC, model and relaxed beliefs under psychedelics, or REBUS, model) have emphasized the role of different subcortical structures as crucial in mediating psychedelic drug effects. We describe these models and discuss gaps in knowledge, inconsistencies in the literature and extensions of both models. We then introduce a third circuit-level model involving the claustrum, a thin strip of grey matter between the insula and the external capsule that densely expresses 5-HT2A receptors (the cortico-claustro-cortical, or CCC, model). In this model, we propose that the claustrum entrains canonical cortical network states, and that psychedelic drugs disrupt 5-HT2A-mediated network coupling between the claustrum and the cortex, leading to attenuation of canonical cortical networks during psychedelic drug effects. Together, these three models may explain many phenomena of the psychedelic experience, and using this framework, future research may help to delineate the functional specificity of each circuit to the action of both serotonergic and non-serotonergic hallucinogens.", "journal": "Brain", "publication_date": "2022-03-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/brain/awab406", "pubmed_id": "34897383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab406", "keywords": "Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34897383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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K. Doss\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-2522\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086561787\",\"display_name\":\"Maxwell B. Madden\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3360-986X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023659704\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew Gaddis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1611-3726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057324811\",\"display_name\":\"Mary Beth Nebel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-3382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026298510\",\"display_name\":\"Brian N. Mathur\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-8625\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113976793\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S118357697\",\"source_display_name\":\"Brain\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab406\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4200471428" }, { "id": 1827, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted treatment for major depressive disorder prospective 12 month follow up", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Davis AK, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPreliminary data suggest that psilocybin-assisted treatment produces substantial and rapid antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but little is known about long-term outcomes.AimsThis study sought to examine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin through 12 months in participants with moderate to severe MDD who received psilocybin.MethodsThis randomized, waiting-list controlled study enrolled 27 patients aged 21-75 with moderate to severe unipolar depression (GRID-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID-HAMD) ⩾ 17). Participants were randomized to an immediate or delayed (8 weeks) treatment condition in which they received two doses of psilocybin with supportive psychotherapy. Twenty-four participants completed both psilocybin sessions and were followed through 12 months following their second dose.ResultsAll 24 participants attended all follow-up visits through the 12-month timepoint. Large decreases from baseline in GRID-HAMD scores were observed at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up (Cohen d = 2.3, 2.0, 2.6, and 2.4, respectively). Treatment response (⩾50% reduction in GRID-HAMD score from baseline) and remission were 75% and 58%, respectively, at 12 months. There were no serious adverse events judged to be related to psilocybin in the long-term follow-up period, and no participants reported psilocybin use outside of the context of the study. Participant ratings of personal meaning, spiritual experience, and mystical experience after sessions predicted increased well-being at 12 months, but did not predict improvement in depression.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that the substantial antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy may be durable at least through 12 months following acute intervention in some patients.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-01-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211073759", "pubmed_id": "35166158", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073759", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Time Factors, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35166158\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":417,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W78677904\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987450364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023687307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031002884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073441573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084315798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116416511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135665329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149799843\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152690559\",\"https://openalex.org/W2289004134\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418769740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2566701931\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891256775\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912654919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971894339\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005582604\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020940623\",\"https://openalex.org/W3033752070\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3137976016\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236038590\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048292874\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Gukasyan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-1421\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025469924\",\"display_name\":\"Mary P Cosimano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073759\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4212903385" }, { "id": 1833, "title": "Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation.", "normalized_title": "human cortical serotonin 2a receptor occupancy by psilocybin measured using 11c mdl100 907 dynamic pet and a resting state fmri based brain parcellation", "authors": "Barrett FS, Zhou Y, Carbonaro TM, Roberts JM, Smith GS, Griffiths RR, Wong DF.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (a serotonin 2A, or 5-HT2A, receptor agonist) has shown preliminary efficacy as a treatment for mood and substance use disorders. The current report utilized positron emission tomography (PET) with the selective 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist radioligand [11C]MDL100,907 (a.k.a. M100,907) and cortical regions of interest (ROIs) derived from resting-state functional connectivity-based brain parcellations in 4 healthy volunteers (2 females) to determine regional occupancy/target engagement of 5-HT2A receptors after oral administration of a psychoactive dose of psilocybin (10 mg/70 kg). Average 5-HT2A receptor occupancy across all ROIs was 39.5% (± 10.9% SD). Three of the ROIs with greatest occupancy (between 63.12 and 74.72% occupancy) were within the default mode network (subgenual anterior cingulate and bilateral angular gyri). However, marked individual variability in regional occupancy was observed across individuals. These data support further investigation of the relationship between individual differences in the acute and enduring effects of psilocybin and the degree of regional 5-HT2A receptor occupancy.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroergonomics", "publication_date": "2022-01-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576", "pubmed_id": "38235248", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38235248\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4206591786\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4206591786\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":17,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1538842286\",\"https://openalex.org/W1573881046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1822227732\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981862550\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982408943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982522250\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984345885\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003090874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019400297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021986306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027461536\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030902100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044492513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075468186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076563125\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079266000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087877032\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112278807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112596612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119078954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122457251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137454840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342939947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604795661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735928575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760207472\",\"https://openalex.org/W2761856500\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230920194\",\"https://openalex.org/W6638496121\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022422213\",\"display_name\":\"Yun Zhou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7328-0275\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109118233\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua Roberts\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2533-2617\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007203242\",\"display_name\":\"Gwenn S. Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0706-5440\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000122559\",\"display_name\":\"Dean F. Wong\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9343-8367\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210224930\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Neuroergonomics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4206591786" }, { "id": 1851, "title": "The Potential of Psychedelics for End of Life and Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "the potential of psychedelics for end of life and palliative care", "authors": "Yaden DB, Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Anderson BT, Griffiths RR", "abstract": "End of life and palliative care has improved in recent decades but the psychopharmacological options available to clinicians and patients in these contexts remain limited. In particular, psychological factors such as depression, existential distress, and well-being remain challenging to address with current medications. Here, we review recent research on the use of psychedelics in clinical settings with a particular focus on patients with life-threatening diagnoses. We propose that psychedelics may provide clinicians with an additional psychopharmacological treatment in the context of end of life and palliative care.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_278", "pubmed_id": "34958455", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34958455/", "keywords": "End of Life, Palliative care, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34958455\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1888, "title": "Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Doss MK, Považan M, Rosenberg MD, Sepeda ND, Davis AK, Finan PH, Smith GS, Pekar JJ, Barker PB, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of mood disorders, which are often accompanied by cognitive dysfunction including cognitive rigidity. Recent studies have proposed neuropsychoplastogenic effects as mechanisms underlying the enduring therapeutic effects of psilocybin. In an open-label study of 24 patients with major depressive disorder, we tested the enduring effects of psilocybin therapy on cognitive flexibility (perseverative errors on a set-shifting task), neural flexibility (dynamics of functional connectivity or dFC via functional magnetic resonance imaging), and neurometabolite concentrations (via magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in brain regions supporting cognitive flexibility and implicated in acute psilocybin effects (e.g., the anterior cingulate cortex, or ACC). Psilocybin therapy increased cognitive flexibility for at least 4 weeks post-treatment, though these improvements were not correlated with the previously reported antidepressant effects. One week after psilocybin therapy, glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations were decreased in the ACC, and dFC was increased between the ACC and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Surprisingly, greater increases in dFC between the ACC and PCC were associated with less improvement in cognitive flexibility after psilocybin therapy. Connectome-based predictive modeling demonstrated that baseline dFC emanating from the ACC predicted improvements in cognitive flexibility. In these models, greater baseline dFC was associated with better baseline cognitive flexibility but less improvement in cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest a nuanced relationship between cognitive and neural flexibility. Whereas some enduring increases in neural dynamics may allow for shifting out of a maladaptively rigid state, larger persisting increases in neural dynamics may be of less benefit to psilocybin therapy.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-11-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y", "pubmed_id": "34750350", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y", "keywords": "Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34750350\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":341,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1524375783\",\"https://openalex.org/W1601302239\",\"https://openalex.org/W1730237872\",\"https://openalex.org/W1817577914\",\"https://openalex.org/W1920890253\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965965542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971459727\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978420745\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007318901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007894316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008379245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016400778\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019054631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027568409\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030962294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035060095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054085091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066863661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067535960\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074446477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089572795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090419097\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093220018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103583518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105031232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140172277\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150037324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151445399\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158753448\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2174056659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2279193171\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2409807130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2470022375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2486004373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2486286126\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519704068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2527388212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537627674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2587272693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604485039\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2625353282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2733595594\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738849673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767241173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789158133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799373761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894886297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902785078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903449135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912942135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2922249583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2931582381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2966049677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972959563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004765795\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005362496\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022076523\",\"https://openalex.org/W3030970353\",\"https://openalex.org/W3043886340\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044358615\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049516695\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081435445\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090010637\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090852378\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092556648\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125664918\",\"https://openalex.org/W3128518091\",\"https://openalex.org/W3130459257\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132931913\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133363512\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153485928\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084261335\",\"display_name\":\"Manoj K. Doss\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-2522\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070371036\",\"display_name\":\"Michal Považan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-5162\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031168514\",\"display_name\":\"Monica D. Rosenberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-4025\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063337848\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick H. Finan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7525-4801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007203242\",\"display_name\":\"Gwenn S. Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0706-5440\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074044378\",\"display_name\":\"James J. Pekar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-0655\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012087640\",\"display_name\":\"Peter B. Barker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6410-7793\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3213458191" }, { "id": 2128, "title": "Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and Opportunities.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and consciousness distinctions demarcations and opportunities", "authors": "Yaden DB, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Doss MK, Garcia-Romeu A, Nayak S, Gukasyan N, Mathur BN, Barrett FS", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances produce unusual and compelling changes in conscious experience that have prompted some to propose that psychedelics may provide unique insights explaining the nature of consciousness. At present, psychedelics, like other current scientific tools and methods, seem unlikely to provide information relevant to the so-called \"hard problem of consciousness,\" which involves explaining how first-person experience can emerge. However, psychedelics bear on multiple \"easy problems of consciousness,\" which involve relations between subjectivity, brain function, and behavior. In this review, we discuss common meanings of the term \"consciousness\" when used with regard to psychedelics and consider some models of the effects of psychedelics on the brain that have also been associated with explanatory claims about consciousness. We conclude by calling for epistemic humility regarding the potential for psychedelic research to aid in explaining the hard problem of consciousness while pointing to ways in which psychedelics may advance the study of many specific aspects of consciousness.", "journal": "The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-08-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyab026", "pubmed_id": "33987652", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33987652/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, LSD, consciousness, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33987652\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1911, "title": "Classic Psychedelic Coadministration with Lithium, but Not Lamotrigine, is Associated with Seizures: An Analysis of Online Psychedelic Experience Reports.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium but not lamotrigine is associated with seizures an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports", "authors": "Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelics show promise in treating unipolar depression, though patients with bipolar disorder have been excluded from recent psychedelic trials. There is limited information on the use of classic psychedelics (e. g., LSD or psilocybin) in individuals using mood stabilizers to treat bipolar disorder. This is important to know, as individuals with bipolar depression may attempt to treat themselves with psychedelics while on a mood stabilizer, particularly given enthusiastic media reports of the efficacy of psilocybin for depression.MethodsThis study analyzed reports of classic psychedelics administered with mood stabilizers from 3 websites (Erowid.org, Shroomery.org, and Reddit.com).ResultsStrikingly, 47% of 62 lithium plus psychedelic reports involved seizures, and an additional 18% resulted in bad trips while none of 34 lamotrigine reports did. Further, 39% of lithium reports involved medical attention. Most of the lamotrigine reports (65%) but few (8%) of the lithium reports were judged to not affect the psychedelic experience.DiscussionAlthough further research is needed, we provisionally conclude that psychedelic use may pose a significant seizure risk for patients on lithium.", "journal": "Pharmacopsychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-08-03", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1055/a-1524-2794", "pubmed_id": "34348413", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1524-2794", "keywords": "Humans, Seizures, Lithium, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Lamotrigine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34348413\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3160183306\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3160183306\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":67,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W88552725\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498647569\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982691685\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988862462\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991938716\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002554882\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003490971\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008038652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037449495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053872398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058799830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066154390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078629064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084459551\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085742802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099017168\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108722273\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111020576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134236426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138401704\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161810494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2192859497\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2442863506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953498115\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211013640\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W6603534976\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040929530\",\"display_name\":\"Sandeep M. Nayak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6832-0639\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048292874\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Gukasyan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-1421\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072823665\",\"display_name\":\"Earth Erowid\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071578213\",\"display_name\":\"Fire Erowid\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4122505\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmacopsychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1524-2794\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3160183306" }, { "id": 2158, "title": "Errors in a Response Rate and in Effect Sizes in Study of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "errors in a response rate and in effect sizes in study of psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Davis AK, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4638", "pubmed_id": "33566073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4638", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33566073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3370, "title": "Classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium, but not lamotrigine, is associated with seizures: an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium but not lamotrigine is associated with seizures an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports", "authors": "Nayak S, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Introduction: Psychedelics show promise in treating unipolar depression, though patients with bipolar disorder have been excluded from recent psychedelic trials. There is limited information on the use of classic psychedelics (e.g. LSD or psilocybin) in individuals using mood stabilizers to treat bipolar disorder. This is important to know as individuals with bipolar depression may attempt to treat themselves with psychedelics while on a mood stabilizer, particularly given enthusiastic media reports of the efficacy of psilocybin for depression. Methods: This study analyzed reports of classic psychedelics administered with mood stabilizers from three websites (Erowid.org, Shroomery.org, and Reddit.com). Results: Strikingly, 47% of 62 lithium plus psychedelic reports involved seizures and an additional 18% resulted in bad trips while none of 34 lamotrigine reports did. Further, 39% of lithium reports involved medical attention. Most of the lamotrigine reports (65%) but few (8%) of the lithium reports were judged to have no effect on the psychedelic experience. Discussion: Although further research is needed, we provisionally conclude that psychedelic use may pose a significant seizure risk for patients on lithium.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/r726d", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r726d", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR322793\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2179, "title": "Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches.", "normalized_title": "optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy considering weight adjusted and fixed dosing approaches", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic, is a safe and promising pharmacotherapy for treatment of mood and substance use disorders when administered as part of a structured intervention. In most trials to date, psilocybin dose has been administered on a weight-adjusted basis rather than the more convenient procedure of administering a fixed dose.AimsThe present post hoc analyses sought to determine whether the subjective effects of psilocybin are affected by body weight when psilocybin is administered on a weight-adjusted basis and when psilocybin is administered as a fixed dose.MethodsWe analyzed acute subjective drug effects (mystical, challenging, and intensity) associated with therapeutic outcomes from ten previous studies (total N = 288) in which psilocybin was administered in the range 20 to 30 mg/70 kg (inclusive). Separate multivariate regression analyses examined the relationships between demographic variables including body weight and subjective effects in participants receiving 20 mg/70 kg (n = 120), participants receiving 30 mg/70 kg (n = 182), and participants whose weight-adjusted dose was about 25 mg (to approximate the fixed dose that is currently being evaluated in registration trials for major depressive disorder) (n = 103).ResultsIn the 20 mg/70 kg and 30 mg/70 kg weight-adjusted groups, and in the fixed dose group, no significant associations were found between subjective effects and demographic variables including body weight or sex. Across a wide range of body weights (49 to 113 kg) the present results showed no evidence that body weight affected subjective effects of psilocybin.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the convenience and lower cost of administering psilocybin as a fixed dose outweigh any potential advantage of weight-adjusted dosing.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-02-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121991822", "pubmed_id": "33611977", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121991822", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Body Weight, Hallucinogens, Drug Monitoring, Treatment Outcome, Affect, Grief, Fear, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Drug Dosage Calculations, Self-Assessment, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Cigarette Smoking, Psychosocial Functioning, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33611977\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":99,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1913957972\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020220004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039148654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122453635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127234861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336455319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887938296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047238201\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296153573\",\"https://openalex.org/W4298283550\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121991822\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3129221857" }, { "id": 1916, "title": "Trends in the Top-Cited Articles on Classic Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "trends in the top cited articles on classic psychedelics", "authors": "Lawrence DW, Sharma B, Griffiths RR, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "This study was designed to identify trends in the top-cited classic psychedelic publications. The top 50 publications on classic psychedelics with the greatest total of number of citations and annual citation rate were identified and pooled. Unique articles (n = 76) were dichotomized by median year of publication (2010.5); the differential distribution of study characteristics between the \"Recent Cohort\" (n = 38) and \"Older Cohort\" (n = 38) were documented. The Recent Cohort had a greater annual citation rate (median 76.0, IQR38.5 to 101.5) compared to the Older Cohort (median10.0, IQR5.2 to 19.3, p", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2021-02-02", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573", "pubmed_id": "33535907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33535907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127644232\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127644232\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":37,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W608574129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1909779418\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980271090\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019578492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052432047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075222452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077611838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080413586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082287442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082950241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122110548\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143382895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172147355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335809166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341140535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398650533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582418833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900955536\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907379922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938570586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236670183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4245810542\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080548305\",\"display_name\":\"David W. Lawrence\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1386-7127\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015849619\",\"display_name\":\"Bhanu Sharma\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1395-0860\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3127644232" }, { "id": 2182, "title": "Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD.", "normalized_title": "development of the psychological insight questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or lsd", "authors": "Davis AK, Barrett FS, So S, Gukasyan N, Swift TC, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundSeveral measures have been developed to examine acute psychedelic effects (e.g. mystical-type and challenging experiences), but no measure assesses acute psychologically insightful experiences that may occur during psychedelic experiences.AimThe purpose of this study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire.MethodA cross-sectional survey study among psilocybin and LSD users. Respondents (n=1661; Mage=22.9, standard deviation=8.5; Caucasian/White=83%; non-Hispanic=91%; men=72%; United States resident=66%) completed an Internet-based survey.ResultsThe Psychological Insight Questionnaire consists of 23 items with two subscales: (a) Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and (b) Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights. Construct validity of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire was supported by strong correlations of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights subscales) scores with the insight subscale of the Session Impacts Scale, and weak-to-moderate correlations with the Mystical Experiences and Challenging Experiences Questionnaires. Furthermore, Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights subscales) scores were moderately-to-strongly correlated with retrospectively reported increases in psychological flexibility, and well-being/life satisfaction that were attributed to a memorable psychedelic experience. Lastly, incremental validity was established showing that the Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights subscale) scores predict unique variance in changes in psychological flexibility, and Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights subscales) scores predict changes in well-being and life satisfaction, beyond measures of acute mystical-type and challenging effects.ConclusionsThe Psychological Insight Questionnaire has the potential to extend the understanding of the acute and enduring effects of psychedelics. Further longitudinal research is necessary to determine the long-term predictive validity of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire and to examine the role of psychological insight in predicting therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-01-08", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120967878", "pubmed_id": "33427007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120967878", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Adaptation, Psychological, Avoidance Learning, Psychometrics, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33427007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":166,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1569927523\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965112942\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966524739\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970616344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010041240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010154176\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052911329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053987449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071666535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086909840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088906551\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096249407\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113641591\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146550906\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2187625796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313567228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2493603637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2493928838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2538225168\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2555169822\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802902398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903884088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2904505693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919995896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241976654\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040562059\",\"display_name\":\"Sara So\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048292874\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Gukasyan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-1421\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002580794\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Cody Swift\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120967878\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Psychological Flexibility,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3118498264" }, { "id": 2332, "title": "Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use.", "normalized_title": "cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Davis AK, Erowid F, Erowid E, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "BackgroundMeta-analysis of randomized studies using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcohol use disorder (AUD) showed large, significant effects for LSD efficacy compared to control conditions. Clinical studies suggest potential anti-addiction effects of LSD and mechanistically-related classic psychedelics for alcohol and other substance use disorders.AimsTo supplement clinical studies, reports of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings can provide further data regarding potential effects of psychedelics on alcohol use.MethodsAn anonymous online survey of individuals with prior AUD reporting cessation or reduction in alcohol use following psychedelic use in non-clinical settings.Results343 respondents, mostly White (89%), males (78%), in the USA (60%) completed the survey. Participants reported seven years of problematic alcohol use on average before the psychedelic experience to which they attributed reduced alcohol consumption, with 72% meeting retrospective criteria for severe AUD. Most reported taking a moderate or high dose of LSD (38%) or psilocybin (36%), followed by significant reduction in alcohol consumption. After the psychedelic experience 83% no longer met AUD criteria. Participants rated their psychedelic experience as highly meaningful and insightful, with 28% endorsing psychedelic-associated changes in life priorities or values as facilitating reduced alcohol misuse. Greater psychedelic dose, insight, mystical-type effects, and personal meaning of experiences were associated with a greater reduction in alcohol consumption, controlling for prior alcohol consumption and related distress.ConclusionsAlthough results cannot demonstrate causality, they suggest that naturalistic psychedelic use may lead to cessation or reduction in problematic alcohol use, supporting further investigation of psychedelic-assisted treatment for AUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-05-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0269881119845793", "pubmed_id": "31084460", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119845793", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Ethanol, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Alcohol Drinking, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31084460\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis,Observational Study", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2369, "title": "Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study.", "normalized_title": "intensity of mystical experiences occasioned by 5 meo dmt and comparison with a prior psilocybin study", "authors": "Barsuglia J, Davis AK, Palmer R, Lancelotta R, Windham-Herman AM, Peterson K, Polanco M, Grant R, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "5-MeO-DMT is a psychoactive substance found in high concentrations in the bufotoxin of the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius). Emerging evidence suggests that vaporized 5-MeO-DMT may occasion mystical experiences of comparable intensity to those occasioned by more widely studied psychedelics such as psilocybin, but no empirical study has tested this hypothesis. Data was obtained from 20 individuals (M age = 38.9, ± 10.7; male = 55%, Caucasian = 85%) who were administered 5-MeO-DMT as part of a psychospiritual retreat program in Mexico. All participants received 50 mg of inhaled vaporized toad bufotoxin which contains 5-MeO-DMT and completed the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) approximately 4-6 h after their session. Administration of 5-MeO-DMT occasioned strong mystical experiences (MEQ30 Overall M intensity = 4.17, ± 0.64, range 0-5) and the majority (n = 15, 75%) had \"a complete mystical experience\" (≥60% on all MEQ30 subscales). Compared to a prior laboratory-based psilocybin study, there were no differences in the intensity of mystical effects between 5-MeO-DMT and a high dose (30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin, but the intensity of mystical effects was significantly higher in the 5-MeO-DMT sample compared to moderate/high dose (20 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin (MEQ30 Total Score: p = 0.02, d = 0.81). Administration of vaporized 5-MeO-DMT reliably occasioned complete mystical experiences in 75% of individuals and was similar in intensity to high dose psilocybin administered in a laboratory setting. The short duration of action may be advantageous for clinical interventions and for studying mystical-type experiences.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publication_date": "2018-12-05", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459", "pubmed_id": "30574112", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30574112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2904505693\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2904505693\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":80,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1969017814\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969432156\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019310958\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062787441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078968281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085670677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125009604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126900649\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132500168\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135643379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140560102\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398800790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2591766655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802902398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888158672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919995896\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073200940\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph P. Barsuglia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7337-9486\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111503811\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Palmer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056271117\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael Lancelotta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-3463\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084876123\",\"display_name\":\"Austin-Marley Windham-Herman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013829614\",\"display_name\":\"Kristel Peterson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059785954\",\"display_name\":\"Martín Polanco\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029871990\",\"display_name\":\"Robert M. Grant\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-7085\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9692511\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2904505693" }, { "id": 2347, "title": "Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics an integrative review of epidemiology therapeutics mystical experience and brain network function", "authors": "Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrative review and offer novel insights regarding human research with classic psychedelics (classic hallucinogens), which are serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Classic psychedelics have been administered as sacraments since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s to 1960s, and during this time contributed to the emergence of the field of molecular neuroscience. Promising results were reported for treatment of both end-of-life psychological distress and addiction, and classic psychedelics served as tools for studying the neurobiological bases of psychological disorders. Moreover, classic psychedelics were shown to occasion mystical experiences, which are subjective experiences reported throughout different cultures and religions involving a strong sense of unity, among other characteristics. However, the recreational use of classic psychedelics and their association with the counterculture prompted an end to human research with classic psychedelics in the early 1970s. We provide the most comprehensive review of epidemiological studies of classic psychedelics to date. Notable among these are a number of studies that have suggested the possibility that nonmedical naturalistic (non-laboratory) use of classic psychedelics is associated with positive mental health and prosocial outcomes, although it is clear that some individuals are harmed by classic psychedelics in non-supervised settings. We then review recent therapeutic studies suggesting efficacy in treating psychological distress associated with life-threatening diseases, treating depression, and treating nicotine and alcohol addictions. We also describe the construct of mystical experience, and provide a comprehensive review of modern studies investigating classic psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences and their consequences. These studies have shown classic psychedelics to fairly reliably occasion mystical experiences. Moreover, classic-psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences are associated with improved psychological outcomes in both healthy volunteer and patient populations. Finally, we review neuroimaging studies that suggest neurobiological mechanisms of classic psychedelics. These studies have also broadened our understanding of the brain, the serotonin system, and the neurobiological basis of consciousness. Overall, these various lines of research suggest that classic psychedelics might hold strong potential as therapeutics, and as tools for experimentally investigating mystical experiences and behavioral-brain function more generally.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "pubmed_id": "30521880", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mysticism, Epidemiological Monitoring", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30521880\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2386, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan effects on cognition", "authors": "Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Hurwitz E, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesClassic psychedelics (serotonin 2A receptor agonists) and dissociative hallucinogens (NMDA receptor antagonists), though differing in pharmacology, may share neuropsychological effects. These drugs, however, have undergone limited direct comparison. This report presents data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subjects study comparing the neuropsychological effects of multiple doses of the classic psychedelic psilocybin with the effects of a single high dose of the dissociative hallucinogen dextromethorphan (DXM).MethodsTwenty hallucinogen users (11 females) completed neurocognitive assessments during five blinded drug administration sessions (10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin; 400 mg/70 kg DXM; and placebo) in which participants and study staff were informed that a large range of possible drug conditions may have been administered.ResultsGlobal cognitive impairment, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination during peak drug effects, was not observed with psilocybin or DXM. Orderly and dose-dependent effects of psilocybin were observed on psychomotor performance, working memory, episodic memory, associative learning, and visual perception. Effects of DXM on psychomotor performance, visual perception, and associative learning were in the range of effects of a moderate to high dose (20 to 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin.ConclusionsThis was the first study of the dose effects of psilocybin on a large battery of neurocognitive assessments. Evidence of delirium or global cognitive impairment was not observed with either psilocybin or DXM. Psilocybin had greater effects than DXM on working memory. DXM had greater effects than all psilocybin doses on balance, episodic memory, response inhibition, and executive control.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-07-29", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x", "pubmed_id": "30062577", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x", "keywords": "Humans, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Association Learning, Memory, Short-Term, Visual Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30062577\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":109,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1527009192\",\"https://openalex.org/W1847168837\",\"https://openalex.org/W1951724000\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976483990\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979267292\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991333985\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998782474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003601754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005900392\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006900274\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007003221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008032124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008854521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011197443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023839383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025593723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026223833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027375354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027731572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037891934\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054149100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058161128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058225279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062235464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065759841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067877506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082531061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087065939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096610047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108748822\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123274136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131427787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135616701\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148080316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156668874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159388055\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167311298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342939947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2495579837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2508648216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537627674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582743722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2761856500\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2774486220\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210411994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247424590\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2886435130" }, { "id": 2402, "title": "Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation qualitative analysis of participant accounts", "authors": "Noorani T, Garcia-Romeu A, Swift TC, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent pilot trials suggest feasibility and potential efficacy of psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment interventions. Fifteen participants completed a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation pilot study between 2009 and 2015.AimsThe aims of this study were as follows: (1) to identify perceived mechanisms of change leading to smoking cessation in the pilot study; (2) to identify key themes in participant experiences and long-term outcomes to better understand the therapeutic process.MethodsParticipants were invited to a retrospective follow-up interview an average of 30 months after initial psilocybin sessions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 of the 15 participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants reported gaining vivid insights into self-identity and reasons for smoking from their psilocybin sessions. Experiences of interconnectedness, awe, and curiosity persisted beyond the duration of acute drug effects. Participants emphasised that the content of psilocybin experiences overshadowed any short-term withdrawal symptoms. Preparatory counselling, strong rapport with the study team, and a sense of momentum once engaged in the study treatment were perceived as vital additional factors in achieving abstinence. In addition, participants reported a range of persisting positive changes beyond smoking cessation, including increased aesthetic appreciation, altruism, and pro-social behaviour.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the value of qualitative research in the psychopharmacological investigation of psychedelics. They describe perceived connections between drug- and non-drug factors, and provide suggestions for future research trial design and clinical applications.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-06-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118780612", "pubmed_id": "29938565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Interviews as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29938565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":284,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W605446962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1492283962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975879668\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990140024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996143523\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012159028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018267671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020765068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043319570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053154970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063085086\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078129420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088785539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116852450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139280107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141348739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145615919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160134066\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312874651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2427846517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3147372180\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235975748\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004186550\",\"display_name\":\"Tehseen Noorani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4185-0218\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002580794\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Cody Swift\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2809850625" }, { "id": 2375, "title": "The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act.", "normalized_title": "the abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.", "abstract": "This review assesses the abuse potential of medically-administered psilocybin, following the structure of the 8 factors of the US Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Research suggests the potential safety and efficacy of psilocybin in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress and substance use disorders, setting the occasion for this review. A more extensive assessment of abuse potential according to an 8-factor analysis would eventually be required to guide appropriate schedule placement. Psilocybin, like other 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelics, has limited reinforcing effects, supporting marginal, transient non-human self-administration. Nonetheless, mushrooms with variable psilocybin content are used illicitly, with a few lifetime use occasions being normative among users. Potential harms include dangerous behavior in unprepared, unsupervised users, and exacerbation of mental illness in those with or predisposed to psychotic disorders. However, scope of use and associated harms are low compared to prototypical abused drugs, and the medical model addresses these concerns with dose control, patient screening, preparation and follow-up, and session supervision in a medical facility. CONCLUSIONS: (1) psilocybin has an abuse potential appropriate for CSA scheduling if approved as medicine; (2) psilocybin can provide therapeutic benefits that may support the development of an approvable New Drug Application (NDA) but further studies are required which this review describes; (3) adverse effects of medical psilocybin are manageable when administered according to risk management approaches; and (4) although further study is required, this review suggests that placement in Schedule IV may be appropriate if a psilocybin-containing medicine is approved. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012", "pubmed_id": "29753748", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Drug and Narcotic Control, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29753748\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2442, "title": "Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates.", "normalized_title": "classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences phenomenology and neural correlates", "authors": "Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "This chapter begins with a brief review of descriptions and definitions of mystical-type experiences and the historical connection between classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences. The chapter then explores the empirical literature on experiences with classic hallucinogens in which claims about mystical or religious experiences have been made. A psychometrically validated questionnaire is described for the reliable measurement of mystical-type experiences occasioned by classic hallucinogens. Controlled laboratory studies show that under double-blind conditions that provide significant controls for expectancy bias, psilocybin can occasion complete mystical experiences in the majority of people studied. These effects are dose-dependent, specific to psilocybin compared to placebo or a psychoactive control substance, and have enduring impact on the moods, attitudes, and behaviors of participants as assessed by self-report of participants and ratings by community observers. Other studies suggest that enduring personal meaning in healthy volunteers and therapeutic outcomes in patients, including reduction and cessation of substance abuse behaviors and reduction of anxiety and depression in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis, are related to the occurrence of mystical experiences during drug sessions. The final sections of the chapter draw parallels in human neuroscience research between the neural bases of experiences with classic hallucinogens and the neural bases of meditative practices for which claims of mystical-type experience are sometimes made. From these parallels, a functional neural model of mystical experience is proposed, based on changes in the default mode network of the brain that have been observed after the administration of classic hallucinogens and during meditation practices for which mystical-type claims have been made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_474", "pubmed_id": "28401522", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_474", "keywords": "Nervous System, Humans, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Mysticism, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28401522\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Default Mode Network,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2428, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan similarities and differences in subjective experiences", "authors": "Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin and dextromethorphan (DXM) are hallucinogens, they have different receptor mechanisms of action and have not been directly compared.ObjectiveThis study compared subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of psilocybin and dextromethorphan under conditions that minimized expectancy effects.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of psilocybin (10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg), DXM (400 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions to 20 healthy participants with histories of hallucinogen use. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Various subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed after drug administration.ResultsHigh doses of both drugs produced similar increases in participant ratings of peak overall drug effect strength, with similar times to maximal effect and time-course. Psilocybin produced orderly dose-related increases on most participant-rated subjective measures previously shown sensitive to hallucinogens. DXM produced increases on most of these same measures. However, the high dose of psilocybin produced significantly greater and more diverse visual effects than DXM including greater movement and more frequent, brighter, distinctive, and complex (including textured and kaleidoscopic) images and visions. Compared to DXM, psilocybin also produced significantly greater mystical-type and psychologically insightful experiences and greater absorption in music. In contrast, DXM produced larger effects than psilocybin on measures of disembodiment, nausea/emesis, and light-headedness. Both drugs increased systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil dilation and decreased psychomotor performance and balance.ConclusionsPsilocybin and DXM produced similar profiles of subjective experiences, with psilocybin producing relatively greater visual, mystical-type, insightful, and musical experiences, and DXM producing greater disembodiment.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-11-06", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "pubmed_id": "29116367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Substance-Related Disorders, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Music, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29116367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":139,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62704851\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1493607257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1595187506\",\"https://openalex.org/W1772191471\",\"https://openalex.org/W1847168837\",\"https://openalex.org/W1895388428\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971080708\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976483990\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003379938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008854521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023777641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029021490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047050449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057298190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058161128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087065939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089436854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107985334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129576675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148080316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167311298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2257443024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2343295103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401986986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2498783845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605338907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210411994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767725891" }, { "id": 2438, "title": "Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, Jesse R, MacLean KA, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences with participant-attributed increases in well-being. However, little research has examined enduring changes in traits. This study administered psilocybin to participants who undertook a program of meditation/spiritual practices. Healthy participants were randomized to three groups (25 each): (1) very low-dose (1 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2) with moderate-level (\"standard\") support for spiritual-practice (LD-SS); (2) high-dose (20 and 30 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2, respectively) with standard support (HD-SS); and (3) high-dose (20 and 30 mg/70kg on sessions 1 and 2, respectively) with high support for spiritual practice (HD-HS). Psilocybin was administered double-blind and instructions to participants/staff minimized expectancy confounds. Psilocybin was administered 1 and 2 months after spiritual-practice initiation. Outcomes at 6 months included rates of spiritual practice and persisting effects of psilocybin. Compared with low-dose, high-dose psilocybin produced greater acute and persisting effects. At 6 months, compared with LD-SS, both high-dose groups showed large significant positive changes on longitudinal measures of interpersonal closeness, gratitude, life meaning/purpose, forgiveness, death transcendence, daily spiritual experiences, religious faith and coping, and community observer ratings. Determinants of enduring effects were psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience and rates of meditation/spiritual practices. Psilocybin can occasion enduring trait-level increases in prosocial attitudes/behaviors and in healthy psychological functioning. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00802282.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-10-10", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881117731279", "pubmed_id": "29020861", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279", "keywords": "Humans, Meditation, Longitudinal Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Behavior, Mysticism, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29020861\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":526,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W38293527\",\"https://openalex.org/W376897599\",\"https://openalex.org/W648645029\",\"https://openalex.org/W1536894734\",\"https://openalex.org/W1896027656\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978877190\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000091857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014833927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015171494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016896419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025191880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041655523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056775433\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065872378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077348308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078015017\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083152069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083944585\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088864916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096713430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098705665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135198973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166796639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321197668\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2522268013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2740713369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768841891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2977878030\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124281538\",\"https://openalex.org/W3141794695\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211035711\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229920826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229969541\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252855288\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034785335\",\"display_name\":\"Brian D. Richards\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Jesse\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110887388\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine A. MacLean\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025469924\",\"display_name\":\"Mary P Cosimano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019993904\",\"display_name\":\"Maggie A Klinedinst\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2762822955" }, { "id": 2464, "title": "Qualitative and Quantitative Features of Music Reported to Support Peak Mystical Experiences during Psychedelic Therapy Sessions.", "normalized_title": "qualitative and quantitative features of music reported to support peak mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy sessions", "authors": "Barrett FS, Robbins H, Smooke D, Brown JL, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic (serotonergic) hallucinogen (\"psychedelic\" drug) that may occasion mystical experiences (characterized by a profound feeling of oneness or unity) during acute effects. Such experiences may have therapeutic value. Research and clinical applications of psychedelics usually include music listening during acute drug effects, based on the expectation that music will provide psychological support during the acute effects of psychedelic drugs, and may even facilitate the occurrence of mystical experiences. However, the features of music chosen to support the different phases of drug effects are not well-specified. As a result, there is currently neither real guidance for the selection of music nor standardization of the music used to support clinical trials with psychedelic drugs across various research groups or therapists. A description of the features of music found to be supportive of mystical experience will allow for the standardization and optimization of the delivery of psychedelic drugs in both research trials and therapeutic contexts. To this end, we conducted an anonymous survey of individuals with extensive experience administering psilocybin or psilocybin-containing mushrooms under research or therapeutic conditions, in order to identify the features of commonly used musical selections that have been found by therapists and research staff to be supportive of mystical experiences within a psilocybin session. Ten respondents yielded 24 unique recommendations of musical stimuli supportive of peak effects with psilocybin, and 24 unique recommendations of musical stimuli supportive of the period leading up to a peak experience. Qualitative analysis (expert rating of musical and music-theoretic features of the recommended stimuli) and quantitative analysis (using signal processing and music-information retrieval methods) of 22 of these stimuli yielded a description of peak period music that was characterized by regular, predictable, formulaic phrase structure and orchestration, a feeling of continuous movement and forward motion that slowly builds over time, and lower perceptual brightness when compared to pre peak music. These results provide a description of music that may be optimally supportive of peak psychedelic experiences. This description can be used to guide the selection and composition of music for future psychedelic research and therapy sessions.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publication_date": "2017-07-24", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238", "pubmed_id": "28790944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28790944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":62,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W288571436\",\"https://openalex.org/W411306934\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1603145302\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967542346\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988060680\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999218281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015959845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022722749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067685773\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110743726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111621157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119472994\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124239333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133824856\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135733734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135925324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153594880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159059984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165326489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168050013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321185612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328159225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398800790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2510443052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2524980088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586270101\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2613994972\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217467030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229920826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231042348\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392836224\",\"https://openalex.org/W6698429971\",\"https://openalex.org/W6735865248\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039144845\",\"display_name\":\"Hollis Robbins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-3986\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021884019\",\"display_name\":\"David Smooke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031085734\",\"display_name\":\"Jenine Brown\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0007-9842\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9692511\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2738683289" }, { "id": 2467, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other 5-hydroxytryptamine2A agonist classic psychedelics have been used for centuries as sacraments within indigenous cultures. In the mid-twentieth century they were a focus within psychiatry as both probes of brain function and experimental therapeutics. By the late 1960s and early 1970s these scientific inquires fell out of favor because classic psychedelics were being used outside of medical research and in association with the emerging counter culture. However, in the twenty-first century, scientific interest in classic psychedelics has returned and grown as a result of several promising studies, validating earlier research. Here, we review therapeutic research on psilocybin, the classic psychedelic that has been the focus of most recent research. For mood and anxiety disorders, three controlled trials have suggested that psilocybin may decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychiatric distress for at least 6 months following a single acute administration. A small, open-label study in patients with treatment-resistant depression showed reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms 3 months after two acute doses. For addiction, small, open-label pilot studies have shown promising success rates for both tobacco and alcohol addiction. Safety data from these various trials, which involve careful screening, preparation, monitoring, and follow-up, indicate the absence of severe drug-related adverse reactions. Modest drug-related adverse effects at the time of medication administration are readily managed. US federal funding has yet to support therapeutic psilocybin research, although such support will be important to thoroughly investigate efficacy, safety, and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "pubmed_id": "28585222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28585222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2451, "title": "Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesClassic hallucinogens (e.g. psilocybin and LSD) have substantial effects on perception, cognition, and emotion that can often be psychologically challenging, however we know very little regarding the source of significant individual variability that has been observed in the frequency and intensity of challenging experiences (i.e. \"bad trips\") with psychedelics. Previous clinical and observational literature suggests that there may be an association between neuroticism and challenging psychedelic experiences.MethodsData from two online surveys of challenging experiences with psilocybin were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to estimate the associations between total score and scores from seven sub-factors (fear, grief, physical distress, insanity, isolation, death, and paranoia) of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and scale scores from the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) in Study 1 (N=1993) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) in Study 2 (N = 981).ResultsCEQ scores were negatively associated with emotional stability scores (the inverse of neuroticism) in Study 1 and positively associated with neuroticism scores in Study 2.ConclusionsNeuroticism may contribute to the strength of challenging experiences in uncontrolled settings.", "journal": "Personality and Individual Differences", "publication_date": "2017-06-06", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004", "pubmed_id": "28781400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28781400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":98,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1501506005\",\"https://openalex.org/W1913957972\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980506392\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001226565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018201949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042742908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050825072\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071666535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128017833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151184013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157483908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162090451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398800790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582743722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767879018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789109311\",\"https://openalex.org/W4245398612\",\"https://openalex.org/W4299927410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387356588\",\"https://openalex.org/W6629933612\",\"https://openalex.org/W6661229441\",\"https://openalex.org/W6745769539\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S151331055\",\"source_display_name\":\"Personality and Individual Differences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2623228771" }, { "id": 2468, "title": "An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.", "normalized_title": "an online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson PS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Data suggest psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may hold therapeutic potential in the treatment of addictions, including tobacco dependence. This retrospective cross-sectional anonymous online survey characterized 358 individuals (52 females) who reported having quit or reduced smoking after ingesting a psychedelic in a non-laboratory setting ⩾1 year ago. On average, participants smoked 14 cigarettes/day for 8 years, and had five previous quit attempts before their psychedelic experience. Of the 358 participants, 38% reported continuous smoking cessation after psychedelic use (quitters). Among quitters, 74% reported >2 years' abstinence. Of the 358 participants, 28% reported a persisting reduction in smoking (reducers), from a mode of 300 cigarettes/month before, to a mode of 1 cigarette/month after the experience. Among reducers, 62% reported >2 years of reduced smoking. Finally, 34% of the 358 participants (relapsers) reported a temporary smoking reduction before returning to baseline smoking levels, with a mode time range to relapse of 3-6 months. Relapsers rated their psychedelic experience significantly lower in personal meaning and spiritual significance than both other groups. Participants across all groups reported less severe affective withdrawal symptoms (e.g. depression, craving) after psychedelic use compared with previous quit attempts, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for psychedelic-associated smoking cessation/reduction. Changes in life priorities/values were endorsed as the most important psychological factor associated with smoking cessation/reduction. Results suggest psychedelics may hold promise in treating tobacco addiction as potentially mediated by spiritual experience, changed priorities/values, and improved emotional regulation.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-01-17", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116684335", "pubmed_id": "28095732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116684335", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Smoking Reduction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28095732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":128,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1545232577\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957998952\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964397853\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968972959\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970318334\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975107026\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983911930\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004525209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006293429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011293350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016744112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020765068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031941084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032391933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039460330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043530175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049865797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054806410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061221064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088429760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094933578\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096571901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111920357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141348739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159742582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160823143\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254090635\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082616184\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick S. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-2531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116684335\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2573408014" }, { "id": 2494, "title": "Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life threatening cancer a randomized double blind trial", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA.", "abstract": "Cancer patients often develop chronic, clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. Previous studies suggest that psilocybin may decrease depression and anxiety in cancer patients. The effects of psilocybin were studied in 51 cancer patients with life-threatening diagnoses and symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. This randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial investigated the effects of a very low (placebo-like) dose (1 or 3 mg/70 kg) vs. a high dose (22 or 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin administered in counterbalanced sequence with 5 weeks between sessions and a 6-month follow-up. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Participants, staff, and community observers rated participant moods, attitudes, and behaviors throughout the study. High-dose psilocybin produced large decreases in clinician- and self-rated measures of depressed mood and anxiety, along with increases in quality of life, life meaning, and optimism, and decreases in death anxiety. At 6-month follow-up, these changes were sustained, with about 80% of participants continuing to show clinically significant decreases in depressed mood and anxiety. Participants attributed improvements in attitudes about life/self, mood, relationships, and spirituality to the high-dose experience, with >80% endorsing moderately or greater increased well-being/life satisfaction. Community observer ratings showed corresponding changes. Mystical-type psilocybin experience on session day mediated the effect of psilocybin dose on therapeutic outcomes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00465595.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675513", "pubmed_id": "27909165", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909165\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2167,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W173089895\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1659048389\",\"https://openalex.org/W1845447069\",\"https://openalex.org/W1849190772\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964290581\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965295590\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966158258\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980958940\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981610704\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987414908\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988792451\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989201634\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991353191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992694138\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012504366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031343230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039746812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082535915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120051206\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136554267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149879755\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153153465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166281097\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166928505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170246810\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340349159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216011893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217134939\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229598987\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001783218\",\"display_name\":\"Michael A. Carducci\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-1215\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011609627\",\"display_name\":\"Annie Umbricht\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-5680\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034785335\",\"display_name\":\"Brian D. Richards\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025469924\",\"display_name\":\"Mary P Cosimano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074995610\",\"display_name\":\"Margaret A. Klinedinst\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2558412547" }, { "id": 2498, "title": "The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "the challenging experience questionnaire characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Acute adverse psychological reactions to classic hallucinogens (\"bad trips\" or \"challenging experiences\"), while usually benign with proper screening, preparation, and support in controlled settings, remain a safety concern in uncontrolled settings (such as illicit use contexts). Anecdotal and case reports suggest potential adverse acute symptoms including affective (panic, depressed mood), cognitive (confusion, feelings of losing sanity), and somatic (nausea, heart palpitation) symptoms. Responses to items from several hallucinogen-sensitive questionnaires (Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the States of Consciousness Questionnaire, and the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire) in an Internet survey of challenging experiences with the classic hallucinogen psilocybin were used to construct and validate a Challenging Experience Questionnaire. The stand-alone Challenging Experience Questionnaire was then validated in a separate sample. Seven Challenging Experience Questionnaire factors (grief, fear, death, insanity, isolation, physical distress, and paranoia) provide a phenomenological profile of challenging aspects of experiences with psilocybin. Factor scores were associated with difficulty, meaningfulness, spiritual significance, and change in well-being attributed to the challenging experiences. The factor structure did not differ based on gender or prior struggle with anxiety or depression. The Challenging Experience Questionnaire provides a basis for future investigation of predictors and outcomes of challenging experiences with classic hallucinogens.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-11-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116678781", "pubmed_id": "27856683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116678781", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Affect, Anxiety, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27856683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":363,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W110752286\",\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1665332082\",\"https://openalex.org/W1849553904\",\"https://openalex.org/W1913957972\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978885184\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984872228\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988039343\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998631480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005532382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018201949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030852069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036881116\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041992296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054806410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071666535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076192530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077664164\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081605480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118338381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127603512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128017833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129945845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136547541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163988453\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173025637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312475727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2474274656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2485710272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582743722\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237255258\",\"https://openalex.org/W4299927410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388250061\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021875597\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew P. Bradstreet\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084456660\",\"display_name\":\"Jeannie-Marie Leoutsakos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-1046\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116678781\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2549202270" }, { "id": 2500, "title": "Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences.", "normalized_title": "survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms acute and enduring positive and negative consequences", "authors": "Carbonaro TM, Bradstreet MP, Barrett FS, MacLean KA, Jesse R, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Acute and enduring adverse effects of psilocybin have been reported anecdotally, but have not been well characterized. For this study, 1993 individuals (mean age 30 yrs; 78% male) completed an online survey about their single most psychologically difficult or challenging experience (worst \"bad trip\") after consuming psilocybin mushrooms. Thirty-nine percent rated it among the top five most challenging experiences of his/her lifetime. Eleven percent put self or others at risk of physical harm; factors increasing the likelihood of risk included estimated dose, duration and difficulty of the experience, and absence of physical comfort and social support. Of the respondents, 2.6% behaved in a physically aggressive or violent manner and 2.7% received medical help. Of those whose experience occurred >1 year before, 7.6% sought treatment for enduring psychological symptoms. Three cases appeared associated with onset of enduring psychotic symptoms and three cases with attempted suicide. Multiple regression analysis showed degree of difficulty was positively associated, and duration was negatively associated, with enduring increases in well-being. Difficulty of experience was positively associated with dose. Despite difficulties, 84% endorsed benefiting from the experience. The incidence of risky behavior or enduring psychological distress is extremely low when psilocybin is given in laboratory studies to screened, prepared, and supported participants.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-08-29", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116662634", "pubmed_id": "27578767", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116662634", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Eating, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27578767\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":539,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W99126694\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970305111\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970807094\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983746274\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015086459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025684297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042116862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107232050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150903999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166423316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2502147470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769266388\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252245481\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021875597\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew P. Bradstreet\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110887388\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine A. MacLean\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Jesse\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116662634\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2513336695" }, { "id": 2485, "title": "Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation.", "normalized_title": "long term follow up of psilocybin facilitated smoking cessation", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundA recent open-label pilot study (N = 15) found that two to three moderate to high doses (20 and 30 mg/70 kg) of the serotonin 2A receptor agonist, psilocybin, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation, resulted in substantially higher 6-month smoking abstinence rates than are typically observed with other medications or CBT alone.ObjectivesTo assess long-term effects of a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation program at ≥12 months after psilocybin administration.MethodsThe present report describes biologically verified smoking abstinence outcomes of the previous pilot study at ≥12 months, and related data on subjective effects of psilocybin.ResultsAll 15 participants completed a 12-month follow-up, and 12 (80%) returned for a long-term (≥16 months) follow-up, with a mean interval of 30 months (range = 16-57 months) between target-quit date (i.e., first psilocybin session) and long-term follow-up. At 12-month follow-up, 10 participants (67%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At long-term follow-up, nine participants (60%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At 12-month follow-up 13 participants (86.7%) rated their psilocybin experiences among the five most personally meaningful and spiritually significant experiences of their lives.ConclusionThese results suggest that in the context of a structured treatment program, psilocybin holds considerable promise in promoting long-term smoking abstinence. The present study adds to recent and historical evidence suggesting high success rates when using classic psychedelics in the treatment of addiction. Further research investigating psilocybin-facilitated treatment of substance use disorders is warranted.", "journal": "The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse", "publication_date": "2016-07-20", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135", "pubmed_id": "27441452", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking Cessation, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27441452\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":701,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1475474724\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983911930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025267048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046087798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051572188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065987376\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070626685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078129420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091372286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139280107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166410674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S162477232\",\"source_display_name\":\"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2506717582" }, { "id": 2507, "title": "Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans.", "normalized_title": "naltrexone but not ketanserin antagonizes the subjective cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin a in humans", "authors": "Maqueda AE, Valle M, Addy PH, Antonijoan RM, Puntes M, Coimbra J, Ballester MR, Garrido M, González M, Claramunt J, Barker S, Lomnicka I, Waguespack M, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Riba J.", "abstract": "BackgroundSalvinorin-A is a terpene found in the leaves of the plant Salvia divinorum. When administered to humans, salvinorin-A induces an intense but short-lasting modified state of awareness, sharing features with those induced by the classical serotonin-2A receptor agonist psychedelics. However, unlike substances such as psilocybin or mescaline, salvinorin-A shows agonist activity at the kappa-opioid receptor rather than at the serotonin-2A receptor. Here, we assessed the involvement of kappa-opioid receptor and serotonin-2A agonism in the subjective, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin-A in humans.MethodsWe conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study with 2 groups of 12 healthy volunteers with experience with psychedelic drugs. There were 4 experimental sessions. In group 1, participants received the following treatment combinations: placebo+placebo, placebo+salvinorin-A, naltrexone+placebo, and naltrexone+salvinorin-A. Naltrexone, a nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist, was administered at a dose of 50mg orally. In group 2, participants received the treatment combinations: placebo+placebo, placebo+salvinorin-A, ketanserin+placebo, and ketanserin+salvinorin-A. Ketanserin, a selective serotonin-2A antagonist, was administered at a dose of 40mg orally.ResultsInhalation of 1mg of vaporized salvinorin-A led to maximum plasma concentrations at 1 and 2 minutes after dosing. When administered alone, salvinorin-A severely reduced external sensory perception and induced intense visual and auditory modifications, increased systolic blood pressure, and cortisol and prolactin release. These effects were effectively blocked by naltrexone, but not by ketanserin.ConclusionsResults support kappa opioid receptor agonism as the mechanism of action underlying the subjective and physiological effects of salvinorin-A in humans and rule out the involvement of a serotonin-2A-mediated mechanism.", "journal": "The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-07-04", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyw016", "pubmed_id": "26874330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw016", "keywords": "Humans, Diterpenes, Clerodane, Naltrexone, Ketanserin, Hydrocortisone, Prolactin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Narcotic Antagonists, Double-Blind Method, Perception, Blood Pressure, Drug Interactions, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26874330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2299277295\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2299277295\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":31,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1872197089\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981073133\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988808332\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990568056\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990596751\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992094129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992914052\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005643237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006215870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008523312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029197384\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050166569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056382948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062249187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066049912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066481312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067020336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068110425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081452182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083661078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087536428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095299275\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101693074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104650852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108609891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110432917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113499211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118617956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122967709\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129143684\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133672910\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135563104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147271251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148208755\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154543554\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168830964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2270666457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297134680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528743862\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W6728006180\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075535645\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Maqueda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018617121\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Valle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3515-251X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027824996\",\"display_name\":\"Peter H. Addy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070763532\",\"display_name\":\"Rosa María Antonijoan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113962238\",\"display_name\":\"Montserrat Puntes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034377634\",\"display_name\":\"Jimena Coimbra\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043190410\",\"display_name\":\"María Rosa Ballester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-9558\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078216766\",\"display_name\":\"Maite Garrido\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042580068\",\"display_name\":\"M. J. González\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029374524\",\"display_name\":\"Judit Claramunt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111877567\",\"display_name\":\"Steven A. Barker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5755-3496\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032680919\",\"display_name\":\"Izabela Lomnicka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009932824\",\"display_name\":\"Marian Waguespack\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041566460\",\"display_name\":\"Jordi Riba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-8421\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S199972112\",\"source_display_name\":\"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw016\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2299277295" }, { "id": 2528, "title": "Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "validation of the revised mystical experience questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin", "authors": "Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "The 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) was previously developed within an online survey of mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The rated experiences occurred on average eight years before completion of the questionnaire. The current paper validates the MEQ30 using data from experimental studies with controlled doses of psilocybin. Data were pooled and analyzed from five laboratory experiments in which participants (n=184) received a moderate to high oral dose of psilocybin (at least 20 mg/70 kg). Results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrate the reliability and internal validity of the MEQ30. Structural equation models demonstrate the external and convergent validity of the MEQ30 by showing that latent variable scores on the MEQ30 positively predict persisting change in attitudes, behavior, and well-being attributed to experiences with psilocybin while controlling for the contribution of the participant-rated intensity of drug effects. These findings support the use of the MEQ30 as an efficient measure of individual mystical experiences. A method to score a \"complete mystical experience\" that was used in previous versions of the mystical experience questionnaire is validated in the MEQ30, and a stand-alone version of the MEQ30 is provided for use in future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-10-05", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881115609019", "pubmed_id": "26442957", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115609019", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Administration, Oral, Mysticism, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26442957\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2534, "title": "Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin psychological distress and suicidality", "authors": "Hendricks PS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-08-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881115598338", "pubmed_id": "26395582", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115598338", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Suicide, Stress, Psychological, Mental Health, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26395582\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2555, "title": "Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction.", "normalized_title": "pilot study of the 5 ht2ar agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not been conducted. To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol. Participants were 15 psychiatrically healthy nicotine-dependent smokers (10 males; mean age of 51 years), with a mean of six previous lifetime quit attempts, and smoking a mean of 19 cigarettes per day for a mean of 31 years at intake. Biomarkers assessing smoking status, and self-report measures of smoking behavior demonstrated that 12 of 15 participants (80%) showed seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up. The observed smoking cessation rate substantially exceeds rates commonly reported for other behavioral and/or pharmacological therapies (typically", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2014-09-10", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114548296", "pubmed_id": "25213996", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114548296", "keywords": "Humans, Tobacco Use Disorder, Carbon Monoxide, Cotinine, Nicotinic Agonists, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Pilot Projects, Attitude, Behavior, Addictive, Smoking Cessation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25213996\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":907,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W579597471\",\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W1475474724\",\"https://openalex.org/W1492283962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1588882127\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971596397\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989421682\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991997587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010214743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039460330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043319570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046087798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051572188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065987376\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070626685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088785539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091372286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097155663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105805129\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107200746\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111724200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115129983\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141096096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141348739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145615919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146132158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150903999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164386461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2228339316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297304494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318552418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333536875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2417827962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513619552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612308268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2621586846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801279915\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236409797\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239777125\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025469924\",\"display_name\":\"Mary P Cosimano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2122459973" }, { "id": 2566, "title": "Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences have been linked to persisting effects in healthy volunteers including positive changes in behavior, attitudes, and values, and increases in the personality domain of openness. In an open-label pilot-study of psilocybin-facilitated smoking addiction treatment, 15 smokers received 2 or 3 doses of psilocybin in the context of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation. Twelve of 15 participants (80%) demonstrated biologically verified smoking abstinence at 6-month follow-up. Participants who were abstinent at 6 months (n=12) were compared to participants still smoking at 6 months (n=3) on measures of subjective effects of psilocybin. Abstainers scored significantly higher on a measure of psilocybin-occasioned mystical experience. No significant differences in general intensity of drug effects were found between groups, suggesting that mystical-type subjective effects, rather than overall intensity of drug effects, were responsible for smoking cessation. Nine of 15 participants (60%) met criteria for \"complete\" mystical experience. Smoking cessation outcomes were significantly correlated with measures of mystical experience on session days, as well as retrospective ratings of personal meaning and spiritual significance of psilocybin sessions. These results suggest a mediating role of mystical experience in psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment.", "journal": "Current Drug Abuse Reviews", "publication_date": "2013-12-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.2174/1874473708666150107121331", "pubmed_id": "25563443", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107121331", "keywords": "Humans, Tobacco Use Disorder, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Smoking Prevention, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25563443\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":480,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W173089895\",\"https://openalex.org/W1475474724\",\"https://openalex.org/W1479922142\",\"https://openalex.org/W1492283962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964116811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979694578\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988535618\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010214743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022797703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030364710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039212890\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039460330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043319570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046087798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051572188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062989416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064094124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066049912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078153416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087265397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088785539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089965180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111724200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126552603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130135754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145615919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146132158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146205180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147271251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168084483\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297304494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S129558293\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Drug Abuse Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107121331\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2140013897" }, { "id": 2596, "title": "Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire a study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin", "authors": "Maclean KA, Leoutsakos JM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "A large body of historical evidence describes the use of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psilocybin mushrooms, for religious purposes. But few scientific studies have attempted to measure or characterize hallucinogen-occasioned spiritual experiences. The present study examined the factor structure of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), a self-report measure that has been used to assess the effects of hallucinogens in laboratory studies. Participants (N=1602) completed the 43-item MEQ in reference to a mystical or profound experience they had had after ingesting psilocybin. Exploratory factor analysis of the MEQ retained 30 items and revealed a 4-factor structure covering the dimensions of classic mystical experience: unity, noetic quality, sacredness (F1); positive mood (F2); transcendence of time/space (F3); and ineffability (F4). MEQ factor scores showed good internal reliability and correlated with the Hood Mysticism Scale, indicating convergent validity. Participants who endorsed having had a mystical experience on psilocybin, compared to those who did not, had significantly higher factor scores, indicating construct validity. The 4-factor structure was confirmed in a second sample (N=440) and demonstrated superior fit compared to alternative models. The results provide initial evidence of the validity, reliability, and factor structure of a 30-item scale for measuring single, hallucinogen-occasioned mystical experiences, which may be a useful tool in the scientific study of mysticism.", "journal": "Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion", "publication_date": "2012-11-30", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x", "pubmed_id": "23316089", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23316089\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":412,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W1584422981\",\"https://openalex.org/W1844842999\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966581486\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976410688\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990945249\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992193527\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992490637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993123675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005364767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010879984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015739679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016964420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019837960\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028635100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033473555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049183155\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055453792\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056301478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071666535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075153256\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096249407\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099367892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112744711\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140054227\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147766372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149608872\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158579190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160643014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160660083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166423316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166511841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2314012469\",\"https://openalex.org/W2314088120\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315906400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318926667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2329739499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2522268013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2977477641\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124281538\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211035711\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238598557\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238825569\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252234170\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386911344\",\"https://openalex.org/W6634872220\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110887388\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine A. MacLean\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084456660\",\"display_name\":\"Jeannie-Marie Leoutsakos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-1046\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207420867\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2024490100" }, { "id": 2601, "title": "High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "high doses of dextromethorphan an nmda antagonist produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens", "authors": "Reissig CJ, Carter LP, Johnson MW, Mintzer MZ, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough reports of dextromethorphan (DXM) abuse have increased recently, few studies have examined the effects of high doses of DXM.ObjectiveThis study in humans evaluated the effects of supratherapeutic doses of DXM and triazolam.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of DXM (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 mg/70 kg), triazolam (0.25 and 0.5 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered to 12 healthy volunteers with histories of hallucinogen use, under double-blind conditions, using an ascending dose run-up design. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed repeatedly after drug administration for 6 h.ResultsTriazolam produced dose-related increases in subject-rated sedation, observer-rated sedation, and behavioral impairment. DXM produced a profile of dose-related physiological and subjective effects differing from triazolam. DXM effects included increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and emesis; increases in observer-rated effects typical of classic hallucinogens (e.g., distance from reality, visual effects with eyes open and closed, joy, anxiety); and participant ratings of stimulation (e.g., jittery, nervous), somatic effects (e.g., tingling, headache), perceptual changes, end-of-session drug liking, and mystical-type experience. After 400 mg/70 kg DXM, 11 of 12 participants indicated on a pharmacological class questionnaire that they thought they had received a classic hallucinogen (e.g., psilocybin). Drug effects resolved without significant adverse effects by the end of the session. In a 1-month follow-up, volunteers attributed increased spirituality and positive changes in attitudes, moods, and behavior to the session experiences.ConclusionsHigh doses of DXM produced effects distinct from triazolam and had characteristics that were similar to the classic hallucinogen psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-04-12", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-012-2680-6", "pubmed_id": "22526529", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2680-6", "keywords": "Humans, Dextromethorphan, Triazolam, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, GABA Modulators, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Affect, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22526529\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2043678991" }, { "id": 2604, "title": "Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin dose dependently causes delayed transient headaches in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Johnson MW, Sewell RA, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a well-characterized classic hallucinogen (psychedelic) with a long history of religious use by indigenous cultures, and nonmedical use in modern societies. Although psilocybin is structurally related to migraine medications, and case studies suggest that psilocybin may be efficacious in treatment of cluster headache, little is known about the relationship between psilocybin and headache.MethodsThis double-blind study examined a broad range of psilocybin doses (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg) on headache in 18 healthy participants.ResultsPsilocybin frequently caused headache, the incidence, duration, and severity of which increased in a dose-dependent manner. All headaches had delayed onset, were transient, and lasted no more than a day after psilocybin administration.ConclusionsPossible mechanisms for these observations are discussed, and include induction of delayed headache through nitric oxide release. These data suggest that headache is an adverse event to be expected with the nonmedical use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms as well as the administration of psilocybin in human research. Headaches were neither severe nor disabling, and should not present a barrier to future psilocybin research.", "journal": "Drug and Alcohol Dependence", "publication_date": "2011-11-28", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029", "pubmed_id": "22129843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Regression Analysis, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Educational Status, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22129843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064169821\",\"display_name\":\"R. Andrew Sewell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S109998069\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug and Alcohol Dependence\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Healthy Volunteers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2022443784" }, { "id": 2612, "title": "Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness.", "normalized_title": "mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness", "authors": "MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable after age 30. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated changes in personality in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event. Intriguingly, double-blind controlled studies have shown that the classic hallucinogen psilocybin occasions personally and spiritually significant mystical experiences that predict long-term changes in behaviors, attitudes and values. In the present report we assessed the effect of psilocybin on changes in the five broad domains of personality - Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Consistent with participant claims of hallucinogen-occasioned increases in aesthetic appreciation, imagination, and creativity, we found significant increases in Openness following a high-dose psilocybin session. In participants who had mystical experiences during their psilocybin session, Openness remained significantly higher than baseline more than 1 year after the session. The findings suggest a specific role for psilocybin and mystical-type experiences in adult personality change.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2011-09-27", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1177/0269881111420188", "pubmed_id": "21956378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Behavior, Personality, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Extraversion, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21956378\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":906,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W32988948\",\"https://openalex.org/W1496593078\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974789292\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990730254\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008525776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018175027\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018616670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030709243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031343230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033642053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040034137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040661201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064822410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081793457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083152069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086552507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087753482\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099465598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100773499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108096958\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117216992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124791354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130347526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143117643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145610919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161617741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164158534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165428257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169485613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169723040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172124190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2184086296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2184493925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2502120236\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238598557\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110887388\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine A. MacLean\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Creativity,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2118739111" }, { "id": 2611, "title": "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experiences immediate and persisting dose related effects", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "RationaleThis dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated psilocybin (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.) administered under supportive conditions.MethodsParticipants were 18 adults (17 hallucinogen-naïve). Five 8-h sessions were conducted individually for each participant at 1-month intervals. Participants were randomized to receive the four active doses in either ascending or descending order (nine participants each). Placebo was scheduled quasi-randomly. During sessions, volunteers used eyeshades and were instructed to direct their attention inward. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing effects immediately after and 1 month after each session, and at 14 months follow-up.ResultsPsilocybin produced acute perceptual and subjective effects including, at 20 and/or 30 mg/70 kg, extreme anxiety/fear (39% of volunteers) and/or mystical-type experience (72% of volunteers). One month after sessions at the two highest doses, volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal and spiritual significance, and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior, with the ascending dose sequence showing greater positive effects. At 14 months, ratings were undiminished and were consistent with changes rated by community observers. Both the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin were generally a monotonically increasing function of dose, with the lowest dose showing significant effects.ConclusionsUnder supportive conditions, 20 and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior. Implications for therapeutic trials are discussed.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2011-06-14", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5", "pubmed_id": "21674151", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Affect, Spirituality, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21674151\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":937,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W47927121\",\"https://openalex.org/W54728729\",\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W376897599\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966592369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990945249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031343230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040034137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064822410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067384745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112884745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128017833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164158534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321197668\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412554478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971371418\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034785335\",\"display_name\":\"Brian D. Richards\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108519769\",\"display_name\":\"Una D. McCann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Jesse\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2001101493" }, { "id": 2680, "title": "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin can occasion mystical type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes, little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable, supportive conditions.Materials and methodsThe participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities. Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals. Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) and methylphenidate hydrochloride (40 mg/70 kg) in counterbalanced order. To obscure the study design, six additional volunteers received methylphenidate in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session. The 8-h sessions were conducted individually. Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. Study monitors rated volunteers' behavior during sessions. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions. Community observers rated changes in the volunteer's attitudes and behavior.ResultsPsilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes, subjective experiences, and labile moods including anxiety. Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience. At 2 months, the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers.ConclusionsWhen administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences. The ability to occasion such experiences prospectively will allow rigorous scientific investigations of their causes and consequences.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2006-07-06", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5", "pubmed_id": "16826400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Spirituality, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16826400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1679,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W47927121\",\"https://openalex.org/W54728729\",\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W70805046\",\"https://openalex.org/W141920698\",\"https://openalex.org/W284042030\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W438966905\",\"https://openalex.org/W1269562257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1496017528\",\"https://openalex.org/W1576456598\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966592369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990410952\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990945249\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032721490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038814479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040034137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041952049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046349278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058045605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067384745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070916266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082927185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087265397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112884745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124858522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128017833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164158534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166262899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315906400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340256041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412554478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799002462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952215439\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182623456\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237409750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239633310\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301430340\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111650258\",\"display_name\":\"U. McCann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Jesse\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2121441663" } ] }