{ "meta": { "tracker_site_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com", "publication_tracker_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com/", "generated_at_utc": "2026-07-09 19:47:37", "record_count": 48 }, "papers": [ { "id": 97, "title": "Psilocybin-induced neurocardiogenic syncope: a case report", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced neurocardiogenic syncope a case report", "authors": "Mazen A. Atiq, Eli Weisman, Rodrigo B. Guerra, Luis Luna Martinez, David B. Yaden, Frederick S. Barrett, Sandeep Nayak, Ceyda Sayalı", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is among the serotonergic psychedelics closest to potential FDA approval, with growing evidence of therapeutic benefit across psychiatric conditions. As clinical trials expand, systematic characterization of adverse events (AEs) remains essential. While transient hypertensive responses are well documented, hypotensive events such as neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) are rarely reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a healthy 35-year-old male enrolled in an open-label study investigating psilocybin-evoked changes in brain function during transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG). Approximately 60 minutes after receiving 25 mg oral psilocybin, and shortly after initiation of an eye-open resting-state EEG, he experienced prodromal lightheadedness followed by a brief loss of consciousness and postural tone. Immediate blood pressure was 93/51 mmHg with tachycardia and diaphoresis. Supportive measures, including leg elevation and oral hydration, led to rapid stabilization, and no further cardiovascular abnormalities occurred. The participant reported an emotionally intense experience, and contextual factors - including upright seated posture, restrictive EEG equipment, and anticipatory anxiety surrounding TMS - may have contributed to heightened autonomic arousal and susceptibility to NCS. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights a rare hypotensive AE during psilocybin administration and underscores the importance of vigilant cardiovascular monitoring, particularly during procedures that may amplify emotional arousal. Given that fewer than one-quarter of contemporary psychedelic trials report systematic AE assessment, transparent documentation of both hypertensive and hypotensive events is critical for defining psilocybin's safety profile as clinical applications expand. PARENT TRIAL REGISTRATION: Open Label Psilocybin Brain Stimulation and Imaging Pilot Study; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06835699. Date registered: 02/13/2025. The parent-study consent form explicitly permits publication of de-identified participant data, and separate institutional approval for this case report was obtained (IRB00543773).", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-026-07079-8", "pubmed_id": "42207275", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07079-8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Adverse effect, Anxiety, Anesthesia, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Clinical trial, Arousal, Electroencephalography, Psychology, Blood pressure, Tachycardia, Lightheadedness, Psychiatry, Bradycardia, Orthostatic vital signs, Depression (economics), Serotonergic, Neuroscience, Lamotrigine, Hallucinogen, Vasovagal syncope, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162662445\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162662445\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2104188272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159580288\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226060882\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392242862\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4416839507\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060369515\",\"display_name\":\"Mazen A. Atiq\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-480X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137214587\",\"display_name\":\"Eli Weisman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040974568\",\"display_name\":\"Rodrigo B. Guerra\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9044-0457\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135659235\",\"display_name\":\"Luis Luna Martinez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137208332\",\"display_name\":\"David B. Yaden\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137283236\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137299515\",\"display_name\":\"Sandeep Nayak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079100962\",\"display_name\":\"Ceyda Sayalı\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-5499\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07079-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162662445" }, { "id": 475, "title": "Daily self-assessment within a regimen of microdosing indicates enhanced psychological functioning on microdosing days relative to non-microdosing days.", "normalized_title": "daily self assessment within a regimen of microdosing indicates enhanced psychological functioning on microdosing days relative to non microdosing days", "authors": "St Pierre M, Argento E, Cates J, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Paschall SA, Kuypers KPC, Rootman J, Walsh Z", "abstract": "Repeated self-administration of small doses of psychedelics, known as microdosing, has been associated with perceived improvements in psychological functioning. However, few studies have examined effects at the daily level. Drawing on data from a naturalistic, prospective, international survey of adults who microdose (N = 1435), we assessed self-reported within-person changes between microdosing days and non-microdosing days across six domains of psychological functioning. Using multi-level modeling, we identified higher (p Given the observational and exploratory nature of this study, these findings should be interpreted with caution; nonetheless, the prospective data provides valuable real-time insights while reducing recall bias.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-10-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06913-9", "pubmed_id": "41073618", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41073618/", "keywords": "Citizen science, Mental health, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41073618\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3713, "title": "Psychedelics and autobiographical memory - six open questions.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and autobiographical memory six open questions", "authors": "Kangaslampi S, Lietz M", "abstract": "Since the earliest LSD research, psychedelics have been claimed to enhance autobiographical memory. Revisiting and processing autobiographical memories has further been suggested to be a major component of the therapeutic action of psychedelics. However, modern psychedelic research has largely neglected autobiographical elements of psychedelic experiences, and many vital questions remain unanswered. We present and discuss six open questions related to psychedelics and autobiographical memory: (1) Do psychedelics enhance autobiographical recall? (2) Is recall and processing of significant autobiographical (e.g., traumatic) memories a common part of psychedelic experiences? (3) Do psychedelics promote the development of false or inaccurate memories? (4) How do autobiographical memories change if they are recalled and reconsolidated under the effects of psychedelics? (5) What are memories of psychedelic experiences like? (6) Are autobiographical experiences under psychedelics of particular importance for their therapeutic effects? We present the background and current limited state of evidence for each question and provide suggestions on how future studies could best address them. Besides advancing basic research, answering these pressing questions is highly relevant for the possible therapeutic use of psychedelics, both in terms of developing and optimizing new interventions and for avoiding iatrogenic harms. Ideally, future psychedelic-assisted interventions could harness the possible synergies between the effects of psychedelics and existing memory-based therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06771-5", "pubmed_id": "40095090", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40095090/", "keywords": "Autobiographical memory, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40095090\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 592, "title": "Motivation and retrospective appraisal of psychedelic study participation: a qualitative study in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "motivation and retrospective appraisal of psychedelic study participation a qualitative study in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Ley L, Liechti ME, Becker AM, Straumann I, Klaiber A, Holze F, Vogt SB, Arikci D, Schmid Y", "abstract": "Little is known about motives of healthy volunteers to participate in psychedelic trials and how they appraise their study experience retrospectively. This paper explored reasons why healthy people register for psychedelic trials, factors that they considered to contribute to either positive or negative study experiences, and under which circumstances they would seek a psychedelic experience again. This study used the data of 151 healthy volunteers who had ingested serotonergic psychedelics in one of six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials at the same research site under similar conditions. The data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The predominant motivations to participate in a trial were interest in psychedelics and an appealing setting. Expectations involved personal development and the occurrence of typical psychedelic effects. Hopes included transformative processes. The setting factors that promoted a positive experience were music and access to nature, whereas the sterile hospital environment was considered bothersome. Most participants valued the trusting relationship with their investigator. The most commonly criticized investigator characteristics were a perceived lack of support and investigator-induced psychological discomfort. Most participants considered their expectations exceeded and would take the study substances again, preferably in a setting in nature with friends. This paper identified four pivotal factors to be considered for psychedelic study experiences: (1) a secure interpersonal relationship, (2) an aesthetically pleasing environment, (3) access to nature, and (4) the use of music. This analysis reveals subjective views of volunteers in psychedelic Phase-I trials and may improve research standards.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06772-4", "pubmed_id": "40140019", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40140019/", "keywords": "Appraisal, Dimethyltryptamine, Healthy volunteers, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, Motivation, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40140019\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 640, "title": "Disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties.", "normalized_title": "disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties", "authors": "Atiq MA, Baker MR, Voort JLV, Vargas MV, Choi DS", "abstract": "Recent research with classic psychedelics suggests significant therapeutic potential, particularly for neuropsychiatric disorders. A mediating influence behind symptom resolution is thought to be the personal insight - at times, bordering on the mystical - one acquires during the acute phase of a psychedelic session. Indeed, current clinical trials have found strong correlations between the acute subjective effects (ASE) under the influence of psychedelics and their enduring therapeutic properties. However, with potential barriers to widespread clinical implementation, including the healthcare resource-intensive nature of psychedelic sessions and the exclusion of certain at-risk patient groups, there is an active search to determine whether ASE elimination can be accompanied by the retention of persisting therapeutic benefits of these class of compounds. Recognizing the aberrant underlying neural circuitry that characterizes a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, and that classic psychedelics promote neuroplastic changes that may correct abnormal circuitry, investigators are rushing to design and discover compounds with psychoplastogenic, but not hallucinogenic (i.e., ASE), therapeutic potential. These efforts have paved the discovery of 'non-psychedelic/subjective psychedelics', or compounds that lack hallucinogenic activity but with therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models. This review aims to distill the current evidence - both clinical and preclinical - surrounding the question: can the ASE of classic psychedelics be dissociated from their sustained therapeutic properties? Several plausible clinical scenarios are then proposed to offer clarity on and potentially answer this question.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06599-5", "pubmed_id": "38743110", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743110/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, Acute subjective effects, Addiction, Classic psychedelics, Major depressive disorder, Neuropsychiatry, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38743110\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 685, "title": "Correction to: Unraveling psilocybin's therapeutic potential: behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar male rat models of treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "correction to unraveling psilocybin s therapeutic potential behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in wistar kyoto and wistar male rat models of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Kolasa M, Nikiforuk A, Korlatowicz A, Solich J, Potasiewicz A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Bugno R, Hogendorf A, Bojarski A, Faron-Górecka A", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06654-1", "pubmed_id": "39030424", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39030424/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39030424\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 499, "title": "Psychedelic-like effects induced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in male and female C57BL/6J mice", "normalized_title": "psychedelic like effects induced by 2 5 dimethoxy 4 iodoamphetamine lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in male and female c57bl 6j mice", "authors": "Shelby A. McGriff, Jacquelin C Hecker, Alexander D. Maitland, John S. Partilla, Michael H. Baumann, Grant C. Glatfelter", "abstract": "RATIONALE: The head twitch response (HTR) is a spontaneously occurring behavior in mice that is increased in frequency by serotonergic psychedelics. The mouse HTR is often used as a proxy for psychedelic-like drug effects, but limited information is available about sex differences in HTRs evoked by various classes of psychedelics (i.e., phenethylamines, lysergamides, tryptamines). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To examine potential sex differences in responsiveness to structurally-distinct psychedelics, acute effects of subcutaneous 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-amphetamine (DOI, 0.03-10 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 0.003-1 mg/kg), and 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin, 0.03-10 mg/kg) on HTRs were compared in male and female C57BL/6J mice. For comparison, effects of the drugs on locomotor activity and body temperature were also determined. RESULTS: Drug potencies for inducing HTRs were similar in males and females for all drugs, with only LSD exhibiting detectable differences due to increased maximal counts in females. Importantly, the maximum number of HTRs observed for all drugs was higher in females, with significant differences between sexes for DOI and LSD. Dose x sex interactions for the dose-response data were statistically significant for psilocybin and LSD, with females displaying more HTRs after the highest or peak doses of all drugs. The acute effects of drugs on locomotion and temperature varied by drug, but were similar in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The present results overall show no substantial sex differences in the potencies to induce HTRs for DOI, LSD, and psilocybin in C57BL/6J mice. However, females uniformly displayed more HTRs at high doses administered across chemotypes. The results further suggest that commonly used doses of psychedelics induce comparable psychedelic-like effects in male and female C57BL/6J mice, but modest differences may emerge at high doses.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-05-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06795-x", "pubmed_id": "40381003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06795-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid, Psychology, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Medicine, Psychiatry, Stereochemistry, Chemistry, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410466765\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410466765\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1897852281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971737428\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013448136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015870346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021349846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026786579\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042469037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056439165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057478907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059800315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060487112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061601865\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081487441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085564728\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090508525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097178480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120981694\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128437336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136816138\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146585068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170848267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2300741967\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411979104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607844825\",\"https://openalex.org/W2621905925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789541163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2988260994\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088264875\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134897339\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165049600\",\"https://openalex.org/W3189055936\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212990475\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220686675\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220950644\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221013630\",\"https://openalex.org/W4246108751\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281254572\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282982392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288447327\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291398459\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295789857\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307167512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308372082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311564573\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313585689\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323825498\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362722045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387389328\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388233923\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390671187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391574526\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392809290\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396732522\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399917337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401862709\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402238710\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403242904\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405074416\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089357533\",\"display_name\":\"Shelby A. McGriff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-0127\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060987811\",\"display_name\":\"Jacquelin C Hecker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067841330\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander D. Maitland\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012476234\",\"display_name\":\"John S. Partilla\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004773599\",\"display_name\":\"Michael H. Baumann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7758-1470\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049499127\",\"display_name\":\"Grant C. Glatfelter\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-9083\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06795-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410466765" }, { "id": 760, "title": "Moderating factors in psilocybin-assisted treatment affecting mood and personality: A naturalistic, open-label investigation", "normalized_title": "moderating factors in psilocybin assisted treatment affecting mood and personality a naturalistic open label investigation", "authors": "Mona Irrmischer, Drew Puxty, Barış Onur Yıldırım, J.B. Deijen, Hessel Engelbregt", "abstract": "RATIONALE: Psychedelic-assisted therapy is increasingly applied within mental health treatment. OBJECTIVES: This study focused on factors moderating changes in the acute and long-term effects of an individual psilocybin-assisted program on depression, anxiety, PTSD and personality structures by including demographic factors, subjective experience and degree of mystical type experiences during the dosing, as well as emotional breakthrough and personal growth after the program. METHODS: At baseline, 1 week and 3 months after the psilocybin program participants completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3). In addition, after the dosing the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ-30), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI) were administered. Moderation effects were established using linear mixed-model analysis. RESULTS: A single high dose of psilocybin in combination with therapy was found to lower symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD and neuroticism over a period of 3-months. Scores on openness and conscientiousness increased after the treatment only. Participants reported mystical type experiences, emotional breakthrough and personal growth. These subjective experiences together with demographic factors were moderating the observed positive changes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that individual psilocybin-assisted therapy has the potential for beneficial effects on mood and personality characteristics. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of subjective experiences and demographic factors in moderating this effect. This study adds to the ongoing research on psilocybin-assisted therapy by investigating contributing factors for optimizing this evolving type of therapy.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06733-3", "pubmed_id": "39775022", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06733-3", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Anxiety, Mood, Neuroticism, Moderation, Psychiatry, Irritability, Mental health, Personality, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406141686\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406141686\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1610612296\",\"https://openalex.org/W1923793693\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969348782\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985530497\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992663821\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001298144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025084014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033442056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056972145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087484885\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093943230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098176425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098873622\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132322340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142635246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158532959\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171603114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2302101266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2493928838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608583841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912125593\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972546316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999812626\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008349045\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107917596\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162733947\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185555630\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220790925\",\"https://openalex.org/W4250218096\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378640469\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390186718\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394886406\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085851336\",\"display_name\":\"Mona Irrmischer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-5035\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115799689\",\"display_name\":\"Drew Puxty\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Barış Onur Yıldırım\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013056424\",\"display_name\":\"J.B. Deijen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-6234\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045171386\",\"display_name\":\"Hessel Engelbregt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-696X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06733-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406141686" }, { "id": 909, "title": "Practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs.", "normalized_title": "practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs", "authors": "Barnett BS, Vest MF, Delatte MS, King Iv F, Mauney EE, Coulson AJ, Nayak SM, Hendricks PS, Greer GR, Murnane KS", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in establishing psychedelic research programs at academic medical centers. However, psychedelics are intensely psychoactive, carry considerable sociopolitical baggage, and most are Schedule I drugs, creating significant potential impediments to implementation. There is little formal guidance for investigators on navigating the complex on-the-ground obstacles associated with establishing psychedelic research programs. This article provides recommendations that may be helpful to investigators seeking to work with psychedelics, with a focus on academic medical centers in the United States. The academic literature on relevant matters is reviewed, and the authors provide observations from their experiences either working for relevant regulatory agencies or conducting basic science studies, investigator-initiated trials, or industry sponsored trials with psychedelics. Investigators planning to conduct psychedelic research should cultivate broad institutional support early. Challenges related to securing funding, obtaining approval for an Investigational New Drug application from the Food and Drug Administration, clinical grade drug sourcing, obtaining a Schedule I researcher registration from the Drug Enforcement Administration and an equivalent state license (if required), preparing spaces for treatment and study drug storage, managing controlled substance inventory, engaging the local community, and other issues should be anticipated. Investigators should anticipate several implementation challenges when planning to work with psychedelics. However, these are likely surmountable with planning, persistence, and assistance from colleagues and other experts.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06722-6", "pubmed_id": "39627438", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39627438/", "keywords": "Clinical research, Clinical trials, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39627438\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1065, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: where is the psychotherapy research?", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy where is the psychotherapy research", "authors": "Aday JS, Horton D, Fernandes-Osterhold G, O'Donovan A, Bradley ER, Rosen RC, Woolley JD", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has emerged as a potential treatment for a variety of mental health conditions, including substance use disorders and depression. Current models of PAP emphasize the importance of psychotherapeutic support before, during, and after ingestion of a psychedelic to maximize safety and clinical benefit. Despite this ubiquitous assumption, there has been surprisingly little empirical investigation of the \"psychotherapy\" in PAP, leaving critical questions about the necessary and sufficient components of PAP unanswered. As clinical trials for psychedelic compounds continue the transition from safety- and feasibility-testing to evaluating efficacy, the role of the accompanying psychotherapy must be better understood to enhance scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying therapeutic change, optimize clinical outcomes, and inform cost-effectiveness. The present paper first reviews the current status of psychotherapy in the PAP literature, starting with recent debates regarding \"psychotherapy\" versus \"psychological support\" and then overviewing published clinical trial psychotherapy models and putative models informed by theory. We then delineate lessons that PAP researchers can leverage from traditional psychotherapy research regarding standardizing treatments (e.g., publish treatment manuals, establish eligibility criteria for providers), identifying mechanisms of change (e.g., measure established mechanisms in psychotherapy), and optimizing clinical trial designs (e.g., consider dismantling studies, comparative efficacy trials, and cross-lagged panel designs). Throughout this review, the need for increased research into the psychotherapeutic components of treatment in PAP is underscored. PAP is a distinct, integrative, and transdisciplinary intervention. Future research designs should consider transdisciplinary research methodologies to identify best practices and inform federal guidelines for PAP administration.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06620-x", "pubmed_id": "38782821", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38782821/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy models, Review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38782821\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 638, "title": "Unraveling psilocybin’s therapeutic potential: behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar male rat models of treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "unraveling psilocybin s therapeutic potential behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in wistar kyoto and wistar male rat models of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Magdalena Kolasa, Agnieszka Nikiforuk, Agata Korlatowicz, Joanna Solich, Agnieszka Potasiewicz, Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, Ryszard Bugno, Adam S. Hogendorf, Andrzej J. Bojarski, Agata Faron-Górecka", "abstract": "RATIONALE: Our study aimed to unravel the unknown mechanisms behind the exceptional efficacy of Psilocybin (PSI) in treating treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Focusing on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with a TRD phenotype and Wistar (WIS) rats as a normative comparison, we investigated behavioral and neuroplasticity-related responses to PSI, striving to shed light on the distinctive features of its antidepressant effects. OBJECTIVES: We set out to assess the behavioral impact of acute and prolonged PSI administration on WKY and WIS rats, employing Novel Object Recognition (NORT), Social Interaction (SI), and Forced Swimming Test (FST). Our secondary objectives involved exploring strain-specific alterations in neuroplasticity-related parameters, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). METHODS: Conducting post-acute and extended assessments after a single PSI administration, we applied behavioral tests and biochemical analyses to measure serum BDNF levels and neuroplasticity-related parameters in the prefrontal cortex. Statistical analyses were deployed to discern significant differences between the rat strains and assess the impact of PSI on behavioral and biochemical outcomes. RESULTS: Our findings uncovered significant behavioral disparities between WKY and WIS rats, indicating passive behavior and social withdrawal in the former. PSI demonstrated pronounced pro-social and antidepressant effects in both strains, each with its distinctive temporal trajectory. Notably, we identified strain-specific variations in BDNF-related signaling and observed the modulation of Arc expression in WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS: Our study delineated mood-related behavioral nuances between WKY and WIS rat strains, underscoring the antidepressant and pro-social properties of PSI in both groups. The distinct temporal patterns of observed changes and the identified strain-specific neuroplasticity alterations provide valuable insights into the TRD phenotype and the mechanisms underpinning the efficacy of PSI.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-07-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3", "pubmed_id": "38963553", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroplasticity, Depression (economics), Psychology, Neuroscience, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychopharmacology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Amygdala, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Kolasa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2023-2699\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022670452\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Nikiforuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-8348\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073055765\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Korlatowicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8926-3143\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069807940\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Solich\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-4263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060540666\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Potasiewicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6444-5637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089673359\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7030-7874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006523340\",\"display_name\":\"Ryszard Bugno\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3741-674X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034604911\",\"display_name\":\"Adam S. Hogendorf\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-3266\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025399512\",\"display_name\":\"Andrzej J. Bojarski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-6333\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027636060\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Faron-Górecka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8202-190X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400335852" }, { "id": 1067, "title": "Content analysis of Reddit posts about coadministration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psilocybin mushrooms", "normalized_title": "content analysis of reddit posts about coadministration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Kimberly Sakai, Ellen Bradley, Joseph A. Zamaria, Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, D. Parker Kelley, Alexander Fish, Valeria Martini, Michelle C. Ferris, Emma Morton, Erin E. Michalak, Aoife O’Donovan, Joshua Woolley", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-04-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06585-x", "pubmed_id": "38687360", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06585-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonin, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, Reuptake inhibitor, Serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Pharmacology, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Fluoxetine, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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"curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4379094891" }, { "id": 1599, "title": "Psilocybin mitigates the cognitive deficits observed in a rat model of Fragile X syndrome", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates the cognitive deficits observed in a rat model of fragile x syndrome", "authors": "Valeria Buzzelli, Emilia Carbone, Antonia Manduca, Sara Schiavi, Alessandro Feo, Julia V. Perederiy, Kyle Ambert, M Hausman, Viviana Trezza", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3", "pubmed_id": "36469097", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3", "keywords": "Fragile X syndrome, Psilocybin, Serotonergic, Psychology, Neuroscience, Cognition, Autism, Serotonin, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Developmental psychology, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Personality Disorders and Psychopathology, Bipolar Disorder and Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4310700160\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4310700160\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":20,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W81784046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1882482010\",\"https://openalex.org/W1893201598\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983083273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987832172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001215117\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021925396\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023122132\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024192983\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028003075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064533408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070615835\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073466970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082152632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083534769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119744351\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130497862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145095988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157384069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157912512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161765100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162775240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165143316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166329705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2306323052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2323051846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2462102436\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582621819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2656553103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2749105458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2749146127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759433538\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768108307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793644042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793853595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2800183981\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801418002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810453228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889399987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889987209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895425245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909759903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2918299940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923019381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942558631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950095747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958413903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981690838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990036135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995660943\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009715943\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082721315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084164707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085458292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087462486\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092548915\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109908198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122801192\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134320342\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210379385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210708461\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295988805\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296816736\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010050973\",\"display_name\":\"Valeria Buzzelli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-7405\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001361324\",\"display_name\":\"Emilia Carbone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9095-2838\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043422880\",\"display_name\":\"Antonia Manduca\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085969349\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Schiavi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7720-5010\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016124876\",\"display_name\":\"Alessandro Feo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2999-6782\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037642269\",\"display_name\":\"Julia V. Perederiy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087320896\",\"display_name\":\"Kyle Ambert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1688-4408\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008185450\",\"display_name\":\"M Hausman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010844563\",\"display_name\":\"Viviana Trezza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-6045\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4310700160" }, { "id": 1631, "title": "Set and setting in microdosing: an oft-overlooked principle.", "normalized_title": "set and setting in microdosing an oft overlooked principle", "authors": "Hartogsohn I, Petranker R", "abstract": "The use of psychedelics for medical and recreational purposes is rising. Contextual factors such as expectancy, intention, and sensory and social environment (set and setting) are widely recognized as moderating the effects of these substances. Nevertheless, clinical trials of microdosing - the ingestion of small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelics - rarely report their set and setting. This fact suggests that such factors are not considered important in the context of microdosing. This paper challenges this assumption and makes the case for the crucial relevance of set and setting in microdosing practice. Building on set and setting theory and placebo theory, we explain why set and setting are of crucial importance in the case of microdosing. This reasoning helps elucidate the role of set and setting in determining the outcomes of microdosing and helps explain some of the contradictory results that have emerged in microdosing research in recent years. Set and setting are important constructs to be considered especially in the context of microdosing psychedelics. By reporting set and setting, the results of microdosing research can be made more reliable and consistent.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06249-8", "pubmed_id": "36289109", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289109/", "keywords": "LSD, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Set and setting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36289109\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1677, "title": "Expectancy in placebo-controlled trials of psychedelics: if so, so what?", "normalized_title": "expectancy in placebo controlled trials of psychedelics if so so what", "authors": "Butler M, Jelen L, Rucker J", "abstract": "Modern psychedelic research remains in an early phase, and the eventual introduction of psychedelics into clinical practice remains in doubt. In this piece, we discuss the role of blinding and expectancy in psychedelic trials, and place this in a broader historical and contemporary context of blinding in trials across the rest of healthcare. We suggest that premature and uncritical promotion ('hype') of psychedelics as medicines is not only misleading, but also directly influences participant expectancy in ongoing psychedelic trials. We argue that although psychedelic trials are likely to significantly overestimate treatment effects by design due to unblinding and expectancy effects, this is not a unique situation. Placebo-controlled RCTs are not a perfect fit for all therapeutics, and problems in blinding should not automatically disqualify medications from licencing decisions. We suggest that simple practical measures may be (and indeed already are) taken in psychedelic trials to partially mitigate the effects of expectancy and unblinding, such as independent raters and active placebos. We briefly suggest other alternative trial methodologies which could be used to bolster RCT results, such as naturalistic studies. We conclude that the results of contemporary placebo-controlled RCTs of psychedelics should neither be dismissed due to imperfections in design, nor should early data be taken as firm evidence of effectiveness.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06221-6", "pubmed_id": "36063208", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36063208/", "keywords": "Clinical trials, Expectancy, Placebo, Psilocybin, Psychoactive medication", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36063208\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1651, "title": "The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world.", "normalized_title": "the watts connectedness scale a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self others and world", "authors": "Watts R, Kettner H, Geerts D, Gandy S, Kartner L, Mertens L, Timmermann C, Nour MM, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L.", "abstract": "RationaleA general feeling of disconnection has been associated with mental and emotional suffering. Improvements to a sense of connectedness to self, others and the wider world have been reported by participants in clinical trials of psychedelic therapy. Such accounts have led us to a definition of the psychological construct of 'connectedness' as 'a state of feeling connected to self, others and the wider world'. Existing tools for measuring connectedness have focused on particular aspects of connectedness, such as 'social connectedness' or 'nature connectedness', which we hypothesise to be different expressions of a common factor of connectedness. Here, we sought to develop a new scale to measure connectedness as a construct with these multiple domains. We hypothesised that (1) our scale would measure three separable subscale factors pertaining to a felt connection to 'self', 'others' and 'world' and (2) improvements in total and subscale WCS scores would correlate with improved mental health outcomes post psychedelic use.ObjectivesTo validate and test the 'Watts Connectedness Scale' (WCS).MethodsPsychometric validation of the WCS was carried out using data from three independent studies. Firstly, we pooled data from two prospective observational online survey studies. The WCS was completed before and after a planned psychedelic experience. The total sample of completers from the online surveys was N = 1226. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and construct and criterion validity were tested. A third dataset was derived from a double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy (n = 27) with 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (n = 25) for major depressive disorder (MDD), where the WCS was completed at baseline and at a 6-week primary endpoint.ResultsAs hypothesised, factor analysis of all WCS items revealed three main factors with good internal consistency. WCS showed good construct validity. Significant post-psychedelic increases were observed for total connectedness scores (η2 = 0.339, p", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-08-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5", "pubmed_id": "35939083", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35939083\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":159,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W567804944\",\"https://openalex.org/W1489058730\",\"https://openalex.org/W1501985450\",\"https://openalex.org/W1545991786\",\"https://openalex.org/W1591013228\",\"https://openalex.org/W1670606950\",\"https://openalex.org/W1826638247\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971778564\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974019314\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975143941\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976087027\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977400802\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981281259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985754849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003490123\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014833927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016157176\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027314283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029059557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031168265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036577999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036702879\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037755177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043696469\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047503435\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049385311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052783348\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056548032\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070109203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070642771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077165348\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079559446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079996211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080743918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082053901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083883688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084304517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085039988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085876742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088092198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093273763\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107269725\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111920357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117765622\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123552131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128546633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129907761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141462016\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150537415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157428947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158037744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159306398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159466611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160172778\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161727157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163191809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163215199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165253899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168268237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2190085401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2203002557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2237631194\",\"https://openalex.org/W2277633149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2322926031\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2415750758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2514674403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2570992960\",\"https://openalex.org/W2590679976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610309226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2657342869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2711101401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2743578903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2780081645\",\"https://openalex.org/W2786164680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2787145468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2831064708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883252198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898111537\",\"https://openalex.org/W2918637245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954690399\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971496197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2989761922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999014664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999812626\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002262180\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018943978\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049025822\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083797211\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107630502\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158216155\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160765419\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166459008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182390788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185477803\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201129864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204171992\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204944997\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208662682\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214487871\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230637740\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234193547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243943554\",\"https://openalex.org/W4256013753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392993378\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110662235\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalind Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008270587\",\"display_name\":\"Dana Geerts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069610539\",\"display_name\":\"Sam Gandy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2877-6244\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044522468\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Kärtner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070309082\",\"display_name\":\"Lea J. Mertens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-3941\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073964938\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew M. Nour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-6184\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4290631853" }, { "id": 1704, "title": "Natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing.", "normalized_title": "natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing", "authors": "Sanz C, Cavanna F, Muller S, de la Fuente L, Zamberlan F, Palmucci M, Janeckova L, Kuchar M, Carrillo F, García AM, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "RationaleSerotonergic psychedelics are being studied as novel treatments for mental health disorders and as facilitators of improved well-being, mental function, and creativity. Recent studies have found mixed results concerning the effects of low doses of psychedelics (\"microdosing\") on these domains. However, microdosing is generally investigated using instruments designed to assess larger doses of psychedelics, which might lack sensitivity and specificity for this purpose.ObjectivesDetermine whether unconstrained speech contains signatures capable of identifying the acute effects of psilocybin microdoses.MethodsNatural speech under psilocybin microdoses (0.5 g of psilocybin mushrooms) was acquired from thirty-four healthy adult volunteers (11 females: 32.09 ± 3.53 years; 23 males: 30.87 ± 4.64 years) following a double-blind and placebo-controlled experimental design with two measurement weeks per participant. On Wednesdays and Fridays of each week, participants consumed either the active dose (psilocybin) or the placebo (edible mushrooms). Features of interest were defined based on variables known to be affected by higher doses: verbosity, semantic variability, and sentiment scores. Machine learning models were used to discriminate between conditions. Classifiers were trained and tested using stratified cross-validation to compute the AUC and p-values.ResultsExcept for semantic variability, these metrics presented significant differences between a typical active microdose and the inactive placebo condition. Machine learning classifiers were capable of distinguishing between conditions with high accuracy (AUC [Formula: see text] 0.8).ConclusionsThese results constitute first evidence that low doses of serotonergic psychedelics can be identified from unconstrained natural speech, with potential for widely applicable, affordable, and ecologically valid monitoring of microdosing schedules.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-06-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06170-0", "pubmed_id": "35676541", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06170-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Language, Mental Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35676541\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4282945619\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4282945619\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W980795213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003128044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038166296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2316993542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2786230868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789213216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791063712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900445331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903300049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907379922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945335566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945708519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951080359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2957955970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958413903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969627127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981686921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990036135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996366481\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002125030\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002888945\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004910645\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010363778\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010491167\",\"https://openalex.org/W3034742352\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082721315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092548915\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093109301\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094690508\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111336391\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122801192\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159653784\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167789562\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177516331\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183271982\",\"https://openalex.org/W3188959629\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208674003\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211842562\",\"https://openalex.org/W3212356139\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215748564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200369187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200392805\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205576215\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005354583\",\"display_name\":\"Camila Sanz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086746602\",\"display_name\":\"Federico Cavanna\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-6479\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090485177\",\"display_name\":\"Stephanie Müller\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102895907\",\"display_name\":\"Laura de la Fuente\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8580-5857\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048583007\",\"display_name\":\"Federico Zamberlán\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090454518\",\"display_name\":\"Matías Palmucci\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086682470\",\"display_name\":\"Lucie Janeckova\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084865612\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Kuchař\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052030569\",\"display_name\":\"Facundo Carrillo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085040644\",\"display_name\":\"Adolfo M. García\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6936-0114\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006651985\",\"display_name\":\"Carla Pallavicini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-7735\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058986420\",\"display_name\":\"Enzo Tagliazucchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-9993\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06170-0\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4282945619" }, { "id": 1776, "title": "Serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Malcolm B, Thomas K", "abstract": "In recent years, psychedelic substances with serotonergic mechanisms have accumulated substantial evidence that they may provide therapeutic benefits for people suffering with psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric disorders targeted by these psychedelic-assisted therapies are managed with serotonergic drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the current standard of care, so it is important to evaluate the potential risks of drug-drug interactions and serotonin toxicity (ST) between these agents. A critical evaluation of the scientific literature is necessary to delineate the risks of ST when combining psychedelics with available serotonergic pharmacotherapy options. This review article describes signs and symptoms of ST, characterizes mechanisms of ST risk, summarizes what is known about serotonergic psychedelic drug interactions, and outlines potential management strategies. True ST typically occurs with a serotonergic drug overdose or in combinations in which a drug that can increase intrasynaptic serotonin is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Serotonergic psychotropics that do not contain MAOIs are low risk in combination with psychedelics that also do not contain MAOIs. Signs and symptoms warranting immediate medical attention include myoclonus, extreme and fluctuating vital signs, agitation or comatose mental state, muscle rigidity, pronounced hyperthermia (fever), and/or seizure activity. Serotonin-related adverse reactions exist along a spectrum with serotonin syndrome being the most severe manifestations of ST. Due to varying serotonergic mechanisms of psychedelics and psychotropics, with varying propensities to increase intrasynaptic serotonin, some combinations may present a significant risk for serotonin toxicity (ST) while others are likely benign.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05876-x", "pubmed_id": "34251464", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251464/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, MDMA, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Serotonin syndrome, Serotonin toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34251464\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1775, "title": "Sex-specific effects of psychedelics on prepulse inhibition of startle in 129S6/SvEv mice.", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psychedelics on prepulse inhibition of startle in 129s6 svev mice", "authors": "Vohra HZ, Saunders JM, Jaster AM, de la Fuente Revenga M, Jimenez J, Fernández-Teruel A, Wolstenholme JT, Beardsley PM, González-Maeso J", "abstract": "Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is a sensorimotor gating phenomenon perturbed in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelics disrupt PPI in rats and humans, but their effects and involvement of the serotonin 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) in mice remain unexplored. We tested the effect of the psychedelic 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on startle amplitude and %PPI in response to acoustic stimuli under up to four different experimental conditions that included changes in background and stimulus intensity, prepulse and pulse duration, and interstimulus interval in male and female 129S6/SvEv mice. We also evaluated the effect of the 5-HTR antagonist M100,907 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) on DOI-induced startle amplitude and %PPI, as well as the effect of the psychedelic LSD (0.24 mg/kg, i.p.) and the dopamine agonists apomorphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and SKF-82,958 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in male 129S6/SvEv mice. DOI altered startle amplitude with either pulse alone or prepulse + pulse presentations in all PPI conditions, and increased %PPI in three out of four PPI conditions in male mice - an effect that was prevented by M100,907. In female mice, DOI increased %PPI without affecting startle amplitude. %PPI was positively correlated with startle amplitude in males while being negatively correlated in female mice. In male mice, LSD also increased %PPI, although it did not affect startle amplitude, whereas apomorphine and SKF-82,958 induced decreases in %PPI. Our findings highlight a distinct effect of the psychedelic DOI on PPI in 129S6/SvEv mice, suggesting 5-HTR-dependent PPI improvement in a paradigm-dependent and sex-dependent manner.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05913-9", "pubmed_id": "34345931", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34345931/", "keywords": "G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Hallucinogens, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Prepulse inhibition (PPI), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychopharmacology, Sensorimotor gating, Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, Sex differences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34345931\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1763, "title": "How to account for hallucinations in the interpretation of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics: a translational framework.", "normalized_title": "how to account for hallucinations in the interpretation of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics a translational framework", "authors": "van den Berg M, Magaraggia I, Schreiber R, Hillhouse TM, Porter JH", "abstract": "Recent trials with psychedelics in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression showed remarkable improvements in depressive symptoms that can last for up to several months after even a single administration. The lack of an appropriate placebo control group-as patients are often able to discriminate the subjective effects of the drug-and an incomplete understanding of the role of the hallucinogenic and mystical experience, hampers the interpretation of these therapeutic effects. To control for these factors, we developed a translational framework based on establishing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships in rodents and humans for hallucinogenic (i.e., discriminative stimulus effects in rodents and humans; head twitch responses in rodents; questionnaires in humans) and therapeutic effects. For the latter, we selected the pattern separation and attentional set-shifting tasks as measures for cognitive flexibility because of their high translational value. We predict that these PK/PD analyses will lead to a more objective evaluation of improvements in patients compared to relying only on the currently used self-reported questionnaires. We hypothesize that-if the role of the hallucinogenic experience is not central in the antidepressant effects of psychedelics-the ED's for the therapeutic effects will be significantly lower than for the hallucinogenic and mystical effects. Our framework will help to inform future studies that aim at the elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action of psychedelics in depression, and the role of the acute subjective and/or hallucinogenic experience in their effects.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06106-8", "pubmed_id": "35348806", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35348806/", "keywords": "Cognitive flexibility, Depression, Drug discrimination, Head twitch response (HTR), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Pattern separation (PS), Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35348806\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4220677776" }, { "id": 1767, "title": "Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats.", "normalized_title": "effects of ketamine optical isomers psilocybin psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats", "authors": "Popik P, Hogendorf A, Bugno R, Khoo SY, Zajdel P, Malikowska-Racia N, Nikiforuk A, Golebiowska J.", "abstract": "RationaleKetamine and psilocybin belong to the rapid-acting antidepressants but they also produce psychotomimetic effects including timing distortion. It is currently debatable whether these are essential for their therapeutic actions. As depressed patients report that the \"time is dragging,\" we hypothesized that ketamine and psilocybin-like compounds may produce an opposite effect, i.e., time underestimation, purportedly contributing to their therapeutic properties.ObjectivesTiming was tested following administration of (R)- and (S)-ketamine, and psilocybin, psilocin, and norpsilocin in the discrete-trial temporal discrimination task (TDT) in male rats. Timing related to premature responses, and cognitive and unspecific effects of compounds were tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in the standard 1-s, and \"easier\" 2-s stimulus duration conditions, as well as in the vITI variant promoting impulsive responses.Results(S)-ketamine (15 but not 3.75 or 7.5 mg/kg) shifted psychometric curve to the right in TDT and reduced premature responses in 5-CSRTT, suggesting expected time underestimation, but it also decreased the accuracy of temporal discrimination and increased response and reward latencies, decreased correct responses, and increased incorrect responses. While (R)-ketamine did not affect timing and produced no unspecific actions, it reduced incorrect responses in TDT and increased accuracy in 5-CSRTT, suggesting pro-cognitive effects. Psilocin and psilocybin produced mainly unspecific effects in both tasks, while norpsilocin showed no effects.ConclusionsTime underestimation produced by (S)-ketamine could be associated with its antidepressant effects; however, it was accompanied with severe behavioral disruption. We also hypothesize that behavioral disruption produced by psychedelics objectively reflects their psychotomimetic-like actions.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-06020-5", "pubmed_id": "35234983", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06020-5", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Serotonin, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Cognition, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35234983\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4214937728\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4214937728\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":16,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":30,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1541141148\",\"https://openalex.org/W1546664245\",\"https://openalex.org/W1608611146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1766588580\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971612884\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973750932\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977573148\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978443369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991333985\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993557467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002513166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006045052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008262218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009086345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009243620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018420238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018969119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022130624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023081218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025333158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025964232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028048940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028127185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028884770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037153657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049563161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050530976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053016988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056530512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060089850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063130669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066132862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086305648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143625387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163433107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2176587016\",\"https://openalex.org/W2310217103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2464869946\",\"https://openalex.org/W2488012401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2516420108\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2615450788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890893449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983463140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983625743\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000352472\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007923795\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046957448\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091037153\",\"https://openalex.org/W3117542960\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134320342\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156594315\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234562209\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243287814\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020658677\",\"display_name\":\"Piotr Popik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-1263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034604911\",\"display_name\":\"Adam S. Hogendorf\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-3266\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006523340\",\"display_name\":\"Ryszard Bugno\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3741-674X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025011942\",\"display_name\":\"Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-3788\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045626009\",\"display_name\":\"Paweł Zajdel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6192-8721\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087332321\",\"display_name\":\"Natalia Malikowska-Racia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-7768\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022670452\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Nikiforuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-8348\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072655660\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Gołębiowska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2250-2995\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06020-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4214937728" }, { "id": 1771, "title": "Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "flashback phenomena after administration of lsd and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants", "authors": "Müller F, Kraus E, Holze F, Becker A, Ley L, Schmid Y, Vizeli P, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S.", "abstract": "BackgroundLSD and psilocybin are increasingly used in phase I trials and evaluated as therapeutic agents for mental disorders. The phenomenon of reoccurring drug-like experiences after the acute substance effects have worn off was described for both substances and especially attributed to LSD. According to the DSM-V, the persisting and distressing manifestation of these experiences is called hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Data on both conditions is very limited.ObjectiveThis study aims to provide descriptive data on reoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants.Methods and materialsData from 142 healthy subjects enrolled in six double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over studies were analyzed. In total, 60 subjects received LSD; 27 subjects received LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine; 31 subjects received LSD and psilocybin; and 25 subjects received psilocybin and escitalopram. At the end-of-study visit (mean 39.8 days after last study session, SD37.2), subjects were asked for any reoccurring drug effects since the initial substance effects had worn off. Those reporting reoccurring perception changes more than 24 h after administration were contacted for follow-up (mean follow-up duration: 31.2 months, SD28.6).ResultsThirteen out of 142 subjects reported reoccurring drug-like experiences (LSD: seven, psilocybin: two, both: four). The reported phenomena were predominantly mild and perceived as neutral to pleasant. Flashbacks were mostly of visual nature, lasted for seconds to minutes, and occurred within a week after the last drug administration. Two subjects reported distressing experiences that subsided spontaneously. One subject reported brief and pleasant visual perception changes which reoccurred for 7 months. None of the subjects reported impairment in their daily lives. None of the cases met DSM-V criteria for HPPD.ConclusionReoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin are a common phenomenon occurring in up to 9.2% of healthy subjects (7.8% for LSD, 8.3% for psilocybin and 14.3% if both substances are administered). Additionally, our work suggests that flashback phenomena are not a clinically relevant problem in controlled studies with healthy participants.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-01-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z", "pubmed_id": "35076721", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35076721\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4206965048\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4206965048\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":64,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1967205222\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973393535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003596158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008071452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008525776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028456442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067384745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075552167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076000543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088342863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114629758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122653375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145095988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150903999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155854964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159991183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312475727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2402095704\",\"https://openalex.org/W2404165333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413573456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2461431287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2461733912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552761136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2590375860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2771056291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790481213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983486486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999447544\",\"https://openalex.org/W3029354975\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093375227\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236250256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4245274090\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061374713\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063816069\",\"display_name\":\"Elias Kraus\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028081191\",\"display_name\":\"Friederike Holze\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-1519\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012996786\",\"display_name\":\"A. Becker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-7945\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102828957\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Ley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9881-4693\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045516878\",\"display_name\":\"Yasmin Schmid\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-584X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023301996\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick Vizeli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-4446\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071962736\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias E. Liechti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081904403\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan Borgwardt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-3987\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4206965048" }, { "id": 1829, "title": "Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.", "normalized_title": "analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance", "authors": "Hase A, Erdmann M, Limbach V, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Rationale and objectivesDifferences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically interesting. Quantitative linguistic analysis is a powerful tool to examine such differences. This study compared five psychedelic substance report groups and a non-psychedelic report group on quantitative linguistic markers of psychological states and processes derived from recreational use-based online experience reports.MethodsUsing 2947 publicly available online reports, we compared Ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, analyzed together), ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin (mushroom), and antidepressant drug use experiences. We examined word frequencies related to various psychological states and processes and semantic proximity to psychedelic and mystical experience scales.ResultsLinguistic markers of psychological function indicated distinct effect profiles. For example, MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Antidepressant reports featured more negative emotional and cognitive process-related words, fewer positive emotional and analytical thinking-related words, and were generally not similar to mystical and psychedelic language.ConclusionThis article addresses an existing research gap regarding the comparison of different psychedelic drugs on linguistic profiles of psychological states, processes, and experiences. The large sample of experience reports involving multiple psychedelic drugs provides valuable information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The results could inform experimental research into psychedelic drug effects in healthy populations and clinical trials for psychedelic treatments of psychiatric problems.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-01-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3", "pubmed_id": "35031816", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35031816\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4205576215\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4205576215\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":33,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1426669486\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974512493\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975790234\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983552968\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034187022\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038166296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045167113\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045231516\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048529682\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056473508\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075033894\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084808900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100834566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107259975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114525052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117003509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123488676\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135643379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139875525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140910804\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147152072\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149569290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160869008\",\"https://openalex.org/W2176587016\",\"https://openalex.org/W2249595199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2303614667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413573456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2508396631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2597843020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2785254539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790056169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793244201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793403693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889959197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897583329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900445331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911924713\",\"https://openalex.org/W2915177913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940999002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983486486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990240756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995742834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002888945\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026621572\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039296282\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111336391\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167789562\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237381338\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399639438\",\"https://openalex.org/W6631239350\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004038831\",\"display_name\":\"Adrian Hase\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-706X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046768106\",\"display_name\":\"M Erdmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089951357\",\"display_name\":\"Verena Limbach\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081182943\",\"display_name\":\"Gregor Hasler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-0138\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4205576215" }, { "id": 1778, "title": "Effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences: a preregistered field and lab-based study.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences a preregistered field and lab based study", "authors": "van Elk M, Fejer G, Lempe P, Prochazckova L, Kuchar M, Hajkova K, Marschall J.", "abstract": "There is an increased societal trend to engage in microdosing, in which small sub-hallucinogenic amounts of psychedelics are consumed on a regular basis. Following subjective reports that microdosing enhances the experience of nature and art, in the present study we set out to study the effects of psilocybin microdosing on feelings of awe and art perception. In this preregistered combined field- and lab-based study, participants took part in a microdosing workshop after which they volunteered to self-administer a psilocybin microdose or a placebo for three consecutive weeks, while the condition was kept blind to the participants and researchers. Following a 2-week break, the condition assignment was reversed. During each block, participants visited the lab twice to measure the effects of psilocybin microdosing vs. placebo. We used standardized measures of awe, in which participants reported their experiences in response to short videos or when viewing abstract artworks from different painters. Our confirmatory analyses showed that participants felt more awe in response to videos representing funny animals and moving objects in the microdosing compared to the placebo condition. However, about two-third of our participants were breaking blind to their experimental condition. Our exploratory findings suggest that expectancy-effects may be a driving factor underlying the subjective benefits of microdosing.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-04-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0", "pubmed_id": "33928421", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Esthetics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33928421\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3159653784\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3159653784\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":53,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1560695758\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964599730\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964684482\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970318334\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996844104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029504801\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037840784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074212320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081098014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099404678\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108669681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133404106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2311039515\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2480341355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560367749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2613687067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757917284\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789213216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793853595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801175269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883252198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894541203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903300049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2904750937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907379922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911427156\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944465818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945335566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951080359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952646946\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958413903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969627127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996366481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996549067\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3041972496\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082721315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088200196\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092151265\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093109301\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004497618\",\"display_name\":\"Michiel van Elk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-3551\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084687542\",\"display_name\":\"George Fejer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-5504\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056906044\",\"display_name\":\"Pascal Lempe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039352547\",\"display_name\":\"Luisa Prochazckova\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084865612\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Kuchař\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000277095\",\"display_name\":\"Kateřina Hájková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-2472\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030624983\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Marschall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-2417\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3159653784" }, { "id": 2261, "title": "Subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self-administration by humans: a double-blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan", "normalized_title": "subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self administration by humans a double blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan", "authors": "Theresa M. Carbonaro, Matthew W. Johnson, Roland R. Griffiths", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-06-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9", "pubmed_id": "32500212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Placebo, Dextromethorphan, Pharmacology, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033752070\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033752070\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":51,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1974683272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074319544\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094928962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104492171\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153641000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169662586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321131279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2482419350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2493928838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506199812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899405464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940999002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945335566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958413903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969627127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972612779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990036135\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129763680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3033752070" }, { "id": 2279, "title": "Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders", "authors": "Lea T, Amada N, Jungaberle H, Schecke H, Scherbaum N, Klein M", "abstract": "The regular consumption of very small doses of psychedelic drugs (known as microdosing) has been a source of growing media and community attention in recent years. However, there is currently limited clinical and social research evidence on the potential role of microdosing as therapies for mental and substance use disorders. This paper examined subjective experiences of microdosing psychedelics to improve mental health or to cease or reduce substance use, and examined sociodemographic and other covariates of perceived improvements in mental health that individuals attributed to microdosing. An international online survey was conducted in 2018 and examined people's experiences of using psychedelics for self-reported therapeutic or enhancement purposes. This paper focuses on 1102 respondents who reported current or past experience of psychedelic microdosing. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported primarily microdosing as a therapy for depression, 7% for anxiety, 9% for other mental disorders and 2% for substance use cessation or reduction. Forty-four percent of respondents perceived that their mental health was \"much better\" as a consequence of microdosing. In a multivariate analysis, perceived improvements in mental health from microdosing were associated with a range of variables including gender, education, microdosing duration and motivations, and recent use of larger psychedelic doses. Given the promising findings of clinical trials of standard psychedelic doses as mental health therapies, clinical microdosing research is needed to determine its potential role in psychiatric treatment, and ongoing social research to better understand the use of microdosing as self-managed mental health and substance use therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-04-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05477-0", "pubmed_id": "32043165", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32043165/", "keywords": "Alcohol, Drugs, LSD, Mental health, Microdose, Psilocybin, Self-treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32043165\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2314, "title": "Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics", "authors": "Moreton SG, Szalla L, Menzies RE, Arena AF", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapies can engender enduring improvements in psychological well-being. However, relatively little is known about the psychological mechanisms through which the salutary effects of psychedelics emerge. Through integrating extant research on psychedelics with contemporary existential psychology, we present a novel hypothesis that reduced death anxiety may be a key mechanism underpinning the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. In developing this hypothesis, we also provide a complementary review of mechanisms through which psychedelics may reduce death anxiety. We conclude that an awareness of the role of death anxiety in psychopathology has the potential to guide future research into psychedelic therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-019-05391-0", "pubmed_id": "31784805", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784805/", "keywords": "DMT, Death anxiety, Fear of death, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic therapy, Psychedelics, Transdiagnostic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31784805\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2321, "title": "Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin", "normalized_title": "replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin", "authors": "Suzanne L. Russ, Robin Carhart-Harris, Geoffrey Maruyama, Melody S. Elliott", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-06-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z", "pubmed_id": "31203401", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Surrender, Adverse effect, Clinical psychology, Anxiety, Hallucinogen, Explanatory model, Psychiatry, Developmental psychology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Epistemology, Philosophy, History, Archaeology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":75,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1844842999\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970318334\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973862412\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998044228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037755177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042962409\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147492654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312475727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2598155337\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903884088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996717893\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229920826\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074400395\",\"display_name\":\"Suzanne L. Russ\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-0864\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067761090\",\"display_name\":\"Geoffrey Maruyama\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8367-6625\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081090502\",\"display_name\":\"Melody S. Elliott\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2950747661" }, { "id": 2386, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan effects on cognition", "authors": "Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Hurwitz E, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesClassic psychedelics (serotonin 2A receptor agonists) and dissociative hallucinogens (NMDA receptor antagonists), though differing in pharmacology, may share neuropsychological effects. These drugs, however, have undergone limited direct comparison. This report presents data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subjects study comparing the neuropsychological effects of multiple doses of the classic psychedelic psilocybin with the effects of a single high dose of the dissociative hallucinogen dextromethorphan (DXM).MethodsTwenty hallucinogen users (11 females) completed neurocognitive assessments during five blinded drug administration sessions (10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin; 400 mg/70 kg DXM; and placebo) in which participants and study staff were informed that a large range of possible drug conditions may have been administered.ResultsGlobal cognitive impairment, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination during peak drug effects, was not observed with psilocybin or DXM. Orderly and dose-dependent effects of psilocybin were observed on psychomotor performance, working memory, episodic memory, associative learning, and visual perception. Effects of DXM on psychomotor performance, visual perception, and associative learning were in the range of effects of a moderate to high dose (20 to 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin.ConclusionsThis was the first study of the dose effects of psilocybin on a large battery of neurocognitive assessments. Evidence of delirium or global cognitive impairment was not observed with either psilocybin or DXM. Psilocybin had greater effects than DXM on working memory. DXM had greater effects than all psilocybin doses on balance, episodic memory, response inhibition, and executive control.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-07-29", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x", "pubmed_id": "30062577", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x", "keywords": "Humans, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Association Learning, Memory, Short-Term, Visual Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30062577\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":109,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1527009192\",\"https://openalex.org/W1847168837\",\"https://openalex.org/W1951724000\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976483990\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979267292\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991333985\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998782474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003601754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005900392\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006900274\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007003221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008032124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008854521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011197443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023839383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025593723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026223833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027375354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027731572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037891934\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054149100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058161128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058225279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062235464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065759841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067877506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082531061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087065939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096610047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108748822\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123274136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131427787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135616701\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148080316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156668874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159388055\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167311298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342939947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2495579837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2508648216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537627674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582743722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2761856500\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2774486220\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210411994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247424590\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2886435130" }, { "id": 2425, "title": "The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy.", "normalized_title": "the hidden therapist evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Raine J, Evans L, Timmerman C, Rodriguez N, Roseman L, Feilding A, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "RationaleRecent studies have supported the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy for mood disorders and addiction. Music is considered an important component in the treatment model, but little empirical research has been done to examine the magnitude and nature of its therapeutic role.ObjectivesThe present study assessed the influence of music on the acute experience and clinical outcomes of psychedelic therapy.MethodsSemi-structured interviews inquired about the different ways in which music influenced the experience of 19 patients undergoing psychedelic therapy with psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to the interview data to identify salient themes. In addition, ratings were given for each patient for the extent to which they expressed \"liking,\" \"resonance\" (the music being experienced as \"harmonious\" with the emotional state of the listener), and \"openness\" (acceptance of the music-evoked experience).ResultsAnalyses of the interviews revealed that the music had both \"welcome\" and \"unwelcome\" influences on patients' subjective experiences. Welcome influences included the evocation of personally meaningful and therapeutically useful emotion and mental imagery, a sense of guidance, openness, and the promotion of calm and a sense of safety. Conversely, unwelcome influences included the evocation of unpleasant emotion and imagery, a sense of being misguided and resistance. Correlation analyses showed that patients' experience of the music was associated with the occurrence of \"mystical experiences\" and \"insightfulness.\" Crucially, the nature of the music experience was significantly predictive of reductions in depression 1 week after psilocybin, whereas general drug intensity was not.ConclusionsThis study indicates that music plays a central therapeutic function in psychedelic therapy.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-02-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5", "pubmed_id": "29396616", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Music Therapy, Emotions, Auditory Perception, Psychotherapy, Music, Adult, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29396616\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":273,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W254473825\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1903624862\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980423369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023436353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028880259\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037317432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064094124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067121749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082412835\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089149909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101824915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115780895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127654449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144198023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157023976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2186505253\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342076491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2345322841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413044490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2502147470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560522434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2591107398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2602946064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2667975260\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906955016\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074153650\",\"display_name\":\"Jordan Raine\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0504-6019\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061474054\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Evans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-4143\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089121796\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmerman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069950620\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Rodriguez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6669-8737\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2784069100" }, { "id": 2426, "title": "Psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre-attentive cognitive processing-study on P300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre attentive cognitive processing study on p300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Bravermanová A, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Novák T, Androvičová R, Korčák J, Horáček J, Balíková M, Griškova-Bulanova I, Danielová D, Vlček P, Mohr P, Brunovský M, Koudelka V, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "RationaleDisruption of auditory event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN), electrophysiological markers of attentive and pre-attentive cognitive processing, is repeatedly described in psychosis and schizophrenia. Similar findings were observed in a glutamatergic model of psychosis, but the role of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors in information processing is less clear.ObjectivesWe studied ERPs in a serotonergic model of psychosis, induced by psilocybin, a psychedelic with 5-HT2A/C agonistic properties, in healthy volunteers.MethodsTwenty subjects (10M/10F) were given 0.26 mg/kg of psilocybin orally in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. ERPs (P300, MMN) were registered during the peak of intoxication. Correlations between measured electrophysiological variables and psilocin serum levels and neuropsychological effects were also analyzed.ResultsPsilocybin induced robust psychedelic effects and psychotic-like symptoms, decreased P300 amplitude (p = 0.009) but did not affect the MMN. Psilocybin's disruptive effect on P300 correlated with the intensity of the psychedelic state, which was dependent on the psilocin serum levels. We also observed a decrease in N100 amplitude (p = 0.039) in the P300 paradigm and a negative correlation between P300 and MMN amplitude (p = 0.014).ConclusionsEven though pre-attentive cognition (MMN) was not affected, processing at the early perceptual level (N100) and in higher-order cognition (P300) was significantly disrupted by psilocybin. Our results have implications for the role of 5-HT2A receptors in altered information processing in psychosis and schizophrenia.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-01-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4807-2", "pubmed_id": "29302713", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4807-2", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Acoustic Stimulation, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Attention, Event-Related Potentials, P300, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29302713\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Bravermanová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-7061\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018960269\",\"display_name\":\"Michaela Viktorinová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-5793\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012044574\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Tylš\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-6999\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080595856\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Novák\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-9654\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049065698\",\"display_name\":\"Renata Androvičová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1099-0891\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011043226\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Korčák\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-4736\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012893465\",\"display_name\":\"Jiřı́ Horáček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-7306\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088266146\",\"display_name\":\"Marie Balı́ková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6334-1177\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087764117\",\"display_name\":\"Inga Griškova-Bulanova\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-3300\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030263262\",\"display_name\":\"Dominika Danielová\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078301213\",\"display_name\":\"Přemysl Vlček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-1590\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007494402\",\"display_name\":\"Pavel Mohr\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9851-3271\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077855950\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Brunovský\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-0848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070851256\",\"display_name\":\"Vlastimil Koudelka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-7529\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4807-2\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2782190599" }, { "id": 2427, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support for treatment resistant depression six month follow up", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, Rucker J, Watts R, Erritzoe DE, Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Bloomfield M, Pilling S, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Curran HV, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "RationaleRecent clinical trials are reporting marked improvements in mental health outcomes with psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy.ObjectivesHere, we report on safety and efficacy outcomes for up to 6 months in an open-label trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.MethodsTwenty patients (six females) with (mostly) severe, unipolar, treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, 7 days apart) in a supportive setting. Depressive symptoms were assessed from 1 week to 6 months post-treatment, with the self-rated QIDS-SR16 as the primary outcome measure.ResultsTreatment was generally well tolerated. Relative to baseline, marked reductions in depressive symptoms were observed for the first 5 weeks post-treatment (Cohen's d = 2.2 at week 1 and 2.3 at week 5, both p", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-11-07", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x", "pubmed_id": "29119217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Feasibility Studies, Double-Blind Method, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Psychosocial Support Systems", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29119217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":976,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988444307\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005066505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015666695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024075080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100532211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100834566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107232050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107743363\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111920357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148560706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157384069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2224635535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2502147470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2511532223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586756570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109366794\",\"display_name\":\"Camilla Day\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110514937\",\"display_name\":\"R. Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058082561\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Bloomfield\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1972-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049702763\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Pilling\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-8202\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065550029\",\"display_name\":\"James A. Rickard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-6025\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083073338\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Forbes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014436895\",\"display_name\":\"David Taylor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-1710\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061200799\",\"display_name\":\"Valerie H. Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113636502\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767530231" }, { "id": 2428, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan similarities and differences in subjective experiences", "authors": "Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin and dextromethorphan (DXM) are hallucinogens, they have different receptor mechanisms of action and have not been directly compared.ObjectiveThis study compared subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of psilocybin and dextromethorphan under conditions that minimized expectancy effects.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of psilocybin (10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg), DXM (400 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions to 20 healthy participants with histories of hallucinogen use. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Various subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed after drug administration.ResultsHigh doses of both drugs produced similar increases in participant ratings of peak overall drug effect strength, with similar times to maximal effect and time-course. Psilocybin produced orderly dose-related increases on most participant-rated subjective measures previously shown sensitive to hallucinogens. DXM produced increases on most of these same measures. However, the high dose of psilocybin produced significantly greater and more diverse visual effects than DXM including greater movement and more frequent, brighter, distinctive, and complex (including textured and kaleidoscopic) images and visions. Compared to DXM, psilocybin also produced significantly greater mystical-type and psychologically insightful experiences and greater absorption in music. In contrast, DXM produced larger effects than psilocybin on measures of disembodiment, nausea/emesis, and light-headedness. Both drugs increased systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil dilation and decreased psychomotor performance and balance.ConclusionsPsilocybin and DXM produced similar profiles of subjective experiences, with psilocybin producing relatively greater visual, mystical-type, insightful, and musical experiences, and DXM producing greater disembodiment.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-11-06", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "pubmed_id": "29116367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Substance-Related Disorders, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Music, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29116367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":139,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62704851\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1493607257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1595187506\",\"https://openalex.org/W1772191471\",\"https://openalex.org/W1847168837\",\"https://openalex.org/W1895388428\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971080708\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976483990\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003379938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008854521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023777641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029021490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047050449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057298190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058161128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087065939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089436854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107985334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129576675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148080316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167311298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2257443024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2343295103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401986986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2498783845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605338907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210411994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767725891" }, { "id": 2429, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Stroud JB, Freeman TP, Leech R, Hindocha C, Lawn W, Nutt DJ, Curran HV, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "RationaleDepressed patients robustly exhibit affective biases in emotional processing which are altered by SSRIs and predict clinical outcome.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to investigate whether psilocybin, recently shown to rapidly improve mood in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), alters patients' emotional processing biases.MethodsSeventeen patients with treatment-resistant depression completed a dynamic emotional face recognition task at baseline and 1 month later after two doses of psilocybin with psychological support. Sixteen controls completed the emotional recognition task over the same time frame but did not receive psilocybin.ResultsWe found evidence for a group × time interaction on speed of emotion recognition (p =.035). At baseline, patients were slower at recognising facial emotions compared with controls (p", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-10-29", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y", "pubmed_id": "29085980", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Facial Expression, Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Emotions, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin, Psychosocial Support Systems", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29085980\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":101,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1557789711\",\"https://openalex.org/W1812780868\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975345989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005846380\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021977439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030616474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031733717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044852178\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048956357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050478809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055098509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076029586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076986525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082047362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082531061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090514581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098958400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100141046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103413823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105465456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109105506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116335159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126009018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127699202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131066767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134189152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138664664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139628377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150537415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157392644\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169442707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2286702847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2505115395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2579967741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2737054084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247424590\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009897597\",\"display_name\":\"Jack Stroud\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-4491\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047194230\",\"display_name\":\"Tom P. Freeman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5667-507X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073240173\",\"display_name\":\"Chandni Hindocha\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1692-7401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084374822\",\"display_name\":\"Will Lawn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-2724\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061200799\",\"display_name\":\"Valerie H. Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767171514" }, { "id": 2471, "title": "Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans.", "normalized_title": "alterations of consciousness and mystical type experiences after acute lsd in humans", "authors": "Liechti ME, Dolder PC, Schmid Y.", "abstract": "RationaleLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used recreationally and in clinical research. Acute mystical-type experiences that are acutely induced by hallucinogens are thought to contribute to their potential therapeutic effects. However, no data have been reported on LSD-induced mystical experiences and their relationship to alterations of consciousness. Additionally, LSD dose- and concentration-response functions with regard to alterations of consciousness are lacking.MethodsWe conducted two placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over studies using oral administration of 100 and 200 μg LSD in 24 and 16 subjects, respectively. Acute effects of LSD were assessed using the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) scale after both doses and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) after 200 μg.ResultsOn the MEQ, 200 μg LSD induced mystical experiences that were comparable to those in patients who underwent LSD-assisted psychotherapy but were fewer than those reported for psilocybin in healthy subjects or patients. On the 5D-ASC scale, LSD produced higher ratings of blissful state, insightfulness, and changed meaning of percepts after 200 μg compared with 100 μg. Plasma levels of LSD were not positively correlated with its effects, with the exception of ego dissolution at 100 μg.ConclusionsMystical-type experiences were infrequent after LSD, possibly because of the set and setting used in the present study. LSD may produce greater or different alterations of consciousness at 200 μg (i.e., a dose that is currently used in psychotherapy in Switzerland) compared with 100 μg (i.e., a dose used in imaging studies). Ego dissolution may reflect plasma levels of LSD, whereas more robustly induced effects of LSD may not result in such associations.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-10-06", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0", "pubmed_id": "27714429", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Consciousness, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Switzerland, Female, Male, Healthy Volunteers, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27714429\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":203,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984214570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013923425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037317432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064527612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073612520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117522474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145095988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170848267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297557715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333108901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335184277\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342939947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413573456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2415329247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2517871020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247713842\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071962736\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias E. Liechti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063898329\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick C. Dolder\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0952-3356\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045516878\",\"display_name\":\"Yasmin Schmid\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-584X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2528752100" }, { "id": 2532, "title": "Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations", "authors": "Kometer M, Pokorny T, Seifritz E, Volleinweider FX.", "abstract": "RationaleDuring the last years, considerable progress has been made toward understanding the neuronal basis of consciousness by using sophisticated behavioral tasks, brain-imaging techniques, and various psychoactive drugs. Nevertheless, the neuronal mechanisms underlying some of the most intriguing states of consciousness, including spiritual experiences, remain unknown.ObjectivesTo elucidate state of consciousness-related neuronal mechanisms, human subjects were given psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist and hallucinogen that has been used for centuries to induce spiritual experiences in religious and medical rituals.MethodsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 50 healthy human volunteers received a moderate dose of psilocybin, while high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were taken during eyes-open and eyes-closed resting states. The current source density and the lagged phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations across distributed brain regions were computed and correlated with psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness.ResultsPsilocybin decreased the current source density of neuronal oscillations at 1.5-20 Hz within a neural network comprising the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices and the parahippocampal regions. Most intriguingly, the intensity levels of psilocybin-induced spiritual experience and insightfulness correlated with the lagged phase synchronization of delta oscillations (1.5-4 Hz) between the retrosplenial cortex, the parahippocampus, and the lateral orbitofrontal area.ConclusionsThese results provide systematic evidence for the direct association of a specific spatiotemporal neuronal mechanism with spiritual experiences and enhanced insight into life and existence. The identified mechanism may constitute a pathway for modulating mental health, as spiritual experiences can promote sustained well-being and psychological resilience.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2015-07-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7", "pubmed_id": "26231498", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7", "keywords": "Parahippocampal Gyrus, Cerebral Cortex, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26231498\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":165,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W245658\",\"https://openalex.org/W99126694\",\"https://openalex.org/W284689758\",\"https://openalex.org/W1549030279\",\"https://openalex.org/W1603307924\",\"https://openalex.org/W1862942562\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969118592\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971169197\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973275441\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978569191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980521192\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980721637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983939506\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988061580\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990366495\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991490575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996031356\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996620918\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996864540\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997047095\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998259498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002101667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004150207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015303758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017860220\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019885188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019925314\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023471067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025024951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027700252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031255974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032825285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037420423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038427447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040149530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040972615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041299010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042237566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042921481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043757388\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043838018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044670283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054997020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057998699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065096279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066749237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071249625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077491345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084473597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084717574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094147107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098182568\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105908679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105909330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108384452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109582949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111096018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114267373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115964617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117207767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120347667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121409298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123571009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135390742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137699706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138790588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142232471\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142875089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147899888\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150704740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151428784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156662050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157133166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157787057\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158866673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161642698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162501988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162949965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253527428\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009222806\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Pokorny\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-8874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019594966\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Volleinweider\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing,Resilience,Spirituality", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1037524820" }, { "id": 2594, "title": "The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions.", "normalized_title": "the nmda antagonist ketamine and the 5 ht agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions", "authors": "Schmidt A, Kometer M, Bachmann R, Seifritz E, Vollenweider F.", "abstract": "RationaleBoth glutamate and serotonin (5-HT) play a key role in the pathophysiology of emotional biases. Recent studies indicate that the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT receptor agonist psilocybin are implicated in emotion processing. However, as yet, no study has systematically compared their contribution to emotional biases.ObjectivesThis study used event-related potentials (ERPs) and signal detection theory to compare the effects of the NMDA (via S-ketamine) and 5-HT (via psilocybin) receptor system on non-conscious or conscious emotional face processing biases.MethodsS-ketamine or psilocybin was administrated to two groups of healthy subjects in a double-blind within-subject placebo-controlled design. We behaviorally assessed objective thresholds for non-conscious discrimination in all drug conditions. Electrophysiological responses to fearful, happy, and neutral faces were subsequently recorded with the face-specific P100 and N170 ERP.ResultsBoth S-ketamine and psilocybin impaired the encoding of fearful faces as expressed by a reduced N170 over parieto-occipital brain regions. In contrast, while S-ketamine also impaired the encoding of happy facial expressions, psilocybin had no effect on the N170 in response to happy faces.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the NMDA and 5-HT receptor systems differentially contribute to the structural encoding of emotional face expressions as expressed by the N170. These findings suggest that the assessment of early visual evoked responses might allow detecting pharmacologically induced changes in emotional processing biases and thus provides a framework to study the pathophysiology of dysfunctional emotional biases.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2012-07-26", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0", "pubmed_id": "22836372", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Facial Expression, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22836372\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":94,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1519546867\",\"https://openalex.org/W1598932076\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963945289\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964678898\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964970417\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972524714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972637069\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974110307\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976753688\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982104210\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982322471\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982565411\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983792647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989324273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990254102\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993443243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994035057\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995051494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001094052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014487671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016780239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022571044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022944789\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025221637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026955890\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028884770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029925498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034010615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034272133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035398019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038679353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041981853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055098509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067901581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072283174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073547940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074371541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075033894\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075247632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075261311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086826185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087285949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088688195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098846409\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100975545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101520758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102937307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103472153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104461993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105909330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106959550\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108359619\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108403304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117726899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121183562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121277032\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127864680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131066767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132227967\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133462240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136619901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137125240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140443081\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143663807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151502637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154527697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155851653\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157280830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160610103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160719354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161482773\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163072248\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163901176\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165707697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2253012839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2737054084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791321831\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232609309\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054234763\",\"display_name\":\"André Schmidt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-8397\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022192518\",\"display_name\":\"Rosilla Bachmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2053750947" }, { "id": 2611, "title": "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experiences immediate and persisting dose related effects", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "RationaleThis dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated psilocybin (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.) administered under supportive conditions.MethodsParticipants were 18 adults (17 hallucinogen-naïve). Five 8-h sessions were conducted individually for each participant at 1-month intervals. Participants were randomized to receive the four active doses in either ascending or descending order (nine participants each). Placebo was scheduled quasi-randomly. During sessions, volunteers used eyeshades and were instructed to direct their attention inward. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing effects immediately after and 1 month after each session, and at 14 months follow-up.ResultsPsilocybin produced acute perceptual and subjective effects including, at 20 and/or 30 mg/70 kg, extreme anxiety/fear (39% of volunteers) and/or mystical-type experience (72% of volunteers). One month after sessions at the two highest doses, volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal and spiritual significance, and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior, with the ascending dose sequence showing greater positive effects. At 14 months, ratings were undiminished and were consistent with changes rated by community observers. Both the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin were generally a monotonically increasing function of dose, with the lowest dose showing significant effects.ConclusionsUnder supportive conditions, 20 and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior. Implications for therapeutic trials are discussed.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2011-06-14", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5", "pubmed_id": "21674151", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Affect, Spirituality, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21674151\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":937,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W47927121\",\"https://openalex.org/W54728729\",\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W376897599\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966592369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990945249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031343230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040034137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064822410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067384745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112884745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128017833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164158534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321197668\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412554478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971371418\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034785335\",\"display_name\":\"Brian D. Richards\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108519769\",\"display_name\":\"Una D. McCann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Jesse\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2001101493" }, { "id": 2655, "title": "Mismatch negativity generation in the human 5HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis.", "normalized_title": "mismatch negativity generation in the human 5ht2a agonist and nmda antagonist model of psychosis", "authors": "Heekeren K, Daumann J, Daumann J, Neukirch A, Stock C, Kawohl W, Norra C, Waberski TD, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E.", "abstract": "RationaleMany studies have reported deficits of mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacological challenges with hallucinogens in healthy humans are used as models for psychotic states. Previous studies reported a significant reduction of MMN after ketamine (N-methyl-D-aspartate acid [NMDA] antagonist model) but not after psilocybin (5HT2A agonist model).ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to directly compare the two models of psychosis using an intraindividual crossover design.Materials and methodsFifteen healthy subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study with a low and a high dose of the 5HT2A agonist dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and the NMDA antagonist S-ketamine. During electroencephalographic recording, the subjects were performing the AX-version of a continuous performance test (AX-CPT). A source analysis of MMN was performed on the basis of a four-source model of MMN generation.ResultsNine subjects completed both experimental days with the two doses of both drugs. Overall, we found blunted MMN and performance deficits in the AX-CPT after both drugs. However, the reduction in MMN activity was overall more pronounced after S-ketamine intake, and only S-ketamine had a significant impact on the frontal source of MMN.ConclusionsThe NDMA antagonist model and the 5HT2A agonist model of psychosis display distinct neurocognitive profiles. These findings are in line with the view of the two classes of hallucinogens modeling different aspects of psychosis.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2008-05-17", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-008-1129-4", "pubmed_id": "18488201", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1129-4", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Orientation, Auditory Perception, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Attention, Contingent Negative Variation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Reflex, Startle, Inhibition, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18488201\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2037891934\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2037891934\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":158,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W69802506\",\"https://openalex.org/W201751606\",\"https://openalex.org/W329229893\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964367073\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964691567\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970339291\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974659316\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975764941\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976676889\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979267292\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996141026\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006900274\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016957475\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019901130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020029019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027276797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036454306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047427656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048720556\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055970280\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064059402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064212106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066794669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071178718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078999810\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086385072\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089493249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090308560\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091898010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103027112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109848582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125206183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125315608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137432242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153597216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154183720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157509438\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321429578\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061860701\",\"display_name\":\"Karsten Heekeren\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-1922\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042119216\",\"display_name\":\"Jörg Daumann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6310-1787\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039142254\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Neukirch\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000739239\",\"display_name\":\"Carsten Stock\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025117012\",\"display_name\":\"Wolfram Kawohl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-4563\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063803771\",\"display_name\":\"Christine Norra\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113685009\",\"display_name\":\"Till Dino Waberski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033767146\",\"display_name\":\"Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0632-4578\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1129-4\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2037891934" }, { "id": 2664, "title": "Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans", "authors": "Carter OL, Hasler F, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "RationaleBinocular rivalry occurs when different images are simultaneously presented to each eye. During continual viewing of this stimulus, the observer will experience repeated switches between visual awareness of the two images. Previous studies have suggested that a slow rate of perceptual switching may be associated with clinical and drug-induced psychosis.ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to explore the proposed relationship between binocular rivalry switch rate and subjective changes in psychological state associated with 5-HT2A receptor activation.Materials and methodsThis study used psilocybin, the hallucinogen found naturally in Psilocybe mushrooms that had previously been found to induce psychosis-like symptoms via the 5-HT2A receptor. The effects of psilocybin (215 microg/kg) were considered alone and after pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (50 mg) in ten healthy human subjects.ResultsPsilocybin significantly reduced the rate of binocular rivalry switching and increased the proportion of transitional/mixed percept experience. Pretreatment with ketanserin blocked the majority of psilocybin's \"positive\" psychosis-like hallucinogenic symptoms. However, ketanserin had no influence on either the psilocybin-induced slowing of binocular rivalry or the drug's \"negative-type symptoms\" associated with reduced arousal and vigilance.ConclusionsTogether, these findings link changes in binocular rivalry switching rate to subjective levels of arousal and attention. In addition, it suggests that psilocybin's effect on binocular rivalry is unlikely to be mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2007-09-13", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9", "pubmed_id": "17874073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9", "keywords": "Humans, Ketanserin, Hallucinogens, Drug Combinations, Double-Blind Method, Vision Disparity, Arousal, Attention, Vision, Binocular, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17874073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":150,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W3049811\",\"https://openalex.org/W173827618\",\"https://openalex.org/W1238819995\",\"https://openalex.org/W1603717513\",\"https://openalex.org/W1628460382\",\"https://openalex.org/W1828538530\",\"https://openalex.org/W1844018320\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969549633\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980769992\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990652280\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995045083\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995160619\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998786450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001310902\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002117922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003131878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004172377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007478842\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009833265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012183985\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021886395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025175823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027305485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035632600\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039200237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042466519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042603095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044779961\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047427656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054240764\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058989554\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059295576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069954052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077239925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096610047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100643723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104516271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120918936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124858522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138728119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140583928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146167184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146590513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151923230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159388110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162835000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170628837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2303708813\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605602457\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238001977\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294214781\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060157509\",\"display_name\":\"Olivia Carter\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-6154\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079835073\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Hasler\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112819777\",\"display_name\":\"John D. Pettigrew\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043437185\",\"display_name\":\"Guy Wallis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1601-1540\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079293769\",\"display_name\":\"Guang B. Liu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2104493382" }, { "id": 2680, "title": "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin can occasion mystical type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes, little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable, supportive conditions.Materials and methodsThe participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities. Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals. Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) and methylphenidate hydrochloride (40 mg/70 kg) in counterbalanced order. To obscure the study design, six additional volunteers received methylphenidate in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session. The 8-h sessions were conducted individually. Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. Study monitors rated volunteers' behavior during sessions. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions. Community observers rated changes in the volunteer's attitudes and behavior.ResultsPsilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes, subjective experiences, and labile moods including anxiety. Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience. At 2 months, the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers.ConclusionsWhen administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences. The ability to occasion such experiences prospectively will allow rigorous scientific investigations of their causes and consequences.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2006-07-06", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5", "pubmed_id": "16826400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Spirituality, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16826400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1679,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W47927121\",\"https://openalex.org/W54728729\",\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W70805046\",\"https://openalex.org/W141920698\",\"https://openalex.org/W284042030\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W438966905\",\"https://openalex.org/W1269562257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1496017528\",\"https://openalex.org/W1576456598\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966592369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990410952\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990945249\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032721490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038814479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040034137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041952049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046349278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058045605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067384745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070916266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082927185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087265397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112884745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124858522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128017833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164158534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166262899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315906400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340256041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412554478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799002462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952215439\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182623456\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237409750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239633310\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301430340\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111650258\",\"display_name\":\"U. McCann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. 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Kleber", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2006-07-05", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-006-0461-9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0461-9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Mysticism, Meaning (existential), Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Cognitive psychology, Psychiatry, Philosophy, Theology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2085458633\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2085458633\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W119501703\",\"https://openalex.org/W654011773\",\"https://openalex.org/W1608306387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087253621\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335042732\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044152670\",\"display_name\":\"Herbert D. 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Nichols", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2006-07-05", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-006-0458-4", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0458-4", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Mysticism, Meaning (existential), Psychotherapist, Psychoanalysis, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Cognitive psychology, Psychiatry, Philosophy, Theology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2081020542\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2081020542\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W173089895\",\"https://openalex.org/W1608306387\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995573137\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996402068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000909913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035519929\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086963232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128437336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396361768\",\"https://openalex.org/W2474274656\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101815306\",\"display_name\":\"David E. 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