{ "meta": { "tracker_site_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com", "publication_tracker_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com/", "generated_at_utc": "2026-07-09 19:35:51", "record_count": 839 }, "papers": [ { "id": 5674, "title": "Psilocybe Poisoning: Pathophysiology, Classification and Treatment. A Clinical Case Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybe poisoning pathophysiology classification and treatment a clinical case review", "authors": "Omar Azuara-Antonio, Erika Rubí De La Cruz-Elizaldeb, José Eduardo Carmona-Rodriguez, Lesly Idaliht Hernandez-Martinez", "abstract": "The Psilocybe cubensis mushroom is recognized as the primary source of psilocybin in the Americas, occurring naturally across various regions. This fungus has a long history of use in Mesoamerican rituals due to its capacity to induce altered states of consciousness. The defining characteristic of Psilocybe mushrooms is their psilocybin content. Following ingestion, psilocybin is metabolized into psilocin, which acts as a potent serotonergic agonist by interacting with serotonin receptors. The resulting physiological and psychoactive effects are linked to the activity at 5-HT receptors within the central nervous system, along with the release of glutamate. Throughout history, diverse Mesoamerican cultures incorporated hallucinogenic mushroom consumption into their ritual ceremonies. The Aztecs, for example, revered them as Teonanácatl, or \" flesh of the gods,\" valuing their ability to shift the perception of reality. Interest in psilocybin has seen a resurgence in the scientific community, spanning from the ethnobotanical studies of R. Gordon Wasson in the 1950s to contemporary research into its therapeutic applications for depression. Studies have indicated that psilocybin can sustainably alleviate depressive symptoms, often with fewer side effects compared to conventional pharmacological treatments. The combination of the ancient ceremonial and religious use of Psilocybe mushrooms with their demonstrable therapeutic potential is prompting a reevaluation of their legal status as a Schedule I drug. Ongoing research is actively exploring the impact of psilocybin on various psychiatric disorders, yielding promising results, particularly in the treatment of major depressive disorder. As the evidence supporting its therapeutic benefits continues to accumulate, it suggests a future where these psychedelic compounds could play a vital role in global mental health.", "journal": "Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA", "publication_date": "2026-07-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.29057/mjmr.v14i28.16493", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v14i28.16493", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonergic, Hallucinogen, Trance, Psychology, Pharmacology, Traditional medicine, Medicine, Neuroscience, Serotonin Agonist, Ayahuasca, Agonist, Amphetamine, Psychiatry, 5-HT2 receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-07 01:20:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167422156\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167422156\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051415806\",\"display_name\":\"Omar Azuara-Antonio\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-4573\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140086242\",\"display_name\":\"Erika Rubí De La Cruz-Elizaldeb\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140068470\",\"display_name\":\"José Eduardo Carmona-Rodriguez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9952-3356\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140080438\",\"display_name\":\"Lesly Idaliht Hernandez-Martinez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2027-9574\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210193124\",\"source_display_name\":\"Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v14i28.16493\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7167422156" }, { "id": 5672, "title": "Naturally Derived Psilocybin for Therapeutic Use: A Six-Criterion Framework for Evidence, Safety, and Benefit-Risk Considerations in Policy and Clinical Development", "normalized_title": "naturally derived psilocybin for therapeutic use a six criterion framework for evidence safety and benefit risk considerations in policy and clinical development", "authors": "Enriquez-Geppert Stefanie, Bevers Lisa, Rosander Arvid, Fodran Peter, Polito Vince", "abstract": "Naturally derived psilocybin is widely used, yet its therapeutic potential, pharmacological distinctiveness and regulatory feasibility remain understudied. This review evaluates the potential of naturally derived psilocybin using a six-criterion framework to evaluate: (1) therapeutic benefit, (2) safety and tolerability, (3) pharmacological uniqueness vs. synthetic psilocybin, (4) identity and composition control, (5) dose precision and stability, and (6) ecological sustainability. This paper answers three key questions about naturally derived psilocybin: Does it show therapeutic potential? Does it differ from synthetic psilocybin? Can it meet medicinal standards? Findings suggest perceived therapeutic benefits from naturally derived psilocybin across mental health domains, though evidence of causal efficacy is mixed. Safety profiles are favorable but context-dependent, with risks in vulnerable populations. Some preliminary preclinical evidence indicates possible entourage effects, but human validation is lacking. Dose precision varies, with purified psilocybin being most reliable, followed by standardized extracts, alcoholic, aqueous, and whole biomass preparations. Scalable cultivation is feasible but faces sustainability challenges. Key gaps include a lack of controlled trials, longitudinal safety evaluations, and standardization. We provide a phased research roadmap, which proposes short-term studies to establish safety, mid-term mechanistic and standardization efforts, and long-term integration into therapeutic, cultural, and ecological systems. This review highlights the promise of naturally derived psilocybin but underscores the need for rigorous evidence to support regulatory acceptance and clinical use.", "journal": "Biomolecules", "publication_date": "2026-07-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/biom16070983", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16070983", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-05 01:20:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": 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{ "id": 3976, "title": "Psilocybin as a Transdiagnostic Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbid Psychopathology: Implications for Clinical Nosology and Research Directions.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a transdiagnostic treatment for eating disorders and comorbid psychopathology implications for clinical nosology and research directions", "authors": "Koning E, Richard J, Keshen A.", "abstract": "ObjectiveEating disorders (EDs) are characterized by high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and suboptimal treatment outcomes. There remain critical gaps in research, including the exploration of effective transdiagnostic interventions. This forum article examines the potential of psilocybin treatment (PT) as a transdiagnostic intervention for EDs and common comorbidities, including the implications for alternative nosological frameworks, trial design, and clinical care.MethodA narrative review was conducted synthesizing clinical, mechanistic, and conceptual literature on PT for EDs and common psychiatric comorbidities. Searches of academic databases were supplemented by hand-searching and clinical trial registries. Thematic synthesis focused on transdiagnostic clinical evidence, mechanistic theories, and implications for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), treatment development, and clinical trial design.ResultsPreliminary clinical evidence supports the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic effects of PT for EDs, with robust transdiagnostic effects observed across comorbid conditions. Proposed mechanisms (i.e., serotonergic receptor agonism, psychoplastogenic effects, neural network desynchronization) target shared vulnerabilities that map onto dimensional constructs in HiTOP (Emotional Dysfunction superspectrum, Internalizing spectrum) and RDoC (negative/positive valence, cognitive, and social process domains) nosologies. Future research should explore pragmatic trial designs and dimensional outcome measures to capture the real-world complexities of PT for EDs.DiscussionPT demonstrates transdiagnostic therapeutic potential for EDs, and the advancement of dimensional nosologies, complex intervention frameworks, and personalized treatment protocols may address existing gaps in research and clinical care.", "journal": "International Journal of Eating Disorders", "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/eat.70164", "pubmed_id": "42393007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70164", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-04 01:20:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42393007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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\":\"Elena Koning\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0288\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006203775\",\"display_name\":\"Jérémie Richard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-1353\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023552725\",\"display_name\":\"Aaron Keshen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-9749\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S74080386\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Eating Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70164\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7167014213" }, { "id": 3811, "title": "Investigating the impact of serotonergic psychedelic drugs, MDMA and ketamine on social cognition in psychiatric disorders: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "investigating the impact of serotonergic psychedelic drugs mdma and ketamine on social cognition in psychiatric disorders a scoping review", "authors": "Smith SA, Mohammad H, Lee LHN, Dennett L, Smith S, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Jetly R, Kennedy SH, Bhat V, Swainson J, Vermetten E, Cao B, Li XM, Zhang Y.", "abstract": "RationaleInterest in psychedelic drugs has increased rapidly because of their potential therapeutic role in psychiatric disorders. Impairments in the sociocognitive skills needed to build and maintain social relationships are prominent features of many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin may influence these impairments.ObjectivesThis review aimed to determine whether psychedelic drugs may modulate social cognition in individuals with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive impairment.MethodsA search of the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Scopus databases was conducted. Twenty studies were identified that evaluated the effects of ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).ResultsFindings included neural activation patterns suggesting that ketamine and psilocybin may modulate processes relevant to social perception, particularly facial emotion processing, in depressive disorders. Positive findings were also reported for MDMA in participants with PTSD, including improvements in self-reported psychosocial functioning, self-awareness, and self-compassion.ConclusionsCurrent evidence suggests that psychedelic drugs may modulate processes relevant to social cognition in psychiatric disorders, although direct evidence of improved social-cognitive functioning remains limited.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-026-07110-y", "pubmed_id": "42380668", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07110-y", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 13:00:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:23", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42380668\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1920, "title": "Revealing shortcomings in the assessment of psilocybin effects on OCD-related symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies: A systematic review", "normalized_title": "revealing shortcomings in the assessment of psilocybin effects on ocd related symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies a systematic review", "authors": "Jalalian-Javadpour Marzieh, Yekta Batool Ghorbani, Reyhani Niloufar, Hajizamani Shadi, Azizi Ali, Azad Najma Khoshrooz, Mohammadi Hamidreza, Vaseghi Salar", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders Reports", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101098", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101098", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:22", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101098\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/s00213-024-06566-0\",\"10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867\",\"10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02786-0\",\"10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyae057\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040574\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.005\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110202\",\"10.1037/bne0000579\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221131\",\"10.1073/pnas.2022489118\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.640241\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000757\",\"10.1192/bjo.2023.535\",\"10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000214)417:3<337::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-o\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000813\",\"10.1177/0269881120959614\",\"10.2139/ssrn.6218466\",\"10.1007/s00210-023-02843-5\",\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12135\",\"10.1038/s41380-023-02280-z\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0063972\",\"10.1586/14737175.9.2.255\",\"10.1192/bjo.2025.10895\",\"10.3389/fphar.2024.1391412\",\"10.1080/02791072.2020.1849879\",\"10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217\",\"10.1177/02698811241269751\",\"10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9\",\"10.1177/02698811231205692\",\"10.1271/bbb.90095\",\"10.3114/fuse.2024.14.14\",\"10.1177/0269881119895520\",\"10.1177/02698811261424214\",\"10.4088/jcp.v67n1110\",\"10.1007/s00210-025-03912-7\",\"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113093\",\"10.1038/nrn3746\",\"10.1136/pgmj.57.671.543\",\"10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619\",\"10.1038/s41380-019-0431-3\",\"10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00180\",\"10.3390/ijms22020835\",\"10.1017/s1461145701002401\",\"10.1038/s41386-024-01794-6\",\"10.32598/bcn.2021.1920.2\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.023\",\"10.1038/s41398-023-02456-9\",\"10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3\",\"10.1503/jpn.150012\",\"10.1007/s00228-024-03680-y\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243\",\"10.1080/02791072.2014.963754\",\"10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199709)27:1<79::aid-syn8>3.0.co;2-a\",\"10.1136/gpsych-2023-101208\",\"10.1177/02698811241249436\"],\"reference_count\":78}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 21, "title": "Chemistry/structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor(s).", "normalized_title": "chemistry structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor s", "authors": "Gumpper RH, Nichols DE", "abstract": "This brief review highlights some of the structure-activity relationships of classic serotonergic psychedelics. In particular, we discuss structural features of three chemotypes: phenethylamines, ergolines and certain tryptamines, which possess psychedelic activity in humans. Where they are known, we point out the underlying molecular mechanisms utilized by each of the three chemotypes of psychedelic molecules. With a focus on the 5-HT receptor subtype, a G-protein coupled receptor known to be the primary target of psychedelics, we refer to several X-ray and cryoEM structures, with a variety of ligands bound, to illustrate the underlying atomistic basis for some of the known pharmacological observations of psychedelic drug actions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17361", "pubmed_id": "39354889", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39354889/", "keywords": "5-HT2A agonists, 5-HT2A receptor, LSD, Psychedelic chemotypes, crystal structures, docking, ergolines, phenethylamines, psilocybin, structural biology, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic potential, tryptamines", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39354889\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 20, "title": "Psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain", "authors": "Askey T, Lasrado R, Maiarú M, Stephens GJ", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are under active consideration for clinical use and have generated significant interest for their potential as anti-nociceptive treatments for chronic pain, and for addressing conditions like depression, frequently co-morbid with pain. This review primarily explores the utility of preclinical animal models in investigating the potential of psilocybin as an anti-nociceptive agent. Initial studies involving psilocybin in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain are summarised, alongside areas where further research is needed. The potential mechanisms of action, including targeting serotonergic pathways through the activation of 5-HT receptors at both spinal and central levels, as well as neuroplastic actions that improve functional connectivity in brain regions involved in chronic pain, are considered. Current clinical aspects and the translational potential of psilocybin from animal models to chronic pain patients are reviewed. Also discussed is psilocybin's profile as an ideal anti-nociceptive agent, with a wide range of effects against chronic pain and its associated inflammatory or emotional components. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17420", "pubmed_id": "39614355", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39614355/", "keywords": "neuropathic pain, neuroplasticity, nociplastic pain, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, serotonergic signalling", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39614355\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 19, "title": "The Australia story: Current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the australia story current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics", "authors": "Nutt DJ, Hunt P, Schlag AK, Fitzgerald P", "abstract": "The past decade has seen a huge increase in clinical research with psychedelic drugs and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which have revealed great potential for treating mental health conditions. Given this progress in research, as well as the current unmet clinical need of millions of patients, in 2023, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved the use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and MDMA for PTSD to take effect from 1 July 2023. The campaign for TGA approval was led by a coalition comprising the Australian charity Mind Medicine Australia with support from Professor David Nutt, Drug Science, Professor Arthur Christopolous, Professor Chris Langmead (both from Monash University) and from large numbers of clinical, academic and patient groups. Under the rescheduling, current prescribing rights are limited to psychiatrists who have become authorised prescribers under the TGA's Authorised Prescriber Scheme, and psilocybin can only be used for treatment resistant depression and MDMA can only be used for PTSD. This paper reviews the background for this decision, its implications for approvals in other jurisdictions, as well as for the development pathways for other psychedelic drugs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17398", "pubmed_id": "39701143", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39701143/", "keywords": "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Australia, psilocybin, psychedelics, therapeutic goods administration (TGA)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39701143\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 14, "title": "Psychedelics as pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders: A scoping review on clinical trials and perspectives on underlying neurobiology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders a scoping review on clinical trials and perspectives on underlying neurobiology", "authors": "Wittenkeller L, Gudelsky G, Winhusen TJ, Amato D", "abstract": "Psychedelics have garnered great attention in recent years as treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression because of their ability to alter consciousness and afflicted cognitive processes with lasting effects. We aimed to characterise how psychedelics are currently being investigated to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). Additionally, we aimed to summarise the available literature on the dopaminergic consequences of classic psychedelics in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a foundational component of SUDs, to understand how psychedelics may be therapeutically relevant for SUDs from a neurobiological perspective. Two scoping review approaches adhering to PRISMA-SCR guidelines were conducted. The first screened for ongoing clinical trials utilising psychedelics for SUD treatment registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The second screened for in vivo microdialysis studies measuring psychedelic-induced changes in extracellular NAc dopamine in rats, found using PubMed, SCOPUS or Google Scholar. Thirty-four unique clinical trials were identified targeting alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and opioid use disorders and mostly consisting of open-label trials lacking placebo-treated controls. The most common SUD investigated was alcohol use disorder (AUD). Following stringent exclusion criteria, four publications were identified that measured extracellular dopamine in the NAc following systemic administration of psilocybin or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). A sustained mild increase of dopamine was observed that was unique to high-dose psilocybin. In addition to known therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, findings herein suggest that psilocybin may support dopamine homeostasis through restoration of tonic dopamine levels. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70181", "pubmed_id": "40891276", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40891276/", "keywords": "MDMA, addiction, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic-assisted therapy, substance use disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40891276\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 303, "title": "Study Protocol for \"Exploring the safety and therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescents and young adults\".", "normalized_title": "study protocol for exploring the safety and therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescents and young adults", "authors": "Sjöström D, Schau Rybäck O, Claesdotter Knutsson E, Kajonius P, Jensen Sondén O, Carlbring P, Björkstrand J, Movahed Rad P.", "abstract": "BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder with high morbidity, mortality, and relapse rates, most commonly emerging during adolescence. Despite specialized psychological and nutritional treatments, outcomes remain suboptimal, with high rates of relapse and chronicity. Psilocybin has been investigated with preliminary efficacy in other psychiatric conditions characterized by rigidity and treatment resistance, but clinical evidence in AN-particularly in adolescents-is limited.ObjectiveThe psiAN study aims to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of psilocybin therapy combined with psychological support in adolescents and young adults with relapsing AN, while exploring clinical, experiential, and neurobiological correlates of change.MethodsA phase IIa, open-label, randomized controlled trial enrolling individuals aged 16-35 years with DSM-5 AN and a history of relapse. Participants are randomized to receive either two administrations of psilocybin (25 mg) with manualized psychological support plus treatment as usual (TAU), or TAU alone. Primary outcomes focus on safety and tolerability, assessed through adverse events, psychiatric monitoring, and medical parameters measured from first dosing to primary endpoint. Secondary outcomes include change in eating disorder symptom severity, relapse composite measures, mood, well-being, personality traits from baseline to primary endpoint with follow-up to 12 months. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor are included as exploratory mechanistic measures. fMRI will evaluate pre- to post-intervention changes in structural and functional connectivity and task-related responses during a simplified Monetary Incentive Delay task (MIDT) and a Calorie-Cue Task (CCT). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07169747.Ethics and disseminationThe study follows Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the Declaration of Helsinki, and EU Clinical Trials Regulation requirements, with staged inclusion of adolescents (16-17-year-olds) after a safety board review of adult data (18-35-year-olds). This protocol was prepared with reference to the SPIRIT 2025 guidelines (Chan et al., 2025) to enhance transparency and inform future trials.", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0352246", "pubmed_id": "42378255", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352246", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Anorexia Nervosa, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-07 01:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42378255\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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K. Sjöström\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-1892\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073798116\",\"display_name\":\"Olea Schau Rybäck\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111008178\",\"display_name\":\"Emma Claesdotter Knutsson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135752675\",\"display_name\":\"Petri Kajonius\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139709727\",\"display_name\":\"Oskar Jensen Sondén\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082635131\",\"display_name\":\"Per Carlbring\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-8813\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017431485\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes Björkstrand\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-1064\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018302853\",\"display_name\":\"Pouya Movahed\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-3550\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S202381698\",\"source_display_name\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352246\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166779507" }, { "id": 30, "title": "The intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential.", "normalized_title": "the intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential", "authors": "Brar PS, Price RB, Ross S, Tofighi B, Sarpal DK", "abstract": "In the past decade, interest in studying psychedelic compounds as potential therapeutic agents has resurged. These studies carefully exclude individuals at risk for developing psychotic symptoms in response to psychedelic use. Given the potential for psychedelics to be established as treatments in psychiatry, it is important to more robustly understand their link with psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). In this narrative review, we examine the historical and theoretical relationship between psychedelic drugs and SSDs, including the origins of the psychotomimetic hypothesis. For key psychedelic compounds, we review their phenomenological manifestations in relation to the experiential alterations characteristic of SSDs, revealing both areas of overlap and important qualitative differences that challenge the uniform psychotomimetic classification. We also review putative neural mechanisms underlying altered experiential states associated with psychedelic use and SSDs, with attention to serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic contributions. Clinical evidence demonstrates that psychedelics can exacerbate pre-existing psychotic illness and may trigger psychosis in vulnerable individuals, though the magnitude of these risks remains inadequately quantified. However, phenomenological and mechanistic distinctions suggest that potential therapeutic applications may exist for carefully selected symptoms (negative symptoms, depression) in stable patients using low-dose, controlled approaches. Based on published work, we provide recommendations regarding psychosis-related risk and potential avenues for the treatment of SSDs as psychedelics gain traction as therapeutics.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261456191", "pubmed_id": "42345450", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42345450/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, mescaline, phenomenology, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychosis, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 23:03:18", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42345450\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 29, "title": "Novel approaches in depression treatment: from rapid-acting antidepressants to personalized interventions.", "normalized_title": "novel approaches in depression treatment from rapid acting antidepressants to personalized interventions", "authors": "Guidetti C, Fava M, Papakostas GI.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) are prevalent and debilitating conditions. Over 50% of patients have inadequate response to first-line serotonergic antidepressants and are left with suboptimal treatment options. Rapid-acting and individually tailored treatments for MDD remain major unmet needs. This review discusses promising rapid-acting treatments, including psychedelic and neuroplastogen compounds, currently under investigation for the treatment of MDD and TRD. Among these, psilocybin has advanced to late-stage trials. In addition, we examine the emerging role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), including novel personalized interventions, such as the Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT) protocol, which has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects and is now FDA-cleared for TRD, positioning it closest to clinical translation. We also highlight the ongoing ALTO-300 trial, which is evaluating an adjunctive treatment for MDD in patients identified by an EEG biomarker-representing another promising step toward personalized treatment. Finally, we review the results of a Phase 2 study reporting outcomes that vary by a specific genotype sequence, underscoring the potential for genetically guided personalized interventions. Despite these advances, key limitations, including unblinding in psychedelic trials, scalability challenges of intensive neuromodulation protocols, and the need for validated biomarkers, pose ongoing challenges for real-world implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03722-0", "pubmed_id": "42350785", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03722-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 23:03:30", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42350785\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 43, "title": "Short- and Long-Acting Psychedelics: Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacology, and Implications for Neuropsychiatric Therapeutics.", "normalized_title": "short and long acting psychedelics structure activity relationships pharmacology and implications for neuropsychiatric therapeutics", "authors": "Bhat A, Zolali E, Sakib MA, Rahimian M, McMahon LR, German N, Obeng S", "abstract": "Psychedelics have re-emerged as promising therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. While their beneficial effects are largely attributed to serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor activation, psychedelics exhibit substantial diversity in chemical structure, receptor binding kinetics, metabolism, and duration of action. These differences underpin the distinction between short-acting psychedelics like -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-DMT, and long-acting compounds like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline. Short-acting psychedelics may offer advantages in clinical settings where brief therapeutic sessions are preferred, while long-acting agents may be relatively more effective for clinical outcomes. This review highlights the chemistry, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacology of both short- and long-acting psychedelics. We examine key functional group modifications that influence receptor binding affinity, efficacy, and duration. By integrating insights from synthetic chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical effects, this review provides a framework for rational psychedelic drug development aimed at producing next-generation antidepressants, anxiolytics, and substance use disorder treatments with controlled and predictable clinical effects.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00202", "pubmed_id": "42257400", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42257400/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, long-acting, psilocybin, psychedelics, short-acting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42257400\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1927, "title": "Psilocybin and Mental Health Outcomes: Scoping Review with ☸SAIMSARA", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mental health outcomes scoping review with saimsara", "authors": "SAIMSARA", "abstract": "This scoping review aims to comprehensively map and synthesize the breadth of evidence from original research on the relationship between psilocybin and health, spanning clinical trials, epidemiological surveys, mechanistic experiments, and cross-sectional attitudinal studies. The review uses 145 references and builds its evidence map from 216 original studies with 271241797 total participants/sample observations (topic-deduplicated ΣN). This review indicates that the most consistent and replicated signal for psilocybin and health is rapid, large, and sustained reduction of depressive symptoms in clinical populations, with a randomized, waiting-list-controlled major depressive disorder (MDD) trial reporting Cohen's d=2.5 at week 5 and benefits in treatment-resistant depression persisting up to 6 months. Converging evidence suggests broader therapeutic potential for anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and existential distress, alongside preliminary signals for substance use disorders, though risks such as manic or psychotic episodes in vulnerable individuals warrant rigorous screening. A recurring caveat is that real-world benefits and access are moderated by race and ethnicity, with protective associations and program participation concentrated among White participants. These findings support a cautiously optimistic but equity-conscious role for psilocybin-assisted therapy in psychiatric and palliative care. Future work should prioritize controlled, prospective trials that test mechanisms and confirm durability while embedding culturally adapted, equitable access strategies.", "journal": "SAIMSARA Journal", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.62487/saimsara7a54f680", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.62487/saimsara7a54f680", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mental health, Psychiatry, Psychology, Major depressive disorder, Clinical psychology, PsycINFO, Psychotherapist, Mental illness, Medicine, Depression (economics), Clinical trial, MEDLINE, Warrant, Race (biology), Epidemiology, Obsessive compulsive, Test (biology), Bipolar disorder, White paper, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": 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Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.62487/saimsara7a54f680\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7164845889" }, { "id": 1926, "title": "Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy in major depressive disorder a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Angel Labra-Lorenzana, Dania Nimbe Lima Sanchez, Christian Alejandro Delaflor-Wagner, Diana Martínez-Hernández, Christian Ramos-Jiménez, Christian Gabriel Toledo-Lozano", "abstract": "Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: A PROSPERO-registered search (CRD42024561979) of CENTRAL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE (2010-2024) identified clinical trials assessing PAP. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while non-randomized studies were appraised separately. Evidence certainty was evaluated using GRADE. Results: Ten trials were included; eight provided quantitative data. PAP was associated with large short-term reductions in depressive symptom severity. The overall pooled effect was large (d = 1.15, 95% CI0.83-1.48), though within-subject designs yielded larger estimates (d = 1.63) than between-subject controlled comparisons (d = 0.96). Adverse events were transient and manageable, with no increased risk of serious adverse events on dosing days. Primary risk-of-bias concerns included functional unblinding. Conclusions: PAP may produce clinically meaningful, large short-term reductions in depressive symptoms. However, long-term efficacy remains understudied, and the overall certainty of evidence is low to moderate. Larger, rigorously blinded trials are required.", "journal": "Psychiatry International", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/psychiatryint7030137", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint7030137", "keywords": "Medicine, Adverse effect, Major depressive disorder, Dosing, Meta-analysis, Clinical trial, Randomized controlled trial, MEDLINE, Systematic review, Depressive symptoms, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Certainty, Research design, Risk assessment, Intensive care medicine, Relative risk, Severity of illness, Evidence-based medicine, Clinical psychology, Major depressive episode, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164820747\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164820747\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2098923148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912654919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044729970\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129740058\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292262959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302773366\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384557644\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401700752\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402748917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404295609\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138646510\",\"display_name\":\"Angel Labra-Lorenzana\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072252637\",\"display_name\":\"Dania Nimbe Lima Sanchez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3647-6540\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126057939\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Alejandro Delaflor-Wagner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135188546\",\"display_name\":\"Diana Martínez-Hernández\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106551101\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Ramos-Jiménez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-6179\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087349807\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Gabriel Toledo-Lozano\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-1228\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210214788\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatry International\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint7030137\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7164820747" }, { "id": 69, "title": "Time to embrace the whole: considering the replacement of psilocybin with Psilocybe spp. in psychedelic research and therapy", "normalized_title": "time to embrace the whole considering the replacement of psilocybin with psilocybe spp in psychedelic research and therapy", "authors": "Genís Oña, Cristina Llagostera, Oscar Alvarez, Rosa M. Dueñas, Débora González, Óscar Soto-Angona", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the main psychoactive compound in Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, has gained considerable attention for its therapeutic potential. Current research focuses only on isolated psilocybin, neglecting the broader pharmacological and cultural use of the whole mushroom. This perspective advocates for an integrative approach that includes standardised P. cubensis extracts within the psychedelic research agenda. We review preclinical studies comparing whole-mushroom extracts with pure psilocybin, showing enhanced or distinct effects on synaptic proteins, metabolomic profiles, and behavioural outcomes, including in models of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Furthermore, the use of whole extracts may promote more affordable, equitable, and publicly accessible treatment models, in contrast to high-cost synthetic psilocybin formulations. This article argues for the urgent need to explore whole-mushroom therapeutics, ensuring that decisions in psychedelic medicine are based on a full spectrum of evidence rather than solely on pharmaceutical feasibility.", "journal": "Natural Product Research", "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/14786419.2026.2683121", "pubmed_id": "42228759", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2026.2683121", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychiatry, MEDLINE, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Pharmacology, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7163160532\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7163160532\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1970930356\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984431812\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992243758\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994579482\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031832463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054727320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063906445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318527110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594616832\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926665170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949780892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979305454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012256305\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023670690\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049065734\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092405045\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112904824\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226060882\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280503409\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286750283\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385969211\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387939730\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388714298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389606379\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391970820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399276098\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403328142\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405376152\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408226956\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411981579\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412043599\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413116294\",\"https://openalex.org/W7128912015\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070858256\",\"display_name\":\"Genís Oña\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-2876\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137652951\",\"display_name\":\"Cristina Llagostera\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130390747\",\"display_name\":\"Oscar Alvarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137663443\",\"display_name\":\"Rosa M. Dueñas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102923565\",\"display_name\":\"Débora González\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-4351\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103154694\",\"display_name\":\"Óscar Soto-Angona\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0234-4280\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205999849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Natural Product Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2026.2683121\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7163160532" }, { "id": 1933, "title": "EE127 A REVIEW OF HEALTH ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF PSILOCYBIN, MIDOMAFETAMINE(MDMA), AND KETAMINE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR MENTAL HEALTH CARE", "normalized_title": "ee127 a review of health economic analyses of psilocybin midomafetamine mdma and ketamine based treatments for mental health care", "authors": "Matthew Sidovar, Shane J. O’Connor, Lucinda Orsini", "abstract": "", "journal": "Value in Health", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.422", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.422", "keywords": "Mental health care, Health care, Mental health, Medicine, Psychiatry, Nursing, Self care, Mental healthcare, Family medicine, Psychology, MEDLINE, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166071774\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166071774\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032876519\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew Sidovar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043063065\",\"display_name\":\"Shane J. O’Connor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-2450\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139424497\",\"display_name\":\"Lucinda Orsini\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S678965\",\"source_display_name\":\"Value in Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.422\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166071774" }, { "id": 1937, "title": "Effect of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy on anxiety symptoms a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Alex Hood, Gary ELKINS", "abstract": "Abstract Background and Aims Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a novel, transdiagnostic treatment in which the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin is combined with psychotherapy. Studies to date have evaluated PAP's effects on depression, substance use, and end-of-life adjustment. Relatively less attention has been given to its effects on anxiety symptoms, which are highly comorbid with other psychiatric conditions and are a leading cause of global disability. This review systematically evaluated evidence for PAP's effects on anxiety symptoms across diagnoses, with attention to variations in interventional components across studies. Methods A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were completed in six databases and independent reviewers screened records. Study quality was assessed and data extracted on participant demographics and intervention features. Random-effects models estimated within- and between-group effects from baseline to primary endpoint. Results Twenty-five studies were determined eligible for inclusion. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in psychotherapy format, dosing, session structure, and outcome timing. Pooled results showed a large within-groups effect on anxiety after controlling for measurement artifacts (Hedge's g = 0.96) and a small between-groups effect (Hedge's g = 0.48). High heterogeneity persisted even after controlling for the influence of different anxiety measures and moderators related to intervention formulation and delivery. Conclusions PAP shows promise for reducing anxiety across primary diagnoses. However, variability in study quality, interventional design, sample representativeness, and high heterogeneity warrant caution in interpretation. More rigorous, high-quality trials with diverse populations are needed. Implications and directions for future research are summarized.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2026.00507", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2026.00507", "keywords": "Anxiety, Clinical psychology, Intervention (counseling), Psychology, Psychotherapist, Systematic review, Demographics, Randomized controlled trial, Psychological intervention, Clinical trial, Sample size determination, MEDLINE, Meta-analysis, Anxiety disorder, Psychiatry, Medicine, Specific phobia, Substance use, Session (web analytics), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162785692\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162785692\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1987138256\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021593215\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021803359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026789649\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029637260\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043705607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065796326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074598859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107328434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112953965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145576372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2468643947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600378660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901724277\",\"https://openalex.org/W2910235276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912626077\",\"https://openalex.org/W2924322406\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927560891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991510409\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000661394\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014277121\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134897339\",\"https://openalex.org/W3141256924\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183684219\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205622941\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200214647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200408156\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225308749\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225982601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226060882\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281891940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307773202\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309360340\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310735641\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320480665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321097050\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386849390\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387737676\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390918459\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392657822\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394602238\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398774731\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399215777\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400279567\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400695899\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402476560\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402554692\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402748917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405122998\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405376152\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406141686\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406240577\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408808337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409286565\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410030136\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413190735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413889891\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414374510\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5095491420\",\"display_name\":\"Alex Hood\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009557677\",\"display_name\":\"Gary ELKINS\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2026.00507\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162785692" }, { "id": 90, "title": "Psychedelic-induced hypomania and mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced hypomania and mania a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Eskinazi M, Nasserdine R, Cusin RM, Baniotoupoulos P, Saccaro LF, De Pieri M, Corino T, Seragnoli F, Briefer JF, Aboulafia Brakha T, Richard-Lepouriel H, Penzenstadler L, Böge K, Kirchner M, Zullino D, Højlund M, Sapienza J, Bosia M, Catalan A, Vieta E, Solmi M, Sabé M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are increasingly investigated as treatments for affective disorders. Concerns persist regarding their potential to induce hypomania or mania, particularly in individuals with bipolar spectrum vulnerability. Whether these substances precipitate transient mood switches or contribute to persistent bipolar illness or diagnostic transition remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review of human studies examining manic or hypomanic symptoms following exposure to serotonergic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, DMT/ayahuasca) or MDMA (CRD420251160656). Databases and trial registries were searched through January 26, 2026. Eligible designs included randomized and non-randomized clinical studies, registry-based cohorts, cross-sectional surveys, and longitudinal observational studies. Outcomes included dysphoria/euphoria, manic or hypomanic symptoms and transition to bipolar disorder. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I, ROB2 or NIH tools. Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria, four contributing to meta-analysis. Rates of psychedelic-associated dysphoria/euphoria, hypomania or mania ranged from 5.8% in controlled trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for major depressive disorders to 30% in naturalistic studies of individuals with bipolar disorder. When present, manic symptoms were typically acute and self-limited. Observational studies identified higher risks among individuals with bipolar I disorder, familial vulnerability, polysubstance use, and unsupervised or illegal use. Registry-based cohorts examining diagnostic transitions showed a prevalence of subsequent transition to bipolar disorder of 4% (95% CI2-8%; N = 7478; I² = 32.1%), with little evidence for a hallucinogen-specific signal. Overall, serotonergic psychedelics appear to pose a low but clinically meaningful relative risk of transient mood-related symptoms in susceptible individuals while remaining relatively safe in controlled clinical settings. Long-term outcomes and repeated exposure remain insufficiently studied, underscoring the need for rigorous longitudinal research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03657-6", "pubmed_id": "42215638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03657-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42215638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3172, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Anxiety, A Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics as a potential therapeutic strategy for anxiety a systematic review", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and objective: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide and affect all age groups. Current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) and benzodiazepines, have limitations in terms of adverse effects and efficacy, which highlights the need for alternative therapies. Serotonergic psychedelics have demonstrated promising anxiolytic-like behaviors in preclinical studies, primarily thought to be mediated through agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor. This systematic review aimed to investigate the preclinical evidence of anxiolytic-like potential of serotonergic psychedelics in animal models, and to evaluate the validity and limitations of the included behavioral tests. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined prior to screening to ensure a transparent inclusion of studies and minimize bias. The title, abstract and full-text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with conflicts being resolved through discussion. In total, 18 studies were included after the final screening. Results: Overall, the results demonstrate that serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and DOI, exerted anxiolytic-like effects across several behavioral tests. However, anxiogenic and null effects were also reported. This suggests that the effects are context-dependent, influenced by dosage, administration pattern, biological variables, as well as the experimental conditions. The predictive and face validity of the included behavioral models was generally acceptable. However, the construct validity had some limitations, and inconsistencies in the experimental conditions create a need for more standardization to ensure more transparent and reproducible data, and further the research field. Conclusions: The preclinical studies included in this review indicate that the serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential in the treatment of anxiety, especially psilocybin elicited consistent anxiolytic-like effects, possibly due to 5-HT2A receptor agonism. However, future studies should focus on understanding mechanisms, sex-specific effects, and further the combinations of behavioral tests to ensure better interpretation of behavioral outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/gf7bq_v1", "keywords": "Anxiety, Preclinical, Psychedelics, Systematic Review, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Emotion, Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Animal Learning and Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"gf7bq_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4012, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression a comprehensive review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential", "authors": "Dallas T Mason", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is characterized by chronic symptoms, impaired functioning, and limited response to conventional antidepressant therapy. Contemporary reviews have highlighted increasing interest in psilocybin-assisted therapy as a mechanistically novel approach for depressive disorders, grounded in early feasibility work demonstrating clinically meaningful symptom reductions in TRD populations and strengthened by subsequent randomized trials in major depressive disorder (MDD).¹,²,³ Open-label findings in TRD showed rapid and sustained reductions in depressive symptoms, while controlled trials in MDD demonstrated significant improvements from baseline after one or two psilocybin-assisted therapy sessions.¹,²,³ Systematic reviews of mechanistic work indicate that psilocybin modulates multiple neurobiological and psychological domains relevant to depression, including 5-HT₂A-mediated signaling functional network reorganization and emotional or cognitive shifts associated with therapeutic processes such as openness and acceptance.²,⁴‾⁷ Neuroimaging studies show acute alterations in default mode network dynamics and broader changes in connectivity during the psychedelic experience, findings interpreted as consistent with increased cognitive and emotional flexibility.²,⁵,⁷ Meta-analytic reviews report substantial antidepressant effects across different psilocybin dosing strategies and indicate that improvements often persist for several weeks.⁸,⁹ Safety reviews describe psilocybin’s acute adverse effects as generally mild, transient, and self-limiting, whereas recent systematic analyses highlight substantial variability and methodological limitations in harms reporting across trials.¹⁰,¹¹ Ethical, legal, and implementation challenges remain, including the constraints imposed by psilocybin’s Schedule I classification and the intensive training, therapeutic support, and clinical infrastructure required for safe delivery of psilocybin-assisted therapy.¹²,¹³ This narrative review synthesizes mechanistic, clinical, safety, and regulatory evidence to evaluate the potential role of psilocybin-assisted therapy for individuals with TRD.", "journal": "Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)", "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/dmscjournal/vol8/iss1/6", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Major depressive disorder, Antidepressant, Treatment-resistant depression, Cognition, Psychology, Default mode network, Adverse effect, Systematic review, Clinical trial, Medicine, Neuroimaging, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Depression (economics), Electroconvulsive therapy, Randomized controlled trial, Psychiatry, Narrative review, Hallucinogen, MEDLINE, Neuroscience, Dosing, Functional neuroimaging, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:35", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162235135\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162235135\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136833991\",\"display_name\":\"Dallas T Mason\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196904\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/dmscjournal/vol8/iss1/6\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162235135" }, { "id": 4011, "title": "The Use of Psilocybin for Managing Refractory Behavioral Health Conditions: A New and Promising Approach", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin for managing refractory behavioral health conditions a new and promising approach", "authors": "Rachel N Clark", "abstract": "The purpose of this review is to evaluate the possible benefits of using psilocybin(C12H17N2O4P), a naturally occurring psychoactive compound found in certain species of mushrooms, in the treatment of multiple forms of mental illness and substance abuse in either monotherapy or in conjunction with traditional psychiatric medications. The compound acts as a high-affinity agonist for several serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C, which are densely located throughout the cerebral cortex and thalamus. Following a comprehensive search of electronic databases, this review evaluates the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profile of psilocybin in treating depression, anxiety, and addiction disorders. The findings are promising and support its efficacy with decreased symptoms in multiple psychiatric disorders with a rapid onset. Significant research barriers remain, including methodological limitations, regulatory constraints, and limited population diversity in clinical trials conducted to date. United States (US) federal funding for the study of psilocybin as a potential therapeutic option has not yet been approved. Biosynthetic production of the compound and enhanced integration into psychotherapy are necessary to ensure scalability, safety, and accessibility. Future research is essential to evaluate and to refine its therapeutic applications on a larger scale.", "journal": "Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)", "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3694&context=dmscjournal", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Addiction, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Population, Clinical trial, Substance abuse, Psychology, Mental illness, Psychotherapist, Mental health, Pharmacology, Addiction medicine, Drug, Substance use, MEDLINE, Adjunctive treatment, Global population, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:35", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162225828\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162225828\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136836285\",\"display_name\":\"Rachel N Clark\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196904\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3694&context=dmscjournal\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162225828" }, { "id": 4010, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in the Management of Anxiety and Depression Among Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy in the management of anxiety and depression among cancer patients", "authors": "Caleb Lemus", "abstract": "Psychological distress, such as anxiety and depression, is common among people with cancer and is often worsened by existential worries about mortality, loss of meaning, and decreased quality of life. Standard treatments, including medication and psychotherapy, often offer limited or short-term relief, highlighting the need for new, integrative psychosocial oncology approaches. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown promise in addressing both mood symptoms and existential distress. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the role of psilocybin therapy in managing anxiety and depression in cancer patients. It includes findings from randomized controlled trials, long-term follow-up studies, and feasibility research on psilocybin within structured psychotherapeutic frameworks, sourced from electronic databases. Overall, psilocybin therapy is linked to quick and meaningful reductions in anxiety and depression, often after just one or two supervised doses. These clinical improvements are supported by the Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) model, which suggests that psilocybin facilitates a relaxation of rigid, maladaptive cognitive patterns while promoting neuroplasticity. This allows for a significant shift in perspective regarding mortality and existential distress. These benefits are long-lasting, with improvements remaining months after treatment. Patients also report improved psychological well-being, emotional acceptance, and a stronger sense of meaning, indicating benefits beyond mood stabilization. This review identifies the importance of preparatory counseling, therapeutic support during dosing, and post-session integration to maximize results, emphasizing psilocybin’s role as a catalyst in psychotherapy rather than as a stand-alone drug. When administered in controlled clinical environments with proper screening and monitoring, psilocybin exhibits a favorable safety profile, although psychological risks necessitate careful oversight. Situating these findings within psychosocial oncology and palliative care, this review emphasizes psilocybin therapy’s potential to meet unmet mental health needs in cancer patients. Limitations such as small sample sizes, homogenous populations, and regulatory hurdles are acknowledged. Overall, the evidence supports PAT as an emerging intervention with significant clinical potential, meriting further research into long-term effects, scalability, and integration into comprehensive cancer care.", "journal": "Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)", "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3713&context=dmscjournal", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anxiety, Psychotherapist, Mood, Clinical psychology, Cancer, Psychosocial, Psychology, Cognition, Depression (economics), Existentialism, Psychiatry, Perspective (graphical), Cognitive therapy, Guided imagery, Psycho-oncology, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Medicine, Relaxation (psychology), Psychological therapy, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Randomized controlled trial, Exposure therapy, MEDLINE, Mental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:35", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162222410\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162222410\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136847142\",\"display_name\":\"Caleb Lemus\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196904\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3713&context=dmscjournal\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Aging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162222410" }, { "id": 110, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical Considerations and Emerging Models of Care", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa clinical considerations and emerging models of care", "authors": "Jamarie Geller, Rachel Pacilio, Amanda E. Downey, Anya Ragnhildstveit, Marissa Raymond-Flesch, Stephanie Knatz-Peck, Natalie Gukasyan", "abstract": "PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is growing evidence that psychedelics and associated treatment modalities may offer therapeutic benefits across a range of psychiatric conditions. Anorexia nervosa (AN), a serious and often treatment-resistant illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality, is one such condition for which psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) may hold promise. RECENT FINDINGS: To date, research on PAT for AN has focused primarily on adults, despite the fact that AN frequently begins in adolescence, and early age of onset portends poorer prognosis, including more severe AN, more lifetime psychiatric comorbidity, and greater life difficulties. Given these risks, an exploration of the theoretical potential of PAT for adolescent populations is warranted. Important considerations include biological implications, developmental stage, and consent. Adaptations to the current models of psilocybin-assisted therapy in studies of adults are proposed, and emerging models that address the unique challenges of these patients are discussed.", "journal": "Current Psychiatry Reports", "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-026-01679-z", "pubmed_id": "42128951", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-026-01679-z", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Psychiatry, Modalities, Medicine, Anorexia, Treatment modality, Psychotherapist, Therapeutic modalities, MEDLINE, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Therapeutic approach, Intensive care medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": 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"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000765190\",\"display_name\":\"Jamarie Geller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9049-4400\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136036664\",\"display_name\":\"Rachel Pacilio\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-267X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037114160\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda E. Downey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-7798\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006257142\",\"display_name\":\"Anya Ragnhildstveit\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-3428\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136081842\",\"display_name\":\"Marissa Raymond-Flesch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-8970\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034387137\",\"display_name\":\"Stephanie Knatz-Peck\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048292874\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Gukasyan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-1421\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S124600697\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Psychiatry Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-026-01679-z\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7161007383" }, { "id": 1945, "title": "Rapid-acting interventions in treatment-resistant depression - a comparative review of esketamine and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "rapid acting interventions in treatment resistant depression a comparative review of esketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Bartłomiej Kosiarski, Anna Skrzypek, Patrycja Markowicz, Mikołaj Zbrożek, Krzysztof Biłyk, Maciej Hutkowski, Zuzanna Chwostek, Hanna Maruchniak, Wiktoria Marzec, Paulina Biedroń", "abstract": "Introduction and Objective.Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major clinical challenge affecting patients who fail to respond to at least two adequate antidepressant trials.The development of rapid-acting interventions targeting non-monoaminergic pathways has introduced new therapeutic possibilities.The aim of the review is to critically examine intranasal esketamine and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in TRD, comparing their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, durability of response, and safety profiles.Materials and Method.A narrative review method consisting of a literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases.Randomized controlled trials, phase II-IV clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published primarily within the last eight years were analyzed.Case reports and preclinical studies were excluded.Brief description of the state of knowledge.Esketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects within hours and has received regulatory approval for TRD.While effect sizes are generally modest, relapse prevention has been shown in maintenance trials.Psilocybin, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist administered within a structured psychotherapeutic framework, has shown promising antidepressant effects in early-phase trials, including a large phase IIb study, with sustained improvement following limited dosing.However, its evidence base remains constrained by methodological challenges and limited long-term data.Summary.Both agents converge on neuroplasticity-related mechanisms yet differ substantially in clinical implementation.Esketamine is an approved rapid-acting option for TRD, whereas psilocybin remains investigational.Further adequately powered trials and long-term safety data are required to define their roles within evolving treatment paradigms.", "journal": "Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.26444/jpccr/221219", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/221219", "keywords": "Medicine, Depression (economics), Psilocybin, Psychological intervention, Psychiatry, Treatment-resistant depression, Major depressive disorder, Anxiety, MEDLINE, Depressive symptoms, Clinical psychology, Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160910785\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160910785\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124992076\",\"display_name\":\"Bartłomiej Kosiarski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136000378\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Skrzypek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6771-3186\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124981381\",\"display_name\":\"Patrycja Markowicz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006502767\",\"display_name\":\"Mikołaj Zbrożek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125011428\",\"display_name\":\"Krzysztof Biłyk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125059894\",\"display_name\":\"Maciej Hutkowski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125072333\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Chwostek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124993719\",\"display_name\":\"Hanna Maruchniak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135973834\",\"display_name\":\"Wiktoria Marzec\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6395-6263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125013949\",\"display_name\":\"Paulina Biedroń\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764897176\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/221219\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7160910785" }, { "id": 3022, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin in the management of treatment resistant depression a systematic review", "authors": "Walters CK, Chetty S, Rants’o TA, Gossayn S, Lerotholi LJ.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Conventional pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been found to provide limited benefit in a subset of patients. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has emerged as a promising modality due to its rapid-acting antidepressant effects and favourable tolerability profile shown in early trials. Despite growing research interest in psilocybin-assisted therapy the evidence for its use remains fragmented. Aim: To systematically review the evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in adults with TRD. Methods: This review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and JBI Manual for Systematic Reviews of Effectiveness. PubMed ®, MEDLINE ®, the Cochrane Collaboration's CENTRAL ® trials registry, PsycINFO ® and EMBASE ® were searched between 2014 and 2025 for clinical trials and observational studies that met the inclusion criteria for psilocybin versus other antidepressants for TRD. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists were used to assess the quality of the clinical trials. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251063913) Results: Six trials met the inclusion criteria. Psilocybin showed promising results in lowering depressive scores in participants with TRD. Common adverse events included anxiety, nausea, headache, fatigue and suicidal ideation. No serious safety concerns or cases of physiological toxicity were identified. Study limitations included small sample sizes, open-label designs, and heterogeneous psychotherapy protocols. Conclusions: Psilocybin as a novel therapy for TRD demonstrates promising efficacy and tolerability safety profile. Nonetheless, current evidence remains preliminary, and larger, methodologically robust randomized trials are needed to confirm efficacy, optimize dosing, and standardize psychological support frameworks.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-05-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283280/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283280/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1188752\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1947, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Depressive Disorders: Efficacy, Safety, and Persistence of Clinical Effects - A Narrative Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy in depressive disorders efficacy safety and persistence of clinical effects a narrative review", "authors": "Kinga Zachar, Maksymilian Sito, Filip Jurkowski, Łukasz Wójcik, Natalia Gawron, Hubert Tomasz Bojanowski, Aleksandra Dobracka, Zuzanna Marczak, Monika Jarowicz, Jędrzej Czmyr", "abstract": "Introduction and purpose: Depressive disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD), remain major causes of disability worldwide. Conventional treatments are limited by delayed onset, incomplete response, relapse, and adverse effects. This review summarizes current evidence on the efficacy, safety, and durability of psilocybin-assisted therapy in depressive disorders. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Evidence from randomized trials, open-label studies, follow-up analyses, and meta-analyses indicates that psilocybin-assisted therapy can produce rapid reductions in depressive symptoms, often within days, in carefully selected patients treated in controlled settings. Short-term benefits have been reported in both MDD and TRD, although findings in TRD are less consistent. In a head-to-head trial, psilocybin was not superior to escitalopram on the primary endpoint, while several secondary outcomes favored psilocybin. Follow-up studies suggest that benefits may persist for weeks to months, but longer-term evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Under supervision, psilocybin was generally well tolerated, with mostly transient adverse effects, including anxiety, nausea, headache, dizziness, and brief cardiovascular activation. Summary: Psilocybin-assisted therapy appears to be a promising investigational approach for depressive disorders, with rapid onset and possible medium-term benefit in some patients. However, the evidence base remains limited by small samples, heterogeneous designs, restricted comparative data, and delivery in specialized settings. Larger and longer-term studies are needed to clarify comparative efficacy, durability, long-term safety, and feasibility in routine clinical practice.", "journal": "Journal of Education Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2026.91.70672", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2026.91.70672", "keywords": "Major depressive disorder, Escitalopram, Narrative review, Persistence (discontinuity), Depression (economics), Adverse effect, Medicine, Psychiatry, Depressive symptoms, Randomized controlled trial, Psilocybin, Clinical trial, Clinical psychology, Psychology, Systematic review, MEDLINE, Meta-analysis, Placebo, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychotherapist, Evidence-based medicine, Intensive care medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160694792\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160694792\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130856364\",\"display_name\":\"Kinga Zachar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029490084\",\"display_name\":\"Maksymilian Sito\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130867938\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Jurkowski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135762224\",\"display_name\":\"Łukasz Wójcik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1516-3478\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037631537\",\"display_name\":\"Natalia Gawron\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-1946\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133327046\",\"display_name\":\"Hubert Tomasz Bojanowski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6899-6914\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130834411\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Dobracka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030096899\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Marczak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9539-9255\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5118987347\",\"display_name\":\"Monika Jarowicz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092030361\",\"display_name\":\"Jędrzej Czmyr\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-5322\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737571363\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Education Health and Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2026.91.70672\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7160694792" }, { "id": 147, "title": "Predictors of therapeutic response to psychedelic-assisted therapy: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "predictors of therapeutic response to psychedelic assisted therapy a systematic review", "authors": "Viljoen G, Walter H, Bendau A, Koslowski M, Betzler F", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has demonstrated substantial efficacy across a range of mental disorders. However, heterogeneity between patients confers differential responsiveness. This systematic review aims to explore factors which may predict therapeutic responses to PAT. A systematic search was performed from inception through to March 2024 and studies that assessed predictors of response related to the use of classic psychedelics for mental disorders were included. A total of 54 studies investigating potential predictors of treatment response to psychedelic-assisted therapy were included in the review. These studies encompassed adult populations diagnosed with substance-use disorders, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and existential distress related to life-threatening illness as well as naturalistic samples reporting psychopathological symptoms without a formally confirmed diagnosis. The most frequently reported predictor of therapeutic response was the intensity of the acute psychedelic experience, particularly mystical-type experiences (MTEs), though this was not consistent across all disorders or time points. Factors related to set, setting and dose were frequently associated with the likelihood and intensity of MTEs. The acute psychedelic experience, especially MTEs, was the most frequently reported predictor of therapeutic response. Future trials should explore a broader range of predictors, include longer-term follow-up and improve methodological consistency to strengthen the evidence base for reliable predictors of therapeutic response.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251389581", "pubmed_id": "41388888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41388888/", "keywords": "addictive disorders, depression, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatric disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41388888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 130, "title": "Trip killers: Addressing a critical knowledge gap in psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "trip killers addressing a critical knowledge gap in psychedelic research", "authors": "O'Mahony B, Harrington C, Harkin A, Lally N", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are increasingly under investigation as potential therapeutic agents for mental health conditions and are being increasingly used recreationally. Psychedelic use may result in an episode of intense psychological distress, commonly referred to as a \"bad trip.\" Bad trips represent a potentially volatile, erratic, and dangerous situation, which may, in extreme cases, require presentation to accident and emergency departments and psychiatric hospital admission. Managing such cases requires careful consideration, with priority given to non-pharmacological strategies. When these measures prove insufficient, an alternative approach may be necessary, one that can effectively attenuate or terminate the psychedelic state and restore psychological stability. Despite clinical relevance, there is no systematic evaluation of pharmacological interventions to terminate such experiences. This review identifies and critically appraises candidate medications with potential utility as abortive agents, including serotonin antagonists, drugs for psychosis, and select drugs for anxiety and depression. We review these agents, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, safety profiles, and applicability in acute care settings. Binding strength at the molecular level, potency to functionally block receptor-mediated effects, and lack of side effects are key considerations. We conclude by proposing a provisional framework for the pharmacologic management of adverse psychedelic experiences and highlight key priorities for future research.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261431056", "pubmed_id": "41869862", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41869862/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, LSD, antipsychotics, bad trips, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41869862\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 152, "title": "The Harmonious Dance: A Narrative Review on Psychedelics and Music in Therapeutic Settings.", "normalized_title": "the harmonious dance a narrative review on psychedelics and music in therapeutic settings", "authors": "Wang H, Li X, Yu F, Wang X", "abstract": "The integration of psychedelics and music in therapeutic settings is gaining recognition for its potential to enhance mental health outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this synergy, focusing on receptor-level pathways (e.g., 5-HT2A receptor agonism, BDNF-TrkB signaling) and neural circuit dynamics (e.g., default mode network desynchronization, thalamo-cortical connectivity) that mediate psychedelic action and mu-sic-induced emotional processing. By examining how music, acting as a \"hidden therapist,\" ampli-fies the emotional and cognitive effects of psychedelics, we elucidate the mechanistic interplay that fosters deep psychological insights and emotional healing. Several key areas have been addressed, such as the exploration of dynamic brain activity in realistic music environments, the micro-neural mechanisms underlying basic musical elements, and the development of quantitative techniques for music therapy aimed at improving sleep quality and alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychedelics increase neural plasticity and downregulate the default mode network, allowing music to guide emotional processing and facilitate profound therapeutic breakthroughs. The synergy be-tween music and psychedelics shows promise in treating conditions such as depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and addiction. The scientific contributions of this review include providing an integrated mechanistic framework for understanding psychedelic-music interactions and identifying key neurobiological targets for future therapeutic optimization. Future research should focus on optimizing therapeutic protocols and understanding the neurobiological mecha-nisms underlying this powerful combination to ensure its safe and effective integration into main-stream mental health care.", "journal": "Current neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-04-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2174/011570159x442471260422110855", "pubmed_id": "42083530", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42083530/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, default mode network, mental health, music therapy, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42083530\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1961, "title": "483. Acute Functional Brain Changes Associated With Psilocybin in Depression and Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "483 acute functional brain changes associated with psilocybin in depression and healthy adults a systematic review and coordinate based meta analysis", "authors": "Joshua Poulin, Nic Viulet, Ashley Liu, Bradley J. MacIntosh, Sean M. Nestor", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.717", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.717", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Treatment-resistant depression, MEDLINE, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155645923\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155645923\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134604123\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua Poulin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134610850\",\"display_name\":\"Nic Viulet\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134566053\",\"display_name\":\"Ashley Liu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024494721\",\"display_name\":\"Bradley J. MacIntosh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-2355\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134575831\",\"display_name\":\"Sean M. Nestor\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205482884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.717\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155645923" }, { "id": 35, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for Autism spectrum disorder: Neurobiological mechanisms and translational prospects.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for autism spectrum disorder neurobiological mechanisms and translational prospects", "authors": "Low ZXB.", "abstract": "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent social-communication deficits, cognitive rigidity, and atypical sensory processing. Current pharmacological treatments, including risperidone and aripiprazole, provide only limited symptomatic relief and do not address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Converging evidence implicates dysregulated serotonergic signaling, impaired neuroplasticity, and chronic neuroimmune activation as central features of ASD pathophysiology. Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, act as high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor agonists and have re-emerged as candidates for modulating these core pathways. In this Review, we synthesize molecular, cellular, and systems-level findings suggesting that psychedelics may transiently relax overly rigid cortical priors, reopen critical periods for social learning, and recalibrate dysfunctional neural circuits in ASD. These compounds enhance synaptic plasticity via BDNF and mTOR signaling, modulate cortical oscillations, and suppress neuroinflammation by shifting microglial phenotypes and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Systems-level frameworks, including the REBUS and anarchic brain hypotheses, contextualize how psychedelics induce globally integrated, less constrained brain states that may counteract the hyper-segregated connectivity commonly observed in ASD. While preclinical and early human studies report improvements in sociability, sensory responsiveness, and behavioural flexibility, rigorous clinical trials are urgently needed to establish safety, efficacy, and optimal developmental windows for intervention. We conclude by outlining a translational roadmap to guide future research, emphasizing the need for structured integration with behavioural therapies, attention to ASD heterogeneity, ethical considerations, and the potential to shift ASD treatment beyond symptomatic management toward disease-modifying intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111717", "pubmed_id": "42034276", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111717", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Autism Spectrum Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42034276\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1968, "title": "Psilocybin as an alternative to conventional treatments: A systematic review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an alternative to conventional treatments a systematic review", "authors": "Deivid Antonio Cahuasqui-Mendoza", "abstract": "Introduction. Limitations of conventional treatments for depression and anxiety, particularly in treatment-resistant cases, have driven interest in alternative therapeutic approaches. Psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist with demonstrated effects on neuroplasticity and large-scale brain networks, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. Materials and methods: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included adults aged 18-65 years with DSM-5 diagnoses of depression and/or anxiety who received psilocybin-assisted therapy with psychotherapeutic support. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, the Jadad scale, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Due to methodological heterogeneity, a qualitative narrative synthesis was performed.", "journal": "Gaceta Médica de Caracas", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.47307/gmc.2026.134.s2.32", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47307/gmc.2026.134.s2.32", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Systematic review, Anxiety, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Psychology, Jadad scale, MEDLINE, Clinical psychology, Randomized controlled trial, Serotonergic, Narrative review, Clinical trial, Fluoxetine, Systematic desensitization, Complicated grief, Duloxetine, Placebo, Anhedonia, Meta-analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155199454\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155199454\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134220190\",\"display_name\":\"Deivid Antonio Cahuasqui-Mendoza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7492-4445\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210231111\",\"source_display_name\":\"Gaceta Médica de Caracas\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.47307/gmc.2026.134.s2.32\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155199454" }, { "id": 2978, "title": "The efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: a meta-analytic review of clinical outcomes", "normalized_title": "the efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder a meta analytic review of clinical outcomes", "authors": "Mohsen Khosravi, Domenico De Berardis, Massimo Tusconi", "abstract": "This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized data from 13 clinical trials (n=606) evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Despite early enthusiasm, the pooled standardized mean difference (-0.79, 95% confidence interval: -3.98 to 2.40, p=0.63) revealed no statistically significant overall antidepressant effect, with extreme heterogeneity (I2=96.9%) across studies. Notably, the type of control group (active comparator vs. placebo/waitlist) accounted for 98.7% of between-study variance, with waitlist and low-dose comparators producing exaggerated effect sizes. Session frequency was a significant moderator: 2 to 5 psilocybin sessions yielded larger effects, while more intensive protocols attenuated benefit. Neither participant age nor follow-up duration significantly influenced outcomes. Evidence of reporting bias and small-study effects was detected (Egger’s test p=0.012). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that no single study accounted for the non-significant pooled result. Overall, psilocybin’s antidepressant efficacy appears highly context-dependent-shaped by trial design, comparator, and session structure-rather than universally robust. These findings underscore the need for larger, rigorously controlled trials to clarify psilocybin’s therapeutic role in depression.", "journal": "Mental Wellness", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.4081/mw.2026.40", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4081/mw.2026.40", "keywords": "Major depressive disorder, Medicine, Meta-analysis, Antidepressant, Clinical trial, Depression (economics), Confidence interval, Clinical psychology, Strictly standardized mean difference, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Randomized controlled trial, MEDLINE, Mean difference, Depressive symptoms, Session (web analytics), Internal medicine, Significant difference, Psilocybin, Major depressive episode, Placebo response, Intervention (counseling), Research design, Observational study, Treatment effect, Placebo, Imipramine, Test (biology), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155066504\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155066504\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393118291\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393253405\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405031949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408765639\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134179887\",\"display_name\":\"Mohsen Khosravi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062268890\",\"display_name\":\"Domenico De Berardis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-5058\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035141310\",\"display_name\":\"Massimo Tusconi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9155-4740\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5407046027\",\"source_display_name\":\"Mental Wellness\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.4081/mw.2026.40\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155066504" }, { "id": 2977, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials", "authors": "Siti Nashria Rusdhy, Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi, Carla Raymondalexas Marchira, Mustika Suci Mahardikaningrum, Teresa Lalita Wiryarini, Devira Ayu Wulandari", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy shows promise for depression, though current evidence relies on Phase 2 trials with notable methodological limitations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psilocybin-assisted therapy for major or treatment-resistant depression up to February 2024. We evaluated depressive symptom severity using random-effects meta-analysis, moderator analyses, Cochrane Risk of Bias 2, and GRADE methodology. Nine RCTs (N=514) were included. Psilocybin therapy demonstrated a large pooled effect size for symptom reduction (SMD = 1.270, 95% CI: 0.865-1.676, p", "journal": "Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883", "keywords": "Medicine, Blinding, Randomized controlled trial, Meta-analysis, Confounding, Clinical trial, Depression (economics), Placebo, Systematic review, Physical therapy, MEDLINE, Treatment effect, Research design, Intensive care medicine, Relative risk, Sample size determination, Publication bias, Moderation, Cochrane Library, Exposure therapy, Clinical psychology, Anxiety, Pharmacotherapy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155091271\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155091271\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134107220\",\"display_name\":\"Siti Nashria Rusdhy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079536508\",\"display_name\":\"Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-2470\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034760407\",\"display_name\":\"Carla Raymondalexas Marchira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-1092\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134157899\",\"display_name\":\"Mustika Suci Mahardikaningrum\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134166752\",\"display_name\":\"Teresa Lalita Wiryarini\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134141631\",\"display_name\":\"Devira Ayu Wulandari\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210182354\",\"source_display_name\":\"Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155091271" }, { "id": 3117, "title": "Psilocybin’s Kinematic Effect on Manual Dexterity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s kinematic effect on manual dexterity", "authors": "Klintefors P, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Bryson A, Berlowitz D, Attard Z, Carter O.", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale Clinical interest in psilocybin-assisted rehabilitation for motor disorders is growing. However, psilocybin’s motor effects are under-researched, and quantifying them is essential for assessing treatment risks and outcomes. Objectives This study aims to clarify whether acute effects of psilocybin disrupts established patterns of manual dexterity and coordination. Specifically, we evaluate the impact of psilocybin on velocity, smoothness and kinematic synergies. Methods In a randomised, blinded trial, healthy participants received three doses of psilo-cybin (5-20 mg) administered one week apart. Manual dexterity was assessed using the Box and Block Test (BBT) at baseline and 1.5, 3, and 4.5 hours post-drug administration. Task performance was analysed using a Bayesian mixed-effects model. For kinematic analysis, 21 hand landmarks were tracked from video recordings obtained at baseline and 1.5 hours post-administration. Principal component analysis (PCA) was the basis for evaluating the stability and dimensionality of kinematic synergies. Results BBT performance showed a modest biphasic dose-response pattern at higher doses (10-20 mg), with slight impairment during peak effects and slight improvement 4.5 hours post-administration relative to baseline. Effect sizes were small compared to inter-individual baseline variability. Kinematic analyses revealed no substantial changes in movement smoothness or velocity. Dimensionality metrics indicated a stable coordination structure, although finger movements showed a subtle increase in complexity. Conclusions Low to moderate doses of psilocybin did not meaningfully disrupt manual dexterity or the latent structure of hand coordination. These findings support the feasibility of combining psilocybin administration with active motor rehabilitation. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000560897 Date registered: 12 May 2021 URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id= 381526&isReview=true", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9291780/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9291780/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1177862\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3019, "title": "Psilocybin in Older Adults: Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammation-Driven Disorders of Aging-From Depression to Neurodegeneration", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in older adults therapeutic opportunities in inflammation driven disorders of aging from depression to neurodegeneration", "authors": "Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Stasiak A, Sienkiewicz M, Kwiatkowski P, Kowalczyk E.", "abstract": "Aging is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation (“inflammaging”), which contributes to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Conventional pharmacotherapies often provide limited benefit in older adults and are further complicated by polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic acting primarily as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and currently undergoing accelerated clinical development, has emerged as a potential multimodal therapeutic agent addressing these challenges. Acting via its active metabolite psilocin, 5-HT2A-mediated signaling biases cortical glutamatergic transmission, enhances TrkB/BDNF pathways, and modulates neuro-immune cascades (including NF-κB), with convergent systems-level effects such as re-organization of the default mode network. Human studies report acute reductions in TNF-α with variable effects on IL-6 and CRP, consistent with an immunomodulatory profile. Pharmacokinetically, psilocybin shows properties advantageous in geriatric care: rapid onset, short half-life, and predominant phase-II glucuronidation, reducing interaction risk. Controlled studies demonstrate rapid antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and existential distress, with emerging feasibility signals in neurodegeneration. Together, these find-ings support the hypothesis that a time-limited, mechanism-based intervention may improve mood and cognition while attenuating inflammation. This review integrates current evidence on psilocybin’s neuroimmune and pharmacokinetic mechanisms rel-evant to aging, outlining its potential role in inflammation-related disorders and high-lighting the need for targeted studies in older adults, who remain underrepresented in psychedelic research.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1179388\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Inflammaging,Review Article,Older Adults,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3249, "title": "Altered States of Consciousness and the Subconscious Mind: A Comprehensive Comparative Review of Disciplines, Neurobiological Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Philosophical Frameworks - Including Life Between Lives and Transpersonal Hypnotherapy", "normalized_title": "altered states of consciousness and the subconscious mind a comprehensive comparative review of disciplines neurobiological mechanisms clinical applications and philosophical frameworks including life between lives and transpersonal hypnotherapy", "authors": "Gallardo LM.", "abstract": "Altered states of consciousness (ASC) represent a universal human capacity for accessing and transforming the subconscious mind, employed across cultures and millennia through diverse contemplative, somatic, pharmacological, ritual, and technological modalities. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from over 25 distinct disciplines spanning five clusters: (A) contemplative and meditative practices (yoga, hypnotherapy, qigong, Tibetan meditation, mindfulness); (B) breathwork and somatic practices (holotropic breathwork, pranayama, somatic experiencing, trauma-release exercises, Wim Hof method); (C) plant-based and psychedelic practices (ayahuasca, psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine, ibogaine, peyote, cannabis); (D) ritual, cultural, and energetic practices (shamanic drumming, Sufi whirling, sound therapy, sweat lodge, lucid dreaming); and (E) neurotechnology and sensory modulation (neurofeedback, TMS, tDCS, float therapy, VR therapy, EMDR). We provide the first in-depth scholarly treatment of transpersonal hypnotherapy modalities-Life Between Lives (LBL) hypnotherapy and Past Life Regression (PLR) therapy-as legitimate therapeutic frameworks warranting rigorous empirical investigation. Comparative neurobiological analysis reveals converging mechanisms across all disciplines: default mode network (DMN) suppression or modulation, autonomic nervous system regulation via vagal tone and heart rate variability, neuroplasticity enhancement through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulation, memory reconsolidation enabling schema revision, interoceptive predictive coding that updates maladaptive priors, theta and alpha brainwave entrainment facilitating subconscious access, and ego dissolution permitting self-transcendence. Clinical evidence demonstrates strongest support for MDMA-assisted therapy in PTSD (Phase 3 RCTs, 67% response rate), psilocybin therapy in treatment-resistant depression (60-70% response in multiple RCTs), EMDR for trauma (WHO and APA endorsed), mindfulness-based interventions for depression relapse prevention and anxiety (multiple meta-analyses), and neurofeedback for ADHD and anxiety disorders (systematic reviews). Transpersonal modalities including LBL and PLR show preliminary evidence for existential distress, grief, depression, and life-purpose confusion in case series and open trials, though rigorous controlled trials are lacking. Philosophical frameworks from Vedantic (atman, samskaras, moksha), Buddhist (alaya-vijnana, anatta), Jungian (collective unconscious, archetypes), Platonic (anamnesis), transpersonal (Assagioli, Wilber), and neuroscientific (predictive coding, Bayesian brain) traditions offer complementary conceptualizations of the subconscious mind as the universal therapeutic target. All ASC disciplines converge on temporarily suspending ordinary critical consciousness to enable direct access to subconscious patterns-conceptualized variously as samskaras, unconscious complexes, predictive priors, conditioned schemas, or soul memories. LBL hypnotherapy uniquely targets the superconscious or Higher Self dimension, representing the only modality explicitly accessing soul-level knowing and between-lives experiences. Significant research gaps include absence of head-to-head comparative trials, lack of standardized ASC phenomenological and neurophysiological measurement protocols, limited mechanistic neuroimaging studies during deep transpersonal trance states, insufficient integration protocols, and need for personalized matching algorithms. We propose an integrative framework positioning ASC as a spectrum from subconscious (conditioned patterns) to superconscious (transpersonal wisdom), with diverse modalities as complementary vehicles for consciousness transformation. Future research priorities include rigorous RCTs for LBL and PLR, neurophenomenological studies combining EEG/fMRI with first-person phenomenology, replication of reincarnation research with modern methodology, quantum consciousness investigations, and culturally safe integration of indigenous healing practices. This review provides the most comprehensive synthesis to date of ASC-based therapeutics, establishing a foundation for integrative, cross-disciplinary, evidence-based practice in consciousness medicine.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.0415.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.0415.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1175423\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1971, "title": "A living systematic review, meta-analysis and open-data resource of randomized controlled trials of psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression", "normalized_title": "a living systematic review meta analysis and open data resource of randomized controlled trials of psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression", "authors": "S. Parker Singleton, Brooke L. Sevchik, Analiese Lahey, Pim Cuijpers, Mathias Harrer, Megan T. Jones, Sandeep M. Nayak, Eric C. Strain, Simon Vandekar, Robert H. Dworkin, J. Cobb Scott, Theodore D. Satterthwaite", "abstract": "", "journal": "Nature Mental Health", "publication_date": "2026-04-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Randomized controlled trial, Depression (economics), Depressive symptoms, Medicine, Systematic review, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Psychology, Resource (disambiguation), Clinical trial, Meta-analysis, MEDLINE, Modalities, Resource use, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7151101131\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7151101131\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W68383726\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982009542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006979162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036756589\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085758661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123075912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128640268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139168999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154449833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157823046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159155203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769263100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2785297454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2975424845\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3043675015\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087936928\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163489461\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177516331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4242468065\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294667223\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302773366\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362471804\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387019277\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387651512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389236777\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484734\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484761\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390485012\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390485036\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394684735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401774886\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402748917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403943147\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405021720\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405031949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405176234\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406236054\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407686725\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408424120\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412642858\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412738512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413190735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414366251\",\"https://openalex.org/W6949874712\",\"https://openalex.org/W7138880159\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133003773\",\"display_name\":\"S. Parker Singleton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115831521\",\"display_name\":\"Brooke L. Sevchik\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119357960\",\"display_name\":\"Analiese Lahey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6892-9748\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016972944\",\"display_name\":\"Pim Cuijpers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-2743\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053074395\",\"display_name\":\"Mathias Harrer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7016-2687\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019834434\",\"display_name\":\"Megan T. Jones\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-7031\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040929530\",\"display_name\":\"Sandeep M. Nayak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6832-0639\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017911936\",\"display_name\":\"Eric C. Strain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8482-5461\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076688030\",\"display_name\":\"Simon Vandekar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-9073\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133004906\",\"display_name\":\"Robert H. Dworkin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013332746\",\"display_name\":\"J. Cobb Scott\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-9043\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039906500\",\"display_name\":\"Theodore D. Satterthwaite\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-9399\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387286578\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Mental Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7151101131" }, { "id": 1972, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Clinical Implications", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders mechanisms efficacy and clinical implications", "authors": "Shakila Meshkat, Manish K. Jha, Venkat Bhat", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has gained attention as a potential treatment for various psychiatric conditions. In this review, the authors summarize current clinical evidence related to psilocybin’s efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action across psychiatric disorders. Findings from early-phase and small-scale clinical trials suggest rapid but variable reductions in depressive symptoms, with some studies reporting sustained effects. Psilocybin has also shown preliminary benefits in alleviating anxiety related to life-threatening illness and in reducing substance use, including alcohol and tobacco dependence. Emerging but limited evidence supports possible therapeutic effects in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, anorexia nervosa, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Reported adverse events, such as headache, nausea, and short-lived anxiety, are typically transient and mild; however, notable adverse reactions have occurred in larger randomized trials. Mechanistically, psilocybin may act by modulating limbic-prefrontal circuits, promoting synaptic plasticity, and enhancing emotional and cognitive flexibility, in particular when administered alongside structured psychotherapeutic support. Although the existing data are encouraging, the evidence base remains limited by small sample sizes, highly selective populations, and short follow-up durations. Larger, rigorously designed trials are required to confirm efficacy, establish long-term safety, and refine therapeutic protocols. Overall, psilocybin represents a promising but still experimental intervention that warrants further systematic investigation under controlled conditions.", "journal": "FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.20250043", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20250043", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), MEDLINE, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Disease, Psychotherapist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7154344405\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7154344405\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133351239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945335566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210511938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318455092\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362604463\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365444032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386849390\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389397550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390629750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391953134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400364503\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402462242\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402554692\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402912774\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403083745\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405031949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955624\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955644\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408033191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408424120\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408808337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412642858\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413190735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413839750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414366251\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414374510\",\"https://openalex.org/W7117359786\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037985605\",\"display_name\":\"Shakila Meshkat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-1785\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133594333\",\"display_name\":\"Manish K. Jha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133579308\",\"display_name\":\"Venkat Bhat\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210193920\",\"source_display_name\":\"FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20250043\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7154344405" }, { "id": 214, "title": "Psilocybin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Seeking Valuable Evidence in History, Pure Science, Clinical Trials and Real-World Data (RWD)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in neuropsychiatric disorders seeking valuable evidence in history pure science clinical trials and real world data rwd", "authors": "Piotr Skalski, Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska, Agnieszka Pluto-Prądzyńska, Michał K. Owecki", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Psilocybin has re-emerged as a promising intervention for neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, anxiety associated with life-threatening illness, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders. However, conventional randomized controlled trials (RCTs)-the current gold standard in evidence-based medicine-may not adequately capture the therapeutic complexity of psilocybin, which depends not only on pharmacological action but also on contextual, psychological, and interpersonal factors. This critical narrative review aimed to evaluate the adequacy of existing clinical research frameworks for assessing psilocybin’s therapeutic potential and to explore alternative methodologies that may better reflect real-world clinical conditions. Methods: Using the Web of Science Core Collection database, we identified and analysed the ten most cited clinical studies on psilocybin published between 2015 and 2025 inclusive. Additional literature was included through reference cross-checking, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and interdisciplinary sources covering neurobiology, history, and real-world evidence (RWE). The review synthesizes clinical outcomes, methodological constraints, and epistemic considerations relevant to psychedelic-assisted therapy. Results: Evidence from highly cited trials demonstrates rapid and sustained antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin, with notable benefits also observed in addiction treatment. However, significant methodological limitations were identified, including selection bias, challenges in placebo design and blinding, small sample sizes, and the underrepresentation of diverse populations. Psilocybin outcomes were strongly influenced by subjective experience and contextual factors such as set and setting. Emerging RWE studies revealed heterogeneous patterns of response and provided insights unattainable through RCTs alone. Conclusions: Psilocybin shows considerable therapeutic promise, but current RCT methodologies capture only part of its clinical effects. Comprehensive evaluation will require larger and more diverse clinical trials, long-term follow-up, standardized psychotherapeutic protocols, and the integration of RWE to reflect real-world practice. Psychedelic-assisted therapy should be conceptualized as a complex intervention that combines pharmacological and psychotherapeutic components.", "journal": "Brain Sciences", "publication_date": "2026-03-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci16040358", "pubmed_id": "42041769", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040358", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Clinical trial, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Randomized controlled trial, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Medicine, Psychiatry, Addiction, Intervention (counseling), MEDLINE, Clinical study design, Systematic review, Obsessive compulsive, Placebo, Antidepressant, Major depressive disorder, Research design, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140611633\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140611633\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992988465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027740687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050365988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062765660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095417804\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558041581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588735279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769124319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791887133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804330882\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911871414\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926665170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938070244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954176814\",\"https://openalex.org/W2957955970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995118312\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010491167\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016448445\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023070793\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3115524456\",\"https://openalex.org/W3131162203\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135335789\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204171992\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204600425\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208019294\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3214097796\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281615567\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283813871\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313544662\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327892670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366089680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382918325\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384126595\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386624716\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387005979\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387638849\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391109410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391540455\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391924240\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394684735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394874345\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396518351\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396894158\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398182074\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400449392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400513312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400737202\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400847605\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401774886\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402680012\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403628871\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403667484\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404870098\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410444635\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001237361\",\"display_name\":\"Piotr Skalski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-8424\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120979152\",\"display_name\":\"Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001380083\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Pluto-Prądzyńska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6402-7857\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025610163\",\"display_name\":\"Michał K. Owecki\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-7085\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S122317144\",\"source_display_name\":\"Brain Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040358\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7140611633" }, { "id": 217, "title": "Psilocybin: Chemical Foundations and Emerging Therapeutic Potential", "normalized_title": "psilocybin chemical foundations and emerging therapeutic potential", "authors": "Shivaputra A. Patil, Holly C. Hunsberger", "abstract": "Psilocybin, chemically known as (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine, 4-PODMT), is derived from the psychoactive mushroom genus, Psilocybe. Of the four active metabolites, psilocin readily enters systemic circulation. The psychoactive effects of psilocin are thought to arise through partial agonist effects at the 5-HT2A receptor. Psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, are having a renaissance, especially in mental health disorders, addiction, and cancer-related depression. The beneficial effects of psilocybin are expanding into brain injury and lifespan due to its ability to enhance neuroplasticity. However, the large-scale synthesis of psilocybin was the main challenge for the scientific community after the FDA's breakthrough therapy designation in 2018 for Treatment- Resistant Depression (TRD) and for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in 2019. Synthesizing psilocybin is challenging due to the complex reactions, a multi-step process that requires strict temperature control, hazardous reagents, and purification difficulties. The very first Hoffman's synthetic method was successfully modified by several medicinal chemistry research groups to obtain it on a kilogram scale to conduct important clinical trials. This mini review comprises a brief history, chemistry, and pharmacology, along with the therapeutic use in depression of this naturally occurring psychedelic.", "journal": "Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry", "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2174/0113895575429775260119043318", "pubmed_id": "41879500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575429775260119043318", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacology, Psychology, Depression (economics), Hallucinogen, Medicine, Drug, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Process (computing), Major depressive disorder, Chemistry, Mental health, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Neuroscience, Antidepressant, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140303704\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140303704\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130589039\",\"display_name\":\"Shivaputra A. Patil\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016790931\",\"display_name\":\"Holly C. Hunsberger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-9311\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S162475533\",\"source_display_name\":\"Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575429775260119043318\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Longevity,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7140303704" }, { "id": 129, "title": "Pharmacotherapy in Disorders of Consciousness: A Mechanism-Based Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapy in disorders of consciousness a mechanism based review", "authors": "Gillet A, Geron C, Vitello MM, Lejeune N.", "abstract": "Disorders of consciousness pose major therapeutic challenges owing to the complexity of underlying brain dysfunctions. Current pharmacological interventions explored in disorders of consciousness target distinct molecular systems, including dopaminergic modulators (amantadine, levodopa, apomorphine, bromocriptine, selegiline, methylphenidate, and modafinil), GABAergic agents (zolpidem and baclofen), and other neuromodulatory compounds acting on glutamatergic, opioid, or serotonergic receptors (ketamine, remifentanil, and psilocin). These treatments aim to modulate disrupted neural circuits, including the mesocircuit, a thalamocortical-striatal network critically involved in consciousness and motor control. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying disorders of consciousness and the pharmacological profile of these agents. It summarizes reported clinical improvements and discusses determinants of therapeutic response, highlighting the role of biomarkers derived from neurophysiological and neuroimaging assessments. Safety profiles associated with these treatments are also critically evaluated to guide clinical decision making. By integrating current knowledge on pharmacological modulation of key neural systems, including dopaminergic and GABAergic pathways, this article provides a comprehensive framework for understanding treatment strategies in disorders of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-026-01274-z", "pubmed_id": "41876835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-026-01274-z", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Dopamine Agents, GABA Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41876835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2983, "title": "Psilocybin, Lp(a), CAC, Niere und Darmkrebs - Evidenz-Quickies KW12", "normalized_title": "psilocybin lp a cac niere und darmkrebs evidenz quickies kw12", "authors": "Denis Nößler", "abstract": "Nach einer Pause gibt es heute wieder Evidenz-Quickies, und zwar gleich mehrere, dafür aber kürzer und weniger ausführlich als zuletzt. Und dieses Format ist jetzt zweigeteilt: (a) Für alle, denen die Nachricht genügt, gibt es oben die Quickies in Kürze. (b) Alle, die weiterlesen wollen, finden die detaillierten Fassungen unten. Viel Freude und hoffentlich interessante Lektüre! 🍄 Psilocybin bei Depression: Noch nicht. Die bislang methodisch stärkste randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (EPIsoDE) verfehlt den primären Endpunkt (≥50% Reduktion auf der Depressionsskala HAMD17) bei therapieresistenter Depression doch recht klar. Sekundärsignale sind nett, aber durch kaputte Verblindung und Erwartungseffekte kaum interpretierbar. Ein paralleles Editorial und ein Review liefern Erklärungen, warum Psychedelika in Studien systematisch besser aussehen, als sie vermutlich sind. Details unten👇 🫀 Lipoprotein(a) + Koronarkalk = Hochrisiko-Duo. Wer beides erhöht hat (Lp(a) >50 mg/dl + CAC ≥300), trägt ein über 6-fach erhöhtes Risiko für atherosklerotische Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (ASCVD). Die Kombination könnte die Risikostratifizierung bei den Koronarien verändern. Therapeutische Konsequenzen hat das aber noch nicht. Die Arbeit ist eher eine Bestätigung, in welche Richtung der kardiovaskuläre Diskurs gehen dürfte. Details unten👇 ✉️ Briefe helfen (den Nieren) nicht. Ein einmaliger elektronischer Erinnerungsbrief (engl. Nudge) an Patient:innen mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung (CKD) oder an deren Hausärzt:innen verbessert die Leitlinientreue bei der CKD-Therapie nach 6 und 12 Monaten nicht. Awareness ≠ Aktion. Details unten👇 🧻 Positiver Darmkrebs-Stuhltest? Bitte zur Kolo! Wer nach positivem Stuhltest die Koloskopie verweigert, hat ein über 4-fach erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko vs. der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Im Umkehrschluss werden durch die Kolo die meisten Befunde der Stuhltests (in der Studie zuerst Guajak-Tests und dann iFOBT) wieder ausgeschlossen. Die Botschaft ist der Arbeit klar, die Methodik der Studie hat aber Lücken. Details unten👇 🚽 Krebsscreening per Abwasser: Eher Durchfall als Durchbruch. Eine Proof-of-Concept-Studie aus Louisville zeigt, dass Darmkrebs-Biomarker (CDH1-RNA) im Abwasser nachweisbar sind. Allerdings nur mit N=12 Proben von einem einzigen Dienstag im Juli. Interessant-irrelevant, starker Interessenkonflikt inklusive. Details unten👇 Und ab hier geht’s in die Details und wird etwas detaillierter … Sie sind im Trend: Magic Mushrooms. Nicht nur auf YouTube, auch auf PubMed. Die halluzinogenen, psilocybinhaltigen Pilze sollen gegen allerhand psychische Leiden helfen, u.a. bei Major-Depression. Ob es was bringt, dazu liefern neue Erkenntnisse Daten einer RCT1 samt Editorial 2 sowie ein paralleler Review 3, frisch in JAMA Psychiatry veröffentlicht. Die methodisch sehr hochwertige randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie aus D hat Psilocybin bei therapieresistenter Depression (TRD) untersucht. Die Signale sind durchaus ermutigend, aber der primäre Endpunkt wurde nicht signifikant verbessert.", "journal": "EvidenzUpdate", "publication_date": "2026-03-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011", "keywords": "Gynecology, Philosophy, Humanities, Medicine, Political science, Physics, Primary prevention, Vasodilator agents, Engineering, Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Medicine, History, and Philosophy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140105589\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140105589\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130378285\",\"display_name\":\"Denis Nößler\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5407056520\",\"source_display_name\":\"EvidenzUpdate\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Biomarkers,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7140105589" }, { "id": 1974, "title": "PSILOCYBIN AS AN ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN ONCOLOGY: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an adjunctive treatment for depression and psychological distress in oncology current evidence and clinical implications", "authors": "Anna Komarczewska, Michał Kociński, Patryk Iglewski, Michał Pietrasz, Jakub Idziński, Anna Lubomska", "abstract": "Depression and psychological distress are highly prevalent among patients with cancer and are associated with impaired quality of life, reduced treatment adherence, and poorer clinical outcomes. Standard pharmacological and psychosocial interventions often demonstrate limited efficacy or delayed onset of action in oncological and palliative settings. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has recently emerged as a potential adjunctive approach for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. This narrative review synthesizes current clinical and neurobiological evidence regarding the use of psilocybin as an adjunctive treatment in oncology. Randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and case reports indicate that psilocybin administered within a structured psychotherapeutic framework may produce rapid and sustained reductions in depressive symptoms and anxiety, including improvements in existential well-being. Mechanistic findings suggest involvement of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor activation, large-scale brain network modulation, and enhanced neuroplasticity. When applied in controlled clinical settings with appropriate screening and psychological support, psilocybin demonstrates a favorable safety profile. Although current evidence is promising, limitations related to sample size and methodological heterogeneity require cautious interpretation. Further well-designed trials are necessary to determine long-term efficacy and optimal integration into comprehensive cancer and palliative care.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5034", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5034", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Distress, Psychosocial, Psychological intervention, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Depression (economics), Adjunctive treatment, Clinical trial, Randomized controlled trial, Psychopathology, Palliative care, Psychology, Serotonergic, Anxiety, Quality of life (healthcare), Cancer, Intervention (counseling), Clinical study design, Hallucinogen, Symptom relief, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164003040\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164003040\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309360340\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362471767\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411787106\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412939048\",\"https://openalex.org/W7118088637\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138214715\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Komarczewska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7378-2607\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117509697\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Kociński\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117509696\",\"display_name\":\"Patryk Iglewski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124479078\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Pietrasz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138262915\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Idziński\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1058-9615\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121444146\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Lubomska\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206754\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5034\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7164003040" }, { "id": 225, "title": "Psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity: a systematic review of fMRI studies", "normalized_title": "psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity a systematic review of fmri studies", "authors": "Àlvar Farré-Colomés, Olga Rublinetska, Óscar Soto-Angona", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapies are innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly in the treatment of depression. However, there are sparse studies providing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms that support clinical outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively gather all the evidence reported in psilocybin studies using fMRI techniques. Independent extraction of articles was conducted by 2 authors using predefined data fields. 20 unique datasets were identified, with 5 including participants diagnosed with depression. Dropout rates were found to be high, and follow-up scanning timepoints were lacking in most of the studies. Most research has focused on the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex, as key regions involved in the effects of psilocybin. However, the current literature exhibits inconsistency in methods and designs. Further research is necessary to better define psilocybin’s impact on the human brain and its potential to enhance psychotherapy outcomes.", "journal": "Discover Mental Health", "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w", "pubmed_id": "41854988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroscience, Anterior cingulate cortex, Psychology, Prefrontal cortex, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Functional imaging, Functional Brain Imaging, Neuroimaging, Default mode network, Dropout (neural networks), Medicine, Human studies, Cingulate cortex, Data extraction, Human brain, Brain activity and meditation, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cognitive psychology, MEDLINE, Clinical Practice, Cognition, Hypnosis, Human research, Functional neuroimaging, Brain mapping, Systematic review, Artifact (error), Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Functional connectivity, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7139105479\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7139105479\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968487444\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976073163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024729467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036970657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049649543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054749214\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070210519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074146187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078339393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078530990\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085561705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089572795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095438393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109301184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110247921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112415501\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120731293\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124858522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131398580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135286048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137526583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156285102\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156717193\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166284137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167738136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328645633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2491859250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604586582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791861226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809286458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886772950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887140173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012417220\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022903699\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3042526937\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133423628\",\"https://openalex.org/W3143890706\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180355975\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195511726\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196904352\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204569170\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280648670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294667223\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295750005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146113\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308485018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310295919\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327977666\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366748155\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387105778\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388126439\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388776294\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390571971\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392203910\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399528691\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5130056745\",\"display_name\":\"Àlvar Farré-Colomés\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104647936\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Rublinetska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103154694\",\"display_name\":\"Óscar Soto-Angona\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0234-4280\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210224676\",\"source_display_name\":\"Discover Mental Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7139105479" }, { "id": 3419, "title": "Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs", "normalized_title": "oregon s emerging psilocybin services workforce a survey of the first legal psilocybin facilitators and their training programs", "authors": "", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocybin facilitators. This study describes Oregon's early psilocybin facilitator workforce and assesses state-approved training programs. METHODS: The Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus (OPEN) reviewed Oregon Health Authority-approved training programs and surveyed facilitators who had completed or were enrolled in these programs between July and November 2023. Data collection included a review of public listings, contact with training programs, and facilitator survey. RESULTS: In the 16 active training programs, the mean tuition was $9,359 and half offered diversity scholarships. Survey respondents (n=106) were relatively diverse; many had an existing healthcare license. The majority reported that training expenses were a moderate-to-severe financial strain. Most were satisfied with training. The mean planned price for a session was $1,388 and the most common areas of specialization were trauma, mental disorders, consciousness exploration, and spirituality. Facilitators requested ongoing training opportunities. CONCLUSION: Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce and training programs are in early development These findings are crucial for informing future policy and training program development to support a diverse and effective workforce.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474.", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4jm2n_v1", "keywords": "certification, licensure, Oregon, psilocybin, psychedelics, workforce survey, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4jm2n_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1978, "title": "Behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals 1962-2021: A scoping review", "normalized_title": "behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non human animals 1962 2021 a scoping review", "authors": "Shore Ronald, Dobson Kat, Thomson Nina, Barnim Nigel, Bergman Hailey, Rideout Katie, McKeown Sandra, Olmstead Mary C., Goldie Craig, Dumont Eric", "abstract": "Abstract Background and Aims Psilocybin is a psychedelic compound that may hold promise for a wide range of human health conditions, yet the identification of therapeutic processes and mechanisms of action remains exploratory. We conducted a scoping review of pre-clinical behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals to identify behavioural effects, studies completed, behavioural tests employed, and what dosing modalities had been studied. Methods A librarian-conducted literature search was performed using predefined key terms and search criteria and additional searching was conducted by reviewers using electronic databases, grey literature sources, and reference lists of relevant articles or reviews. The final search updated occurred in October, 2021. Studies were reviewed, screened and selected against an a priori protocol using Covidence software by multiple reviewers with results plotted across the Research Domains Criteria construct. Results From 4,124 records identified by database searching, 260 publications were subjected to full-text review with 77 studies included in this scoping review, published between 1962 and 2021. The preponderance of studies ( n = 64) investigated behavioural outcomes in rodents. Only 43 studies (55.8%) reported on housing conditions, and seventeen studies (22.1%) failed to report sample size. All studies reported behavioural outcomes following drug administration, with fifty-one studies (66.2%) using psilocybin, thirty studies (42.9%) psilocin, four studies (5.2%) administering whole mushroom extracts (WME), and a further eight studies investigating both psilocybin and psilocin and one study reporting the effects of both psilocin and WME. One hundred and thirty distinct behavioural investigations using fifty different behavioral paradigms were identified. Few adverse events were reported, and even exceedingly high doses were apparently well tolerated. Conclusion With seventy-seven publications spanning close to sixty years, there is significant variation in study design and quality. Overall, psilocybin presents a unique and strong safety profile with no found evidence of biological toxicity. Psilocybin treatment was characterized by unique time and dose-dependent effects; pattern of drug action appears significantly context and training-sensitive. Data suggest effects of psilocybin to include acute arousal, dose-dependent sedation, reductions in fear conditioning at low doses, reduced aggression, improved valence, acute disruption of working memory, the rescuing of deficits from chronic stress, and improved learning when combined with repeated environmental exposure after resolution of drug effect.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-03-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2025.00364", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00364", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2025.00364\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/0091-3057(81)90211-2\",\"10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.003\",\"10.3791/50978\",\"10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x\",\"10.1080/1364557032000119616\",\"10.1038/npp.2016.215\",\"10.4155/fso.15.63\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002\",\"10.1186/2045-5380-1-9\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0229067\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(79)90590-3\",\"10.1093/schbul/sbl049\",\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.013\",\"10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4701-y\",\"10.1073/pnas.1119598109\",\"10.1124/pr.118.017160\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"10.1162/089892905774597191\",\"10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9\",\"10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00042\",\"10.1186/1741-7015-11-126\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020\",\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.013\",\"10.1093/brain/awab406\",\"10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411\",\"10.1038/s41380-021-01314-8\",\"10.1111/acps.12904\",\"10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827\",\"10.1016/0091-3057(86)90368-0\",\"10.1177/0269881121991822\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016\",\"10.1177/0269881110388326\",\"10.1007/7854_2009_7\",\"10.1021/cn300138m\",\"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13790.x\",\"10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00512\",\"10.1073/pnas.2022489118\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493\",\"10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.666.1\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.640241\",\"10.1186/1471-2288-14-43\",\"10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3\",\"10.1186/s13073-018-0526-5\",\"10.1038/nrn.2015.28\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072\",\"10.1590/s0102-695x2010000300017\",\"10.1159/000136297\",\"10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009\",\"10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.029\",\"10.1007/7854_2017_478\",\"10.1177/00221678211048049\",\"10.1186/s12967-019-1976-2\",\"10.1002/hup.348\",\"10.1177/0269881117748902\",\"10.1111/pcn.12830\",\"10.22127/rjp.2018.58486\",\"10.1038/npp.2008.173\",\"10.1111/bph.12783\",\"10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z\",\"10.1126/sciadv.abh2399\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013\",\"10.1007/bf02805983\",\"10.4103/0976-0105.177703\",\"10.1007/7854\",\"10.1002/cpt.557\",\"10.1002/jrsm.1123\",\"10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192278\",\"10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.03.001\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00881\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.589\",\"10.1096/fj.07-9574lsf\",\"10.1016/0031-9384(67)90057-1\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041\",\"10.1002/hbm.23224\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyy083\",\"10.3389/fphar.2018.00177\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896\",\"10.1038/nprot.2012.044\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009\",\"10.1186/s42826-020-00054-0\",\"10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1182\",\"10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.001\",\"10.2307/1602247\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454\",\"10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w\",\"10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.008\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(79)90451-x\",\"10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider\",\"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50119.x\",\"10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004\",\"10.1016/b978-0-444-63462-7.00005-1\",\"10.1007/bf00427414\",\"10.1007/s00213-015-4034-7\",\"10.3389/fnins.2017.00539\",\"10.7554/elife.56344\",\"10.1007/bf00412109\",\"10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.004\",\"10.3390/toxins7041018\",\"10.1111/psyp.12588\"],\"reference_count\":344}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3626, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa in Young Adults", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in anorexia nervosa in young adults", "authors": "Region Skane", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if psilocybin, given with psychological support, is safe and helps treat anorexia nervosa in young adults. Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that currently has no approved medicine. Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance that may help the brain form new connections, which could make it easier for people with anorexia nervosa to develop healthier ways of thinking. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Is psilocybin with psychological support safe and well-tolerated? * Does psilocybin with psychological support help lower symptoms of anorexia nervosa? * How might psilocybin work in the brain to support recovery from anorexia? This study will compare psilocybin with psychological support to Treatment as Usual (TAU). Participants in the study will be randomly placed into one of the two groups. There will be 40 patients with anorexia nervosa included, 20 per group. TAU includes the standard care people receive for anorexia nervosa in a specialized eating disorder clinic in Region Skåne, Sweden. Participants will: * Be between 16 and 35 years old and have anorexia nervosa * Take psilocybin (25 mg) by mouth two times, four weeks apart * Receive psychological support before, during, and after each dosing session (including preparation and integration sessions) * Complete questionnaires, have brain scans (magnetic resonance imaging) and blood tests to learn more about how psilocybin may work * Share their personal experiences as part of a qualitative interview This study hopes to learn if psilocybin, when given with the right support, can be a helpful and safe option for people living with anorexia nervosa. Background and Rationale Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is one of the most lethal psychiatric disorders, with mortality rates approximately five times higher than that of the general population. AN affects multiple organ systems due to severe weight loss and malnutrition and hence leads to a substantial decline in health-related quality of life. While psychotherapies have shown partial efficacy, data suggest that only 46% of patients recover within four years, and 20% remain chronically ill. Relapse rates exceed 50% among those who recover, underscoring the need for more effective treatments. Research suggests that several psychological factors, such as challenges in regulating emotions, black-and-white thinking, mental rigidity, and a limited capacity for mentalization may contribute to the persistence of severe, chronic anorexia nervosa. The age of onset for AN typically shows a bimodal distribution, peaking at 14 and 18 years of age, motivating the design of including patients as young as 16 years old in this study. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic compound, primarily acts as an agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor, inducing profound effects on cognition, emotion, perception, and self-awareness. Although research on psilocybin remains limited, clinical trials across psychiatric disorders suggest its potential therapeutic benefit. For example personality changes such as increased openness, have been observed to persist up to a year following a single high dose. The inclusion of 16-17-year-olds in this study is particularly novel, as research on psychedelic therapy in adolescents and young adults remains scarce. Emerging evidence highlights how psychedelics may benefit AN patients, such as enhanced serotonin signaling and cognitive flexibility. The ability of psychedelics to foster cognitive flexibility, a well-documented phenomenon, is considered a key factor in therapeutic processes. This is especially relevant for AN, where rigid thinking and behavior contribute to treatment resistance. One pilot study demonstrated that a 25 mg psilocybin dose, combined with psychological support, was well-tolerated by female AN patients with a body mass index (BMI) \\>16. The study reported significant reductions in eating disorder symptoms at one month post-treatment, with only mild and transient adverse events. Recent studies indicate that psilocybin induces significant changes in brain function and network organization across key regions. Notably, psilocybin disrupts connectivity in the default mode network by causing desynchronization across spatial scales. These findings suggest a neurobiological basis for psilocybin´s therapeutic effect. However, further research is needed to elucidate long-term effects, particularly in clinical context. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has demonstrated utility in detecting neuronal abnormalities in AN. This study's use of fMRI before and after psilocybin treatment will provide critical insights into the neurobiological impacts of psilocybin on AN. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in neuroplasticity. Preclinical studies show that psilocybin promotes neuritogenesis and synaptic plasticity, potentially via increased cortical BDNF expression. Given that individuals with AN exhibit reduced serum BDNF levels, this study will assess changes in BDNF pre- and post-treatment to elucidate psilocybin's impact on neurobiological mechanisms. These insights may advance treatment optimization and efficacy predictions for AN patients. Study Objectives Primary Objective is to assess the safety and tolerability of psilocybin 25 mg in young adults (16-35 years old) with anorexia nervosa. Secondary objectives include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin with psychological support in reducing AN symptom compared to treatment as usual (TAU), investigate potential mechanisms of action through self-report questionnaires, neuroimaging and BDNF analysis, and conduct qualitative analysis of subjective experiences. Neuroimaging will investigate changes in brain resting state connectivity (measured by fMRI), and commonly used task-based fMRI paradigms. The task-based paradigms will involve food-related conditions, commonly used in the population (Celeghin et al., 2023; Bronleigh et al., 2022) as well as established paradigms involved in processing reward anticipation (Knutson et al., 2000; Ventorp et al 2022) Trial Design and Procedures This is a phase II, open-label, randomized controlled trial with two arms: 1. Active treatment arm; Two dosing sessions with psilocybin 25mg with psychological support alongside TAU. 2. Active comparator control arm; TAU only. The study will include 40 participants, 20 in each group. If the active treatment arm is determined to be safe, tolerable, and preliminarily effective during the follow-up assessment, participants in the control group will have the option to switch to the active treatment while maintaining their usual specialized care. The switch to psilocybin treatment will follow the same preparation, dosing, and integration protocols as outlined for the intervention group. This design minimizes ethical concerns regarding withholding a potentially effective treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either the intervention or control group. Block randomization stratified by age group (16-18 and 19-35 years) will ensure balanced representation. Given the small sample size of 40 participants (20 per group), the statistical power to detect between-group differences is inherently limited, irrespective of blinding. As such, the trial is appropriately designed as a pilot study, with a primary focus on assessing safety, feasibility, and tolerability. To enhance interpretation, qualitative and neurobiological measures are also included. A formal power calculation was not conducted, in line with the exploratory nature of the study. The sample size was determined based on practical feasibility and aligns with current recommendations for early-phase trials of novel interventions. A post-hoc power analysis will be conducted to evaluate whether the sample size was sufficient to detect clinically meaningful changes in the primary outcomes. Details on location and Data Collection Methods All procedures will be conducted at the University Hospital for Psychiatry, Baravägen 1, Lund, except the fMRI assessments which are performed at the The National 7 Tesla (7T) Facility in Lund. All assessments will be carried out by qualified personnel appointed by the principal investigator, including medical doctors, nurses, and psychologists. The National 7T Facility will appoint qualified personnel for fMRI assessment. The duration of the entire trial is from the first screening of the first patient to the last follow up of the last patient. For each patient participant, the duration of the trial is from the screening to the last follow up at week 52 (12 month). Patient rehospitalization and additional interventions data are collected in patient journal registers. Pre-Study Activity Following ethical approval, a focus group will be conducted with patients with anorexia nervosa in two different groups, one aged 16-18 and one 19-35 years. The purpose is to provide study information, gather feedback on the clarity and ethical aspects of the protocol, and identify ways to improve potential benefit. Input from this focus group will inform study quality, recruitment materials, communication strategies and ethical aspects of psilocybin research experienced by the population. Any amendments based on this will be processed according to CTIS protocol. Screening Phase Screening includes psychiatric and medical history, inclusion/exclusion criteria assessment, safety blood tests (glucose, liver, kidney), electrocardiogram (ECG), informed consent (with a 2-week consideration period), pregnancy test and urine toxicology (U-tox). The time from screening to the first psilocybin dose must not exceed 8 weeks, regardless of washout status. Potential participants will be screened by a psychiatric clinician appointed by the principal investigator to ensure eligibility and understanding of the study requirements. Preparation Phase Preparation Session 1 \\& Baseline Assessment (Week -1): Psychoeducation about psilocybin, breathing and relaxation techniques, rapport-building with therapists, and discussion of expectations and concerns. Includes full baseline assessments (list provided as attachment to protocol: * Expectation of Treatment Scale (ETS-BF) * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Vital signs, ECG, fasting glucose, urine drug screening, fMRI, BMI, metric assessment of body size perception and blood sampling for BDNF and safety labs are also conducted. Preparation Session 2 (Week 0): 7-10 days after Preparation 1, and 2-3 days before psilocybin dosing. Dosing and Integration Phase Dosing Session 1 (Week 0): Psilocybin 25 mg under therapeutic support with ECG and blood pressure/pulse monitoring. Integration Session 1 (Day after Dosing 1): Reflection, fMRI, blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF), and reassessments with RMQ, GCMQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS, BPRS+, LS, PANAS, HILS, TIPI, ECG and blood pressure/pulse. Psychedelic Experience related scales; Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-4), Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). Integration Session 2 (Week 1): Continued psychological integration support. Integration Session 3 (Week 2-3): Summary of first dosing experience and preparation for second dosing. Dosing Session 2 (Week 4): Second psilocybin 25 mg administration under identical conditions as first dosing session. Integration Session 4 (Day after Dosing 2): Reflection, blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF), and reassessments with RMQ, GCMQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS, BPRS+, LS, PANAS, HILS, TIPI, ECG and blood pressure/pulse. Psychedelic Experience related scales; Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-4), Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). Integration Session 5 (Week 5-6): Final integration session and preparation for long-term follow-up. Primary Endpoint (Week 8) Includes full safety and outcome evaluations: * fMRI * blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, glucose, BDNF) * Vital signs, ECG, U-tox * BMI * Metric assessment of body size perception * Adverse Event/Serious Adverse Event (AE/SAE) monitoring * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Intensive Follow-Up Phase (Week 8-24) Follow-up visits at Week 12, 16, and 20 include: * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox 6-Month Follow-Up (Week 24) Same as primary endpoint assessments, including: * blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF) * Vital signs, ECG, U-tox * BMI * Metric assessment of body size perception * AE/SAE monitoring * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Extended Follow-Up Phase (Week 24-52) 9-Month Follow-Up (Week 36) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox 12-Month Final Follow-Up (Week 52) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox Participants who show signs of psychological or physical deterioration at any point during the study between follow-ups are instructed to contact the research team at any time and will be offered additional assessment and support. Description of Psilocybin Administration and Psychological support Psychological support includes a non-directive preparation and integration pre- and post-dosing sessions according to protocol manual, alongside support for the patient on the dosing session day. The study follows the guidelines for safe research with psychedelics. Preparation session will include psychoeducation of the effects of psilocybin, breathing techniques, getting to know the two therapists (one male and one female). A standardized preparation script will ensure consistency across participants. The two integration sessions following each dosing session last 1-2 h and focus on exploring the session's effects and offer support in integrating the experience. Integration sessions will include structured discussions about insights gained, with therapists facilitating connections between the experience and the participant's therapeutic goals. The therapists couple will contain at least one licensed healthcare personnel (psychologist, nurse, physiotherapist or physician). The assistant therapist can be non-licensed healthcare personnel experienced with the anorexia nervosa population, such as a healthcare assistant. All psychological support therapists must have done all specific 5-day training in the psiAN manual. Dosing session day The dosing session, lasting 6-8 hours, is supported by the therapists introduced during preparation sessions. The psilocybin's acute effects persist for 4-6 hours, recorded via video and audio. Participants, lie down with an optional eye mask, experience the session in a comfortable room with a pre-selected music playlist, respecting individual preferences. Therapists provide support and guidance if requested but with minimal psychotherapeutic focus. Therapists will follow pre-established protocols for de-escalation and grounding in case of distressing experiences. Parents are introduced at the session's end with participant approval. During the dosing session, a medically trained study doctor will be available, equipped for emergencies in the unlikely event of serious adverse events related to psilocybin risks. Biological Sampling Procedures Blood samples will be collected for the analysis of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as the primary biomarker and for tolerance and safety measurements. Additionally, we aim to collect one tube of additional whole blood per occasion for future analysis. BDNF samples will be taken at five key time points: (1) before treatment (baseline), (2) and (3) at first integration session after Psilocybin 25mg dosing, (4) at 8 weeks, and (5) during the 6-month follow-up. This ensures comprehensive longitudinal data collection. Blood samples of glucose, kidney and liver status will be measured at the same time points as above for safety and tolerance reasons. None of these blood samples are collected or stored. All blood samples are done by a standard peripheral venous sampling method performed by a nurse at the research facility at the university hospital clinic for psychiatry at Baravägen 1, Lund. Procedures will be implemented to minimize discomfort during blood collection, such as using pediatric needles for younger participants when necessary. Blood collection and processing will follow standardized protocols to ensure sample integrity. Discontinuation from the Clinical Trial A participant will be discontinued entirely from the clinical trial (i.e., all further participation and follow-up will end) only under the following condition: Withdrawal of informed consent at any time, for any reason, without the need to justify. Discontinuation from the Intervention (Dosing) Participants may be discontinued from the intervention (i.e., psilocybin administration - first or second dose), without being excluded from the trial. Participants will be encouraged to continue with follow-up assessments unless they explicitly withdraw consent. This approach allows for continued safety and data collection in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Reasons for discontinuing intervention may include: * Development or discovery of exclusion criteria after inclusion (e.g. new psychiatric diagnosis, pregnancy). * Emergence of a serious adverse event (SAE) or medical condition that, in the investigator's judgment, makes continued treatment unsafe. * Initiation of treatment with prohibited medication according to protocol. * Failure to adhere to critical aspects of the study protocol (e.g. repeated missed visits, non-compliance with preparation or safety procedures). * Investigator decision in consultation with the medical monitor. The reason for discontinuation will be documented. Participants will be offered a final follow-up visit when appropriate. Non-compliance to fMRI will not lead to study exclusion nor discontinuation of the intervention. Methods for Measurement of Endpoints for Clinical Safety Continuous clinical safety monitoring will be performed by licensed healthcare professionals at Lund University Hospital throughout the trial, from baseline to the final 12-month follow-up. The safety evaluations cover physical, biochemical, and psychological parameters relevant to psilocybin administration. Measurements for assessing clinical safety will include blood samples of hepatic and renal function, glucose, urine toxicology, cardiovascular parameters, assessment of suicidality, assessment of mental health symptoms and and assessment of Adverse Events/Serious Adverse Events/Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (AE/SAE/SUSARs). Assessment of Adverse Events Participants are instructed to contact the research team during daytime hours for urgent concerns. Outside of study hours, they are directed to seek emergency services. Events will be assessed by the clinical team for causality, intensity, and seriousness and potential relationship to treatment (psilocybin 25mg). The investigator is responsible for determining whether there is a causal relationship between the AE/SAE and use of the investigational medicinal product. Consideration should be given to whether there is a reasonable possibility of establishing a causal relationship between the adverse event and the investigational medicinal product based on the analysis of the available evidence. All AE can be categorized as either likely related, possibly related, unlikely related or not related. Those AEs which are suspected of having a causal relationship to the investigational medicinal product will be followed up until the subject has recovered or is well taken care of and on the way to good recovery. Each adverse event shall be classified by an investigator as mild, moderate or severe. Follow-up of Adverse Events Follow-up visits will be scheduled for all participants experiencing AEs to ensure resolution and ongoing safety. Participants with unresolved AEs at the end of the trial will be monitored until resolution or stabilization. For SAEs, additional follow-ups will be scheduled at least every two weeks until resolution. The frequency can be changed by the Safety Review Committee or Principal Investigator. Procedures in Case of Emergencies and Overdose Emergency protocols are in place, including immediate medical care and monitoring. In case of an overdose, the participant will be transferred to an emergency facility. Emergency kits, including benzodiazepines for anxiety or seizures, will be available during all dosing sessions. Pregnancy Management Participants who can become pregnant must use a highly effective form of contraception during the study and for two months after the last psilocybin dose. Approved methods include hormonal contraception, IUDs, sterilization, vasectomized partner, or abstinence. Urine pregnancy tests will be done at screening, before each psilocybin session, and as needed during follow-up. Psilocybin's effects on pregnancy are unknown. To reduce possible risks, strict contraception and testing protocols are required. Interim Analysis Following two administration sessions of 25mg psilocybin, a panel of three senior psychiatrists, who are not part of the research team, will conduct an evaluation of the safety data and adherence to the protocol. This analysis will be repeated after a total of 20 psilocybin administrations have been completed. After 25 patients over 18 have been through dosing sessions, patients 16-17 will be recruited. Methods for Measurement of Endpoints for Clinical Efficacy Composite Relapse Endpoint: BMI Decrease: Measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 6 months using calibrated equipment and standardized protocols. Hospitalization Data: Collected through patient reports and confirmed by medical records. Symptom Deterioration: Assessed using validated tools such as the EDE-Q6.0 and clinical interviews conducted by trained staff. Clinical Intervention Use: Recorded in patient files, including initiation of new treatments during follow-up. Statistics Analysis Population Both the Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol populations will be analyzed. ITT analysis will include all participants who are randomized, regardless of protocol adherence, to ensure generalizability. Per-protocol analysis will focus on participants who completed the study as planned, ensuring the assessment of efficacy under ideal conditions. Statistical Analyses Primary Baseline Analyses: The primary analyses will involve descriptive statistics for demographic and baseline characteristics, ensuring comparability across groups, and control for follow-up measurements. Primary Endpoints analysis We will analyze differences in the number of participants and severity experiencing adverse event/serious adverse event (AE/SAE) between the groups standardized forms for AE/SAE capturing: Event description, Start and end dates, Severity (e.g., mild, moderate, severe), Relatedness to intervention (assessed by safety review committee), Action taken. The primary statistical methods will be: Descriptive Frequencies and Percentages. Comparing Proportions (Most Common for \"Incidence\") (Chi-squared test (or Fisher's Exact Test): Fisher's exact test is preferred for small cell counts (\\ 1 would indicate a higher risk in the intervention group. Comparing Severity and Relatedness is assessed with Mann-Whitney U test or Student t-test to compare severity distributions between groups. Secondary Endpoints: For secondary endpoints (e.g., changes in fMRI connectivity, BDNF, rating scales), group comparisons, including t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Repeated Measures ANOVA will be utilized. When controlling for variables such as individual differences, ANCOVA or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) will be utilized. Principal component analysis (PCA) or independent component analysis (ICA) may be applied to identify patterns in fMRI data. Endpoints include longitudinal between- and within-person analyses. When dichotomous (binary) outcome variables: Binary outcomes (e.g., remission, response rates) will be analyzed using logistic regression models, adjusting for baseline characteristics such as age, baseline BMI, and symptom severity. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals will be reported. When continuous (dimensional) variables (e.g., BMI, BDNF levels, cognitive flexibility) will be analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, and regression models of various types. Other: Exploratory Subgroup Analyses: Exploratory subgroup analyses will assess treatment effects across different strata (e.g., age groups, baseline severity) using interaction terms in regression models or stratified analyses to explore heterogeneity in treatment responses. Other: Sensitivity Analyses: Sensitivity analyses will address missing data using methods such as multiple imputation or maximum likelihood estimation. These methods ensure robustness of the findings by accounting for the potential impact of missing data on primary and secondary outcomes. Adjustment of Significance and Confidence Interval A Bonferroni correction or false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment will be applied for multiple comparisons to control Type I error. Results will be presented with 95% confidence intervals, and significance will be set at a two-tailed p-value of \\", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07169747", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07169747\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 258, "title": "Meaning and Psychedelics in Palliative Care: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "meaning and psychedelics in palliative care a narrative review", "authors": "Alexander WB, Hansen ED, Anderson BT, Zarrabi AJ, Rogers AH, Loewen G, Ficarro ZR, Alexander MH, Schaefer D, Case AA", "abstract": "Meaning is a primary existential concern in those with advanced illnesses and functions as an important coping mechanism. Loss of meaning contributes to existential distress, and, in particular, may manifest as demoralization, a syndrome of poor coping that is associated with negative outcomes. Psychedelics are unique psychoactive compounds that, among other properties, are proposed to enhance meaning. In the palliative setting, psychedelic therapies are under investigation for existential distress, including demoralization. To synthesize the literature on meaning in palliative care, including the clinical impact of loss of meaning, particularly demoralization, and evidence for proposed interventions including existential psychological interventions and psychedelic therapies. We conducted a narrative review based on a structured search within Pubmed. Articles were screened for those addressing prespecified questions derived from our objectives, and results were synthesized in narrative format. Loss of meaning is a hallmark feature of demoralization syndrome, a prevalent and distinct condition linked with diminished quality of life, increased symptom burden, and increased suicide risk. Existential psychological interventions improve numerous psychosocial outcomes, although evidence for their efficacy in demoralization is limited. In psychedelic therapy, meaning-making is a typical feature, and existential interventions are commonly integrated. Finally, early clinical trial data indicate that psychedelic therapies show promise for existential distress, including demoralization. Novel approaches are needed to address existential distress, especially when manifested as demoralization. Psychedelic therapy is a promising combined pharmacologic and psychological intervention that promotes meaning-making and shows potential for improving demoralization, warranting further investigation.", "journal": "Journal of pain and symptom management", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.10.015", "pubmed_id": "41173063", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41173063/", "keywords": "Demoralization, LSD, existential distress, meaning, palliative, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41173063\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 243, "title": "Psychedelics, Eleusis, and the Invention of Religious Experience.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics eleusis and the invention of religious experience", "authors": "Mosurinjohn S, Ascough R", "abstract": "This article corrects an idea in psychedelic science and culture that the ancient Eleusynian Mysteries used psychedelics, as claimed by Carl Ruck and co-authors in (1978), revitalized by Brian Muraresku's (2020), and popularized by social media heavyweights such as Joe Rogan. It begins by exposing critical methodological flaws in the arguments, namely, a pattern of presenting claims, followed by mild circumstantial evidence, rhetorically solidifying the interpretation of this evidence into a \"fact,\" on which is built each subsequent round of conjecture. We then explore how the dogged pursuit of evidentiary mirages contributes to the project of establishing a western civilizational pedigree to dignify the use of stigmatized drugs and revitalize experiential religion. Although the desire for legitimacy and meaning is understandable, the strategies used by the writers of this pseudo-history constitute a kind of religious fundamentalism. Their writing attempts to show that a relatively new practice is the old, true religion, in this case, the \"religion with no name\" that underlies every religious tradition. In doing so, they miss seriously relating to the many well-documented historical and living Indigenous histories of psychedelics, or seeing contemporary psychedelic practice in continuity with other, and maybe even older, nonpharmacological methods of changing consciousness. Overall, the \"psychedelic Eleusis\" discourse focuses on the purported Eleusynian drug and its phenomenology rather than focusing on practices for taking up the spiritual injunctions of those psychedelic experiences. We conclude that, given how the psychedelic hypothesis is fundamentally flawed in its study of antiquity, it is a shaky foundation on which to build an argument for modern psychedelic use for therapeutic and spiritual practice. Since scholarly research is key to moving forward decriminalization, legalization, medical regulation, and other roles for psychedelics in society, it is crucial that scholars and popular audiences communicate effectively around psychedelic history and culture. Instead of committing to a specific (and erroneous) view of history, psychedelic scholarship must commit to academic discussion and debate.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251361835", "pubmed_id": "42130781", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42130781/", "keywords": "Eleusynian mysteries, ergot, psilocybin, psychedelic phenomenology, psychoactive substances, systematic review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42130781\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4076, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: implications for clinical effectiveness, health economics, and regulatory decision-making", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder implications for clinical effectiveness health economics and regulatory decision making", "authors": "C Faria, Diana Dias da Silva, João José Sousa", "abstract": "Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling psychiatric condition associated with substantial clinical, social, and economic burden [1,2]. Despite the availability of conventional antidepressants, their limited effectiveness, delayed onset of action, and high relapse rates have renewed interest in innovative therapeutic approaches [3,4,5]. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has emerged as a promising intervention, but its potential integration into national health systems remains uncertain due to regulatory, ethical, and economic constraints [6]. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map and critically appraise the available evidence on efficacy and safety of psilocybin for treatment of MDD in otherwise healthy adults, with a particular focus on its relevance for health economic evaluation and regulatory decision-making. Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted using PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, SciELO databases. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses assessing psilocybin’s effects on depressive symptoms in adults diagnosed with MDD were included to comprehensively map existing evidence. Studies addressing secondary depression were excluded from primary analysis. Data extraction focused on study design, population characteristics, intervention protocols, clinical outcomes, safety profiles, and parameters relevant to future pharmacoeconomic modelling. Results: Available evidence suggests psilocybin administration is associated with rapid and clinically meaningful reductions in depressive symptoms, with effects observed shortly after treatment and, in some cases, sustained over time. Compared with rapid-acting antidepressants, such as ketamine, psilocybin appears to present lower risk of dependence and fewer toxic adverse effects [7,8]. However, evidence base is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous study designs, and scarcity of trials conducted exclusively in patients with primary MDD, restricting robust comparative and economic analyses. Conclusions: Psilocybin-assisted therapy represents a potentially transformative intervention for MDD. Nevertheless, current evidence remains insufficient to support definitive conclusions regarding its cost-effectiveness, scalability, and regulatory integration within public health systems. These findings highlight need for multidisciplinary research combining clinical evidence, health economics, regulatory science, and ethical analysis to inform evidence-based policy decisions regarding adoption of psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "journal": "Instituto Politécnico do Porto", "publication_date": "2026-02-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.26537/prpaeh.v4i3.7173", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26537/prpaeh.v4i3.7173", "keywords": "Major depressive disorder, Medicine, Psychiatry, Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Adverse effect, Population, Clinical trial, MEDLINE, Mental health, Depressive symptoms, Intervention (counseling), Cochrane Library, Systematic review, Treatment-resistant depression, Intensive care medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Economic evaluation, Data extraction, Meta-analysis, Population health, Health care, Public health, Scarcity, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166641777\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166641777\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063634882\",\"display_name\":\"C Faria\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139632863\",\"display_name\":\"Diana Dias da Silva\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139706169\",\"display_name\":\"João José Sousa\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407051319\",\"source_display_name\":\"Instituto Politécnico do Porto\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.26537/prpaeh.v4i3.7173\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166641777" }, { "id": 1980, "title": "MedCheck: FDA Reviews NDA for Narcolepsy Drug, Green-Lights Psilocybin Trial for PTSD, and More", "normalized_title": "medcheck fda reviews nda for narcolepsy drug green lights psilocybin trial for ptsd and more", "authors": "Linda M. Richmond", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2026.03.3.5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2026.03.3.5", "keywords": "Medicine, Narcolepsy, Psilocybin, Clinical trial, Psychiatry, MEDLINE, Drug trial, Dermatology, Drug, Drug approval, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sleep and Wakefulness Research, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131652481\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131652481\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126891130\",\"display_name\":\"Linda M. Richmond\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2026.03.3.5\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7131652481" }, { "id": 247, "title": "Pharmacological regulation of adult brain neuroplasticity: Synergistic roles of neuropeptide signaling, psychedelics, and synaptic modulators.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological regulation of adult brain neuroplasticity synergistic roles of neuropeptide signaling psychedelics and synaptic modulators", "authors": "Shokr MM, Fawzy MN, Abdelaziz AM.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to modify synaptic connections and reorganize neural circuits, underpinning cognitive function, emotional regulation, and recovery from injury. Recent advances have redefined adult neuroplasticity as more dynamic and therapeutically accessible than previously thought, spurring investigation into pharmacological interventions that can augment these adaptive processes. This review dissects current evidence for drug strategies targeting synaptic modulators (NMDA, AMPA, and GABA receptors), neuropeptide systems (including BDNF, oxytocin, vasopressin), and psychedelic compounds (psilocybin, LSD, ketamine), integrating insights from cellular, preclinical, and clinical studies. We detail how these agents modulate molecular pathways governing synaptic transmission, dendritic remodeling, and gene expression linked to neuronal growth and resilience. Highlighted findings include the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists, the structural and functional reorganization induced by classic psychedelics via 5-HT2A receptor activation, and the neurorestorative roles of neuropeptides in synaptic and network adaptation. Alongside these advances, we critically address safety, ethical considerations, and the risk of maladaptive plasticity, underscoring the importance of dosing, patient selection, and controlled therapeutic environments. Non-hallucinogenic neuroplastogens and combinatorial approaches that are still emerging offer new avenues to fine-tune plasticity with an improved safety profile. The collective evidence positions neuroplasticity-targeting pharmacology as a promising and complex frontier for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in adulthood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104076", "pubmed_id": "41763341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104076", "keywords": "Brain, Synapses, Animals, Humans, Neuropeptides, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41763341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 83, "title": "Psilocybin for psychiatric disorders: History, clinical trials, neuroimaging, and regulations", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for psychiatric disorders history clinical trials neuroimaging and regulations", "authors": "Kengo Yonezawa, M. Hirata, Hiroaki Takano, Keisuke Kusudo, Sota Tomiyama, Lisa Harada, Kota Suzuki, DJ Nutt, H. Uchida, Hideaki Tani", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic compound, has garnered renewed interest as a potential treatment for various psychiatric disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of psilocybin's history, recent clinical evidence, ongoing clinical trials, neuroimaging findings, and regulations. Historically used in spiritual and healing rituals, psilocybin was in the early 1970s subjected to strict legal restrictions that stalled research for decades. However, renewed scientific interest began in the 1990s, with studies demonstrating psilocybin's therapeutic potential for psychiatric disorders. Clinical trials have reported therapeutic effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder (MDD), depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening illnesses, and in some substance use disorders. Moreover, several phase III clinical trials of psilocybin for depression are currently underway, though trial data for obsessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar depression are limited. Short-term side effects are reportedly generally mild and transient, but long-term effects still need further investigation. Neuroimaging research using magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography is still limited and focuses mainly on MDD. However, ongoing clinical trials include neuroimaging studies for psychiatric disorders beyond MDD, as well as positron emission tomography studies for MDD. Regulatory frameworks vary internationally. While many countries continue to classify psilocybin as a prohibited substance, use of psilocybin under controlled conditions is now permitted in Switzerland, parts of the United States, Canada, and Australia. Despite encouraging data, challenges remain, including the need for larger, blinded trials, standardized protocols, and clarification of long-term efficacy and safety. Psilocybin represents a novel therapeutic approach in psychiatric treatment, warranting further rigorous scientific and regulatory research.", "journal": "Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences", "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/pcn.70042", "pubmed_id": "41749057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.70042", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroimaging, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Major depressive disorder, Depression (economics), Psychology, Functional neuroimaging, Psychotherapist, Bipolar disorder, MEDLINE, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Clinical psychology, Systematic review, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131868995\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131868995\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5127386279\",\"display_name\":\"Kengo Yonezawa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109735297\",\"display_name\":\"M. Hirata\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049484871\",\"display_name\":\"Hiroaki Takano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050308935\",\"display_name\":\"Keisuke Kusudo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111309172\",\"display_name\":\"Sota Tomiyama\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5127280306\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Harada\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046895954\",\"display_name\":\"Kota Suzuki\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2473-0724\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113762702\",\"display_name\":\"DJ Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121811233\",\"display_name\":\"H. Uchida\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5127390839\",\"display_name\":\"Hideaki Tani\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S111042112\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.70042\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7131868995" }, { "id": 3046, "title": "SSRIs, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Disease Modeling: Strategies to Advance PTSD Treatment", "normalized_title": "ssris psilocybin mdma and disease modeling strategies to advance ptsd treatment", "authors": "Momoko Ishii, Mark Zervas", "abstract": "S elective S erotonin R euptake I nhibitors (SSRIs) and two psychedelics, Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) act on serotonergic-related neural circuits and function as serotonin modulators. All three molecules are either currently used or proposed as novel therapeutic modalities to treat P ost- T raumatic S tress D isorder (PTSD). While there are important clinical implications for treating PTSD, there are also a number of unanswered questions and still limited understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of how these therapeutic modalities function at a molecular, cellular, and neural circuit level. Given their utility (e.g. SSRIs) and future consideration (e.g. Psilocybin, MDMA) for alleviating the complex symptoms of PTSD, a better understanding of their neurobiological role as well as their past and future intellectual property considerations are important converging topics. This review is a Position Paper by Zervas Scientific Consulting (ZSC) that places in context valuable and multidisciplinary topics to appropriately develop therapeutics with the ultimate goal of advancing effective novel treatment options for patients that currently live with PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1", "keywords": "Modalities, Context (archaeology), Disease, Multidisciplinary approach, Medicine, Therapeutic modalities, Psilocybin, Function (biology), Intensive care medicine, Psychology, Treatment modality, Psychotherapist, Neuroscience, Position paper, Biological neural network, Neural activity, Psychiatry, Property (philosophy), Therapeutic approach, Clinical Practice, MEDLINE, Modality (human-computer interaction), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131373365\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131373365\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087821085\",\"display_name\":\"Momoko Ishii\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2839-5633\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126795830\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Zervas\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7131373365" }, { "id": 244, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psychoactive Tryptamines in Addiction: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psychoactive tryptamines in addiction a systematic review", "authors": "van der Meer PB, Schukking N, Dik M, van Reemst A, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, Schoones JW, Verboeket S, de Waal MM, Goudriaan AE, Kramers C, Schellekens A, Bossong MG, Somers M, Batalla A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin have shown a beneficial effect on substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. In this systematic review, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of psychoactive tryptamines in patients with an SUD or non-substance-related disorder (i.e., gambling disorder) in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence and identify potential research gaps.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed in eight different databases up to February 2024. Clinical trials were included that assessed the efficacy and safety of psychoactive tryptamines other than psilocybin and ibogaine. A quality assessment of the included trials was done based on the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tools.ResultsA total of four clinical trials (three randomized controlled trials and one single-arm clinical trial; n = 176 patients) were included, all in patients with alcohol use disorder. Dipropyltryptamine and diethyltryptamine were the two investigated psychoactive tryptamines. Abstinence ranged from 10% (duration of follow-up unknown) to 38% at 26 weeks of follow-up, and severity of alcohol use did not differ between the psychoactive tryptamine group and the control groups. Adverse effects were not well reported in the trials.ConclusionStudies assessing the efficacy of psychoactive tryptamines other than psilocybin and ibogaine in addiction are scarce and show limited evidence for effectiveness in the treatment of addictive disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251364182", "pubmed_id": "42130778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251364182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42130778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 154, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psycho-existential distress in advanced cancer: a narrative review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for psycho existential distress in advanced cancer a narrative review", "authors": "Luca Magnani, Luca Ghirotto, Fabio Fesce, Tania Simona Re, Silvia Tanzi, Andrea Amerio, Alessandra Costanza", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: This article presents a narrative review of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a promising intervention for addressing anxiety, depression and psycho-existential distress in patients with advanced cancer. This group of disorders, often resistant to conventional treatments, significantly impacts patients' quality of life and autonomy, as well as illness trajectories. Psilocybin, when administered in high doses within a structured therapeutic framework, seems to alleviate these symptoms safely and effectively, with potential additional benefits on pain and systemic inflammation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A targeted literature search was conducted across major scientific databases-including PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Embase-supervised by experts from various relevant disciplines to identify sources of particular importance. RESULTS: The process also led to the acquisition of highly cited scientific works to compose a coherent theoretical framework through which to interpret the evidence initially collected. Emerged key themes include: the complex and treatment-resistant nature of psycho-existential disorders in cancer; the importance of set, setting and peak experiences for psilocybin efficacy, as well as the consequent therapeutic value of integrated approaches that include psychotherapy; and the methodological limitations in more recent experimental trials. The article also identifies palliative care as a uniquely appropriate context for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. CONCLUSION: psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is a compelling therapeutic option warranting further investigation through rigorous, interdisciplinary research to promote an anthropologically/ethically grounded implementation in palliative settings, even beyond the oncology field.", "journal": "BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care", "publication_date": "2026-02-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1136/spcare-2025-005689", "pubmed_id": "41708300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2025-005689", "keywords": "Psychotherapist, Narrative review, Distress, Psychology, Narrative, Psycho-oncology, Palliative care, Therapeutic relationship, Grounded theory, Psychological distress, Qualitative research, MEDLINE, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Systematic review, Psychiatry, Integrative psychotherapy, Life review, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": 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Magnani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073009759\",\"display_name\":\"Luca Ghirotto\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030515770\",\"display_name\":\"Fabio Fesce\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048350966\",\"display_name\":\"Tania Simona Re\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-6110\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013084884\",\"display_name\":\"Silvia Tanzi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-5064\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Andrea Amerio\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3439-340X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126280301\",\"display_name\":\"Alessandra Costanza\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210204300\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2025-005689\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Inflammation", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7130337407" }, { "id": 269, "title": "Microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder: study protocol for a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled randomised partial crossover trial", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder study protocol for a phase ii double blind placebo controlled randomised partial crossover trial", "authors": "Zeina Beidas, Anya Ragnhildstveit, Adam Blackman, Thomas Anderson, Emily C. Fewster, Omer A. Syed, Valentyne Sobolenko, Ismail Kaan Kanca, Magdalena Jaglinska, Tatiana Son, Norman Farb, Rotem Petranker", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting roughly 322 million people. Recently, doses of psilocybin have shown promise in treating mood disorders, sparking interest in other dosing practices. According to anecdotal reports and observational studies, microdosing psilocybin yields benefits to mental health; however, rigorously controlled trials have failed to produce compelling evidence for this. AIMS: To conduct a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised partial crossover trial to compare microdosing psilocybin to placebo for MDD, evaluating its safety, tolerability and preliminary antidepressant effects. METHOD: Forty adults with MDD will be randomised to four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) or placebo (maltodextrin) once weekly over 4 weeks, then four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) once weekly for an additional 4 weeks. The primary efficacy end-point will be change in depression symptoms, as measured at baseline (0 weeks), after the experimental phase (4 weeks), and after the open-label phase (8 weeks). A battery of mood, well-being, attention, creativity, mindfulness and pro-sociality measures will be administered at each time point. Follow-ups will occur every 6 months for up to 2 years after the trial start date, as part of a long-term extension study. RESULTS: The results of the primary outcome of this trial will be published as a manuscript in a peer-reviewed science or medical journal regardless of the magnitude or direction of effect. CONCLUSIONS: Findings will inform future research on microdosing psilocybin for MDD, regarding dose regimens, effect sizes and expectancy bias. Findings will also facilitate discussions on the comparable benefits of sub- versus threshold doses of psilocybin and the therapeutic value of radically altered perception. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05259943.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2025.10968", "pubmed_id": "41693474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10968", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Crossover study, Phase (matter), Pharmacology, Clinical trial, Depression (economics), Internal medicine, Depressive symptoms, Phases of clinical research, Anesthesia, Randomized controlled trial, Placebo, Component (thermodynamics), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7129015437\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7129015437\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021482385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043713516\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057468507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2269974365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624535799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789213216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907379922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944038128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951080359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2957955970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958413903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971897729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981686921\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002125030\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004910645\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007315114\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093109301\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112904824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122801192\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135650175\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136880453\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159653784\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166553838\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211842562\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200408156\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206388601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210925784\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229753260\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385257581\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391537440\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402554692\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114541934\",\"display_name\":\"Zeina Beidas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006257142\",\"display_name\":\"Anya Ragnhildstveit\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-3428\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008844555\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Blackman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-040X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082063863\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-5219\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093863231\",\"display_name\":\"Emily C. Fewster\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062369777\",\"display_name\":\"Omer A. Syed\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-5223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120500161\",\"display_name\":\"Valentyne Sobolenko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9574-4648\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120355300\",\"display_name\":\"Ismail Kaan Kanca\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120403954\",\"display_name\":\"Magdalena Jaglinska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070812247\",\"display_name\":\"Tatiana Son\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-8596\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126008050\",\"display_name\":\"Norman Farb\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012017884\",\"display_name\":\"Rotem Petranker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-0109\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10968\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7129015437" }, { "id": 267, "title": "Effects of LSD, DMT and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions: A systematic review of the literature", "normalized_title": "effects of lsd dmt and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Marten Kase, Kristjan Kaup, Jaan Aru", "abstract": "We carried out a systematic review of modern-era (1990-2025) placebo-controlled studies assessing the acute and post-acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide, dimethyltryptamine and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions. From February 28 to March 19, 2025, PubMed and APA PsychINFO were systematically searched for placebo-controlled studies examining the influence of psychedelics on empathy, reaction time, attention, inhibition, emotional processing, memory, cognitive flexibility, and related cognitive functions using experimental methods. Additional searches were done in Google Scholar. The systematic review included 32 studies. Psychedelics tended to enhance emotional empathy but had no effect on cognitive empathy. Psychedelics impaired, enhanced or had no effect on memory depending on the task and timing of the assessment. Dose-dependent impairments were seen in many of the reaction time, attention, and inhibition tasks, although some studies found no effects. Some studies found impaired recognition of negative stimuli under the acute effects of psychedelics. The findings regarding cognitive flexibility were mixed. Many studies had small samples, and it is hard to find a reliable placebo due to psychedelics' unique subjective effects. Future studies should use bigger samples and also study more longitudinal effects of psychedelics on cognitive and psychological functions.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251412012", "pubmed_id": "41699449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251412012", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cognition, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Empathy, Clinical psychology, Dissociative, Placebo, Flexibility (engineering), Cognitive flexibility, Cognitive psychology, MEDLINE, Psychotherapist, Lysergic acid, Task (project management), Subliminal stimuli, Cognitive neuroscience, Elementary cognitive task, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": 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Kase\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5118857368\",\"display_name\":\"Kristjan Kaup\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6126-6822\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087072092\",\"display_name\":\"Jaan Aru\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3927-452X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251412012\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7129773189" }, { "id": 3704, "title": "Single Dose Psilocybin for a Post-surgical Trauma Inpatient Population for Pain, Mood, and Opioid Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for a post surgical trauma inpatient population for pain mood and opioid use disorder", "authors": "Trent Emerick", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a single dose of psilocybin is feasible and safe for adults with opioid use disorder (OUD) who are recovering from trauma surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Is a single psilocybin dose feasible to administer during postoperative hospitalization? 2. Is psilocybin safe in this patient population? 3. How does psilocybin affect postoperative pain, opioid use, anxiety, and depression after hospital discharge? Participants will: Receive one oral dose of psilocybin during their postoperative inpatient stay Complete assessments of pain, mood, and opioid use during recovery This is an open-label pilot feasibility trial conducted at a single academic medical center. Fourteen participants receive a single oral dose of psilocybin during inpatient hospitalization following trauma surgery. Outcomes in the psilocybin group are compared with a retrospectively identified standard-of-care cohort of 56 trauma surgery patients with opioid use disorder, identified through electronic medical record review. The standard-of-care cohort is selected using propensity score methods based on baseline characteristics, including age, sex, trauma diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidities, baseline medications, comorbid conditions, type of surgery, and baseline opioid consumption measured in morphine milligram equivalents. No interim efficacy analyses are planned. After the first three participants have received psilocybin and completed the one-week follow-up assessments, the Data and Safety Monitoring Board reviews safety data to assess ongoing risk and determine whether study procedures should continue unchanged.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07406828", "keywords": "Pain Management, Postoperative Pain, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Postoperative analgesia, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07406828\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 86, "title": "Therapeutic effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring dose effects", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder a systematic review and meta analysis exploring dose effects", "authors": "Ziping He, Yijie Wang, Jie Chen, Junzhe Cheng, Yuxin Feng, Shuliang Niu, J. Yan", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00406-025-02165-y", "pubmed_id": "41677823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-02165-y", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tolerability, Dosing, Adverse effect, Medicine, Cochrane Library, Clinical trial, Meta-analysis, Major depressive disorder, Placebo, Randomized controlled trial, Regimen, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Therapeutic effect, MEDLINE, Pharmacology, Systematic review, Treatment-resistant depression, Hallucinogen, Therapeutic index, Internal medicine, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128718542\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128718542\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2094667953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114613490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2463496270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2905782592\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970684805\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011986535\",\"https://openalex.org/W3019350884\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201625402\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216258226\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213145592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310494020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315436620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319081635\",\"https://openalex.org/W4322719045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324045013\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365444032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392731282\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400415795\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401774886\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125689977\",\"display_name\":\"Ziping He\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100429817\",\"display_name\":\"Yijie Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-8619\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100333011\",\"display_name\":\"Jie Chen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-0351\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125770360\",\"display_name\":\"Junzhe Cheng\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125702445\",\"display_name\":\"Yuxin Feng\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125772117\",\"display_name\":\"Shuliang Niu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124195334\",\"display_name\":\"J. Yan\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S105662685\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-02165-y\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7128718542" }, { "id": 4091, "title": "Activity-Dependent Neural Rewiring: Mechanisms of Psilocybin-Induced Cortical Network Reorganization", "normalized_title": "activity dependent neural rewiring mechanisms of psilocybin induced cortical network reorganization", "authors": "Zen Revista", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin, have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential for mental health disorders through mechanisms involving structural neural plasticity. This comprehensive review examines recent breakthrough research revealing how psilocybin triggers activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks. Using monosynaptic rabies viral tracing, researchers have mapped the brain-wide distribution of inputs to pyramidal neurons in the mouse dorsal medial frontal cortex, discovering that psilocybin induces highly network-specific reorganization. The drug strengthens pathways routing sensory and retrosplenial inputs to subcortical targets while weakening cortico-cortical recurrent loops. Critically, this rewiring depends on neural activity patterns during drug administration, as demonstrated through chemogenetic silencing experiments. These findings provide crucial insights into psychedelic mechanisms and suggest novel approaches for enhancing therapeutic outcomes through targeted neuromodulation combined with psychedelic treatment. This paper synthesizes the current understanding of psilocybin’s effects on neural connectivity, discusses implications for mental health treatment, and explores future directions for optimizing psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2026-02-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18501568", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501568", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Neuromodulation, Psilocybin, Neural activity, Sensory system, Psychology, Mechanism (biology), Neuroplasticity, Gene silencing, Synapse, Biological neural network, Dorsum, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Nerve net, Biology, Artificial neural network, Computer science, Thalamus, Macaque, Neuroimaging, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128047664\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128047664\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120933120\",\"display_name\":\"Zen Revista\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501568\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7128047664" }, { "id": 4089, "title": "Activity-Dependent Neural Rewiring by Psilocybin: A Monosynaptic Rabies Virus Tracing Study", "normalized_title": "activity dependent neural rewiring by psilocybin a monosynaptic rabies virus tracing study", "authors": "Zen Revista", "abstract": "Recent advances in neuroscience have revealed unprecedented insights into how psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, induces therapeutic neural plasticity. This paper reviews groundbreaking research conducted by Cornell University and the Allen Institute for Brain Science, which employed genetically modified rabies virus for monosynaptic circuit tracing to map brain-wide connectivity changes following psilocybin administration. Using this innovative methodology, researchers discovered that psilocybin triggers network-specific neural rewiring that is activity-dependent and programmable. The study demonstrates that psilocybin strengthens sensory-motor pathways while weakening cortical-cortical feedback loops associated with rumination and depression. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant, non-random patterns of synaptic reorganization (p = 6 × 10⁻⁵), with sensory regions showing up to 10% increases in connectivity and self-referential regions exhibiting up to 15% decreases. Critically, neural activity during the psilocybin window determines which circuits are strengthened or weakened, suggesting therapeutic interventions could be optimized by controlling sensory and cognitive experiences during treatment. These findings provide mechanistic insights into psilocybin’s rapid antidepressant effects and establish a foundation for precision psychedelic therapeutics.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2026-02-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18501514", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501514", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Biological neural network, Sensory system, Neural activity, Biology, Cognition, Psychology, Antidepressant, Rabies virus, Cognitive science, Nerve net, Lyssavirus, Optogenetics, Tracing, Calcium imaging, Computer science, Cognitive map, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127925138\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127925138\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120933120\",\"display_name\":\"Zen Revista\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501514\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7127925138" }, { "id": 300, "title": "Placebo Effects in the Treatment of Depression-Implications for the Psychedelic Renaissance.", "normalized_title": "placebo effects in the treatment of depression implications for the psychedelic renaissance", "authors": "Ansari M, Elliott SI, Holmes SE, Sanacora G", "abstract": "The development of novel, rapid-acting treatments and the resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic-like compounds has stimulated excitement and enthusiasm within the pharmaceutical industry, and provided new hope for millions of individuals suffering with mental illness such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. This review summarizes the scope and mechanisms of placebo related effects in depression treatment trials, with a particular focus on their implications for psychedelic-like compounds. We examine how expectancy, therapeutic setting, and trial design interact to shape outcomes and consider emerging approaches for mitigating, measuring, or even harnessing placebo-effects in future research.", "journal": "Neurologic clinics", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.ncl.2025.08.009", "pubmed_id": "41232997", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41232997/", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Ketamine, MDMA, Masking, Placebo, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Unblinding", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41232997\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 286, "title": "We Licked the Toads so You Don't Have to: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Chemical Syntheses of the Classical Psychedelics Bufotenin(e) and 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine.", "normalized_title": "we licked the toads so you don t have to a comprehensive analysis of the chemical syntheses of the classical psychedelics bufotenin e and 5 methoxy n n dimethyltryptamine", "authors": "Homon A, Laramie J, Hayward JJ, Trant JF", "abstract": "Bufotenin (also spelt as bufotenine) and its methylated derivative, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), are potent psychedelics that are found in many plants but also excreted by some species of toads. The compounds are regulated differently around the world, and although used in traditional medicine, 20-century prohibition culture has slowed research into their utility for ameliorating psychological disorders and inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the global trend toward legalization and a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has increased the number of clinical and preclinical studies of these and related materials. This necessitates access to large amounts of these compounds, but they are not commercially available on scale, leaving researchers with a need to either contract out, or make their own. The first bufotenin synthesis was reported in 1935 by Hoshino and coworkers, and novel syntheses are still being disclosed in the 2020s. This is the first effort to collate and compare all extant academic and patent syntheses (as of fall 2024) into a single review so that researchers can identify the most appropriate route for their own purposes. We conclude by highlighting outstanding challenges that are ripe for solutions to reduce the cost of any future commercial-scale production.", "journal": "ChemMedChem", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/cmdc.202500525", "pubmed_id": "41765690", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41765690/", "keywords": "5-HT receptors, psilocin derivatives, psychedelic, serotonin, total synthesis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41765690\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1988, "title": "Psilocybin-Induced Neuroplasticity and Sustained Antidepressant Effects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced neuroplasticity and sustained antidepressant effects", "authors": "Anna Maria Komarczewska, Filip Matusiak, Klaudia Brzoza, Michał Kociński, Patryk Iglewski, Michał Pietrasz", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted interventions have shown rapid reductions in depressive symptoms in controlled clinical settings, raising questions about biological mechanisms supporting durability beyond the acute drug effect. [5,7] Mechanistic accounts increasingly focus on neuroplasticity as a candidate pathway linking transient serotonergic receptor activation to longer-lasting psychological and clinical change. [2,6] To synthesize evidence from the publications regarding (1) antidepressant clinical outcomes after psilocybin-assisted interventions and (2) neuroplasticity-related biological findings that plausibly support sustained improvement. [2,3] Narrative review using only (clinical trials/secondary analyses and mechanistic animal/neuroimaging work). Evidence was summarized qualitatively; no meta-analysis was performed. [2,16] Randomized and open-label clinical studies report rapid symptom reduction and follow-up persistence in major depression and cancer-related depression/anxiety, including six-month outcomes in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) protocols with psychological support. [4,5,7,19] Preclinical work provides convergent evidence of plasticity-relevant change after psilocybin, including structural synaptic remodeling in frontal cortex and hippocampal plasticity-related outcomes in extinction learning paradigms. [3,8] Human neuroimaging work reports changes consistent with altered large-scale brain dynamics after psilocybin and TRD-related mechanistic findings on fMRI. [6,20] Across the uploaded dataset, psilocybin-assisted therapy is associated with rapid antidepressant effects and durability signals in selected samples, while convergent animal and human mechanistic findings support neuroplasticity as a biologically plausible contributor to sustained clinical improvement. [2,3]", "journal": "Quality in Sport", "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216", "keywords": "Neuroplasticity, Antidepressant, Neuroscience, Serotonergic, Neuroimaging, Psychology, Medicine, Psychological intervention, Exposure therapy, Mechanism (biology), Depression (economics), Neuroprotection, Functional neuroimaging, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Fluoxetine, Clinical psychology, Translational research, Major depressive disorder, Quality of life (healthcare), Hippocampal formation, Neuropharmacology, Neuromodulation, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Synaptic plasticity, Preclinical research, Treatment-resistant depression, Homeostatic plasticity, Animal studies, Human studies, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126403964\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126403964\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124486965\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Maria Komarczewska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122198948\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Matusiak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122068243\",\"display_name\":\"Klaudia Brzoza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117509697\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Kociński\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117509696\",\"display_name\":\"Patryk Iglewski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124479078\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Pietrasz\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210230959\",\"source_display_name\":\"Quality in Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7126403964" }, { "id": 312, "title": "The Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Narrative Review", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin in the treatment of depressive disorders a narrative review", "authors": "Lukasz Siwek, Marta Nowocien, Barbara Balajewicz, Angelika Samborska, Sara Szukalska, Marta Karczewska, Karolina Lichwala, Kamil Wroblewski, Paulina Wróblewska", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychoactive chemical compound that exerts its effects through the activation of serotonergic receptors. It occurs naturally in mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe. Despite its potential medical applications, this substance is regarded as a drug with no recognized medical use. Depression constitutes a psychiatric disorder of substantial global burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide, with epidemiological data indicating a continuing upward trend in its prevalence. It is a complex disease entity that, despite years of research, remains not fully understood and constitutes a significant therapeutic challenge. Its pathogenesis is based on the interaction of biological, environmental, and social factors. It is estimated that by the year 2030, depression will become the leading cause of disability. The concern associated with this projection, together with human curiosity, has formed the foundation of numerous scientific studies conducted in recent years, aimed at identifying a breakthrough therapeutic approach that would expand the range of treatment options available to psychiatrists. The aim of this paper is to present the most recent reports on attempts to use the controversial substance psilocybin in the treatment of depression. Owing to promising research results demonstrating high therapeutic efficacy in comparison with conventional, currently recommended treatments, psilocybin-assisted therapy offers hope for the development of a modern therapeutic approach that provides the expected clinical outcomes, with a proven and more sustained therapeutic effect in treated patients, as well as a minimal number or complete absence of adverse effects.", "journal": "Cureus", "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.102694", "pubmed_id": "41777966", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102694", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Narrative review, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Serotonergic, Major depressive disorder, Disease, Hallucinogen, Adverse effect, Psychotherapist, Drug, MEDLINE, Epidemiology, Medical literature, Review article, Therapeutic approach, Life review, Scientific literature, Treatment-resistant depression, Intensive care medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126444817\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126444817\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2075263835\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096796062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111663098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157263173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2739098172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906621419\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016691047\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048752971\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092036847\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112994276\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134734702\",\"https://openalex.org/W3143569728\",\"https://openalex.org/W3145885579\",\"https://openalex.org/W3149684076\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163246247\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205374179\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210631748\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311508922\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311908682\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317376194\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396517788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396528604\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404236211\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405172984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410326091\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411071772\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417433550\",\"https://openalex.org/W7124472018\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122377677\",\"display_name\":\"Lukasz Siwek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124502344\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Nowocien\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122328731\",\"display_name\":\"Barbara Balajewicz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122342927\",\"display_name\":\"Angelika Samborska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122372374\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Szukalska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124538565\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Karczewska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122336267\",\"display_name\":\"Karolina Lichwala\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050651558\",\"display_name\":\"Kamil Wroblewski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122304034\",\"display_name\":\"Paulina Wróblewska\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2738950867\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cureus\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102694\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7126444817" }, { "id": 1989, "title": "PSILOCYBIN IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE AND PSYCHEDELIC-ASSISTED THERAPY FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in psychiatric practice and psychedelic assisted therapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Łukasz Deska, Cezary Kosmecki, Dawid Głaz, Natalia Kamińska, Wojciech Sołtys, Magdalena Stolarczyk, Maksymilian Głaz, Mateusz Stronczyński, Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik, Julia Wawerska", "abstract": "This manuscript comprehensively reviews psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. It aims to synthesize current understanding regarding its mechanisms, efficacy, safety, costs, and accessibility, comparing it with conventional antidepressant and ketamine treatments. The methodology involved a narrative synthesis of academic literature, drawing from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials identified through targeted database searches. Key findings indicate that psilocybin therapy demonstrates rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects, with high response and remission rates, often after one or two sessions. Its safety profile is generally favorable, with transient and mild adverse events. Mechanistically, psilocybin primarily acts on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, modulating brain networks and enhancing neuroplasticity. However, significant challenges exist in terms of high costs, limited accessibility due to the intensive therapeutic model, and regulatory hurdles. In conclusion, psilocybin-assisted therapy offers a promising alternative for depression, particularly where standard treatments fail, by providing rapid and durable symptom reduction through unique neurobiological pathways. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols, exploring long-term outcomes, identifying predictors of response, and addressing systemic barriers to accessibility and cost-effectiveness to facilitate its integration into broader mental healthcare.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Depression (economics), Medicine, Adverse effect, Psychotherapist, Narrative review, Clinical trial, Psychology, Treatment-resistant depression, Clinical Practice, Ketamine, MEDLINE, Systematic review, Clinical psychology, Electroconvulsive therapy, Mental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125929049\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125929049\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2030224179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062101624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996555671\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192281797\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209277823\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213145592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281666404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291227674\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297478109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311508922\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379095570\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386420994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386894189\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388447053\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388732506\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389392873\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389868195\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393253405\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396814296\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396900907\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398780811\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399323719\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400099913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400335852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402748917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403113128\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403775020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404764894\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404930798\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409528946\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413817374\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122407127\",\"display_name\":\"Łukasz Deska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122670377\",\"display_name\":\"Cezary Kosmecki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121581785\",\"display_name\":\"Dawid Głaz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124103319\",\"display_name\":\"Natalia Kamińska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057447553\",\"display_name\":\"Wojciech Sołtys\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7052-7058\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124074784\",\"display_name\":\"Magdalena Stolarczyk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121597028\",\"display_name\":\"Maksymilian Głaz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121545950\",\"display_name\":\"Mateusz Stronczyński\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121599306\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093377457\",\"display_name\":\"Julia Wawerska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0145-6204\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206754\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125929049" }, { "id": 4100, "title": "The therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in major depressive disorder: A review of recent clinical and mechanistic evidence", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in major depressive disorder a review of recent clinical and mechanistic evidence", "authors": "Fernando Mora López, Johynny Solís Solís, Ekaterina Daniela Hernández Baker, Olger Herrera Barboza, David Diaz Polo, Daniela Consumi Cordero", "abstract": "This review examines the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for major depressive disorder by integrating findings from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and mechanistic research. A comprehensive literature search across major scientific databases identified empirical studies evaluating psilocybin’s effects on depressive symptomatology, safety, and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Psilocybin’s primary pharmacological action as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist leads to alterations in brain connectivity, particularly within networks associated with self-referential processing and emotional regulation. These receptor-level effects are accompanied by neuroplastic changes, including enhanced synaptogenesis and functional reorganization, which contribute to the rapid and sustained antidepressant outcomes observed in clinical settings. Neuroimaging studies further support these mechanisms by demonstrating reductions in amygdala activity and modifications within default mode and executive networks following administration. Clinical evidence consistently indicates that psilocybin produces substantial reductions in depressive symptoms, with meta-analyses reporting large effect sizes and durable benefits lasting from several weeks to as long as one year. Randomized controlled trials highlight its rapid onset of action, with remission rates notably higher than those achieved with conventional treatments, including in populations with treatment-resistant depression. Open-label studies reinforce the durability of these effects and emphasize the essential role of psychotherapeutic support in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Across studies, psilocybin demonstrates a favorable safety profile, with adverse events being mild, transient, and predictable. Despite these promising findings, methodological limitations such as small sample sizes, high heterogeneity, and variability in treatment protocols underscore the need for larger, standardized Phase III trials. Future research should also include direct comparisons with established antidepressants and efforts to identify biomarkers that may guide personalized treatment approaches.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2026-01-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18375715", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18375715", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Neuroimaging, Psychology, Default mode network, Major depressive disorder, Clinical trial, Adverse effect, Amygdala, Clinical psychology, Functional neuroimaging, Neuroscience, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Neuroplasticity, Psychiatry, Randomized controlled trial, Depressive symptoms, Depression (economics), Psychotherapist, MEDLINE, Disengagement theory, Clinical Practice, Animal studies, Mechanism (biology), Synaptogenesis, Cognition, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125699554\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125699554\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044911442\",\"display_name\":\"Fernando Mora López\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123855282\",\"display_name\":\"Johynny Solís Solís\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123879550\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Daniela Hernández Baker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123829836\",\"display_name\":\"Olger Herrera Barboza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123850173\",\"display_name\":\"David Diaz Polo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123876686\",\"display_name\":\"Daniela Consumi Cordero\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18375715\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125699554" }, { "id": 1991, "title": "The Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of the Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Adults with Treatment-Resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the use of psilocybin in the treatment of adults with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Rishika Scott, James Smith", "abstract": "Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been well-researched within scientific literature, although the therapeutic value of psilocybin is not fully understood. The aim of this systematic review is to determine a stable and effective dosage unit to inform health professionals of the benefits of psilocybin, using peer-reviewed literature and meta-analysis. The review will also compare selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with psychotherapy to draw conclusions and recommendations of psilocybin therapy to improve day-to-day living for affected patients. PubMed and the University of Portsmouth Discovery online database (EBSCOhost) were individually utilised from December 2024 to March 2025. Five open-label studies and 2 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were selected to assess psilocybin efficacy and safety. Appraisal checklists along with search criteria were used to determine eligibility and reliability of these data. The random-effects meta-analyses demonstrated that psilocybin at 25 mg within specific integrated sessions was effective at treating TRD compared to 10 mg and 1 mg by comparing clinical trials between two doses and single doses. Psilocybin at 25 mg was found to significantly reduce patients’ depressive severity compared to the baseline, which was prevalent in the two-dose studies (n = 5) compared to the single-dose studies (n = 2), due to the number of studies produced. The overall evidence suggests that psilocybin is an effective therapeutic for treatment-resistant depression, with a dosage unit of 25 mg administered as a single capsule per dosing session, with one dose per clinical session. Limitations to the evidence and this review have affected the overall results; therefore, more relevant studies are needed.", "journal": "Emerging Minds Journal for Student Research", "publication_date": "2026-01-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.59973/emjsr.317", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.59973/emjsr.317", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Dosing, Medicine, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Randomized controlled trial, MEDLINE, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychology, Evidence-based medicine, Major depressive disorder, Therapeutic effect, Systematic review, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125652025\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125652025\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123818412\",\"display_name\":\"Rishika Scott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123804606\",\"display_name\":\"James Smith\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387290763\",\"source_display_name\":\"Emerging Minds Journal for Student Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.59973/emjsr.317\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125652025" }, { "id": 195, "title": "Methodological moderators of psilocybin-assisted therapy in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "normalized_title": "methodological moderators of psilocybin assisted therapy in depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Omer A. Syed, Benjamin Tsang, Sean M. Nestor, Nir Lipsman, Muhammad Ishrat Husain, Fahad Alam, Peter Giacobbe", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging intervention for depression. Though several clinical trials report promising results for PAT in treating depression, there remains a need for consensus on optimal methodologies and standardization of PAT protocols. The objective of this review was to assess the efficacy of PAT in treating depressive symptoms and to systematically examine the influence of methodological moderators underlying antidepressant responses. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychInfo and Embase for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) using PAT as a treatment intervention for major depressive disorder. The primary outcomes were standardized mean difference (SMD) of change in depressive symptoms pre- versus post-treatment sessions, and the difference in antidepressant treatment effects among various PAT methodologies in a subgroup analysis. Seven RCTs involving 522 participants were analyzed. The overall random effects model found PAT to have a large and significant antidepressant effect. The subgroup analyses found larger effects, albeit non-significant differences in subgroup heterogeneity, associated with studies that administered psilocybin in bodyweight-adjusted doses and provided longer preparation, dosing, and integration sessions and provided non-manualized psychotherapy. This study presents the first systematic examination of PAT methodologies influencing antidepressant effects and provides preliminary insights for clinicians in designing future PAT protocols for depression.", "journal": "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews", "publication_date": "2026-01-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106573", "pubmed_id": "41587629", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106573", "keywords": "Clinical psychology, Psychology, Antidepressant, Treatment-resistant depression, Meta-analysis, Depressive symptoms, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Intervention (counseling), MEDLINE, Major depressive disorder, Subgroup analysis, Depression (economics), Strictly standardized mean difference, Randomized controlled trial, Psychotherapist, Standardization, Treatment effect, Medicine, Systematic review, Psilocybin, Major depressive episode, Significant difference, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125613611\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125613611\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2032737645\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078501925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104657845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126930838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883296161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887938296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2947995541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045779896\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146142859\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155064992\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159976828\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220813054\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221001769\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225336626\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285091545\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308952246\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313515381\",\"https://openalex.org/W4322757924\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386917375\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387793665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389606379\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484734\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390586775\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392797453\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400240387\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401122737\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412197020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417304665\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062369777\",\"display_name\":\"Omer A. Syed\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-5223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082428614\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Tsang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-821X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023782543\",\"display_name\":\"Sean M. Nestor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-5027\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067783855\",\"display_name\":\"Nir Lipsman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-3056\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121049083\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Ishrat Husain\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121502185\",\"display_name\":\"Fahad Alam\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103277729\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Giacobbe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-6221\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S170052170\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106573\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125613611" }, { "id": 1992, "title": "THE PSYCHEDELIC RENAISSANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PSILOCYBIN AND LSD IN THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance a systematic review of psilocybin and lsd in the treatment of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Jakub Klepacz, Radosław Swędrak, Marzena Swojnóg, Zuzanna Dobrakowska", "abstract": "The escalating global burden of mental health disorders, coupled with the stagnation of innovation in traditional monoaminergic pharmacotherapy (e.g., SSRIs), has precipitated a critical need for novel therapeutic paradigms. This article presents a comprehensive systematic review of the so-called \"Psychedelic Renaissance,\" focusing on the clinical resurgence of classical serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). The review adopts an interdisciplinary structure to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and societal implications of these compounds. Firstly, the paper traces the historical evolution of psychedelics from indigenous sacramental use, through the research proliferation of the 1950s, to the prohibitive legislation of the late 20th century. Secondly, it delineates the neurobiological mechanisms of action, specifically 5-HT2A receptor agonism and the disintegration of the Default Mode Network (DMN), which correlates with the alleviation of rigid cognitive patterns in depression and anxiety. Thirdly, the review synthesizes data from contemporary clinical trials demonstrating significant therapeutic potential in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), end-of-life existential distress, and substance use disorders. Unlike standard pharmacological reviews, this paper also analyzes the distinct psychotherapeutic framework (\"set and setting\"), integration processes, and socio-economic factors, including cost-effectiveness and access equity. The findings suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy represents a transformative shift from chronic symptom management to rapid, episodic curative interventions, provided that regulatory and ethical challenges are adequately addressed.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Psychiatry, Monoaminergic, Serotonergic, Transformative learning, Medicine, Mental health, Modalities, Clinical trial, Depression (economics), Lysergic acid diethylamide, Cognition, Addiction, Default mode network, Clinical psychology, Transpersonal, Mental illness, Legislation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127606273\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127606273\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098923148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552761136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581696375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607844825\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759174152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954690399\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093269897\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214940428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283075222\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294631080\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146113\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124045804\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Klepacz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123925115\",\"display_name\":\"Radosław Swędrak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125010452\",\"display_name\":\"Marzena Swojnóg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124022275\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Dobrakowska\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206754\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7127606273" }, { "id": 336, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on psychological distress in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on psychological distress in cancer patients a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Reza Moshfeghinia, Sara Mostafavi, Kimia Jazi, Amir Reza Ghasemi, Yasamin Khosravaninezhad, Santhosshi Narayanan, Jamshid Ahmadi, Mehdi Pasalar", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Psilocybin may effectively treat psychological distress in cancer patients. A meta-analysis assessed its safety and effectiveness in this context. METHODS: A comprehensive search across six databases (Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify studies on psilocybin's effects on mental health in cancer patients up to November 2024. Both randomized and non-randomized trials were included, assessing anxiety, depression, and other mental outcomes at short-term (2-5 weeks) and long-term (6 months) follow-ups. Study quality was assessed using Cochrane tools, and statistical analyses were performed with Stata version 17. RESULTS: In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), psilocybin significantly reduced depressive symptoms, with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (standardized mean difference [SMD] = - 2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: - 3.99 to - 1.76, p < 0.001) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale (HADS-D) (SMD = - 2.97, 95% CI: - 3.60 to - 2.33, p < 0.001) showing strong effects. Anxiety outcomes were mixed: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) was not significant (SMD = - 3.63, p = 0.11), while the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) also showed inconsistent results. Short-term analyses (2-5 weeks) revealed significant improvements in the BDI (SMD = - 1.17), HADS-D (SMD = - 1.58), and HADS-A (SMD = - 1.99), all p < 0.001. Long-term analyses (6 months) demonstrated sustained benefits on the BDI (SMD = - 2.60, p = 0.04) and HADS-D (SMD = - 3.56, p = 0.01). Measures of quality of life (QOL) and spiritual well-being using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp) scale also improved significantly after psilocybin treatment. CONCLUSION: Psilocybin may reduce depressive symptoms in cancer patients, with mixed effects on anxiety and time-dependent improvements in spiritual well-being and (in single-arm data) quality of life. Given the small number of studies, high heterogeneity, challenges with blinding/expectancy, and frequent co-intervention with psychotherapy, these findings are preliminary. Larger, rigorously blinded trials are needed to determine clinical effectiveness and safety.", "journal": "BMC Psychology", "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y", "pubmed_id": "41484687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychological distress, Anxiety, Clinical psychology, Cancer, Psychology, Distress, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Clinical trial, Psychological therapy, Psychotherapist, Psychological research, Depressive symptoms, Quality of life (healthcare), MEDLINE, Emotional distress, Quality (philosophy), Medicine, Research design, Randomized controlled trial, Anxiety disorder, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118088637\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118088637\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1529403805\",\"https://openalex.org/W1598602811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1791587479\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979206718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013263319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050864561\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169248741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318307729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2464886977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2531269403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605759386\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2754418103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789541163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796179442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803238382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886232664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2965983154\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970684805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990323914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3029961383\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112576667\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120632631\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127181543\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158985447\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159976828\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196833323\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201625402\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W3214774976\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216164364\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217313813\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213145592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220685738\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011480\",\"https://openalex.org/W4284665615\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289861025\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291111113\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295345823\",\"https://openalex.org/W4304690665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306177192\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309508591\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312196530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315928547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319984222\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320491739\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323924592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362471804\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377096690\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380151127\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385173317\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388731626\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400697733\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121872062\",\"display_name\":\"Reza Moshfeghinia\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038317446\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Mostafavi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-8912\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121838596\",\"display_name\":\"Kimia Jazi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109512426\",\"display_name\":\"Amir Reza Ghasemi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106707424\",\"display_name\":\"Yasamin Khosravaninezhad\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053986931\",\"display_name\":\"Santhosshi Narayanan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-1500\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027778328\",\"display_name\":\"Jamshid Ahmadi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7060-469X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110607826\",\"display_name\":\"Mehdi Pasalar\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764871139\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMC Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7118088637" }, { "id": 4179, "title": "Psychedelics and Mental Health: Psilocybin and Depression. A Sistematic Review", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mental health psilocybin and depression a sistematic review", "authors": "Marta Gómez Álvarez, Javier Calleja-Conde, Víctor Echeverry-Alzate", "abstract": "This systematic review evaluates the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of depressive disorders in adult populations, including major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. PRISMA guidelines were followed to identify and analyze clinical trials comparing psilocybin with different control conditions. Variables related to the reduction of depressive symptoms, speed of therapeutic response, and safety profile were examined. The findings suggest that psilocybin may represent a promising intervention in controlled clinical settings; however, methodological heterogeneity and limited sample sizes highlight the need for further studies to confirm its long-term efficacy and safety.", "journal": "Open Science Framework", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.17605/osf.io/yu3n9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/yu3n9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Major depressive disorder, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Intervention (counseling), Depression (economics), Depressive symptoms, Randomized controlled trial, Medicine, Substance use, Systematic review, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162447643\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162447643\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136996917\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Gómez Álvarez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9299-5095\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073461895\",\"display_name\":\"Javier Calleja-Conde\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-3863\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056731763\",\"display_name\":\"Víctor Echeverry-Alzate\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-3513\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050956\",\"source_display_name\":\"Open Science Framework\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/yu3n9\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162447643" }, { "id": 4174, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Mood Disorders: A Comparative Literature Review of Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for mood disorders a comparative literature review of australia the united states the united kingdom and canada", "authors": "Jorge Oliveira", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.13140/rg.2.2.35623.10402", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.35623.10402", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Medicine, Mood, Psychology, Systematic review, MEDLINE, Comparative research, Gerontology, Comparative effectiveness research, Qualitative comparative analysis, Psychotherapist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155155213\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155155213\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083815743\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge Oliveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3467-4981\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.35623.10402\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155155213" }, { "id": 4152, "title": "Psilocybin Treatment for Refractory Depression: A Clinical Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment for refractory depression a clinical review", "authors": "Jensen, Hailey A", "abstract": "Introduction: Depression is a widespread mental illness that affects a large portion of the world population and many of those who suffer from depression are resistant to treatment currently available. The purpose of this review is to compare the efficacy of psilocybin to the current available methods for the treatment of refractory depression. Methods: PubMed was searched with the key search terms: resistant depression, psilocybin therapy, and adults. Operators and filters narrowed down the search to 43 results. Four articles were then chosen based on quality and specificity with this review. Results: The articles included in this review compare the effectiveness of psilocybin to the currently available treatment methods for depression. Each of these articles found psilocybin to be a fast acting, effective treatment for treatment resistant depression. Discussion: Early results regarding psilocybin as a treatment for treatment resistant depression suggest psilocybin is efficacious. Due to the hallucinogenic nature of psilocybin and the current stigma surrounding the drug, more research is needed to determine safety profile and effective doses.", "journal": "Digital Commons - Gardner-Webb University (Gardner-Webb University)", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/pa-department-journal-of-medical-science/63", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Refractory (planetary science), Treatment-resistant depression, Population, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Clinical trial, Pharmacology, Intensive care medicine, Clinical efficacy, Psychology, Quality of life (healthcare), MEDLINE, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7110564344\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7110564344\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Jensen, Hailey A\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196844\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Commons - Gardner-Webb University (Gardner–Webb University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/pa-department-journal-of-medical-science/63\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7110564344" }, { "id": 372, "title": "Anxiety and Affective Symptoms Related to the Use of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "anxiety and affective symptoms related to the use of classic psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Viljoen G, Betzler F", "abstract": "There is a large and rapidly growing body of literature investigating the therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics in affective and anxiety disorders, but very few studies have examined the inverse of this, that is, the potential for psychedelics to inflict anxiety and affective symptoms. A systematic literature search was performed and 39 papers were included in the final review to qualitatively synthesize the current literature on anxiety and affective disorders related to the use of classic psychedelics. Persisting disorders were less frequent but generally occurred in individuals who presented with several risk factors (overdose, polydrug use, unstructured recreational setting, psychosocial stress, personal/familial psychiatric histories). When psychedelics were administered in clinical studies under the framework of psychedelic-assisted therapy, the incidence of enduring anxiety and affective symptoms was low. In most cases, acute transient anxiety emerged and resolved during the dosing session without the need for additional treatment interventions. The nuance of such cases is discussed, shedding light on the role of emotional catharsis in the therapeutic process. Several suggestions are proposed to enhance patient safety including strengthening the therapeutic alliance, ensuring adequate mental preparation, acclimating to high doses and providing on-going therapeutic support.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2024_534", "pubmed_id": "39436632", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39436632/", "keywords": "Affective disorders, Anxiety, Depression, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39436632\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 347, "title": "Pharmacological Management of Anxiety in End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review of Benzodiazepines, Opioids, and Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "pharmacological management of anxiety in end of life care a systematic review of benzodiazepines opioids and psilocybin", "authors": "Brunno Freitas da Costa, Paula Hartmann, Daniel Pagnin", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: Anxiety is common in patients receiving end-of-life care and significantly impacts their quality of life. However, pharmacological management remains challenging due to complex clinical presentations and potential side effects, emphasizing the need for systematically reviewing existing treatments. Here we aim to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for anxiety in end-of-life care. DESIGN: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024556913). Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Eligible studies included adults receiving end-of-life care and evaluated pharmacological interventions targeting anxiety. RESULTS: Five studies met inclusion criteria: two assessing benzodiazepines combined with opioids and three evaluating psilocybin. Both benzodiazepine-opioid combinations and psilocybin reduced anxiety symptoms. Psilocybin studies reported rapid and sustained anxiety relief, with approximately 60%-80% of participants experiencing clinically significant improvements. Both treatment categories showed good tolerability without serious adverse events. However, the evidence base was limited by small sample sizes and narrow study contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Benzodiazepine-opioid combinations and psilocybin show promise for anxiety relief in end-of-life patients. Nevertheless, limited high-quality evidence highlights an important research gap. Further robust clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and guide clinical practice in palliative care.", "journal": "Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/hup.70032", "pubmed_id": "41502021", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.70032", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anxiety, Clinical trial, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical Practice, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, MEDLINE, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Palliative care, Symptom relief, Systematic review, Depression (economics), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118595574\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118595574\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1964060279\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978479511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012160863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088351477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088378149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148893203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2531269403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970684805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985843276\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010262839\",\"https://openalex.org/W3017244297\",\"https://openalex.org/W3019350884\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387019277\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402564741\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060359012\",\"display_name\":\"Brunno Freitas da Costa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122215912\",\"display_name\":\"Paula Hartmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038617698\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Pagnin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-3935\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S154207414\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.70032\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7118595574" }, { "id": 323, "title": "[Clinical application and mechanistic studies of psychedelics for treatment of depression: progress and future challenges].", "normalized_title": "clinical application and mechanistic studies of psychedelics for treatment of depression progress and future challenges", "authors": "Xia K, Gao T.", "abstract": "Depression is a complex and globally prevalent mental disorder, for which conventional antidepressant medications face limitations such as delayed onset and insufficient efficacy. Classic psychedelics, most notably psilocybin, have recently emerged as promising candidates for treatment of depression and demonstrated rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects in controlled clinical settings. Their unique mechanisms of action and clinical prospects have become a key research focus in psychiatry and neuroscience. This review synthesizes the latest advances in the field over the past 5 years. Results from multiple randomized controlled trials indicate that a single or limited number of sessions of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can induce rapid and durable antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. At the mechanistic level, psychedelics rapidly promote the release of neurotrophic factors, enhance neuroplasticity, and facilitate brain network reorganization, thereby creating a critical \"neuroplastic window\" for psychotherapeutic intervention. However, the specific molecular and circuit-level mechanisms have not been fully understood with ongoing debate primarily over the 5-HT2A receptor-dependent hypothesis versus the TrkB neurotrophic pathway-dependent hypothesis. Despite the promising outlook, translational applications of these substances faces several key challenges, including psychedelic-related risks, incomplete mechanistic understanding, lack of standardized treatment protocols, and insufficient long-term safety data. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, developing non-hallucinogenic derivatives, establishing standardized treatment frameworks, and identifying precise biomarkers to advance this therapeutic approach toward safer, more standardized, and personalized clinical implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.01.01", "pubmed_id": "41540686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.01.01", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41540686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 235, "title": "Psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression: priorities and prospects.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression priorities and prospects", "authors": "Thuery G, Crossen F, Mc Loone D, Hinds C, Duffy R, Jairaj C, Harkin A, Kelly JR", "abstract": "Approximately 15% of pregnant women experience postpartum depression (PPD). Even with currently available antidepressant treatments, many women will continue to be impaired by symptoms. Psychedelic therapy offers a promising transdiagnostic therapeutic strategy for several mental health disorders, and early results from current trials suggest that serotonergic psychedelics may represent a viable therapeutic approach for PPD. However, there is marked variability in the therapeutic response to psychedelic therapy, and the benefit-risk ratio in this population is not yet clear. To inform the rationale for the use of serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of PPD, this review summarises the existing knowledge of immune, endocrine and neural pathways underpinning PPD and explores how serotonergic psychedelics interact with these pathways in the context of maternal motivation, bonding and caregiving behaviours. Finally, special considerations for psychedelic therapy in the postpartum period are outlined and future perspectives explored. Despite the rationale and encouraging early findings, further research is required to determine efficacy and safety profiles. Future studies, particularly longitudinal trials, should include adaptations and safeguards tailored to the unique physiological, psychological and caregiving contexts of the postpartum period.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251408280", "pubmed_id": "41816502", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41816502/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, major depression, postpartum depression, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41816502\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3017, "title": "Psilocybin as a Serotonergic Therapy in Epilepsy: Narrative Review of Therapeutic Potentials and Seizure Risks", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a serotonergic therapy in epilepsy narrative review of therapeutic potentials and seizure risks", "authors": "Miguel Benjamín Cervera-Sánchez, Daniel San-Juan, Roberto Díaz-Peregrino, Evelin Zulema Camacho-Castillo, Sthefany Anahi Bringas-Ortiz, Christian Padilla-Cabezutd", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in neuropsychiatric disorders but presents a paradoxical relationship with seizures and epilepsy. Methods: A narrative review was conducted up to November 23, 2025. We conducted structured literature searches across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science. and Google Scholar using MeSH terms and keywords to identify studies on psilocybin, magic mushrooms, or psilocin related to seizures or epilepsy. We also covered our research on serotonergic modulation and epilepsy. We selected a set of core studies directly addressing the research question and additional publications providing mechanistic and contextual evidence for the narrative synthesis. The Risk of Bias of the studies was assessed according to their type. Results: Experimental models demonstrate that psilocybin’s action on 5-HT2A receptors may confer anticonvulsant effects, reducing seizure severity in certain contexts. Preclinical findings support serotonergic modulation as a therapeutic strategy, notably in Dravet syndrome models. However, observational studies report seizures associated with recreational psilocybin use, raising concerns about its pro-convulsant potential, particularly outside controlled environments. Our risk of bias assessment of this evidence revealed significant methodological limitations, urging a cautious interpretation. Nevertheless, clinical trials in neuropsychiatric populations have not shown increased seizure risks under medical supervision. Conclusions: Psilocybin holds potential as a novel adjunctive therapy for epilepsy through selective serotonergic modulation, although conflicting data emphasize the caution with which psilocybin should be implemented clinically, especially in high doses. Animal studies and clinical trials in the future should verify the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of epilepsy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Narrative review, Serotonergic, Medicine, Narrative, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Epilepsy, Hallucinogen, Review article, MEDLINE, Obsessive compulsive, Depression (economics), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7117461912\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7117461912\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114582204\",\"display_name\":\"Miguel Benjamín Cervera-Sánchez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121441793\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel San-Juan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077433028\",\"display_name\":\"Roberto Díaz-Peregrino\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2991-2874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117633819\",\"display_name\":\"Evelin Zulema Camacho-Castillo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117464135\",\"display_name\":\"Sthefany Anahi Bringas-Ortiz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121481342\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Padilla-Cabezutd\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7117461912" }, { "id": 3055, "title": "A Randomised, Triple-Blind, Dose-Finding Study of the Impact of Psilocybin on Motor Function in Healthy Participants", "normalized_title": "a randomised triple blind dose finding study of the impact of psilocybin on motor function in healthy participants", "authors": "Bhagavan C, Carter O, Nielsen G, Berlowitz D, Issak S, Braat S, Zaloumis S, Attard Z, Oliver G, Mayne D, Rucker J, Butler M, Dandash O, Bryson A, Kanaan RA.", "abstract": "Background Psychedelics exert widespread effects on brain activity, but their impact on motor function is unclear. This is clinically relevant given the emerging interest in psychedelic-assisted physical therapy for disorders of motor function. This study’s primary objectives examined the feasibility and safety of administering movement tasks following low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin in healthy volunteers. Methods Healthy participants were randomly assigned three psilocybin doses consisting of either (1) 5mg, 10mg, and 15mg, or (2) 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg, with at least one week between doses. Movement tasks were administered during the acute drug effects. Participants, physiotherapists, and statisticians were blinded to the dosing order. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating completion of the de Morton Mobility Index and Functional Movement Exploration (measures of gross motor function). Safety outcomes included vital signs and adverse events. Additional exploratory motor outcomes included the Action Research Arm Test (assessing dexterity), Box and Block Test (Original and Modified versions) (combining dexterity with motor speed), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (combining motor speed with intellectual functions), and Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test (assessing reaction time). The 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness and Ego-Dissolution Inventory assessed changes in states of consciousness. Blinding efficacy was assessed by asking participants and physiotherapists to guess the doses administered. Results Thirteen participants were randomised: seven to 5mg, 10mg, and 15mg; six to 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg. One participant was unable to complete several movement tasks at 20mg. Nausea (n=8, 62%) and headache (n=7, 54%) were the most common adverse events. No serious adverse events or adverse events related to movement task administration occurred. Median values [interquartile ranges] remained near-perfect across doses for the de Morton Mobility Index (92.5-100.0 [85.0-100.0]), Functional Movement Exploration (100.0 [96.0-100.0]), and Action Research Arm Test (56.0-57.0 [52.0-57.0]). Baseline Box and Block Test (Original) median scores (65.0 [60.0-67.0]) improved to 79.0 [70.0-83.0] at 5mg and 4.5 hours post-dose (5mg-4.5H), and worsened to 57.5 [51.0-64.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Baseline Box and Block Test (Modified) median scores (48.0 [47.0-53.0]) worsened to 43.0 [35.0-45.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Baseline Digit Symbol Substitution Test median scores (73.0 [66.0-77.0]) improved to 87.0 [81.0-90.0] at 10mg-4.5H, and worsened to 62.0 [54.0-86.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test scores lacked consistent dose-related changes across participants. Changes in states of consciousness were greatest at 20mg. Participants and physiotherapists correctly guessed the administered dose 53% and 50% of the time, respectively. Conclusions Movement tasks were feasible during psilocybin dosing up to 15mg. Impairments emerged at 20mg in tasks that combined motor and additional cognitive functions. These findings support the feasibility of performing complex movement tasks during psilocybin dosing and will inform the conduct of trials utilising psilocybin-assisted physical rehabilitation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000560897 Date registered: 12 May 2021 URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=381526&isReview=true Key Findings There is growing interest for psychedelic-assisted physical therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders of motor dysfunction, however, the impact of psychedelics on motor function remains unclear. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and impact on motor function of administering movement tasks following low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin in healthy volunteers. These findings support the feasibility of performing complex movement tasks during psilocybin dosing up to 15mg and will inform the conduct of trials utilising psilocybin-assisted physical therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.22.25342874", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.22.25342874", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1254240\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4196, "title": "From fungi to pharmacy: Applied technologies in psilocybin production and its therapeutic applications", "normalized_title": "from fungi to pharmacy applied technologies in psilocybin production and its therapeutic applications", "authors": "Qinqing Chen, Peiyuan Chen, Tao Wei, Sunita Chamyuang, Bai-Xiong Chen", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid found in over 200 species of fungi, has emerged as a focal point in the modern revival of psychedelic science. Once relegated to the margins of psychopharmacology due to its association with counterculture and strict legal restrictions, psilocybin is now undergoing a scientific renaissance. This transformation is driven by its unique pharmacological profile and promising therapeutic potential across a range of psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on psilocybin, covering its natural biosynthetic pathways, production technologies, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. We first introduced its four-enzyme synthesis pathway in Psilocybe fungi and explored how synthetic biology can revolutionize its production methods through microbial heterologous expression. Pharmacologically, psilocybin acts as a prodrug that is converted in vivo into its active metabolite, dephosphorylated psilocybin (psilocin), which functions as a partial agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor. This activates neuroplasticity pathways such as BDNF and mTOR, thereby producing rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Despite its therapeutic promise, significant challenges remain. These include methodological limitations such as functional unblinding in clinical trials, lack of diversity in study populations, and evolving regulatory frameworks. Looking forward, the integration of precision psychiatry, synthetic biology, and novel trial designs will be critical in translating psilocybin from a promising compound into a mainstream therapeutic agent. This review aims to provide a foundational understanding of psilocybin’s scientific basis and its potential to reshape modern psychiatric care, we uniquely bridge the gap between upstream biosynthetic engineering and downstream clinical efficacy, providing a holistic roadmap for the drug’s development from fungi to pharmacy. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS Microbial biosynthesis enables scalable, high-titer psilocybin production. Therapeutic action is driven by 5-HT2A receptor-mediated neuroplasticity. Demonstrates rapid and sustained antidepressant efficacy in clinical trials.", "journal": "Creative Science", "publication_date": "2025-12-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.55674/cs.v18i1.264689", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v18i1.264689", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychopharmacology, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Drug discovery, Antidepressant, Biology, Medicine, Prodrug, Computational biology, Pharmaceutical industry, Therapeutic modalities, Review article, Bodywork, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7116104340\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7116104340\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Qinqing Chen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Peiyuan Chen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Tao Wei\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Sunita Chamyuang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Bai-Xiong Chen\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387285996\",\"source_display_name\":\"Creative Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v18i1.264689\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7116104340" }, { "id": 353, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for individuals with palliative care needs: A systematic review of safety and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for individuals with palliative care needs a systematic review of safety and efficacy", "authors": "Matos ARS, Silva AC, Rego L, Fernandes R, Gonçalves S.", "abstract": "BackgroundPalliative Care is concerned with relieving suffering and improving the quality of life of patients and their families. Currently, questions arise about how to provide patients with good end-of-life care. There has been increasing interest in the beneficial effects of using psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with severe chronic illnesses near the end of their lives and who present symptoms of depression and/or anxiety.AimExplore the role of psilocybin-assisted therapy in palliative care, synthesizing evidence from clinical trials and longitudinal studies.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesA bibliographic search was performed in April 2024 in B-on, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed quantitative research (RCTs, longitudinal, and observational designs) with adult participants in palliative care settings, examining the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Reviews, gray literature, and studies outside the scope of palliative care were excluded.ResultsOf the 215 articles found, six studies (n = 74 participants; age range 22-75 years) met the inclusion criteria. Across randomized and open-label trials, psilocybin-assisted therapy produced clinically significant reductions in depression and anxiety, with 57-79% of participants achieving ⩾ 50% symptom reduction on standardized scales (e.g. HAM-D, HAM-A, BDI, STAI). Improvements were sustained for up to 6-8 months in most trials, and in one follow-up study, for up to 4.5 years. Reported adverse effects were generally mild and transient, including nausea, vomiting, and temporary increases in blood pressure and heart rate; no serious adverse events were observed.ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted therapy consistently demonstrated efficacy and safety in the reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, more studies exploring integrating psilocybin-assisted therapy into existing palliative care healthcare systems are needed. This includes investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of integrating psilocybin-assisted therapy into routine clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02692163251383335", "pubmed_id": "41410211", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163251383335", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41410211\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 229, "title": "Breaking the chains of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin therapy", "normalized_title": "breaking the chains of depression a systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Faheem Ahmed Khan, Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari, Tewin Tencomnao, Siriporn Chuchawankul", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "publication_date": "2025-12-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882", "pubmed_id": "41419063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Mood, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Psychiatry, Cognition, Mood disorders, Systematic review, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Substance use, Major depressive disorder, Depression (economics), MEDLINE, Mental health, Mental illness, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417535188\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417535188\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337075201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2557987083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2557998092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558291661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2766270028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784860341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794118706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807286797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023228010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087462486\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110773874\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169261903\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182096564\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200528712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200117112\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210913256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214830215\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280498396\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282982392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283584241\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285041046\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302007737\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312905304\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379967727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387671343\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389304198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389728826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390176357\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390629750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391067287\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391617258\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392203910\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392888270\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392948774\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394873909\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395110324\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400311237\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405570262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405599349\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405922737\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955639\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406120474\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406325139\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408581056\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087749053\",\"display_name\":\"Faheem Ahmed Khan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3590-4320\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Tewin Tencomnao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Siriporn Chuchawankul\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S113871862\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Affective Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417535188" }, { "id": 293, "title": "Psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics: Molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain", "authors": "Vollebregt R, Storm AEM, Lucassen PJ, Somers M.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics, like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and psilocybin, can alter perception, emotion, and cognition, and have shown promise as 're-purposed' treatments for some psychiatric disorders. Recent trials have, e.g., demonstrated rapid and sustained symptom relief in treatment-resistant depression. While promising as a treatment, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying both the subjective and clinical effects remain incompletely understood. Also, their broader influence on (intra) cellular processes, neural circuits, and brain-wide connectivity is less well documented. Here, we review the molecular and network-level alterations induced by classical serotonergic psychedelics through a systematic review of experimental and (pre)clinical studies from 1990 onward. We focus on the short-term impact on receptor activity, intracellular signaling, and functional brain connectivity underlying the psychedelic experience. Most psychedelics primarily act as serotonin 5-HT₂A receptor agonists, initiating intracellular signaling pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, glutamate release, and cortical excitability. Psychedelics disrupt functional network connectivity, particularly within the default mode network, while enhancing global integration across brain regions. These effects are associated with subjective experiences of 'ego dissolution' and altered perception, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects. This review synthesizes findings at the molecular and systems level and their interaction during the psychedelic state. While no single model explains all effects, several overlapping theories begin to bridge receptor-level activity with large-scale brain connectivity changes. Improving our understanding of their neurobiological basis may help clarify how psychedelics act and allows for more tailored opportunities to enhance their therapeutic effects and clinical application in a stratified manner.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529", "pubmed_id": "41412413", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41412413\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4203, "title": "COMPARATIVE EFFICACY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF PSILOCYBIN-KETAMINE AND TYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER MANAGEMENT: A NETWORK META-ANALYSIS", "normalized_title": "comparative efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin ketamine and typical antidepressants for major depressive disorder management a network meta analysis", "authors": "Pedro Rodrigues, Weliton Rodrigues dos Santos Júnior, Ivan de Sousa Araújo, Leonardo Maia Leony, Fernanda Adélia Almeida Custódio Pires Gomes, Tairone Matos de Lima Junior, Luís Felipe Freitas Moreira, Rafael Telles Santana, Manoel Carlos Matos Santos, R. Silva", "abstract": "Objective: To compare acceptability and effectiveness of psilocybin, ketamine and commonly prescribed antidepressants in the management of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Methods: This is a systematic review with network meta-analysis. The survey was conducted between January and June 2023, employing MEDLINE, PsyINFO, Embase, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Randomized controlled clinical trials involving escitalopram, bupropion, paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, ketamine or psilocybin in MDD were included. We analyzed effectiveness and acceptability of medications through depressive symptom scores and proportion of patients who dropped out, respectively. Results: 5845 documents were identified, of which 149 were reviewed. In terms of efficacy, all antidepressants were more effective than placebo, with psilocybin and ketamine achieving a lower depressive symptom score and suicide ideation. Regarding acceptability, the placebo obtained significantly better results than evaluated drugs. Psilocybin had the highest surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) score among the interventions with 100 and 86.96 for efficacy and acceptability followed to ketamine with 86.83 and 84.56, respectively. Conclusions: Psilocybin and ketamine have been shown to be superior to all other interventions with regard to efficacy and acceptability, including the treatment-refractory MDD. Thus, the results seem to show in this study that the psilocybin e ketamine can serve for better decision-making by physicians in the therapeutic management of MDD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.55905/edicon.978-65-83115-47-8_8", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.55905/edicon.978-65-83115-47-8_8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Ketamine, Major depressive disorder, Psychological intervention, Medicine, Suicidal ideation, Psychiatry, Placebo, Randomized controlled trial, Clinical psychology, Meta-analysis, Depression (economics), Clinical trial, Psychology, MEDLINE, Hallucinogen, Fluoxetine, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Treatment of Major Depression, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417258517\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417258517\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101439518\",\"display_name\":\"Pedro Rodrigues\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6955-8868\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120777830\",\"display_name\":\"Weliton Rodrigues dos Santos Júnior\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001946586\",\"display_name\":\"Ivan de Sousa Araújo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015769888\",\"display_name\":\"Leonardo Maia Leony\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-8332\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Fernanda Adélia Almeida Custódio Pires Gomes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Tairone Matos de Lima Junior\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Luís Felipe Freitas Moreira\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Rafael Telles Santana\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Manoel Carlos Matos Santos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024217341\",\"display_name\":\"R. Silva\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-1723\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.55905/edicon.978-65-83115-47-8_8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417258517" }, { "id": 4202, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA in Couples Therapy: Investigating Treatment for Substance Use Disorders and Codependency", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma in couples therapy investigating treatment for substance use disorders and codependency", "authors": "Samuel Hosford, Heather Austin-Robillard", "abstract": "Abstract Substance use disorders (SUDs) are increasingly common in the United States, and while this may be a dilemma for those using, it also inflicts problems for those around the user. In couples where drug abuse is present, negative codependent characteristics can arise independently in the non-user, having a damaging effect on the couple dynamic. This is a narrative review to identify how psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has been used to treat SUDs and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for disorders like PTSD, examining how MDMA may also be able to treat codependency in a spouse uniquely afflicted by their counterpart’s addiction. When utilizing the combination of these two substances with couples therapy, a reduction of addictive characteristics in one client with a SUD may occur while also shifting codependent behaviors in the romantic partner. Clinical implications as well as limitations on current research are discussed along with further suggestions for psychedelic-assisted couples therapy [149].", "journal": "Contemporary Family Therapy", "publication_date": "2025-12-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s10591-025-09766-8", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-025-09766-8", "keywords": "MDMA, Psilocybin, Psychology, Spouse, Psychotherapist, Addiction, Psychiatry, Substance abuse, Clinical psychology, Substance use, Dilemma, Distress, Addictive behavior, Narrative, Narrative review, Addiction treatment, Psychological resilience, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417245537\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417245537\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017177786\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022453004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036509677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051346624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073325099\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084072934\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099831292\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101795926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111112265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132011757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166732267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290412758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2298093053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321994137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2343567633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2497338278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586838172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783968272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790184875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805186158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888724500\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923355729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923845428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2943125156\",\"https://openalex.org/W2947260413\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020950088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3037497292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108218550\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118378081\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120187098\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193928493\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195160347\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213415362\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223637052\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249608924\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255610187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281687410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388304929\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900041\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399215777\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399650907\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405977949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409449345\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412982879\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119077083\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel Hosford\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071973156\",\"display_name\":\"Heather Austin-Robillard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1327-9326\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S35551707\",\"source_display_name\":\"Contemporary Family Therapy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-025-09766-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Aging,Resilience,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417245537" }, { "id": 3040, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder maintains abstinence efficacy a scoping review", "authors": "Suspène J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorders. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.", "journal": "Qeios", "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.32388/xcfsag.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32388/xcfsag.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1132205\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Qeios\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 354, "title": "Psilocybin in late-life mental health: Addressing depression, loneliness, and existential anxiety", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in late life mental health addressing depression loneliness and existential anxiety", "authors": "Gerasimos Konstantinou, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Sarah Hales, Muhammad Ishrat Husain, Daniel M. Blumberger", "abstract": "The global demographic shift toward aging populations has intensified the need for innovative therapeutic interventions targeting late-life mental health conditions, notably depression, loneliness, and existential distress. Traditional pharmacological treatments often exhibit limited efficacy and poor tolerability in older patients, primarily due to age-related physiological changes and the challenges associated with polypharmacy. Recently, psychedelic-assisted therapy, particularly psilocybin, has gained attention for its potential antidepressant and psychological benefits. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the current evidence supporting psilocybin's effectiveness in older populations and elucidates its neurobiological mechanisms, including serotonergic modulation, enhanced neuroplasticity, and the disruption of maladaptive default mode network activity. Clinical trials in general adult samples demonstrate sustained improvements in depressive symptoms, existential anxiety, and social connectedness following psilocybin administration, suggesting its distinct therapeutic potential beyond conventional treatments. However, geriatric populations are underrepresented in psychedelic research, creating significant knowledge gaps regarding dosing, safety profiles, and long-term outcomes. Pharmacokinetic complexities, cardiovascular risks, and drug interactions necessitate age-specific therapeutic protocols. Ethical considerations, including the complexities of informed consent in cases of cognitive impairment, further underscore the importance of tailored approaches. Future directions must prioritize dedicated geriatric studies that incorporate rigorous safety assessments and integrate findings into existing geriatric care frameworks to fully assess the potential of psilocybin for enhancing late-life mental health and quality of life.", "journal": "General Hospital Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005", "pubmed_id": "41401486", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychological intervention, Psychology, Anxiety, Mental health, Tolerability, Cognition, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Antidepressant, Informed consent, Medicine, Clinical trial, MEDLINE, Mental illness, Polypharmacy, Depression (economics), Social connectedness, Quality of life (healthcare), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417166023\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417166023\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1531988994\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975380080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007816489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047342826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053580809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054169331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055862036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088140721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108129761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111553780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122879540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127005038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131764590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312396951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335478514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518041136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586877732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2609801503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2736123236\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901739937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952447426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2998525361\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3021136383\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080361799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159481221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182695044\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207449839\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217718387\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200455094\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283524493\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294723946\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306663560\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306913343\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308768859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309494777\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312196530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323656393\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365141030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384664606\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385542937\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390988530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391115210\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391540455\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391824403\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391841842\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391959916\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391967348\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392004581\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392049752\",\"https://openalex.org/W4397049758\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401920066\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405510726\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406599518\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407642838\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408049629\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408808337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410119026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410795265\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051147741\",\"display_name\":\"Gerasimos Konstantinou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-1633\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050740394\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua D. Rosenblat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-2191\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060578045\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Hales\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-8124\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078217449\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Ishrat Husain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-5750\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108125787\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel M. Blumberger\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S45708651\",\"source_display_name\":\"General Hospital Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417166023" }, { "id": 296, "title": "Disengaged: A systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic-assisted therapy research.", "normalized_title": "disengaged a systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic assisted therapy research", "authors": "Reid MR, Song J, Boehnke KF, Buchanan NT, Aday JS.", "abstract": "People of color have been significantly underincluded in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) research, despite facing challenges commonly addressed in PAT and often more severe symptoms. It may be the case that people of color are underincluded because PAT researchers have not used approaches designed to promote sample diversity. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is a research paradigm that has demonstrated success in promoting participant diversity. We hypothesize that the absence of CEnR in psychedelic science may be a contributing factor to the lack of diversity in psychedelic studies. To examine the prevalence of CEnR practices in PAT research, we conducted a systematic review of the past 10 years of psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD clinical trials in the United States. We reviewed each study (N = 27) to assess whether researchers incorporated CEnR using the Continuum of Community Engagement and reached out to each individual study team to ensure comprehensiveness. Our analysis revealed that only 3/27 (11.11 %) studies incorporated CEnR. In the rare instances CEnR was integrated, PAT researchers used community consultation, which involves relatively little engagement with community members. To improve representation in PAT trials, we recommending incorporating the CEnR principles of 1) mapping and engaging local stakeholders, 2) leveraging existing university-hospital infrastructures, 3) co-designing research and outreach initiatives, 4) securing dedicated CEnR resources, and 5) establishing mechanisms for ongoing evaluation. This systematic review supports that there has been a paucity of community-engaged practices in PAT research, which can be addressed by incorporating our recommendations for implementing CEnR in PAT studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516", "pubmed_id": "41365426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Community-Based Participatory Research, Community Participation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41365426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 201, "title": "The effect of dextromethorphan on reward-related behaviors: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.", "normalized_title": "the effect of dextromethorphan on reward related behaviors a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence", "authors": "Teopiz KM, Le GH, Wong S, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "IntroductionExtant literature suggests that anhedonia, defined as a loss of the ability to feel pleasure or interest, is subserved by dysregulation of reward processing in the central nervous system. Dextromethorphan (DXM), an uncompetitive N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and sigma-1 (σ1) receptor agonist, is a glutamatergic modulator with antidepressant properties. The effect of DXM on reward-related outcomes remains inadequately characterized. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of extant literature reporting on the effects of DXM on reward-related behaviors in both preclinical and clinical studies.MethodsA systematic search of the literature was conducted on online databases (PubMed, OVID, Scopus, Web of Science) of published articles from inception to January 2025. Preclinical and clinical studies that reported on the effect of DXM on reward outcomes were assessed.ResultsPreclinical studies (n = 13) indicate that administration of DXM attenuates reward-seeking behavior in rats as measured primarily by performance in the conditioned place preference test and behavioral sensitization. In a single human study (n = 1) evaluating DXM in healthy participants (n = 20), self-reported drug-liking for DXM (400 mg/70 kg) was significantly lower in comparison to psilocybin (20 mg and 30 mg) at 7 h after the dosing session.DiscussionExtant literature suggests that DXM administration attenuates reward-related behaviors in rats. There is a paucity of human studies investigating the effect of DXM on reward outcomes. Future research should prioritize the investigation of the effect of DXM on reward function using validated reward paradigms in persons with anhedonia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120836", "pubmed_id": "41360373", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120836", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Dextromethorphan, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Reward, Anhedonia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41360373\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 402, "title": "Novel psychedelic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine.", "normalized_title": "novel psychedelic interventions for post traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine", "authors": "Dodds C, Dawson R, Lim A, Tye S, Nasrallah F.", "abstract": "Novel interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) leverage the psychoactive properties of psychedelic compounds, such as ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin, which may overcome limitations of conventional treatments. Through the modulation of pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, psychedelic interventions are believed to enhance the mechanisms underlying memory processing and extinction. Multi-modal approaches to patient care can use existing treatments in combination with psychedelics to improve the efficacy of current psychotherapies, producing rapid and lasting improvement to chronic physiological and psychological symptoms. Modern methods for predicting treatment response will allow clinicians to personalise psychedelic interventions to the individual, capitalising on quantitative evidence to provide precision medical care. This review serves to identify limitations of the current treatment paradigm for PTSD, highlight how emerging psychedelic interventions may offer a solution to these considerations and explore the promise of precision medicine approaches for the future of PTSD treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251396255", "pubmed_id": "41362593", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251396255", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41362593\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 404, "title": "Comment on: Effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "comment on effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation attempts and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Machado T, Rodrigues ASL, Costa J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251397590", "pubmed_id": "41356122", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251397590", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41356122\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4230, "title": "Efficacy of psilocybin on death anxiety in terminal patients: a narrative review", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin on death anxiety in terminal patients a narrative review", "authors": "Morris Lintong Barimbing, Dian Pritasari Jeger, Made Edwin Sridana", "abstract": "This narrative review synthesized the use of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a promising treatment for alleviating death anxiety in terminally ill patients. The insights presented are derived from findings reported in previous studies. Therefore, this review aimed to assess the efficacy, pharmacology, and mechanisms by which psilocybin alters brain function by affecting 5-HT2A receptors and disrupting the default mode network (DMN), helping to reduce existential fear. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated substantial progress in therapy, with results showing standardized mean differences in anxiety reduction ranging from −0.70 to −1.08, with effects lasting up to six months after a single dose. This review examines the implications for clinical practice, highlighting psilocybin’s favorable safety profile and its potential to fill therapeutic gaps left by conventional treatments, and also addresses the ethical issues surrounding the use of psilocybin in terminally ill patients. The findings support the integration of psychedelic-assisted methods with standard palliative care to enhance end-of-life care and also highlight potential directions for further studies.", "journal": "Progress in Palliative Care", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/09699260.2026.2657096", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09699260.2026.2657096", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Narrative review, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Terminal (telecommunication), Death anxiety, Psychotherapist, Life review, Narrative, Clinical psychology, Terminal care, Depression (economics), Palliative care, MEDLINE, Review article, Hallucinogen, Terminal cancer, Terminally ill, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7152631097\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7152631097\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1987559404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058150514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413083000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518148997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894694698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902481475\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949756216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2966728360\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991985135\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014996408\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087328717\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113693816\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134789907\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175230374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194946707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208196863\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213518678\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200198590\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200517619\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225106358\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281653128\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292308198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293216995\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295828365\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306398972\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316686787\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323263931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366280986\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380151127\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380484863\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187233\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383912690\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384819730\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385173532\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386901577\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390509229\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391328164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391755875\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392767026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396869026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401895725\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406126624\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406472518\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408459373\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409521679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409797469\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410735628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410910940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411086084\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411955700\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413030984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413190735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414123659\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414267802\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414465307\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414541727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414616693\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414845973\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417166023\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417184349\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417190046\",\"https://openalex.org/W7117564265\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121753259\",\"display_name\":\"Morris Lintong Barimbing\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124943449\",\"display_name\":\"Dian Pritasari Jeger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007993692\",\"display_name\":\"Made Edwin Sridana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8670-0099\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S19816070\",\"source_display_name\":\"Progress in Palliative Care\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09699260.2026.2657096\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7152631097" }, { "id": 4221, "title": "Psilocybin and Neuroplasticity: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Directions", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and neuroplasticity mechanisms therapeutic potential and future directions", "authors": "S. Fereydouni", "abstract": "Introduction Mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), remain a significant global health concern, requiring novel therapeutic approaches. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, has shown potential in modulating neuroplasticity, a critical process for cognitive flexibility and mental well-being. This review explores psilocybin’s role in enhancing neuroplasticity and its therapeutic implications for mental disorders. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted (2015-2024) using PubMed, PsycINFO, and other databases. Search terms included “Mental Health,” “Psilocybin,” “Neuroplasticity,” and “Mental Disorders.” Studies on psilocybin’s effects on neuroplasticity in human and animal models were included. Extracted data were synthesized chronologically to identify key findings and trends. Results Psilocybin acts primarily via 5-HT2A receptor activation, increasing synaptic connectivity, dendritogenesis, and neurogenesis. It enhances neuroplasticity through the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, contributing to antidepressant and pro-social effects. Clinical and preclinical evidence supports improvements in mood regulation, fear extinction, and cognitive function. Some inconsistencies in neuroplastic outcomes highlight the need for standardized protocols and further investigation. Conclusions Psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity is a promising avenue for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to clarify long-term effects, optimal dosing, and molecular mechanisms to ensure safe and effective clinical applications.", "journal": "Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Neuroscience, MEDLINE, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Disease, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Feature (linguistics), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7115166480\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7115166480\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"S. Fereydouni\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226710\",\"source_display_name\":\"Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7115166480" }, { "id": 297, "title": "New treatments for OCD? Evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "new treatments for ocd evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics", "authors": "Van Ameringen M, Patel V, Patterson B, Hopkinson P, Rahat M.", "abstract": "The etiology of OCD is complex and appears to involve multiple biological pathways. Imbalances in central serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate activities are widely thought to play a causative role. Despite strong evidence supporting first-line OCD pharmacotherapies, approximately 40-60 % of OCD patients remain unresponsive and are considered treatment resistant (TR). Although a range of agents have been examined in TR-OCD, there is no gold-standard, indicating a need to broaden our clinical armamentarium. Cannabis has been used for centuries in many cultures for both medicinal and recreational purposes. Clinical interest in these agents has recently re-emerged. The current evidence for the use of cannabinoids in OCD is very small and includes survey-based, self-report studies with very few controlled trials. Additionally, after a long hiatus from psychiatric research, psychedelics have re-emerged as agents of interest within the past decade. A comprehensive scoping review of the OCD literature including published and grey literature was conducted and detailed in this paper. The current evidence associated with Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), and Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDMA) in the treatment of OCD is detailed. Much of the current evidence examining cannabinoids and psychedelics in OCD is from cross-sectional surveys and case reports, as well as some small clinical trials. There is a shortage of well-controlled, methodologically rigorous RCTs to properly test the efficacy of cannabinoids or psychedelics in OCD and related disorders. However, the current evidence appears to indicate a lack of evidence supporting the use of either synthetic or natural cannabinoids to treat OCD, but a stronger signal for the use of psilocybin in TR-OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021", "pubmed_id": "41317726", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabinoids, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41317726\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4232, "title": "Qualitative Research on Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "qualitative research on psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental disorders a scoping review", "authors": "J Pincombe, M.L. Williams, Sean Carruthers, Susan L. Rossell", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) may be an effective intervention for a range of mental disorders. However, there appears to be a relative lack of qualitative evidence to complement emerging quantitative findings. To our knowledge, no reviews have systematically mapped the literature on qualitative studies on PAP for the treatment of mental disorders with the intent to identify opportunities for future research. Aims: To assess the scope of qualitative research on PAP for mental disorders, identify research trends, and highlight future opportunities. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and PsycNET for qualitative studies of adults (18 years and older) with a mental disorder who received PAP in controlled research settings. The search was limited to peer review articles, without time limitations. Results: A total of 13 qualitative studies were identified, which included participants with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, alcohol-use disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa. The studies explored 12 topics, ranging from pre- to postintervention experiences. Most studies used semi-structured interviews and used interpretative phenomenological analysis or thematic analysis. Conclusions: This review provides information to researchers and clinicians to guide future qualitative investigations that will complement and enhance the field’s understanding of PAP in treating mental disorders. Opportunities include covering a broader range of mental disorders; exploring longer term outcomes, the sustainability of effects, postintervention support, and adverse experiences; comparing active and control group experiences; exploring therapist and significant other perspectives; and increasing sample sizes.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2025-11-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251394012", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251394012", "keywords": "Qualitative research, Thematic analysis, Psychology, Mental health, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Psychological intervention, Intervention (counseling), Clinical psychology, Qualitative property, Empirical research, Systematic review, Psychosocial, Mental illness, MEDLINE, Evidence-based practice, Critical appraisal, Psychiatry, Anorexia nervosa, Medicine, Mindfulness, Research design, Qualitative analysis, Translational research, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Digital Mental Health Interventions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416994935\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416994935\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560438049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788524689\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790487467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793096639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796179442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891378911\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2989680519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996597775\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013947271\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133450788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166459008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216485471\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281253144\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309648711\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310735641\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317355030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320491739\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361301344\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379383539\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385308753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387651512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387902564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388014221\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389895437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391540455\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395098280\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403170713\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404961618\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111355185\",\"display_name\":\"J Pincombe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5687-2117\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010417984\",\"display_name\":\"M.L. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-3008\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046325936\",\"display_name\":\"Sean Carruthers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9140-3494\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073606057\",\"display_name\":\"Susan L. Rossell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8252\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387284413\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251394012\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416994935" }, { "id": 3042, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder maintains abstinence efficacy a scoping review", "authors": "Suspène J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorder. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.", "journal": "Qeios", "publication_date": "2025-11-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.32388/xcfsag", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32388/xcfsag", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1124098\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Qeios\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 425, "title": "Psilocybin and Chronic Pain: A New Perspective for Future Pain Therapists?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and chronic pain a new perspective for future pain therapists", "authors": "Silvia Natoli, Arturo Cuomo, Maurizio Marchesini, Livio Luongo, Giuliano Lo Bianco, Vittorio Guardamagna, Shigeki Yamaguchi", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults worldwide and remains a major healthcare burden due to its persistence, multidimensional impact, and resistance to conventional therapies. The opioid crisis has further highlighted the urgent need for safer and more effective alternatives. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic compound, has re-emerged as a potential therapeutic option for chronic pain given its effects on neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and emotional regulation. METHODS: This narrative review synthesized evidence from published preclinical and clinical studies. The focus was on the mechanisms of action of psilocybin, animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and early human trials exploring its effects on pain, mood, and quality of life. RESULTS: Preclinical studies demonstrated that psilocybin promotes synaptogenesis via BDNF-TrkB signalling, modulates 5-HT2A receptor activity, and reduces neuroinflammatory processes, leading to persistent analgesic and anxiolytic effects. Animal models of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and inflammatory pain showed long-lasting antinociceptive responses. Clinical studies, though limited, reported improvements in depression, anxiety, resilience, and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer and chronic conditions, with preliminary evidence of analgesic benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Psilocybin shows promise as a multidimensional therapy for chronic pain, addressing both sensory and affective components. However, ethical issues, safety concerns, and regulatory barriers necessitate careful management, and robust randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm efficacy and guide clinical translation.", "journal": "Medical Sciences", "publication_date": "2025-11-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/medsci13040277", "pubmed_id": "41283278", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040277", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Perspective (graphical), Chronic pain, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Psychiatry, Randomized controlled trial, Ethical issues, Hallucinogen, MEDLINE, Clinical psychology, Intensive care medicine, Pain relief, Depression (economics), Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416407616\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416407616\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1979233603\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988006913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005937053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024108603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038839611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046019936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099030247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109309568\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2407074051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2426802935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473063847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567578199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942136138\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944592785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948376596\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004772127\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160481424\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195427620\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196007322\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309832620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310465099\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361292040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365442769\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378549583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382010877\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389891609\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390988530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392119029\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392660340\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393489617\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693273\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399323719\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400513312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400697733\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402529371\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402697828\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402825425\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403895310\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404843727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405021593\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406845122\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408540649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408581056\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408780815\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410735628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412764217\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414747399\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004648701\",\"display_name\":\"Silvia Natoli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-5375\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028425468\",\"display_name\":\"Arturo Cuomo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-6713\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018238229\",\"display_name\":\"Maurizio Marchesini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3286-9531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052789598\",\"display_name\":\"Livio Luongo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1949-2039\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060128343\",\"display_name\":\"Giuliano Lo Bianco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1548\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027033047\",\"display_name\":\"Vittorio Guardamagna\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-8151\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108070065\",\"display_name\":\"Shigeki Yamaguchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-2818\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2739445098\",\"source_display_name\":\"Medical Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040277\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416407616" }, { "id": 427, "title": "Pharmacotherapy to Prevent Alcohol Relapse in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapy to prevent alcohol relapse in alcohol associated liver disease", "authors": "Zhang W, Hwang SY, Luther J.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewAlcohol use disorder (AUD) drives alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and relapsing after abstinence remains a significant challenge before and after transplantation. This review summarizes evidence for pharmacotherapies in relapse prevention and their integration into ALD care.Recent findingsNaltrexone and acamprosate reduce the relapse in the general AUD population, though data in ALD are limited. Baclofen is the only drug tested in randomized trials in cirrhosis, with early benefit but mixed results in later studies. Gabapentin and topiramate are promising off-label options. Emerging agents include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, psilocybin, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) analogs, all showing early signals in reducing alcohol use. Despite guideline support, pharmacotherapy is underutilized in ALD due to lack of insight, stigma, provider inexperience, and fragmented care. Integrated programs across the disease spectrum demonstrate feasibility and may improve pharmacotherapy uptake. Pharmacotherapy is effective yet underused for relapse prevention in ALD. Integration with behavioral interventions and multidisciplinary care is essential to expand access, evaluate novel therapies, and improve patient outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11894-025-01026-x", "pubmed_id": "41258558", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-025-01026-x", "keywords": "Humans, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Alcoholism, Recurrence, Naltrexone, Alcohol Deterrents, Secondary Prevention, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41258558\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4243, "title": "Comparative Efficacy of Psilocybin and MDMA in PTSD Treatment: A Systematic Review of Long-Term Outcomes", "normalized_title": "comparative efficacy of psilocybin and mdma in ptsd treatment a systematic review of long term outcomes", "authors": "Presley Aspen, Presley Pham, Jennifer Mitchell", "abstract": "Highly stressful events can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-a significant public health concern which existing treatments (e.g., psychotherapy and traditional medications) have shown marginal efficacy for.Psychedelics-alternatively called hallucinogens-are psychoactive substances that cause perception, mood, and cognitive changes.Because they are known for their impact on neuron plasticity and the formation of new connections, researchers are exploring psychedelics' therapeutic potential for PTSD.This review compares psilocybin and MDMA's effectiveness in treating PTSD.", "journal": "Berkeley Scientific Journal", "publication_date": "2025-11-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.5070/bs329265627", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5070/bs329265627", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Anesthesia, Psychology, Clinical psychology, MEDLINE, Drug, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416193258\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416193258\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120399109\",\"display_name\":\"Presley Aspen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Presley Pham\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Jennifer Mitchell\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764876583\",\"source_display_name\":\"Berkeley Scientific Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5070/bs329265627\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416193258" }, { "id": 408, "title": "Efficacy, all-cause discontinuation, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA to treat mental disorders: A living systematic review with meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy all cause discontinuation and safety of serotonergic psychedelics and mdma to treat mental disorders a living systematic review with meta analysis", "authors": "Højlund M, Kafali HY, Kırmızı B, Fusar-Poli P, Correll CU, Cortese S, Sabé M, Fiedorowicz J, Saraf G, Zein J, Berk M, Husain MI, Rosenblat JD, Rubaiyat R, Corace K, Wong S, Hatcher S, Kaluzienski M, Yatham LN, Cipriani A, Gosling CJ, Carhart-Harris R, Tanuseputro P, Myran DT, Fabiano N, Moher D, Mayo LM, Nicholls SG, White T, Prisco M, Radua J, Vieta E, Ladha KS, Katz J, Veroniki AA, Solmi M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics and 3,4-methylendioxtmethamphetamine (MDMA) are promising treatments for mental disorders with a continuously evolving evidence base. We searched Pubmed/Scopus/clinical trial registries up to 08july2025 for double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing MDMA or serotonergic psychedelics in patients with mental disorders. Primary outcomes were change in disease-specific symptoms and all-cause discontinuation. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and relative risk (RR) were estimated using random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed with Cochrane's RoB-tool version 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE. The review is maintained as living systematic review (https://ebipsyche-database.org/). We included 30 RCTs (1480 participants; female=45.8 %; with psychological support=83.3 %; high RoB=83.3 %). In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), MDMA reduced PTSD symptoms compared to any control (k = 11; SMD=-0.85 [-1.09; -0.60]; I2=0 %; GRADE=low). In major depressive disorder (MDD), psilocybin/ayahuasca/LSD reduced depressive symptoms (k = 8; SMD=-0.62 [-0.97; -0.28]; I2=55 %; GRADE=very low). In anxiety disorders, both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics reduced anxiety symptoms (SMDMDMA=-1.18 [-2.04; -0.32]; I2=0 %; k = 2; GRADE=low and SMDserotonergic=-0.88 [-1.70; -0.06]; I2=54 %;k = 5; GRADE=very low). In alcohol use disorder, neither psilocybin nor LSD reduced abstinence rates (k = 6; RR=1.42 [0.89; 2.26]; I2=7 %; GRADE=very low). In attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), LSD did not reduce ADHD symptoms (k = 1; SMD=0.22 [-0.32; 0.76]; GRADE=very low). Moderate certainty in evidence was only found for MDMA on PTSD symptoms when compared to placebo. MDMA/serotonergic psychedelics were not associated with higher risk of all-cause discontinuation (RRMDMA=0.74 [0.32; 1.72]; RRserotonergic=0.81 [0.56; 1.15]). Overall, MDMA/serotonergic psychedelics are promising for the treatment of PTSD, MDD, and anxiety disorders with moderate to large effect sizes. Pragmatic trials, long-term, head-to-head trials exploring the role of psychological support, aiming to identify predictors of response, and accounting for expectancy and functional unblinding are needed. Studies addressing these limitations will likely be required for regulatory approval of psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011", "pubmed_id": "41205366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41205366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 446, "title": "Psilocybin and chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and chronic neuropathic pain a systematic review", "authors": "Jevotovsky DS, Chopra H, Pak DJ, Durbhakula S, Shustorovich A, Juneja T, Broachwala MY, AlFarra T, Silver C, Kreitzer G, Oreoluwa P, Weissman BB, AlFarra A, Mayrsohn BG, Orhurhu V, Emerick T, Furnish T, Castellanos JP.", "abstract": "Background/importanceChronic pain affects many people globally, requiring alternative management strategies. Psilocybin is gaining attention for its potential in chronic pain management despite being classified as Schedule I.ObjectiveThis systematic review critically evaluates the evidence for psilocybin, a Schedule I substance, in the treatment of chronic pain. The exact purpose of the review is to assess the impact of psilocybin on chronic pain relief, focusing on dosing protocols, treated conditions, and patient outcomes.Evidence reviewA comprehensive review of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE was conducted up to January 2024. Eligibility criteria included studies evaluating psilocybin for chronic pain management. The risk of bias was assessed using the MASTER (MethodologicAl STandards for Epidemiological Research) scale, and the strength of evidence was graded using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation).FindingsThe review identified 28 relevant studies focusing on dosing, treated conditions, and outcomes. The majority of the included studies (76.2%) were of low or very low quality. Several studies with moderate-to-low-quality evidence utilized a 0.14 mg/kg dosing protocol. The findings suggest promise for the use of psilocybin in chronic pain relief, though the quality of evidence is generally low.ConclusionsThe current research shows potential for psilocybin as a treatment option for chronic pain relief. However, methodological issues and a lack of high-quality evidence underscore the need for further investigations with standardized protocols. Despite these limitations, the potential for psilocybin in chronic pain management is encouraging.Prospero registration numberCRD42023493823.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1136/rapm-2024-105532", "pubmed_id": "39106989", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2024-105532", "keywords": "Humans, Neuralgia, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Pain Management, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39106989\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 357, "title": "Psilocybin Outside the Clinic", "normalized_title": "psilocybin outside the clinic", "authors": "Kent E. Hutchison, Jake F. Hooper, Hollis C. Karoly", "abstract": "Importance: Psilocybin use has surged in the US following decriminalization efforts and promising clinical trial results. Mirroring early cannabis legalization, public access and enthusiasm are outpacing regulatory oversight and scientific understanding, posing potential risks to public health. Objective: To review emerging evidence on the public health implications of unregulated psilocybin mushroom use, including trends in use, product variability, co-use with other substances, and age-related differences in outcomes. Evidence Review: Sources included peer-reviewed articles, national surveillance data (eg, poison control center reports), and publicly available chemical testing data from decriminalized jurisdictions. The review emphasizes epidemiological and pharmacological findings published between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2024, with attention to parallels from cannabis legalization research. Studies were selected based on relevance to nonclinical psilocybin use, product composition, adverse outcomes, and co-use patterns. Findings: Psilocybin mushroom use has sharply increased in the US, particularly among adults aged 19 to 50 years, with more than 7 million individuals reporting use in the past year. This trend has coincided with a substantial increase in poison control center calls related to psychedelics. Testing data from decriminalized regions indicate more than 20-fold variability in psilocybin potency and inconsistent levels of minor tryptamines across mushroom strains. Clinical trial data on synthetic psilocybin do not generalize to public use due to strict participant selection and controlled environments. Co-use with cannabis is common and may increase the risk of adverse events. Evidence also suggests that age may moderate both risks and benefits. Conclusions and Relevance: The expanding use of unregulated psilocybin mushrooms, combined with high variability in composition and common co-use with other substances, raises urgent public health concerns. Existing clinical data are insufficient to guide harm reduction or policy. There is a pressing need to pivot from controlled efficacy trials to real-world research on psilocybin use, including public education, potency testing, and age-specific risk assessment.", "journal": "JAMA Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038", "pubmed_id": "41191341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Public health, Harm, Pimozide, Harm reduction, MEDLINE, Potency, Health care, Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415929140\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415929140\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1984431812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103111367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111070819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146134654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153594880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2253496291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328103612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612688067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889566085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951522488\",\"https://openalex.org/W3033060622\",\"https://openalex.org/W3043905699\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169261903\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194325186\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208662682\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209302070\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210843480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217718387\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214649547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247582466\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293080285\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309210963\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378174725\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386861633\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387902564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388014221\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391970820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392165205\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394009974\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396977515\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398206151\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399276098\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400569719\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403080353\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403848501\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405495073\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409632414\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410591657\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412102657\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412161399\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007663400\",\"display_name\":\"Kent E. Hutchison\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-9277\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Jake F. Hooper\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114081754\",\"display_name\":\"Hollis C. Karoly\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2495708506\",\"source_display_name\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4415929140" }, { "id": 447, "title": "A Tragedy of Errors: The State of Psychedelic Research in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a tragedy of errors the state of psychedelic research in the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Srivastava AB, Gold MS", "abstract": "The past two decades have seen the reemergence of research investigating the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs across neuropsychiatric illnesses. One condition, alcohol use disorder (AUD), is of relevance given the broad public health implications and both limited effectiveness and attrition associated with currently available treatments. While emerging research has suggested that the benefits of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of AUD may be considerable, several fundamental aspects of this work limit the conclusions that can be drawn. These limitations include those that apply to research involving psychedelics generally-including functional unblinding and the role and definition of \"psychedelic assisted psychotherapy\" and some unique to AUD, including the nature of the mystical experience and how it relates to the \"spiritual experience\" as described in the literature of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), of which the history of psychedelic research in AUD is closely intertwined. Additionally, current mechanistic neuroimaging studies examining the therapeutic effects of psychedelics in AUD are limited by design and do not directly interrogate the cognitive and circuit-level processes likely underlying treatment response. This review describes these limitations in detail by bridging historical, conceptual, and mechanistic aspects of psychedelic research in AUD and offers suggestions for future studies, the results of which may more clearly specify the role and utility of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of AUD.", "journal": "Brain sciences", "publication_date": "2025-11-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15111190", "pubmed_id": "41300197", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41300197/", "keywords": "alcohol use disorder, alcoholics anonymous, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41300197\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4249, "title": "Hormonal Influences on Psilocybin Responsivity Across the Female Lifespan: Toward Personalized Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy", "normalized_title": "hormonal influences on psilocybin responsivity across the female lifespan toward personalized psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Faith Ekoh, Shanice Rerrie, James Angud, Ersilia Mirabelli", "abstract": "Today’s research highlights the therapeutic potential of the hallucinogen psilocybin in the treatment of pathologies associated with mood, cognitive, and affective dysregulation. These domains of function are regulated by the serotonergic system, which can be influenced by sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, and psychedelic compounds including psilocybin. Current evidence supports a higher prevalence of affective disorders in females, and a growing awareness of sex-based differences in response to drug therapy. Estrogen’s influence on serotonin physiology is an aspect that must be accounted for when planning a treatment regimen that includes a psychoactive drug such as psilocybin. A review of the current literature was conducted, and an analysis of how the fluid hormonal states in females across their different reproductive phases may impact serotonin dynamics, synaptic plasticity, and therapeutic timing of psilocybin use is discussed. Future research should focus on the influence of sex hormones on psychedelic-assisted therapy in the effort to further personalize treatment plans for these pathologies.", "journal": "Psychoactives", "publication_date": "2025-11-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/psychoactives4040039", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives4040039", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonergic, Estrogen, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Serotonin, Hormone, Psychology, Psychiatry, Drug, Anhedonia, Physiology, Clinical psychology, Pharmacology, Fluoxetine, Antidepressant, Neuroscience, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Hormonal therapy, Neuropharmacology, Regimen, Hormone therapy, Depression (economics), Preclinical research, Affect (linguistics), Developmental psychology, Human studies, Internal medicine, Substance use, Pharmacotherapy, Bioinformatics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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4\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408226956\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411051263\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412764217\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413969371\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414041060\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414171615\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120234558\",\"display_name\":\"Faith Ekoh\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120234559\",\"display_name\":\"Shanice Rerrie\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120234560\",\"display_name\":\"James Angud\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091333929\",\"display_name\":\"Ersilia Mirabelli\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387280156\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychoactives\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives4040039\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Longevity,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4415817857" }, { "id": 460, "title": "The emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain.", "normalized_title": "the emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain", "authors": "Moujaes F, Rieser NM, Belinger L, Herdener M, Zahid Z, Preller KH", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are being explored as treatments for a range of psychiatric conditions. Promising results in mood disorders indicate that their effects on emotional processing may play a central role in their therapeutic potential. However, mechanistic and clinical studies paint a complex picture of the impact of psychedelics on emotions and mood. Here, we review recent findings on the effects of psychedelics on emotion, emotional empathy, and mood. We discuss how psychedelics may impact long-term emotion management strategies, the significance of challenging experiences, and neuroplastic changes. More precise characterization of emotional states and greater attention to the temporal dynamics of psychedelic-induced effects will be critical for clarifying their mechanisms of action and optimizing their therapeutic impact.", "journal": "Trends in cognitive sciences", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.tics.2025.07.006", "pubmed_id": "40830011", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40830011/", "keywords": "amygdala, depression, mood, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40830011\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 449, "title": "Reporting of side-effects in clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric conditions: systematic review", "normalized_title": "reporting of side effects in clinical trials of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric conditions systematic review", "authors": "Jonathon Marinis, Sarah Clarke, Alexandre A. Guerin, Adam J. Guastella, Gillinder Bedi", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has gained attention as a promising intervention for conditions including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, but understanding of its side-effects is limited. This review evaluates the quality of side-effects reporting in PAP trials, to guide treatment, policy and research. AIMS: To assess side-effects reporting quality in PAP trials for psychiatric conditions, comparing published articles and ClinicalTrials.gov records. METHOD: A PROSPERO-registered review (no. CRD42023458960) included English-language PAP trials (2005-2024) identified via Embase, CENTRAL, PubMed and reference searches. Reporting quality was assessed using the CONSORT Harms extension, categorised as either high (17-21), moderate (12-16), low (7-11) or very low (0-6). Randomised controlled trials underwent risk of bias analysis, and descriptive statistics compared side-effects across sources. RESULTS: = 9) showed high risk of bias for side-effects outcomes. Variability in reporting hindered comparisons between articles and ClinicalTrials.gov, underscoring the need for standardisation. Overall, there was no evidence of systematic underreporting of side-effects in published articles compared with trial registers. CONCLUSIONS: Side-effects reporting in PAP trials is inconsistent but is improving over time. Existing evidence has a high risk of bias. Future trials should align with best-practice guidelines for side-effects reporting. Discussions with patients should prioritise findings from high-quality studies and emphasise the current uncertainty regarding PAP side-effects.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2025.10847", "pubmed_id": "41178084", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10847", "keywords": "Clinical trial, Medicine, Psychiatry, MEDLINE, Psychotherapist, Systematic review, Psychology, Alternative medicine, Drug trial, Clinical Practice, Research design, Clinical psychology, Mental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415782096\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415782096\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1747918244\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986360186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2263572070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970684805\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090435879\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210376981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213300280\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293194637\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293801859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297252613\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361301344\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366974898\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367054142\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384665053\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385173317\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387115576\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387674199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387902564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388014221\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389397550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393359395\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395034174\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402912774\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405031949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955624\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955644\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093590789\",\"display_name\":\"Jonathon Marinis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8487-4152\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101504134\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Clarke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-1405\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041548475\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandre A. Guerin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-3620\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014867110\",\"display_name\":\"Adam J. Guastella\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-4625\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036812133\",\"display_name\":\"Gillinder Bedi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6718-0099\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10847\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4415782096" }, { "id": 4256, "title": "Use of psilocybin for chronic pain: a scoping review with current evidence and prospection of literature and technology for future applications", "normalized_title": "use of psilocybin for chronic pain a scoping review with current evidence and prospection of literature and technology for future applications", "authors": "André Leão Dantas, Lara Moreira Jalles Milani, Saulo Gabriel Moreira Falci, João Américo da Silveira, Cristina Pereira Isolan, Lia Dietrich", "abstract": "Chronic pain affects millions of people and remains one of the greatest clinical challenges due to limited response to conventional therapies. Psilocybin, a psychedelic found in mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus, has sparked interest due to its potential to modulate serotonergic receptors and promote neuroplasticity, suggesting analgesic and psychotherapeutic effects. The objective of this scoping review was to map and synthesize the available evidence on the use of psilocybin in the management of chronic pain. The protocol was registered on the OSF platform (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MQ36X) and gathered evidence from seven databases and gray literature, including clinical and preclinical studies, and patents. Twenty studies were included: nine published, eleven ongoing clinical trials, and five filed patents. Doses ranged from 5 to 25 mg, administered in single or multiple sessions, with or without associated psychotherapy, and showed reduced pain intensity and improved mood and quality of life. In animal models, the results were heterogeneous, ranging from significant analgesia to no effect. The analyzed patents indicate industrial interest in microdosing protocols and controlled-release formulations aimed at fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, and phantom pain. Taken together, the evidence pointed to psilocybin as a promising alternative for chronic pain management, although robust and standardized clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.", "journal": "Caderno Pedagógico", "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.54033/cadpedv22n12-345", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.54033/cadpedv22n12-345", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Mood, Chronic pain, Clinical trial, Hallucinogen, Analgesic, Pain assessment, Quality of life (healthcare), Dosing, Pharmacology, Neuropathic pain, Protocol (science), Psychiatry, Pain management, Serotonergic, Clinical pharmacology, Randomized controlled trial, Psychology, MEDLINE, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415830103\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415830103\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2017462460\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082947525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794118706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023228010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135335789\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165837403\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362508370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386019370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389891609\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393489617\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402529371\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402697828\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402748917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406306242\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408540649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408581056\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409704666\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411103150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412080495\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120237973\",\"display_name\":\"André Leão Dantas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060273750\",\"display_name\":\"Lara Moreira Jalles Milani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7126-6877\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008286933\",\"display_name\":\"Saulo Gabriel Moreira Falci\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9438-5199\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003622337\",\"display_name\":\"João Américo da Silveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6529-5362\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047106535\",\"display_name\":\"Cristina Pereira Isolan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-7383\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001812672\",\"display_name\":\"Lia Dietrich\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7887-8591\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210173331\",\"source_display_name\":\"Caderno Pedagógico\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.54033/cadpedv22n12-345\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4415830103" }, { "id": 466, "title": "Psychedelics and ketamine/esketamine in depressive disorders: biological mechanisms and associated neuroimaging and clinical changes.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and ketamine esketamine in depressive disorders biological mechanisms and associated neuroimaging and clinical changes", "authors": "d'Andrea G, Chiappini S, Ciavoni L, Tucci R, Martino F, Semeraro FM, Di Battista D, Mosca A, Miuli A, Di Carlo F, Russo M, Di Petta G, Fornaro M, Pettorruso M, Sensi SL, Martinotti G.", "abstract": "BackgroundOver the past ten years, several psychedelic compounds, including tryptamines like lysergic acid diethylamide/LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and dimethyltryptamine/DMT, have been tested in clinical trials for a range of psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depression. While these compounds are relatively available for treatment, ketamine and its S(+) enantiomer, esketamine, are increasingly used to manage treatment-resistant depression. The biological mechanisms set in motion by these compounds are still largely unexplored. Preliminary data indicate modulatory activity of distinct brain networks and selected neurotransmitter pathways (i.e., glutamate, serotonin).ObjectiveThis systematic review investigates functional changes in neural activity generated by these compounds (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT or ketamine/esketamine) in depressive disorders. Studies involving different techniques (i.e. Positron Emission Tomography/PET, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/SPECT, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging/fMRI and MRI) were included.MethodA literature search was conducted following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines of 2015. The search was performed using PubMed Web of Science and Scopus databases, taking into consideration publications up to March 2022, without any time restrictions.ResultsThe search produced a final set of 49 articles. Most were related to ketamine/esketamine (n = 44). A smaller number (n = 5) pertained to psychedelic tryptamines (one on ayahuasca and four on psilocybin). From the total of 49 studies, 9 were randomized-controlled trials, 25 were open-label studies, 4 were double-blind trials, 8 were observational studies, and 3 cross-over studies.ConclusionsPsylocibin seems to reset Default Mode Network (DMN) activity, thereby reducing depressive symptoms with long-term and sustainable antidepressant efficacy. Compared to psychedelics, ketamine exhibits a more specific action on networks involving prefrontal areas that act indirectly on the DMN. This effect may help explain ketamine's anti-anhedonic activity and its critical role in increasing cognitive control over emotional stimuli, thus reducing negative mood stages.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3", "pubmed_id": "41173871", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Neuroimaging, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41173871\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 306, "title": "Psilocybin use in bipolar disorder: A comprehensive review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use in bipolar disorder a comprehensive review", "authors": "Do A, Cloutier L, Hébert-Tremblay L, Thauvin C.", "abstract": "IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and persistent mental disorder characterized by recurrent mood episodes, with BD depression accounting for most of the illness burden. Although the mainstay treatment of BD consists of pharmacotherapy with mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics, a large proportion of patients with BD depression do not respond to adequate trials of medications. In addition, these medications can be associated with multiple, often significant adverse effects, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic agents that are acceptable, effective and safe for patients.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive narrative review on the use of psilocybin in BD, with a focus on clinical outcomes.ResultsTwo small clinical trials show that psilocybin combined with psychotherapy was safe and effective for the treatment of BDII depression with large treatment effects. No serious adverse events, including treatment-emergent mania/hypomania or increased suicidality, were reported in both trials. However, other studies have raised concerns about the safety of psilocybin in BD patients, including the development or worsening of manic symptoms, sleep disruptions and anxiety. Overall, the majority of BD patients believe that psilocybin could benefit their mental health problems, but their experiences varied depending on several contextual factors, such as polysubstance use, psilocybin dose, solo versus social experiences and pre-psilocybin sleep deprivation.ConclusionDespite its promising potential, the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of BD depression remain unclear, and future research is essential to clarify its therapeutic value in BD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120485", "pubmed_id": "41177271", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120485", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Bipolar Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41177271\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4259, "title": "Psilocybin's effects on obsessive-compulsive behaviors: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s effects on obsessive compulsive behaviors a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence", "authors": "James J Gattuso, Bilgenur Bezcioglu, Carey Wilson, Kato Havaux, Anthony J. Hannan, Thibault Renoir", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with growing evidence for efficacy in mood disorders, and its therapeutic potential in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions is increasingly recognised but remains understudied. We systematically evaluated clinical and preclinical evidence on psilocybin's effects on obsessive and compulsive behaviours with attention to translational relevance. A systematic search identified 13 eligible studies (4 clinical trials and 9 preclinical investigations examining psilocybin or psilocin on obsessive-compulsive symptoms or behaviours), and reporting followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In clinical studies, single doses of psilocybin led to rapid reductions in obsessive-compulsive symptoms, including in patients with OCD and body dysmorphic disorder. In wild-type mice, psilocybin acutely decreased marble-burying behaviour, although this effect was transient and not observed beyond the first day after administration. In contrast, in SAPAP3 knockout mice-a validated genetic model of compulsive behaviour-a single administration of psilocybin produced robust, enduring reductions in excessive grooming, and these lasting anti-compulsive effects were replicated across independent laboratories and doses. Additionally, chronic hallucinogenic doses of psilocybin did not improve anxiety-like or compulsive-like behaviour in SAPAP3 knockout mice; however, a separate study in Long-Evans rats found that chronic sub-hallucinogenic psilocybin reduced self-grooming and enhanced expression of synaptic markers in the paraventricular thalamus. Together, the evidence suggests that psilocybin transiently reduces obsessive-compulsive symptoms in clinical populations and produces lasting anti-compulsive effects in validated animal models. Future clinical studies should include larger placebo-controlled trials and incorporate neuroimaging to assess psilocybin's impact on fronto-striatal circuitry implicated in OCD pathophysiology.", "journal": "Psychedelics.", "publication_date": "2025-10-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.61373/pp025i.0044", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.61373/pp025i.0044", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Serotonergic, Medicine, Clinical trial, Mood, Dosing, Neuroimaging, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Obsessive compulsive, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Preclinical research, Human studies, Clinical psychology, Neuroscience, Animal studies, Anxiety, Riluzole, Systematic review, MEDLINE, Randomized controlled trial, Depression (economics), Cognition, Anhedonia, Clinical significance, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415615338\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415615338\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W78334752\",\"https://openalex.org/W205881385\",\"https://openalex.org/W1481278651\",\"https://openalex.org/W1660153467\",\"https://openalex.org/W1881638195\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979644674\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985241009\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992922886\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003665687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012440798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031832463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055670384\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057912349\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077314198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080914771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081491493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088697301\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100825937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101582587\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103598305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167400086\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173531201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2322842142\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325637371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2385482058\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618944769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2739834351\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890759366\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000430699\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006326598\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010491167\",\"https://openalex.org/W3031742716\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3116827302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139227295\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195825535\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291162385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291170424\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306914642\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620578\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318475634\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4376113773\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383558762\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385954214\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387259638\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389117467\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389137509\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389203746\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390671187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400449392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401224807\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403328142\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404007256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404836981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406874124\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409029858\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409195444\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410371399\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412520959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412930605\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413389430\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000395302\",\"display_name\":\"James J Gattuso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0543-8728\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119340227\",\"display_name\":\"Bilgenur Bezcioglu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5736-1241\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019635231\",\"display_name\":\"Carey Wilson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-9714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120159892\",\"display_name\":\"Kato Havaux\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052976583\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony J. Hannan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-8922\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006545419\",\"display_name\":\"Thibault Renoir\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9262-3971\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4404675698\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelics.\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.61373/pp025i.0044\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4415615338" }, { "id": 470, "title": "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Efficacy of Various Psychedelic Drugs for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review and meta analysis investigating the efficacy of various psychedelic drugs for the treatment of substance use disorder", "authors": "Keighley EE, Abo Hamza E, Bedewy DA, Nalla S, Moustafa AA.", "abstract": "Objectives: This study investigates psychedelic drugs to treat substance use disorder (SUD). Researchers have recently begun conducting clinical trials of psychedelic treatment for SUD. The current meta-analysis investigates the extent of efficacy in alleviating SM behaviours (P) using psychedelic therapy (I), concurrent with determining which psychedelic enables the greatest effect (C) as a treatment tool for reducing SUD (O). Methods: The inclusion criteria in this study include evaluating the efficacy of LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, or ibogaine in human beings with an SUD. The exclusion criteria include studies on rodents, patients with schizophrenia, case studies, incomplete or ongoing trials, and studies with insufficient quantitative data. The search criteria obtained 1278 articles, acquired through PubMed and PsycINFO. After excluding literature, 30 papers were kept in the final meta-analysis. A random-effects model analysis was applied to investigate individual psychedelic interventions, with a corresponding combined psychedelic intervention analysis. Results: The results favoured psychedelics as an SM treatment, with ibogaine evidencing the most prominent. We also found a non-significant difference between the effectiveness of psychedelic treatment paired with psychotherapy and psychedelic treatment alone. This study aims to contribute knowledge to future clinical research on the psychedelic treatment of SUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare13212668", "pubmed_id": "41228035", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13212668", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41228035\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 391, "title": "Adverse event reporting and management in psilocybin therapy clinical trials: A systematic review to guide clinical and research protocol development.", "normalized_title": "adverse event reporting and management in psilocybin therapy clinical trials a systematic review to guide clinical and research protocol development", "authors": "Bukovsky D, Amaev A, Song J, Kyte S, Carmona-Torres E, Ueno F, Deluca V, Strafella AP, Husain MI, Graff-Guerrero A, Gerretsen P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic prodrug, has gained renewed interest for its potential to treat various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. While promising, concerns remain regarding its safety profile and the management of potential adverse events (AEs). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the incidence, nature, and severity of adverse events and serious adverse events (SAEs) associated with psilocybin use across diverse clinical populations. A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycInfo via the OVID platform, from database inception to June 5, 2024. A total of 42 clinical studies (N = 1068 participants) met inclusion criteria, all of which reported on AEs and/or SAEs following psilocybin administration. All studies were deemed to have a high risk of bias due to concerns regarding blinding. We synthesized information on common, uncommon, and SAEs, instances of suicidal ideation, methods of measuring AEs, and AEs requiring medical intervention. Reported AEs included headache, transient increases in blood pressure, and nausea, which typically resolved on their own. In rare instances, medical intervention was required. SAEs were reported infrequently in 2 of 42 studies and were limited to participants with underlying depressive disorders (e.g., suicidal behaviour, hospitalization). Overall, psilocybin appears to have a favourable safety profile when administered in controlled settings. Based on our findings, we provide an outline of commonly reported AEs, uncommon AEs, SAEs, and considerations for future clinical and research protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111541", "pubmed_id": "41138900", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111541", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41138900\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 148, "title": "Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "landscape analysis of pre registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics", "authors": "Uyar A, Forbrich L, Lueken U, Evens R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic clinical research is expanding rapidly. This review analyses the state and trends in psychedelic clinical trial registrations. A systematic search of ClinicalTrials.Gov was conducted on 11 November 2024, to identify registered interventional trials investigating (therapeutic) effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, [5-MeO-]DMT). Analyses included a negative binomial regression to assess time trends and descriptive summaries of study characteristics. Outcomes included registration trends, substance distribution, study phase progression, sample and trial characteristics, geographical distribution and psychotherapy reporting. A total of 241 trials were identified, with registrations rising exponentially after 2006 and an acceleration post-2019. Two-thirds of trials are ongoing or planned. Psilocybin remains the most frequently studied substance and is most advanced towards approval, but short-acting psychedelics ([5-MeO-]DMT) have recently been introduced with a more focused clinical scope. Industry involvement is increasing, though university-led research still dominates. Reports of psychotherapy components increased following 2023 FDA recommendations, though no major improvements in intervention descriptions were observed. The rapid expansion of registered psychedelic clinical trials with diverse indications and substances reflects growing clinical interest. While university-led studies initiated early investigations and established a broad knowledge base, later industry involvement increasingly prioritizes scalability and economic considerations by adopting a focused approach towards clinical approval. Inconsistent reporting of psychotherapeutic components limits cross-study comparability and complicates systematic investigations into which combinations of therapeutic elements (type, timing, intensity) may optimize clinical outcomes. Future efforts should focus on complete and standardized trial reporting at study registration to minimize bias, reduce interpretative ambiguity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251371690", "pubmed_id": "41121524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251371690", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41121524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 481, "title": "Psychedelic-induced behavioral and developmental effects on zebrafish: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced behavioral and developmental effects on zebrafish a systematic review", "authors": "de Oliveira AL, de Oliveira DP, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are mind-altering substances that have shown promising effects in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders owing to their antidepressant, anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects. However, data on their developmental toxicity is scarce, which might hinder its therapeutic suitability, and preclinical data on their behavioral effects is mainly restricted to rodents. In this context, zebrafish emerge as vertebrate model, since it shows well conserved genetic, neurodevelopment, molecular and physiological pathways that are comparable to humans. Additionally, high fecundity, clear embryo visualization, fast development and good nervous system homology make it an interesting model in assessing developmental toxicity and behavior. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the articles which evaluated these parameters after psychedelic exposure. Thirteen articles were included of which nine focused on adult behavioral alterations and four on developmental toxicity. Substances used included ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mescaline, noribogaine, psilocybin and psilocin. Overall, psychedelics did not elicit morphological abnormalities in embryo-larvae, although ayahuasca induced edemas and increased mortality at high concentrations. Ibogaine, MDMA and LSD were associated with locomotor impairments after exposure during development. DMT, psilocybin and psilocin elicited an anxiolytic effect on larvae, while LSD, MDMA, mescaline and noribogaine reduced anxiety in adult fish. Altogether, psychedelics present a safe toxicological profile at low concentrations in zebrafish, but it is yet unclear whether they induce offspring's neurodevelopment deficits. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the extent of these adverse effects and if they persist during development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111534", "pubmed_id": "41125218", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111534", "keywords": "Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41125218\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3050, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacity: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder maintains abstinence efficacity a scoping review", "authors": "Suspene J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorder. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-10-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202510.1355.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202510.1355.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1104657\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 473, "title": "Biological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "biological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies a systematic review", "authors": "Wong S, Jones BDM, Thiyagarajah MT, Sabbah SG, Thompson C, Solmi M, Umer M, Zrenner C, Voineskos D, Rosenblat JD, Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM, Husain MI.", "abstract": "BackgroundResults from contemporary clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelic therapies have led to an increasing focus on their potential clinical use across mental disorders. However, studies examining mechanisms of clinical response to psychedelic therapy in psychiatric populations are limited. This review aimed to synthesize evidence from studies examining biomarkers of clinical response to psychedelic therapies.Data sources and methodsA systematic search of four databases (MedLine, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science) for studies investigating treatment response to psychedelic therapies in psychiatric populations that included both clinical outcomes and a related biomarker was conducted on January 10, 2024. Studies were included if they reported on prospective clinical trials involving the use of a psychedelic in participants diagnosed with any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or International Classification of Diseases mental disorder, where a biological marker was measured and evaluated in association with treatment response.ResultsNine studies investigating the effects of Ayahuasca and psilocybin in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression were included in this review. Several potential biomarkers of response were explored through neuroimaging and blood samples, with significant associations found for serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serum C-reactive protein, cerebral activation of the amygdala, and functional connectivity between regions such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionResults of small studies suggest associations between several putative biomarkers and treatment response to psychedelic therapies. Future trials of psychedelic therapies should integrate biomarker assessment in longitudinal designs to advance the understanding of their mechanism of action in mental disorders.Trial registrationThis study protocol was registered to PROSPERO under the number CRD42021291171.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251384513", "pubmed_id": "41122434", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251384513", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41122434\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 477, "title": "The Research Deficit and Expert Disagreement Regarding Music Selection for Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "the research deficit and expert disagreement regarding music selection for psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Moskovitz M", "abstract": "Prior research has determined that music plays a central role in psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT). While there is a general consensus of the importance of music during PAT, there are only three empirical studies published to date that directly investigate which type of music might best support PAT. Importantly, no review to date has critically analyzed these studies and identified the gaps. Careful examination reveals these studies have important limitations and the findings lack alignment with other publications and existing recommendations. Additionally, our understanding of guidelines seems to be not much different from when this research started in 1970. This paper summarizes the common impacts of music during PAT, reviews what we know about music selection and guidelines for PAT, and makes suggestions of priorities for future research.", "journal": "ACS pharmacology & translational science", "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00583", "pubmed_id": "41098559", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41098559/", "keywords": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Music, Psilocybin, Psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41098559\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 429, "title": "Synaptic priming: A framework for pharmacotherapy in depression.", "normalized_title": "synaptic priming a framework for pharmacotherapy in depression", "authors": "Brown KA, Ajibola MI, Medeiros GC, Gould TD.", "abstract": "Recent antidepressant drug development focuses on a next generation of drugs to rapidly relieve symptoms. Yet, how ketamine, the prototype rapid-acting antidepressant, maintains symptom relief days after drug elimination, and how repeated doses sustain longer-lasting therapeutic effects, remains unclear. Derived from elements of metaplasticity (synaptic priming), this review discusses a framework in which rapid-acting antidepressants prime synapses such that subsequent doses evoke stronger plasticity. Within this framework, we describe how the indirect relationship between ketamine's pharmacokinetics and sustained antidepressant pharmacodynamics reveals a dosing model (primer pharmacology) that can be harnessed to fine-tune therapeutic outcomes. This review also explores how plasticity machinery engaged by antidepressant pharmacotherapies overlaps with priming induced by contextual conditions relevant to depression (e.g., stress and psychotherapy), suggesting innovative opportunities for treatment strategies with emerging primers (e.g., psychedelics such as psilocybin). The integration of synaptic priming with primer pharmacology reveals a model to guide clinical and translational work in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2025.09.010", "pubmed_id": "41067229", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.09.010", "keywords": "Synapses, Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41067229\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3668, "title": "A Pilot Study in North Louisiana to Assess the Tolerability of Psilocybin as Well as Its Capacity to Promote Abstinence From Methamphetamine", "normalized_title": "a pilot study in north louisiana to assess the tolerability of psilocybin as well as its capacity to promote abstinence from methamphetamine", "authors": "Kevin Murnane", "abstract": "The primary purpose of this study is to preliminarily determine if the use of psilocybin to promote abstinence from methamphetamine is feasible and well tolerated in populations such as those found in Northern Louisiana. Investigators will assess the impact of psilocybin-facilitated treatment on methamphetamine abstinence, craving, negative affect, cognitive function and quality of life. Components of the psilocybin experience will also be measured (persisting effects, quality of life, challenging experiences, etc). Investigators will assess feasibility and tolerability as rates of retention and challenging experiences, among other factors. This is an open-label pilot study evaluating the feasibility and tolerability of a single 25 mg psilocybin dose in promoting abstinence from methamphetamine. Participants will attend 10 to 12 study visits over a period of up to six months. Participants will be recruited from a population receiving treatment for methamphetamine dependence at a local residential treatment facility. Recruitment will involve informative presentations to current clients and counselor-facilitated referrals based on provided inclusion criteria. Prescreening will utilize information collected by the treatment center during the client's admission process. Individuals who meet prescreening criteria will be invited to an in-person screening visit, conducted after obtaining informed consent. The screening visit will include a clinical review, a detailed psychiatric interview, self-report questionnaires, a comprehensive medical history, and safety laboratory testing, including blood draws. Once eligibility is confirmed, participants will proceed with study enrollment and complete baseline assessments, which will measure substance use, quality of life, and executive function. Three preparatory sessions will follow over a two-week period to establish trust and rapport between participants and session monitors, educate participants on the study protocol, and prepare them for the psilocybin session. Two preparatory sessions may be conducted via telehealth to enhance feasibility, while the third will be conducted in person with both the primary and secondary monitors present. A medical examination will be performed within the week preceding psilocybin administration. Within a week of the third preparatory session, participants will attend a psilocybin administration session. Participants will arrive at the study location by 9:30 AM and undergo safety screenings, including breathalyzer testing, before psilocybin administration at approximately 10:00 AM. Participants will have been instructed to consume a low-fat breakfast prior to arrival. During the session, cardiovascular measures (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure) will be monitored upon arrival, hourly throughout the session, and as clinically indicated. The psilocybin session, lasting approximately 6-8 hours, will be monitored by both the primary and secondary session monitors, ensuring that at least one individual is present with the participant at all times. At the conclusion of the session, participants will complete questionnaires assessing their subjective experiences. Participants will then be released into the care of treatment center staff, who will provide emotional support. Participants will also receive contact information for the primary monitor to access support if needed. Post-session integration will include two telehealth sessions: the first within one day of the psilocybin session and the second approximately 7 days later (±3 days). These sessions will provide opportunities to discuss insights or challenges arising from the psilocybin experience, with an emphasis on promoting adaptive cognitive and behavioral changes. Follow-up assessments will occur via telehealth at 30 and 60 days post-psilocybin, with an in-person assessment conducted at 120 days. The final visit will include a urine drug screen.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06899594", "keywords": "Methamphetamine Use Disorder, Psilocybin 25 mg, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06899594\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 480, "title": "Harm reduction practises for users of psychedelic drugs: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "harm reduction practises for users of psychedelic drugs a scoping review", "authors": "Dutton C, North E, Chun Tie Y, Oliva J, Skeffington P", "abstract": "Psychedelic use in naturalistic settings in Australia is increasing. Although the risks and harms of psychedelics from a physical perspective are low, psychedelic drugs carry a unique psychological risk profile which is increased in uncontrolled settings. Harm reduction support services align with the Australian Government's Federal Drug strategy, which includes harm reduction as the third pillar in the overall harm minimisation approach to drug use for the period of 2017-2026. This study examined the harm reduction behaviours which users of psychedelics in naturalistic settings currently use, and any harm reduction interventions which have been developed for this population. A scoping review was undertaken using online databases, Psychinfo, Medline, CINAHL and Scopus. Articles were included if they explored or informed harm reduction practices for users of psychedelic drugs in naturalistic settings, which included articles that investigated motivations for psychedelic use. Twenty-seven papers were included, which contained only four intervention-based studies. Harm reduction or benefit enhancing strategies were categorised into three themes: before psychedelic use, during psychedelic experience and after the experience (integration). The review found that users of psychedelic drugs in naturalistic settings employ several different harm minimisation strategies, predominantly before and during use. Motivation for use, social setting and dosage amount were all found to influence the strategies used. There were a limited number of evaluated interventions for users of psychedelics in naturalistic settings, identifying the need for further research in this area. Challenges for harm reduction campaigns such as low uptake of drug checking services and low trust in government institutions were identified. Further research needs to consider the differing motivations of psychedelic users and recognise strategies that promote benefit enhancement and reduce risk.", "journal": "Harm reduction journal", "publication_date": "2025-10-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-025-01264-2", "pubmed_id": "41044617", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41044617/", "keywords": "Benefit enhancement, Hallucinogens, Harm reduction strategies, Naturalistic use, Psilocybin, Risks", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41044617\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 498, "title": "Correction to: Incremental efficacy systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression RCTs.", "normalized_title": "correction to incremental efficacy systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin for depression rcts", "authors": "Borgogna NC, Owen T, Petrovitch D, Vaughn J, Johnson DAL, Pagano LA, Aita SL, Hill BD.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06818-7", "pubmed_id": "40381005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06818-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40381005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 491, "title": "Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations.", "normalized_title": "clinical psychedelic research in adolescents a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations", "authors": "Rajwani K, Jacobs E, Bruce L, Hokanson J, Almonte MT, Feroz F, Waldman E, Cheung K, Levy N, Savulescu J, Singh I, Yaden DB, Earp BD.", "abstract": "The potential use of psychedelic-assisted therapy for adolescents with mental illness has sparked both interest and concern. Modern psychedelic research has focused on adults, and adolescents younger than 18 years are typically excluded due to ethical and legal challenges. To explore whether adolescents have been included in 21st century psychedelic research, we conducted a scoping review of the medical literature from January, 2000, to April, 2025. Three trial registrations and one trial plan showed involvement of participants younger than 18 years, but none of these trials were completed and no trial findings have been published. The proposed studies would investigate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted or psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as an intervention for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder, autism with social anxiety, or self-harm. Ethical approval and recruitment details were inconsistently reported. This scarcity of data highlights a major evidence gap that could hinder informed care. Given that many medications are used off-label in adolescents, we argue for cautious, ethically grounded research-starting with older adolescents with the highest foreseeable benefit-risk ratio due to special circumstances-to better understand the potential risks and benefits of psychedelic therapies for this vulnerable population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/s2352-4642(25)00208-1", "pubmed_id": "40908054", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(25)00208-1", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Biomedical Research, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40908054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 508, "title": "Ethical issues with psychedelic-assisted treatments in psychiatry: A systematic scoping review.", "normalized_title": "ethical issues with psychedelic assisted treatments in psychiatry a systematic scoping review", "authors": "Caporuscio C, Poppe C, Gieselmann A, Repantis D.", "abstract": "Based on promising preliminary results from clinical trials, it seems likely that psychedelic substances (classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, and entactogens, such as MDMA) will be introduced into psychiatry as psychedelic-assisted therapy. This also raises a range of ethical questions that urgently need to be addressed before widespread roll-out in society. This scoping review fills a gap in the literature by providing an overview of these ethical issues using a systematic search, presentation, and descriptive analysis of ethical issues in psychedelic-assisted treatments. It includes peer-reviewed studies pertaining to human study participants and psychiatric patients (population), which discuss ethical issues (concept) of psychedelic treatments (context) in clinical trials and other clinical applications. The systematic search included several databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, HeinOnline, and PsycArticles. The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, was adapted for each included database. The search was completed in June 2025 and studies published until then in any language were included. After an iterative process of inductive and deductive coding of ethical issues, the scoping review comprises seven themes related to the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments: (1) safety and patient well-being, (2) therapeutic relationships, (3) informed consent, (4) equity and access, (5) research ethics, (6) special contexts, and (7) societal and cultural implications. The results can be used to inform and stimulate further discussion and in-depth research on the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments, possibly leading to more nuanced debate surrounding a safer and more ethical implementation of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291725101761", "pubmed_id": "41017267", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291725101761", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41017267\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 484, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression - A literature review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression a literature review", "authors": "Dorczok MC, Mittmann G, Ettl T, Steiner-Hofbauer V.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) has gained increasing attention in recent years as a potential treatment for depression, particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapies. This article aims to assess the efficacy of PAP in adults with various forms of depression by conducting a comprehensive review of the available literature.MethodA systematic search was conducted across several major databases (PubMed and Ebsco Host (incl. MEDLINE Ultimate, eBook Clinical Collection, DynaMed, APA PsycARTICLES, APA PsycINFO, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection), focusing on studies that investigated the effects of psilocybin in a therapeutic setting.ResultsThe overall systematic literature search identified 139 items, of which seven were selected for detailed analysis. The studies employed different dosing regimens and varied in their methodologies of psychological support before, during, and after psilocybin administration. Most studies found significant improvements in depression symptoms after administration of Psilocybin and sustained antidepressant effects up to twelve months post-treatment. Response and remission rates were consistently high across studies.ConclusionsPAP combined with structured psychological support shows sustained reductions in depressive symptoms for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. Higher doses generally yield stronger benefits. While PAP holds significant potential as a holistic treatment, methodological limitations, such as heterogeneity in study designs, inconsistent levels of psychological support and difficulties in blinding due to the nature of the drug's effect, highlight the need for more standardized protocols in future studies to ensure reliable outcomes. More research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508", "pubmed_id": "40998282", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40998282\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 513, "title": "Reappraisal of the hype and hope offered by psilocybin treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "reappraisal of the hype and hope offered by psilocybin treatment of depression", "authors": "Beaglehole B, Manuel J.", "abstract": "AimTo provide a balanced account of psilocybin treatment of depression for expectations to be appropriately set.MethodReview and discussion of key psilocybin efficacy studies. Reporting of side effects and risk of harm with psychedelic treatments. Comparisons and contrasts with ketamine studies of treatment-resistant depression (TRD).ResultEarly psilocybin studies offer promise but expectation bias and functional unblinding are factors in the treatment response. Psilocybin is generally well tolerated but side effects are often not systematically reported, and some recipients may experience harm. The ketamine research has similar methodological considerations, but the weight of positive evidence is stronger for a treatment-resistant group.ConclusionThe evidence for psilocybin treatment of depression is insufficient to press for wider availability and use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.26635/6965.7138", "pubmed_id": "40966702", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26635/6965.7138", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Hope, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40966702\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3435, "title": "The Impact of Psilocybin on Pain in Fibromyalgia Patients: a Multicentre Trial.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psilocybin on pain in fibromyalgia patients a multicentre trial", "authors": "Maastricht University", "abstract": "Rationale: Recent evidence shows that Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), even when administered in low, non-hallucinogenic doses, can produce analgesic effects and improve pain tolerance in a sample of healthy volunteers. Such results complement what was already observed with other serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin: survey studies and case series indicate that its use may lead to improvements in chronic pain conditions such as migraines, cluster headaches and phantom limb pain even at low, non-psychedelic doses. These effects have however not yet been investigated and confirmed in clinical populations under controlled experimental conditions. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterised by widespread pain, hyperalgesia, anxiety, disturbed sleep patterns, impaired cognitive functioning and comorbid mood disorders. Most suggested therapies are only associated with small improvements in pain ratings and quality of life. Currently, there is no data concerning the effectiveness of serotonergic psychedelics in improving pain ratings in fibromyalgia patients. Objective: The present study will explore the effects that the administration of a placebo and 2 low psilocybin doses (5 mg or 10 mg) will have on pain perception in a group of fibromyalgia patients. Study design: The present study uses a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. All participants will receive a placebo and 2 doses of psilocybin (5 mg or 10 mg) and will undergo the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and the Pain Pressure Threshold Task (PPT) o test its analgesic effects. Rationale: Recent evidence shows that Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), even when administered in low, non-hallucinogenic doses, can produce analgesic effects and improve pain tolerance in a sample of healthy volunteers. Such results complement what was already observed with other serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin: survey studies and case series indicate that its use may lead to improvements in chronic pain conditions such as migraines, cluster headaches and phantom limb pain even at low, non-psychedelic doses. These effects have however not yet been investigated and confirmed in clinical populations under controlled experimental conditions. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterised by widespread pain, hyperalgesia, anxiety, disturbed sleep patterns, impaired cognitive functioning and comorbid mood disorders. It has high direct and indirect costs and it is considered challenging to treat. Most suggested therapies, in fact, are only associated with small improvements in pain ratings and quality of life. Currently, there is no data concerning the effectiveness of serotonergic psychedelics in improving pain ratings in fibromyalgia patients. Objective: The present study will explore the effects that the administration of a placebo and 2 low psilocybin doses (5 mg or 10 mg) will have on pain perception in a group of fibromyalgia patients. Study design: The present study uses a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. All participants will receive a placebo and 2 doses of psilocybin (5 mg or 10 mg) and will undergo the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and the Pain Pressure Threshold Task (PPT) o test its analgesic effects. Study population: 35 fibromyalgia patients aged 18 to 65 years. Intervention: Placebo, 5 mg or 10 mg of psilocybin in randomized order. Main study parameters/endpoints: Primary outcomes will be subjective and objective measures of pain perception. Secondary measures will assess the effects that placebo and psilocybin will have on mood, cognition and psychedelic experience. Finally, participants will take part to an additional CPT after receiving hypnotic suggestions of analgesia to test whether such intervention may moderate pain ratings of individuals who took small doses of psilocybin. Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: Participants will visit the research lab 5 times during 5 weeks. Before the first study day, subjects will come for a screening visit during which they will also be familiarized with tests and study procedures. This includes a medical screening by a licensed physician (medical history review, laboratory screening, electrocardiogram recording). The study visits will consist of taking the study treatment (5 mg or 10 mg of psilocybin or placebo), taking part to the experimental tasks, taking blood samples, completing computer tasks and filling out questionnaires. Finally, participants will take part to a final online visit to administer post-study questionnaires.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06368492", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Psilocybin, Hypnosis script, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06368492\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 456, "title": "Emerging mechanisms of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "emerging mechanisms of psilocybin induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Sonda S, Pendin D, Comai S, De Martin S, Manfredi P, Mattarei A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, is gaining attention for its rapid and sustained therapeutic effects in depression and other hard-to-treat neuropsychiatric conditions, potentially through its capacity to enhance neuronal plasticity. While its neuroplastic and therapeutic effects are commonly attributed to serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor activation, emerging evidence reveals a more nuanced pharmacological profile involving multiple serotonin receptor subtypes and nonserotonergic targets such as TrkB. This review integrates current findings on the molecular interactome of psilocin (psilocybin active metabolite), emphasizing receptor selectivity, biased agonism, and intracellular receptor localization. Together, these insights offer a refined framework for understanding psilocybin's enduring effects and guiding the development of next-generation neuroplastogens with improved specificity and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012", "pubmed_id": "40957728", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40957728\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 326, "title": "Temporal dynamics in neuroimaging as correlates of therapeutic response to psilocybin in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and critical appraisal.", "normalized_title": "temporal dynamics in neuroimaging as correlates of therapeutic response to psilocybin in major depressive disorder a systematic review and critical appraisal", "authors": "Sabbah SG, Li S, Wong S, Le GH, Badulescu S, Hawco C, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are emerging as promising treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a powerful tool to study neural mechanisms underlying therapeutic response.MethodsThis systematic review (PROSPERO #CRD42024557973) examined neuroimaging studies of psilocybin in MDD and TRD, with a focus on the temporal evolution of neuroimaging changes post-treatment. A secondary aim was to correlate imaging findings with validated clinical outcomes to assess their relevance in predicting treatment response.ResultsEleven eligible studies were included, using diverse fMRI modalities such as resting-state functional connectivity, task-based BOLD imaging, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), dynamic functional connectivity, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Early (0-4 weeks) post-treatment changes included reduced network modularity and increased global brain integration, alongside modulation of affective circuits involving the amygdala, default mode network, and prefrontal regions. These changes were significantly associated with reductions in BDI, QIDS, and SHAPS scores, reflecting improvements in mood and anhedonia. Longer-term changes (5+ weeks) involved sustained reorganization of large-scale networks, particularly increased connectivity between the prefrontal and parietal cortices and salience network.ConclusionsAlthough these findings suggest psilocybin is associated with dynamic and temporally distinct neuroplastic changes linked to clinical improvement, several limitations must be acknowledged. Many studies reused overlapping datasets with high exploratory flexibility and risk of bias. The generalizability of results is therefore constrained. Future research should emphasize independent datasets, pre-registered imaging endpoints, and longitudinal designs to clarify the mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120335", "pubmed_id": "40962065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120335", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Neuroimaging, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40962065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 517, "title": "Supporting Meaningful Choices: A Decision Aid for Individuals Facing Existential Distress and Considering Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy", "normalized_title": "supporting meaningful choices a decision aid for individuals facing existential distress and considering psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Ariane Bélanger, Sue-Ling Chang, Jean-François Stephan, Florence Moureaux, Diane Tapp, Robert Foxman, Pierre Gagnon, Johanne Hébert, Houman Farzin, Michel Dorval", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Given the limitations of traditional approaches to treating existential distress in seriously ill patients, psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, weighing up the potential risks and benefits of this approach can be challenging for both healthcare professionals and patients. Decision aids can play a key role in supporting shared decision making by clarifying options, improving knowledge, and enhancing decision quality. To date, there is no decision aid specific to PAT. This descriptive study aimed to develop a decision aid for individuals considering this therapy. Methods: A paper-based/electronic decision aid was developed with a multidisciplinary steering committee following the International Patient Decision Aids Standards Collaboration (IPDAS). Development included conducting a literature review and prototype design, evaluating acceptability and usability by potential users (i.e., patients and healthcare professionals), and producing a final version. Questionnaires, direct feedback, and semi-structured interviews with potential users allowed for evaluation and refinement of design and content. Results: The final version of the decision aid is presented as a booklet, covering areas such as PAT education, comparison of treatment options, and personal reflection. Feedback from patients (n = 5) and healthcare professionals (n = 5) guided improvements, helping clarify content, ensuring balanced information, optimizing its length for usability, and providing decision-making support. Conclusions: The decision aid developed in this study demonstrated satisfactory acceptability and usability, meeting IPDAS criteria. By providing balanced and accessible information, it may facilitate shared decision-making for individuals considering PAT, representing a significant step forward in this emerging area of palliative care.", "journal": "Healthcare", "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare13182290", "pubmed_id": "41008422", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182290", "keywords": "Decision aids, Usability, Multidisciplinary approach, Distress, Health professionals, Health care, Psychology, Decision support system, Existentialism, Palliative care, R-CAST, Decision analysis, Medicine, Nursing, MEDLINE, Key (lock), Multiple-criteria decision analysis, Applied psychology, Qualitative research, Needs assessment, Computer science, Management science, Knowledge management, Clinical decision making, Medical education, Multidisciplinary team, Patient participation, Mental Health and Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414258408\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414258408\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1507711477\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978408850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037394322\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049440528\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060831503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076347685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081358848\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086090702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106032353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142779078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145853206\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158796716\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165844264\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171620790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2305278139\",\"https://openalex.org/W2395936517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490574984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518308679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546467165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2763882359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784340661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889467857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902500724\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004612364\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015163151\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023639742\",\"https://openalex.org/W3089309273\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175314351\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194460113\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215511316\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229645494\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318212889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386021261\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396230194\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403219178\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405244747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409687565\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411787106\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109797253\",\"display_name\":\"Ariane Bélanger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045951431\",\"display_name\":\"Sue-Ling Chang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027250223\",\"display_name\":\"Jean-François Stephan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7376-208X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117187654\",\"display_name\":\"Florence Moureaux\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084030574\",\"display_name\":\"Diane Tapp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-0141\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093764770\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Foxman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002305085\",\"display_name\":\"Pierre Gagnon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5625-4745\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052738130\",\"display_name\":\"Johanne Hébert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4023-9246\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040374734\",\"display_name\":\"Houman Farzin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4095-3596\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068576397\",\"display_name\":\"Michel Dorval\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-8211\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210214101\",\"source_display_name\":\"Healthcare\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182290\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414258408" }, { "id": 489, "title": "Concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics a scoping review", "authors": "Tap SC, Thomas K, Páleníček T, Stenbæk DS, Oliveira-Maia AJ, van Dalfsen JH, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics are increasingly studied as potential treatments for different psychiatric disorders. Current research protocols often require patients to discontinue antidepressants (ADs) for at least 2 weeks before psychedelic administration to decrease the risk of serotonin syndrome and limit their effect on efficacy and the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. Moreover, the discontinuation of ADs represents a significant burden to patients that could also worsen their depression status and increase suicidal ideation. Together, this suggests that the general recommendation for AD discontinuation might be unnecessary and even detrimental to the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics. In this scoping review, we summarise the existing literature on the concomitant use of conventional ADs with classic psychedelics in humans with the aims to assess safety, tolerability, efficacy, and subjective effects. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases to retrieve relevant literature from inception to March 3, 2025. Data were systematically charted from included studies. We included 18 studies and found that the concomitant use of ADs and classic psychedelics is generally safe and tolerable, with no increased risk of serotonin syndrome, particularly for psilocybin. Some studies reported significant improvements in depression and other mental health symptoms. While some evidence indicates a potential attenuation of acute subjective psychedelic effects, this was not observed in all studies. Accordingly, we conclude that the use of ADs can be maintained to enhance patient access to psychedelic treatments and avoid the risk of AD discontinuation syndrome. Finally, this review highlights limitations and several knowledge gaps in the current literature that need to be addressed in future randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251368360", "pubmed_id": "40937732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251368360", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40937732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 521, "title": "Effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation attempts and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Wong S, Meckling G, Fabiano N, Lee S, Jones BDM, Shorr R, Dargel A, Davis AK, Fiedorowicz JG, Solmi M, Rosenblat JD, Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM, Husain MI.", "abstract": "BackgroundSuicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths present a major and tragic public health concern. Recent trials of psilocybin therapy (PT) have shown promise in treating treatment-resistant depression and have found a reduction in suicidal ideation. Given the growth of PT research, there is a need to further understand its effect on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths.ObjectiveTo assess and synthesize evidence on the effects of PT on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in psychiatric patients.DesignPRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourceMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and PsychINFO.MethodDatabases were searched for randomized controlled trials of PT in adults with psychiatric diagnoses that reported suicide outcomes (ideation, attempts, and deaths). Abstract and full-text screening were conducted, and suicide outcomes were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model to assess changes in suicide outcomes compared to control through the standardized mean difference (SMD). Assessment of heterogeneity, risk of bias, and subgroup analysis was completed.ResultsNine studies were included (N = 593; 335 psilocybin & 258 control). Two studies were excluded from meta-analysis because suicide-related outcomes data were not available. Participants with PT experienced a small and significant decrease in suicidal ideation compared to control (k = 7, SMD = -0.24, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.06, p = 0.008, I2 = 0%). There was no publication bias found. Subgroup analysis found no significant differences between groups. No study reported suicide attempts or suicide deaths. Two studies had a high risk of bias.ConclusionPsilocybin therapy may reduce suicidal ideation in adults with psychiatric diagnoses. Current studies are limited by small sample size, lack of follow-up data, and assessment of blinding.Trial registrationCRD42023445706.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251372449", "pubmed_id": "40933784", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251372449", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40933784\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 524, "title": "Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin in Depression: a Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of psilocybin in depression a systematic review of clinical evidence", "authors": "Andrade FRT, Buchborn T, Thalheimer G, Meinhardt MW, Joca S, de Almeida RMM.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant public health concern, and current treatments often have limitations in effectiveness and adherence. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, is being explored as a potential treatment for depression. It primarily acts through the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor but interacts with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors. Its precise mechanisms remain under investigation.Objectives(1) To consolidate evidence on psilocybin’s efficacy and safety for depression and the role of 5HT2a, (2) to identify limitations in the literature, and (3) to highlight areas needing further research.MethodsThis systematic review follows PRISMA guidelines and analyses 22 studies, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies. The studies cover various populations, including individuals with treatment-resistant depression, different dosing regimens, and adjunctive therapies.ResultsPsilocybin therapy shows substantial and rapid antidepressant effects, often after one or two sessions with psychological support. Improvements are sustained for weeks or months in many cases. Psilocybin is generally well-tolerated, with mild adverse effects such as anxiety during administration and transient headaches, which are manageable in controlled settings.ConclusionsPsilocybin demonstrates promise as a novel treatment for depression, especially for individuals unresponsive to conventional antidepressants. Further research is needed to refine dosing, explore long-term effects, and understand its mechanisms of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2025.10039", "pubmed_id": "40899152", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2025.10039", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40899152\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 606, "title": "Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review", "normalized_title": "biochemical insights into diverse psilocybe mushrooms and their metabolites as sources of neuroactive agents a review", "authors": "Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Aung San, Bharti SAK, Csaba V, Valan Arasu M, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J.", "abstract": "Psilocybe species, commonly known as “magic mushrooms”, are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin. These species have been the focus of scientific study due to their potential therapeutic applications, despite their classification as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various Psilocybe mushrooms, highlighting their chemical compositions, genetic diversity, and therapeutic potential, particularly in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, and cluster headaches. By reviewing existing scientific literature, this review examines the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of Psilocybe mushrooms. The review includes novel contributions such as the identification of alternative pathways for psilocybin synthesis and taxonomic consolidations among Psilocybe species. It also explores the cultural context and traditional uses of these mushrooms. The findings indicate that Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit significant potential for therapeutic use in mental health treatment. The review also underscores the importance of ongoing research into the pharmacological properties of these mushrooms to better understand their effects and potential benefits. Despite their current legal status, Psilocybe mushrooms hold considerable promise for future therapeutic applications. There is a need for further investigation to fully explore their potential in medical and cultural contexts. This review sets a foundation for future research and drug development endeavors, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of these complex biological entities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609227368", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609227368\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 529, "title": "Psilocybin Use in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use in the autism spectrum disorder a scoping review", "authors": "Jaime Moreno-Chaparro, Gabriela Castañeda-Millán, Javier Eslava-Schmalbach", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: Due to the boom in the use of certain psychedelics in different neuropsychiatric conditions, the objective was to synthesize the available information on the use of psilocybin (a psychedelic) in the population with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; a developmental neuropsychiatric condition). METHODS: Scoping review. Question framework: Population: people with ASD-Concept: Psilocybin-Context: use, prescription, outcomes and pharmacological variables. The databases Medline (Pubmed), EMBASE, SCOPUS, LILACS, Web of Science and additional resources were searched until June 2024. Controlled and free terms combined with Boolean operators were used to find documents in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Screening was performed by title and abstract, full text and extraction independently by two reviewers. The analysis was descriptive and with emphasis on drug use. Protocol was registered in OSF (DOI code: 10.17605/OSF.IO/GPBVZ). RESULTS: Four studies were included. Indications for psilocybin prescription in ASD patients were related to cognitive rigidity, exacerbated fear, behavioral/social difficulties, and inability to generate mental imagery. Two studies mentioned specific psilocybin administration, identifying microdoses and dosing intervals. Results were grouped into increased empathy and emotionality/sociability, reduction of symptoms associated with their condition or comorbidity and changes compared with other populations. All the studies were of acceptable quality with low evidence level. CONCLUSIONS: Descriptive findings of a therapeutic signal were observed in some subjects with ASD at low doses, not associated with toxic or disruptive effects. As restrictions on psilocybin use are lifted, studies with a higher level of evidence should be conducted.", "journal": "Clinical Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/wnf.0000000000000653", "pubmed_id": "40939192", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000653", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Autism, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Autism spectrum disorder, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, MEDLINE, Dyad, Audiology, Psychotherapist, Autistic spectrum disorder, Developmental psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414162012\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414162012\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105321265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560438049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886989735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891378911\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901669506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209358220\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210376981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210379385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214849391\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220686515\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310700160\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4360600181\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386314831\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386469135\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389137509\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395462414\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002108718\",\"display_name\":\"Jaime Moreno-Chaparro\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-3654\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092940362\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriela Castañeda-Millán\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4704-3707\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003546712\",\"display_name\":\"Javier Eslava-Schmalbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-2918\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S3349026\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinical Neuropharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000653\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414162012" }, { "id": 3192, "title": "Psilocybin: Systematic review of its use in the treatment of depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin systematic review of its use in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Andres-Olivera P, de la Iglesia J, Dominguez-Alvarez E, Soto’Gonzalez P, Rodriguez C, Munaiz-Cossio C, Gonzalez-Bolaños R, Brito-Rey R, Marín-Lorenzo C, Arribas-Simon B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12436869", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12436869\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 416, "title": "Above the threshold, beyond the trip: the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity and antidepressant effects.", "normalized_title": "above the threshold beyond the trip the role of the 5 ht2a receptor in psychedelic induced neuroplasticity and antidepressant effects", "authors": "Drewko AJ, Habets RLP, Brunt TM.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, including the recreationally used psilocybin and LSD, have become promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression. While it is generally agreed that they exhibit their antidepressant effects by inducing rapid and sustained neuroplasticity, the molecular mechanisms responsible are widely debated. In particular, the role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, known to mediate the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics, is under scrutiny. However, many studies remain in conflict on whether action at the receptor is also required for neuroplastic effects. In this narrative review, we examine the available evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT2A receptor in neuroplasticity induction and the possibly antidepressant effects of psychedelics. Firstly, we review the role of decreased neuroplasticity in depression, the evidence for dendrito-, spino- and synaptogenesis promotion by psychedelics, and for its possible regional selectivity. We then discuss the current knowledge on psychedelic action at the 5-HT2A receptor, including its role in promoting hallucinogenic effects. Finally, we critically assess the studies testing the necessity for 5-HT2A signalling for neuroplastic effects and present a model of molecular mechanisms responsible for psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03169-9", "pubmed_id": "40849544", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03169-9", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40849544\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 561, "title": "Psychedelics and the Serotonin Hypothesis of Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the serotonin hypothesis of eating disorders", "authors": "Bilenker D, Avena NM.", "abstract": "Recent advances in psychedelic research have renewed interest in their therapeutic potential for psychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive and behavioral rigidity. This review examines the rationale for using serotonergic psychedelics-particularly 5-HT2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin-in the treatment of eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). The paper contextualizes these interventions within the broader serotonin hypothesis of EDs, emphasizing serotonergic dysregulation and impaired cognitive flexibility as central features of these conditions. Drawing from animal models, human neuroimaging studies, and emerging clinical trials, the authors outline how psychedelics may promote neuroplasticity and psychological insight through modulation of 5-HT2A signaling. Preliminary evidence from open-label studies suggests psilocybin may improve ED symptoms and quality of life, though findings are early and methodologically limited. The paper also reviews data on ayahuasca, MDMA, and non-psychedelic serotonergic agents, highlighting both the promise and complexity of psychedelic-assisted therapy in EDs. The authors conclude that while further controlled trials are needed to clarify efficacy, safety, and optimal treatment parameters, psychedelics offer a novel, mechanistically distinct avenue for addressing entrenched ED psychopathology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15080893", "pubmed_id": "40867224", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080893", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40867224\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 876, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care", "authors": "Garcia ACM, Maia LO.", "abstract": "Existential and spiritual suffering are frequently reported by individuals facing serious illnesses, particularly at the end of life, and are associated with diminished quality of life, increased psychological distress, and requests for hastened death. While Palliative Care (PC) aims to provide holistic support, existing therapeutic options often fail to adequately address the profound disruptions in meaning, connection, and dignity experienced by patients. Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies (PAT), notably those using psilocybin, have re-emerged as promising interventions capable of eliciting transformative experiences that may alleviate existential and spiritual distress. This chapter explores the potential role of PAT in PC, beginning with a historical and conceptual overview of PC and an analysis of existential and spiritual suffering in this context. It then reviews scientific evidence on the therapeutic applications of classical psychedelics, with a focus on existential and spiritual suffering. Practical, clinical, ethical, and legal considerations for the integration of PAT into PC are discussed, including the challenges of implementation and the need for spiritually and existentially informed treatment models. The chapter concludes by reinforcing the urgency of innovative and compassionate responses to existential suffering and highlighting PAT as an emerging pathway toward improving the quality of life-and death-of individuals with serious illnesses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002", "pubmed_id": "40967680", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Existentialism, Spirituality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40967680\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 563, "title": "Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ketamine and Psilocybin in Comparison to Current Treatment Regimens for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Mood Disorders, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in the Pediatric Population: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic potential of ketamine and psilocybin in comparison to current treatment regimens for treatment resistant depression mood disorders and post traumatic stress disorder in the pediatric population a narrative review", "authors": "Hughes B, Mirza S, Ponamala M, Sagaser J, Paredes R, Hematillake N, Tailor C, Khan R, Pemminati S.", "abstract": "The stresses of the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the burden of psychiatric disorders within the pediatric population, revealing a pre-existing need for rapid-onset therapies that have since driven efforts to expand effective therapeutic interventions. In this narrative review, we utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to direct our report and study selection. We explored the current-state efficacy and therapeutic potential of ketamine and psilocybin in comparison to current treatment regimens for pediatric non-psychotic disorders, including Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), mood disorders like anxiety and bipolar disorder, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We chose these pediatric disorders to eliminate concerns regarding reality orientation and the use of dissociative and/or psychedelic medicines in patients who are experiencing symptoms of psychosis. Also, we briefly discuss ketamine's more widely accepted utilization by medical providers as a pediatric anesthetic, and how this gives credence to further evaluation of ketamine's multifaceted indications in pediatric psychiatry. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of glutamate pathways in the pathophysiology of TRD, mood disorders, and PTSD, and both ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and psilocybin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5-HT2A) agonist, have emerged as promising options due to their ability to augment glutamate release. Ketamine's use for pediatric TRD demonstrated rapid-onset relief for signs and symptoms of depression in children and adolescents, and psilocybin also decreased symptoms in patients with longstanding or refractory depression. Ketamine has been well tolerated and exhibited symptom improvements for youth with mood disorders such as anxiety and bipolar depression, while psilocybin showed promise in fostering emotional processing. In youth suffering from PTSD, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) brought about decreases in PTSD symptom severity, though outcomes varied across populations. Psilocybin enhanced neural plasticity, allowing patients to revisit and reframe memories under therapeutic guidance, especially for those with complex or treatment-resistant PTSD. Ethical considerations are involved in the use of dissociative and hallucinogenic therapies like ketamine and psilocybin in the pediatric population, and we explore some ethical issues regarding their use. Further research exploring specific brain locations and mechanisms of action underlying glutamate modulation by ketamine and psilocybin, and the subsequent rapid-acting relief of psychiatric symptoms offered by these substances, could pave the way for innovative treatments targeting pediatric mental health disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.90425", "pubmed_id": "40970030", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.90425", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40970030\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3070, "title": "Psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression: a living systematic review, meta-analysis, and data resource", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression a living systematic review meta analysis and data resource", "authors": "Singleton SP, Sevchik BL, Lahey A, Cuijpers P, Harrer M, Jones MT, Nayak SM, Strain EC, Vandekar SN, Dworkin RH, Scott JC, Satterthwaite TD.", "abstract": "Importance Depression is a major cause of disability worldwide, motivating substantial interest in psilocybin as a potential treatment. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin’s impact on depressive symptoms and provide a living open data resource. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO retrieved by a systematic search up to July 1, 2025. Study Selection We included randomized controlled trials of psilocybin or psilocybin-assisted therapy compared against a placebo or waitlist condition. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction was completed independently by two extractors. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize data. Risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane’s RoB 2.0 tool. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was the standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g ) in depression scores at the primary study endpoint. Results Twelve studies comprising 711 participants were included in the database, with nine of those studies (n = 529) included in our primary model. Of the nine studies included in the primary model, two had a high risk of bias, four had some concerns, while three had a low risk of bias. Compared to control conditions, psilocybin showed a greater reduction in depression scores, with a pooled Hedges’ g = -0.91 (95% CI, [-1.35; -0.48]; k = 9; p = 0.0013, I2 = 58.1%, tau 2 = 0.13, n = 501). Sensitivity analyses revealed robust effects consistent with the primary model across a variety of design parameters and analysis choices, while also suggesting that waitlist control and crossover design studies contribute a large amount of heterogeneity to the primary model. Meta-regression revealed that psilocybin’s effects were rapid and consistent over several weeks (intercept = -0.92 [-1.26; -0.58], p < 0.0001; slope = 0.0009 [-0.0023; 0.0041], p = 0.57). Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that psilocybin-assisted therapy results in substantial decreases in depressive symptoms across studies to date. However, many studies have small sample sizes or risk of bias. This living systematic review, meta-analysis, database, and online dashboard will continue to be updated as evidence emerges, providing a valuable resource for researchers in a rapidly evolving field. Key Points Question What is the efficacy of psilocybin or psilocybin-assisted therapy for depressive symptoms? Findings In this living systematic review and meta-analysis, the initial evidence suggests that psilocybin is more effective in reducing depression symptoms compared to control conditions. Our publicly released database and interactive dashboard contains over 200 effect sizes from 12 randomized clinical trials testing psilocybin’s impacts on depression and will be updated regularly to keep pace with this rapidly moving field. Meaning The current evidence suggests promise for psilocybin therapy for depression, though more studies are needed.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-08-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.13.25333530", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.13.25333530", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1068501\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 567, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy potential benefits and challenges in mental health treatment", "authors": "Silczuk A, Madejek RJ, Koweszko T, Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Adamska E, Gujski M, Szulc A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, derived from the Greek words \"psyche\" (soul) and \"deloun\" (revealing), are substances historically and currently considered \"soul-revealing\". Also termed hallucinogens due to their impact on sensory perception, they are further categorized into hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline; entactogens or empathogens, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); and dissociatives, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. The concept of using these substances to enhance psychotherapy emerged in the 1940s, leading to the first wave of psychedelic research, which yielded promising initial results. Following a period of restricted research, modern investigations began anew around 20 years ago. In this review, we analyze the last 10 years of research, exploring the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy. Current evidence reveals that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy remains an experimental approach. While preliminary studies suggest potential therapeutic benefits in treating various conditions, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders, a definitive assessment of efficacy and safety is hampered by the scarcity of large-scale, rigorous clinical trials. Psychedilics should rather be viewed as integral components of broader therapeutic frameworks than as standalone treatment. The unique mechanisms of psychedelics, notably their effect on neuroplasticity, hint at the potential to address treatment gaps in patients unresponsive to conventional methods. However, this potential requires validation through larger, more rigorously designed studies. Future research must prioritize high-quality, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials encompassing diverse populations to produce reliable, generalizable findings and ensure responsible clinical implementation. The aim of this article is to review the current status of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12659/msm.948302", "pubmed_id": "40781763", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.948302", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40781763\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 566, "title": "Psychedelics and Headache Disorders: an Update.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and headache disorders an update", "authors": "Im JJH, Sandoe CH", "abstract": "Psychedelics are often queried as a potential therapeutic option in a multitude of conditions, including pain and mental health disorders, with a growing body of patient reports and scientific publications describing potential benefit. This article reviews recent research on psychedelic compounds for treatment of headache disorders. Observational data, case reports, and a few recent small, controlled trials suggest symptom benefit at sub-hallucinogenic doses for both migraine and cluster headache. There have not been new completed studies of psychedelics in other headache disorders. Safety signals also tend to be favorable, although there are continuing concerns for systemic and psychiatric effects in varying doses, preparations and clinical contexts. While available studies on psychedelics suggest potential benefit in cluster headache and migraine, access remains complex due to legal considerations, and additional studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness and to ensure safety before they can be recommended for use.", "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports", "publication_date": "2025-08-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11910-025-01446-2", "pubmed_id": "40782223", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40782223/", "keywords": "Cluster headache, DMT, Headache, LSD, Migraine, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40782223\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 570, "title": "Substance Abuse and Cognitive Decline: The Critical Role of Tau Protein as a Potential Biomarker.", "normalized_title": "substance abuse and cognitive decline the critical role of tau protein as a potential biomarker", "authors": "Rebolledo-Pérez L, Hernández-Bello J, Martínez-Ramos A, Castañeda-Arellano R, Fernández-Quezada D, Sandoval-García F, Aguilar-García IG.", "abstract": "Tau protein is essential for the structural stability of neurons, particularly through its role in microtubule assembly and axonal transport. However, when abnormally hyperphosphorylated or cleaved, Tau can aggregate into insoluble forms that disrupt neuronal function, contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence suggests that similar Tau-related alterations may occur in individuals with chronic exposure to psychoactive substances. This review compiles experimental, clinical, and postmortem findings that collectively indicate a substance-specific influence on Tau dynamics. Alcohol and opioids, for instance, promote Tau hyperphosphorylation and fragmentation through the activation of kinases such as GSK-3β and CDK5, as well as proteases like caspase-3, leading to neuroinflammation and microglial activation. Stimulants and dissociatives disrupt insulin signaling, increase oxidative stress, and impair endosomal trafficking, all of which can exacerbate Tau pathology. In contrast, cannabinoids and psychedelics may exert protective effects by modulating kinase activity, reducing inflammation, or enhancing neuroplasticity. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin and harmine have been demonstrated to decrease Tau phosphorylation and facilitate cognitive restoration in animal models. Although the molecular mechanisms differ across substances, Tau consistently emerges as a convergent target altered in substance-related cognitive disorders. Understanding these pathways may provide not only mechanistic insights into drug-induced neurotoxicity but also identify Tau as a valuable biomarker and potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cognitive decline associated with substance use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26157638", "pubmed_id": "40806766", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157638", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alzheimer Disease, Substance-Related Disorders, tau Proteins, Phosphorylation, Biomarkers, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40806766\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 417, "title": "Between enhancement and risk: A critical review of psychedelic microdosing.", "normalized_title": "between enhancement and risk a critical review of psychedelic microdosing", "authors": "Totomanova I, Haijen ECHM, Hurks PPM, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics, the regular use of low doses of LSD or psilocybin, have attracted growing public and scientific interest. This review synthesizes findings from 57 human studies on psychological and physiological outcomes in clinical and non-clinical populations. Reported benefits include improved mood, enhanced cognition, social functioning, and mental health, although findings are inconsistent and largely self-reported. Adverse effects such as anxiety, physical discomfort, and cognitive disruption are also frequently reported. Outcomes appear to be highly individual and shaped by user expectations, context, and baseline state. Notably, many experimental studies focus on the acute effects of single low doses, whereas observational studies reflect repeated use and generally report more benefits, while experimental trials tend to yield more null findings. Differences between observational and experimental findings highlight the need for rigorous, placebo-controlled research. While microdosing shows potential in some studies, current evidence remains inconclusive and warrants caution.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102129", "pubmed_id": "40834796", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102129", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Affect, Cognition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40834796\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 577, "title": "Interventions to support spirituality among adults with cancer: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "interventions to support spirituality among adults with cancer a scoping review", "authors": "Miller M, Meyers M, Krainak K, Lewis SP.", "abstract": "PurposeSpirituality is a core component of holistic cancer care, yet additional support is needed to understand and implement spirituality-focused interventions in practice. The aim of this review was to identify available interventions to address spirituality among people with cancer, to explore common components, and to examine efficacy across interventions.MethodsA scoping review was conducted. Research questions and criteria were formulated at the outset, followed by identifying relevant publications, charting data, and collating results. Upon identification of available interventions, each was examined for its components and efficacy.ResultsN = 26 publications were included, representing N = 21 unique interventions. While each intervention varied, they often included key components of prayer, mindfulness/meditation practices, and facilitated sessions with trained spiritual and/or palliative care providers. The effects of interventions varied, with some studies reporting positive outcomes and others reporting mixed effects or no significant changes. Notably, individually focused spiritual support interventions were found to increase hope, spiritual well-being, meaning, self-transcendence, and faith; spiritual group therapy interventions were found to increase spiritual health and spiritual well-being (meaning, peace, and faith); mindfulness-based cancer recovery groups were found to increase spiritual well-being; and psilocybin-assisted therapy yielded improvements in spiritual well-being, faith, and connection.ConclusionsThis review offers a novel examination of interventions focused on enhancing spirituality in cancer care. Given spirituality's central role among many patients and the well-documented desire for spiritual support, future research should clarify which interventions are most effective and under what conditions, to support translation of high-quality spiritual care interventions into practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00520-025-09787-x", "pubmed_id": "40751754", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-025-09787-x", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Spiritual Therapies, Palliative Care, Spirituality, Adult, Mindfulness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40751754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 582, "title": "Treatment approaches and efficacy in psychedelic-induced psychosis: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "treatment approaches and efficacy in psychedelic induced psychosis a systematic review", "authors": "Sulstarova A, Scheuerlein L, Monari S, Seragnoli F, Gabriel T, Preller K, Böge K, Sentissi O, Kaiser S, Solmi M, Kirschner M, Sabé M", "abstract": "Psychedelics are increasingly used in the general population, yet they are associated with increased risk of psychosis in a minority of users that can experience psychedelic-induced psychosis (", "journal": "Asian journal of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104604", "pubmed_id": "40614615", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40614615/", "keywords": "Antipsychotics, Hallucinogens, Haloperidol, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychosis, Risperidone", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40614615\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 580, "title": "Psilocybin as Transformative Fast-Acting Antidepressant: Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as transformative fast acting antidepressant pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms", "authors": "Adebo M, Bonnet M, Laouej O, Defaix C, McGowan JC, Butlen-Ducuing F, David DJ, Poupon E, Tritschler L, Gardier AM.", "abstract": "In the 1950s-60s, serotonergic psychedelic drugs were studied as potential adjuvants to psychotherapy to treat addiction and alcoholism. However, starting in the 70s, preclinical and clinical studies on psychedelics stopped for decades because legislation controlled its recreational use, citing their hallucinogenic and psychotomimetic effects, as well as their abuse potential. Amazingly, we are witnessing an impressive return of these drugs due to recent clinical trials suggesting a therapeutic potential of psychedelics, among them psilocybin, for treating patients with depression resistant to conventional antidepressant drugs. Yet, their underlying mechanisms of action remain incompletely elucidated. This review provides an update on seminal clinical trials using psilocybin, as well as preclinical work uncovering the pharmacological properties and experimental pharmacology of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin. These drugs are primarily serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists. Although there is a consensus that 5-HT2AR activation mediates its psychedelic effects in human and rodent models of anxiety/depression, its role in psilocin's antidepressant effects remains controversial. This review also provides an overview of neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity, and neural circuits activated by psilocin. Further research in developing effective antidepressants for depression is prescient now more than ever, as according to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression will be the main cause of disability in 2030. Understanding the mechanisms through which psilocybin/psilocin would be an effective antidepressant is crucial to ultimately validate its therapeutic potential when combined with SSRIs/SNRIs in mood disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/fcp.70038", "pubmed_id": "40670864", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.70038", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40670864\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4341, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted treatment of depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted treatment of depression", "authors": "Barbara Anna Zapalska, Antonina Teresa Witkowska, Anna Cukrowska, Artur Galus", "abstract": "Depression, a common mental disorder, affects people at different stages of life.Classic antidepressant treatment is generally effective, however, it is prolonged.Nonetheless, numerous patients who undergo various classic antidepressant therapies still suffer from depression.Therefore, the search for novel medications is essential.In this review, we explore the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, an alkaloid found in several species of psilocybe mushrooms.Psilocybin mainly acts agonistically through serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2A (5-HT2A) receptors.However, the exact mechanism of the proposed antidepressant impact remains unknown.In the reviewed materials, psilocybin demonstrated rapid and longlasting antidepressant activity in treatment-resistant depression -the therapeutic effect occurred after only a single dose and was sustained for up to 12 weeks.The intensity of psychedelic experience correlated with the strength of the antidepressant action.In comparison to escitalopram, psilocybin acted more quickly and had longer-lasting effects, suggesting its potential as an alternative to classic antidepressants.The adverse events of psilocybin were mild.The findings presented in our work offer a promising perspective for patients who have previously not responded to standard antidepressant treatment.", "journal": "Medical Science", "publication_date": "2025-07-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.54905/disssi.v29i161.e110ms3657", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v29i161.e110ms3657", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412885037\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412885037\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117514441\",\"display_name\":\"Barbara Anna Zapalska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064493295\",\"display_name\":\"Antonina Teresa Witkowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119180312\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Cukrowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5118395035\",\"display_name\":\"Artur Galus\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210211701\",\"source_display_name\":\"Medical Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v29i161.e110ms3657\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412885037" }, { "id": 599, "title": "Psilocybin in the treatment of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature and registered clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the treatment of eating disorders a systematic review of the literature and registered clinical trials", "authors": "Bevione F, Lacidogna MC, Lavalle R, Abbate Daga G, Preti A.", "abstract": "BackgroundFluoxetine remains the only pharmacological treatment approved for Bulimia Nervosa, and no other drugs have been approved for eating disorders (EDs). The rationale for exploring psilocybin as a treatment for EDs is compelling, both from biological and psychological perspectives. Moreover, its safety profile in healthy individuals appears favorable. This systematic review aims to examine original research articles and registered clinical trials to assess the current psilocybin's therapeutic potential in EDs.MethodsSystematic review following the indications of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and the Cochrane Library from inception until 29 July 2024, with key terms: \"psilocybin\" and \"eating disorders\". Quality was assessed through the Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group released by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We performed an additional search on the registry of clinical trials available at the website https://clinicaltrials.gov.ResultsTwo studies met the inclusion criteria for our analysis. The first was an open-label feasibility study involving 10 individuals with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), without a control group. The second was a single case report describing the use of psilocybin in a person with AN. In addition, six registered clinical trials of psilocybin in individuals with EDs were identified.ConclusionsThe initial evidence shows that psilocybin might be safe and well-tolerated in AN. The promising results and the need for tests in enlarged samples encourage further research on psilocybin in EDs.Level of evidence viiiEvidence from nonrandomized controlled clinical trials, nonrandomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case series, case reports, and individual qualitative studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40519-025-01771-y", "pubmed_id": "40730892", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-025-01771-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Clinical Trials as Topic, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40730892\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3424, "title": "Modulation of Serotonin Pathways Using Psilocybin in Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)", "normalized_title": "modulation of serotonin pathways using psilocybin in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder asd", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "This study will test the hypothesis that brain systems are differentially regulated by serotonin in individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. To do this, the brain response to two single acute doses of partial serotonin (5HT)1A/2A receptor agonist psilocybin (COMP360) relative to a single dose of placebo (baseline serotonin activity) will be compared in healthy autistic and non-autistic adults. Brain function will be assessed using a range of MRI (fMRI and MRS), EEG and sensory tasks. Unimodal and multimodal analyses will be conducted. Please note that this study uses psilocybin as a probe of the serotonin system in a Case-Control science study and, following Scope protocol review, the U.K. MHRA confirmed that it is not a 'Clinical Trial of an Investigational Medicinal Product' (IMP) as defined by the EU Directive 2001/20/EC.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05651126", "keywords": "Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psilocybin 5 mg, COMP360, Psilocybin 2 mg, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05651126\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 600, "title": "Molecular Pathways Potentially Involved in Hallucinatory Experiences During Sleep Paralysis: The Emerging Role of β-Arrestin-2.", "normalized_title": "molecular pathways potentially involved in hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis the emerging role of β arrestin 2", "authors": "Rudy LM, Godlewski MM.", "abstract": "Sleep paralysis (SP), an REM parasomnia, can be characterized as one of the symptoms of narcolepsy. The SP phenomenon involves regaining meta-consciousness by the dreamer during REM, when the physiological atonia of skeletal muscles is accompanied by visual and auditory hallucinations that are perceived as vivid and distressing nightmares. Sensory impressions include personification of an unknown presence, strong chest pressure sensation, and intense fear resulting from subjective interaction with the unfolding nightmare. While the mechanism underlying skeletal muscle atonia is known, the physiology of hallucinations remains unclear. Their complex etiology involves interactions among various membrane receptor systems and neurotransmitters, which leads to altered neuronal functionality and disruptions in sensory perception. According to current knowledge, serotonergic activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor-2A (5-HT2A)-associated pathways plays a critical role in promoting hallucinogenesis during SP. Furthermore, they share similarities with psychedelic-substance-induced ones (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine). These compounds also target the 5-HT2A receptor; however, their molecular mechanism varies from serotonin-induced ones. The current review discusses the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for promoting hallucinations in SP, highlighting the critical role of β-arrestin-2. We propose that the β-arrestin-2 signaling pathway does not directly induce hallucinations but creates a state of network susceptibility that facilitates their abrupt emergence in sensory areas. Understanding the molecular basis of serotonergic hallucinations and gaining better insight into 5-HT2A-receptor-dependent pathways may prove crucial in the treatment of multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorders associated with the dysfunctional activity of serotonin receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26157233", "pubmed_id": "40806366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157233", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Sleep Paralysis, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Signal Transduction, beta-Arrestin 2", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40806366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 555, "title": "An overview of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic-assisted therapy: Insights, limitations and future directions.", "normalized_title": "an overview of psilocybin lsd mdma and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic assisted therapy insights limitations and future directions", "authors": "Askariyan K, Joghataei MT, Dehghan S, Nohesara S, Riahi Pour L, Mohammadi MH, Ahmadirad N.", "abstract": "The resurgence of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health treatment, challenging traditional paradigms by integrating compounds such as psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine into clinical practice. Historically marginalized due to regulatory and societal concerns, these agents are now gaining recognition for their unique neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic potential in addressing complex conditions like depression, PTSD, and addiction. Unlike conventional treatments, psychedelics exert their effects primarily through modulation of serotonin receptors and brain network connectivity, with each substance demonstrating distinct pharmacological profiles and clinical applications. Notably, psilocybin and LSD share serotonergic pathways but differ in receptor specificity and subjective effects, while MDMA's empathogenic properties and ketamine's rapid antidepressant action offer alternative therapeutic avenues. Recent FDA breakthrough therapy designations for psilocybin and MDMA underscore a shift toward evidence-based acceptance, yet the field remains challenged by methodological limitations, regulatory barriers, and ethical considerations. This narrative review synthesizes historical developments, mechanistic insights, and clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need for rigorous research, diverse patient cohorts, and thoughtful integration of psychedelics with psychotherapeutic modalities to realize their full therapeutic promise.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111461", "pubmed_id": "40716639", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111461", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40716639\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 395, "title": "Mapping psilocybin therapy: A systematic review of therapeutic frameworks, adaptations, and standardization across contemporary clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "mapping psilocybin therapy a systematic review of therapeutic frameworks adaptations and standardization across contemporary clinical trials", "authors": "Kittur ME, Burgos M LA, Jones BDM, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Rosenblat JD, Husain MI.", "abstract": "Accumulating evidence suggests that psilocybin can produce rapid and sustained clinical benefits when administered in conjunction with psychological support. Though non-pharmacological procedures are considered integral, the field lacks therapeutic guidelines and little is known about current practices. This systematic review sought to provide a comprehensive and cross-diagnostic synthesis of current psilocybin therapy (PT) protocols across contemporary mental health related trials. Primary objectives were to define and compare PT models with respect to overall therapeutic framework, evidence-based psychotherapeutic adaptations, and therapeutic standardization measures. Database search identified 22 recent trials assessing psilocybin as treatment for major and treatment-resistant depression, medical condition-related distress, substance use, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and eating disorders. Cross-diagnostic review revealed broad consistency in therapeutic structure (i.e. before, during, and after psilocybin treatment), session themes, and external context during drug administration. However, trials varied in therapeutic intensity, diagnostic adaptations, and incorporation of evidence-based psychotherapies. Less than half of reviewed trials reported standardization measures such as manualized procedures, PT-specific training, or adherence and fidelity monitoring. With non-pharmacological treatment mechanisms still unclear, results highlight potential confounds and standardization gaps that undermine the replicability and generalizability of recent psilocybin interventions. Until adjunctive support protocols are adequately operationalized, mechanistic insight and uptake into clinical practice will remain a challenge.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952", "pubmed_id": "40684956", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40684956\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3306, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1051705\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3097, "title": "Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review.", "normalized_title": "biochemical insights into diverse psilocybe mushrooms and their metabolites as sources of neuroactive agents a review", "authors": "Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Bharti SAK, Csaba V, Valan Arasu M, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J.", "abstract": "Psilocybe species, commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\", are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin. These species have been the focus of scientific study due to their potential therapeutic applications, despite their classification as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various Psilocybe mushrooms, highlighting their chemical compositions, genetic diversity, and therapeutic potential, particularly in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, and cluster headaches. By reviewing existing scientific literature, this review examines the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of Psilocybe mushrooms. The review includes novel contributions such as the identification of alternative pathways for psilocybin synthesis and taxonomic consolidations among Psilocybe species. It also explores the cultural context and traditional uses of these mushrooms. The findings indicate that Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit significant potential for therapeutic use in mental health treatment. The review also underscores the importance of ongoing research into the pharmacological properties of these mushrooms to better understand their effects and potential benefits. Despite their current legal status, Psilocybe mushrooms hold considerable promise for future therapeutic applications. There is a need for further investigation to fully explore their potential in medical and cultural contexts. This review sets a foundation for future research and drug development endeavors, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of these complex biological entities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8", "pubmed_id": "40663181", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40663181\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 479, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Hypothesis Visual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation. Study Design This narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology. Study Results Both LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation. Conclusions Examining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7x8q4_v3", "keywords": "Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance, Hallucinogenesis, Phenomenology, Sensory Deprivation, Serotonin Receptors, Visual Hierarchy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7x8q4_v3\",\"version\":3,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 556, "title": "Examining the potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury.", "normalized_title": "examining the potential of psilocybin and 5 meo dmt as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Plummer Z, Allen J, Brand J, Mayo LM, Shultz SR, Christie BR.", "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global health challenge, with limited effective treatments for its acute and chronic consequences. TBI is characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired neuroplasticity, imbalances in neurotransmission, and cell death - factors that contribute to the development of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) may hold promise as treatments for TBI. These compounds promote neuroplasticity, exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and have shown efficacy in treating psychiatric conditions that share pathophysiological features with TBI. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors are implicated in their effects, but psilocybin also targets neurotrophic TrkB receptors, whereas 5-MeO-DMT targets sigma-1 receptors, known to have neuroprotective properties. This review integrates current preclinical and clinical research, highlighting both the shared and distinct mechanistic pathways through which psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT may alleviate TBI-related impairments, such as cognitive and affective dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Additionally, the safety profiles, dosing paradigms, and clinical challenges of these psychedelics are critically examined. By bridging insights from psychedelic science and neurotrauma research, this review underscores the innovative potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as adjunctive treatments for TBI, paving the way for novel interventions in neurorehabilitation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448", "pubmed_id": "40669813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Neuroprotective Agents, Psilocybin, Brain Injuries, Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40669813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 536, "title": "A systematic review and narrative summary of the therapeutic potential of classic serotonergic psychedelics for smoking cessation and reduction.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review and narrative summary of the therapeutic potential of classic serotonergic psychedelics for smoking cessation and reduction", "authors": "Glenn DL, Choi SH, Zimmerman RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic serotonergic psychedelics are 5-HT2A partial agonists that induce non-ordinary states of consciousness. Many have demonstrated anti-addictive properties; however, their impact on smoking behaviors remains under-researched. This review provides a synthesis of the therapeutic potential of these compounds in promoting smoking cessation and reduction.MethodsA systematic review of peer-reviewed studies on psychedelics and smoking outcomes, published in English, was conducted. Database searches of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE resulted in 3547 records. ASReview, an open-source machine-learning tool, was used to improve the screening process. Abstract and initial review screening excluded 2336 articles, leaving 29 full-text articles for review. After further exclusion based on the inclusion of psychedelics and reported outcomes, eight studies were included in the analysis. All studies were assessed for risk of bias using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.ResultsHeterogeneity in the data was observed. All studies showed a serious risk of bias. Psilocybin was the most frequently reported compound (n = 7), followed by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; n = 5), mescaline (n = 4), ayahuasca (n = 4), peyote (n = 2), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (n = 1). Psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca revealed preliminary therapeutic potential for facilitating smoking cessation.ConclusionsCurrent literature on psychedelics' anti-addictive effects on smoking behaviors is promising but limited by weak study designs and low generalizability. Future research should allow for stronger sampling methods to improve statistical power and include comparative groups within experimental or quasi-experimental designs to strengthen inference for causal mechanisms between drug and nondrug influences on smoking outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251353251", "pubmed_id": "40643107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251353251", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40643107\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 538, "title": "Psychedelics for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Narrative Review with Candidate Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for alcohol use disorder a narrative review with candidate mechanisms of action", "authors": "Miller EA, Capone C, Eaton E, Swift RM, Haass-Koffler CL.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have been studied since the 1950s as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), with over a dozen clinical trials of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and several contemporary trials of psilocybin and ayahuasca for this indication. Herein, we characterize foundational studies from the 1950s to the present, with emphasis on key design factors that varied considerably between published studies. Critically, those design factors include pharmacological factors, such as presence or absence of a placebo control and the nature of the placebo (e.g., ephedrine, dextroamphetamine, diphenhydramine, or low-dose LSD), and non-pharmacological factors, such as the treatment setting and the presence or absence of psychotherapy. We found that observational studies nearly uniformly show promising results, but trials in which psychedelics were tested against placebo or standard of care control groups have been more inconsistent in both outcomes and methodologies. Given the inconsistency in published results, we review candidate mechanisms of action for psychedelics in the context of AUD. We take a biopsychosocial approach, reviewing mechanisms spanning several different hierarchical levels of analysis, including cellular neuroplasticity, cognitive neuroscience, subjective experience, and social connection. Taken together, this review highlights key findings on both the efficacy and potential mechanisms of psychedelics for the treatment of AUD, which could motivate future studies in this rapidly developing field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z", "pubmed_id": "40640527", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40640527\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 495, "title": "Treatment with LSD and psilocybin at the department of psychiatry at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark from 1960 to 1973: an analysis of 324 cases", "normalized_title": "treatment with lsd and psilocybin at the department of psychiatry at frederiksberg hospital in denmark from 1960 to 1973 an analysis of 324 cases", "authors": "Jens Larsen, Pernille Kølbæk, Søren Dinesen Østergaard", "abstract": "Background Recent studies have suggested that psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin might benefit patients with mental illness. This revival calls for revisiting the field’s past experiences with these agents. From 1960 to 1973, many patients were treated with LSD and/or psilocybin at the Department of Psychiatry at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark. Here, we analyze the case material/medical records of 324 of these patients. Specifically, we aimed to estimate whether patients who applied for reparatory compensation (applicants; n = 93) as per the Danish LSD Damages Law had worse responses and were more affected by adverse events related to psychedelic treatment than those who did not (non-applicants; n = 231).Materials and Methods Data from the LSD archive at Frederiksberg City Archives were reviewed, and data regarding patient characteristics and LSD/psilocybin treatment (dose, effect, and adverse events) were extracted. Data were compared between applicants and non-applicants using independent samples t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate.Results Applicants were treated with higher LSD doses (median LSD dose-index: 31 vs. 21, p = 0.040) and received more treatments (median: 14 vs. 10, p = 0.005) than the non-applicants. Treatment responses did not differ significantly between applicants and non-applicants. Flashbacks were registered for a larger fraction of the applicants compared to non-applicants (18.2% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001).Conclusions The high incidence of flashbacks should be taken into account in future clinical studies examining psychedelic treatment of patients with mental disorders.", "journal": "Nordic Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-07-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449", "pubmed_id": "40635579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412150107\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412150107\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2002554882\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065639457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075552167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152569564\",\"https://openalex.org/W2197468111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328159225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342018515\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418547949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2557428091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2727276162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909439728\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W3173085310\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195045424\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251563150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293194637\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321482687\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379967727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399897612\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404182837\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404543186\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405172984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955639\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406155950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410437148\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104128700\",\"display_name\":\"Jens Larsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007486385\",\"display_name\":\"Pernille Kølbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-9601\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009416808\",\"display_name\":\"Søren Dinesen Østergaard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-6208\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S63111534\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412150107" }, { "id": 461, "title": "Unraveling the policies, legislations, and regulations of psychedelics in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, and India.", "normalized_title": "unraveling the policies legislations and regulations of psychedelics in australia canada netherlands new zealand and india", "authors": "Joga R, Yerram S, Patnam JD, Choudhary KK, Varpe P, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S.", "abstract": "BackgroundResearch into psychedelics has gained renewed interest due to their potential to address psychiatric, neurological, and other peripheral conditions. These substances offer long-term therapeutic benefits, contrasting with the side effects and limitations of current psychiatric medicines.ObjectiveThis study examines the legislations and regulatory frameworks for psychedelics in Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, New Zealand, and India, highlighting their varied approaches to legalization, medical use, and integration into healthcare systems.MethodsA comparative analysis of the regulatory landscapes in the selected countries was conducted, focusing on policies, clinical trial practices, and the ethical considerations surrounding psychedelics. Data were drawn from government documents, regulatory databases, and peer-reviewed literature.ResultsAustralia legalized MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, establishing a structured prescription system for authorized psychiatrists. Canada and The Netherlands supports therapeutic use through regulated clinical trials and limited exemptions under strict controls, reflecting cautious but progressive approaches. New Zealand demonstrates exploratory interest in psychedelics within a controlled regulatory framework. India maintains stringent prohibitions with severe penalties for possession and use, despite emerging research indicating potential medical benefits.ConclusionsAustralia, Canada, The Netherlands, and New Zealand have taken pioneering steps in integrating psychedelics into medical practice, guided by evolving scientific evidence and ethical considerations. In contrast, India's conservative regulatory stance highlights significant barriers to exploring the medical potential of psychedelics. As global perspectives shift, balancing scientific advancements with robust regulatory measures will be crucial for shaping public health policies and fostering therapeutic innovation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105392", "pubmed_id": "40694950", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105392", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Legislation, Drug, Health Policy, Canada, India, Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40694950\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 496, "title": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine", "authors": "Park D, Lee G, Lee WG, Kim B, Lee Y, Kim JW.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder is a debilitating condition, with many patients unresponsive to conventional monoaminergic antidepressants. Rapid-acting antidepressants such as ketamine and psilocybin offer promising alternatives, relieving symptoms within hours. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic primarily targeting 5-HT2A receptors, both enhance synaptic plasticity in mood-regulating circuits through distinct mechanisms. This review synthesizes recent clinical and preclinical findings on ketamine and psilocybin, emphasizing their molecular targets, circuit-level effects, and converging downstream pathways. A key shared mechanism involves BDNF-TrkB signaling, which promotes spinogenesis and synaptogenesis critical for sustained antidepressant efficacy. We also discuss 5-HT2A receptor biased agonism as a potential strategy to dissociate psilocybin's therapeutic effects from its hallucinogenic actions. By comparing their mechanistic profiles, we identify both overlapping and distinct features that may inform the development of next-generation rapid-acting antidepressants. Understanding how serotonergic, glutamatergic, and neurotrophic systems converge may guide the development of fast-acting, durable, and non-hallucinogenic antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2", "pubmed_id": "40624295", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Signal Transduction, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40624295\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 640, "title": "Disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties.", "normalized_title": "disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties", "authors": "Atiq MA, Baker MR, Voort JLV, Vargas MV, Choi DS", "abstract": "Recent research with classic psychedelics suggests significant therapeutic potential, particularly for neuropsychiatric disorders. A mediating influence behind symptom resolution is thought to be the personal insight - at times, bordering on the mystical - one acquires during the acute phase of a psychedelic session. Indeed, current clinical trials have found strong correlations between the acute subjective effects (ASE) under the influence of psychedelics and their enduring therapeutic properties. However, with potential barriers to widespread clinical implementation, including the healthcare resource-intensive nature of psychedelic sessions and the exclusion of certain at-risk patient groups, there is an active search to determine whether ASE elimination can be accompanied by the retention of persisting therapeutic benefits of these class of compounds. Recognizing the aberrant underlying neural circuitry that characterizes a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, and that classic psychedelics promote neuroplastic changes that may correct abnormal circuitry, investigators are rushing to design and discover compounds with psychoplastogenic, but not hallucinogenic (i.e., ASE), therapeutic potential. These efforts have paved the discovery of 'non-psychedelic/subjective psychedelics', or compounds that lack hallucinogenic activity but with therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models. This review aims to distill the current evidence - both clinical and preclinical - surrounding the question: can the ASE of classic psychedelics be dissociated from their sustained therapeutic properties? Several plausible clinical scenarios are then proposed to offer clarity on and potentially answer this question.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06599-5", "pubmed_id": "38743110", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743110/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, Acute subjective effects, Addiction, Classic psychedelics, Major depressive disorder, Neuropsychiatry, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38743110\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 635, "title": "Exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders.", "normalized_title": "exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders", "authors": "Carrithers BM, Roberts DE, Weiss BM, King JD, Carhart-Harris RL, Gordon AR, Pagni BA, Moreau M, Ross S, Zeifman RJ", "abstract": "Both psychotherapeutic interventions and pharmacological agents have demonstrated limited efficacy in the treatment of personality disorders (PDs). Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic therapy, already showing promise in treating various psychiatric conditions commonly comorbid with PDs, may exert therapeutic effects by promoting adaptive changes in personality. Thus, psychedelic therapy could hold potential for addressing core features of PDs through shared mechanisms of personality modulation. Although historical literature and observational studies suggest the potential clinical utility of psychedelics in treating PDs, rigorous research is lacking, and individuals with PDs are often excluded from modern psychedelic therapy trials. In the present review, we first discuss research on the effects of psychedelics in individuals with a PD through the conventional lens of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR) categorical model. Next, using the dimensional DSM Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (DSM-AMPD) as a framework, we examine how psychedelics may affect self-functioning, interpersonal functioning, and pathological personality traits. We conclude by discussing the clinical relevance of psychedelic therapy as a treatment for personality pathology, including safety considerations, gaps and limitations, and recommendations for approaching psychedelic therapy within these more complex clinical populations.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413", "pubmed_id": "40081794", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40081794/", "keywords": "Personality disorders, Personality traits, Psilocybin-assisted therapy, Psychedelics, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40081794\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 622, "title": "What fMRI studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "what fmri studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect a scoping review", "authors": "Beneš M, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Research on psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD or DMT, is a burgeoning field, with an increasing number of studies showing their promise in treatment of mental disorders as well as examining their mechanism of action. Determining their effect on the brain is crucial from clinical standpoint, but also offers highly promising avenues of advancement in basic neuroscience-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most useful techniques to do so, with a number of newly published studies increasing every year. Here we present a scoping review of existing fMRI studies of serotonergic psychedelics to date, with a focus on finding unifying themes among them, in order to comprehensively grasp current directions within this field. We cluster the existing studies by fMRI modality and find several lines of developing concepts complementing the established models of psychedelic actions on the brain: namely, we describe a general picture of de-differentiation with the default mode network at its core captured by a diverse array of different techniques, complex changes to the thalamus, amygdala and medial temporal lobe structures, and the importance of the phenomenon of ego dissolution. Finally, contrasts to phenomenologically similar states and the successful process of anchoring fMRI findings to other markers are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798", "pubmed_id": "40666257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40666257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 619, "title": "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Psilocybe Mushrooms: Gaps and Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "chemical composition and biological activities of psilocybe mushrooms gaps and perspectives", "authors": "Luz MA, Guedes HVS, Bisneto ABM, Jesus RA, Galdino TP, Oliveira LC, Afonso VI, Fook MVL, Lima AGB, Silva SML, Torres MCM.", "abstract": "The Psilocybe genus is known for producing tryptamine alkaloids, specifically the compounds psilocybin and psilocin, which have shown antidepressant and anxiolytic potential. The presence of these alkaloids makes Psilocybe mushrooms promising sources of molecules with potential applications in the treatment of mental disorders. To explore this, a bibliographic study was conducted with the aim of synthesizing published data regarding the biological properties and chemical composition of Psilocybe mushrooms. Searches were performed on indexing platforms, and the articles found were processed using StArt software. These articles were then classified by score and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This survey yielded a total of 74 articles, and among them, 66 works showed the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin alkaloids, indicating the psychoactivity of the mushrooms, and 4 works demonstrated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extract from certain species of the genus. Additionally, 37 chemical compounds were identified across the genus, 23 of which are alkaloids. Data regarding the temporal and chemical stability of these compounds were also observed, which could help optimize the handling of materials that contain indole alkaloids. Therefore, it is evident that species of this genus remain underexplored in terms of chemical diversity; only compounds classified as alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds were found, and, in total, only 36 compounds in a study range time of 67 years. Furthermore, most studies focused primarily on evaluating the tryptamine alkaloids responsible for the psychoactivity of the mushrooms, without any study focusing on demonstrating the biological activity of isolated compounds against any pathological factor, except for studies relating the whole extract to larvicidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. So, this review provides a general overview of the molecules isolated from the genus and their biological activities and also suggests that researchers working with these mushroom species could focus their efforts on isolating new compounds and evaluating other types of biological activities that can improve the knowledge of mushrooms' alternative applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18070989", "pubmed_id": "40732278", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18070989", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40732278\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 618, "title": "Control Group Outcomes in Trials of Psilocybin, SSRIs, or Esketamine for Depression: A Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "control group outcomes in trials of psilocybin ssris or esketamine for depression a meta analysis", "authors": "Hieronymus F, López E, Werin Sjögren H, Lundberg J.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin has demonstrated rapid and sustained antidepressant efficacy, with acute-phase effect sizes often more than double those for conventional antidepressants. However, concerns have been raised that high rates of functional unblinding in combination with trial participants with positive expectations of psychedelic use might bias treatment outcomes.ObjectiveTo compare outcomes for patients receiving control treatments in randomized clinical trials of psilocybin for depression with control treatment outcomes from trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and esketamine.Data sourcesTwo previous meta-analyses and 1 US Food and Drug Administration review published between March 2019 and December 2024 were used to identify double-blind trials on adult major depressive disorder (MDD) or treatment-resistant depression (TRD) that had a relevant control treatment arm and used the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for symptom rating.Study selectionFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline, trials of psilocybin for MDD and TRD, esketamine for TRD, and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for MDD were selected. Studies that included only individuals aged younger than 18 years or older than 65 years, used a crossover design, or had a duration less than 2 weeks were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisAll authors assessed the 3 reviews for includable trials. Three authors independently extracted data for all trials, with disagreements resolved by consensus discussion. Data were pooled using random-effects models.Main outcomes and measuresStandardized mean change (SMC) in MADRS scores from baseline to up to 6 weeks after randomization was used to assess within-group effect sizes, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to assess between-group effect sizes. Omnibus Test of Moderators (QM) was used to test whether the study population significantly moderated effect sizes.ResultsThe study included 17 trials: 4 of psilocybin (n = 373), 2 of esketamine (n = 573), and 11 of SSRIs (n = 4014). Pretreatment to posttreatment SMCs (SEMs) were 1.21 (0.15) for psilocybin, 1.28 (0.06) for SSRIs, and 1.43 (0.15) for esketamine and were 0.50 (0.15), 1.00 (0.08), and 1.12 (0.17) for their respective control treatments. Study population was a significant moderator of between-group SMDs (QM, 10.7; df, 2; P =.005) and pre- to post-control treatment SMCs (QM, 10.4; df, 2; P =.005) but not of pre- to post-active treatment SMCs (QM, 1.21; df, 2; P =.55). MADRS response rates for control treatments in SSRI trials were 14 percentage points higher than in psilocybin trials and in esketamine trials were 23 percentage points higher than in psilocybin trials. Dropout rates for psilocybin (active treatment: 10 of 186 [5%]; control: 20 of 187 [11%]) and esketamine (active treatment: 43 of 349 [12%]; control: 18 of 224 [8%]) were similar and considerably lower than for SSRIs (active treatment: 866 of 2694 [32%]; control: 467 of 1320 [35%]).Conclusions and relevanceIn this meta-analysis of control treatment outcomes in trials of psilocybin, SSRIs, or esketamine for depression, participants receiving control treatment in psilocybin trials had significantly less improvement in depression ratings than participants receiving control treatment in trials of SSRIs or esketamine. This might indicate that psilocybin's antidepressant efficacy is overestimated compared with that of SSRIs and esketamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119", "pubmed_id": "40736734", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40736734\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 616, "title": "Caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin: Pharmacology, toxicology, and potential therapeutic uses of four naturally occurring psychoactive substances", "normalized_title": "caffeine nicotine cannabis and psilocybin pharmacology toxicology and potential therapeutic uses of four naturally occurring psychoactive substances", "authors": "Samuel E Christen, Elias Bekka, Yasmin Schmid, Neal L. Benowitz, Evangelia Liakoni", "abstract": "Psychoactive substances are compounds that can influence perception, consciousness, cognition, and emotions. The psychoactive substances caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin all originate from natural sources and can be used without complex processing or synthesis. Their natural availability has contributed to a long-standing history of human use and cultural significance. Caffeine and nicotine are freely available and commonly used as everyday stimulants, whereas psilocybin is more strictly regulated and cannabis has been legalised in some countries and regions. Some of these substances have been intensively studied, and their pharmacological and toxicological properties are well known, but ongoing research continues to investigate their therapeutic use for specific diseases and disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of these four naturally occurring psychoactive substances, including a summary of the currently available evidence on their therapeutic potential, health benefits, and associated risks.", "journal": "Swiss Medical Weekly", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.57187/s.4346", "pubmed_id": "40811135", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.57187/s.4346", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cannabis, Nicotine, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychoactive drug, Pharmacology, Caffeine, Psychoactive substance, Drug, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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E Christen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3103-781X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020870613\",\"display_name\":\"Elias Bekka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9958-7769\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045516878\",\"display_name\":\"Yasmin Schmid\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-584X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083971769\",\"display_name\":\"Neal L. Benowitz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-8124\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083956843\",\"display_name\":\"Evangelia Liakoni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-1378\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4394736658\",\"source_display_name\":\"Swiss Medical Weekly\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.57187/s.4346\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412107589" }, { "id": 595, "title": "Natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin: action and potentialapplications - a narrative review.", "normalized_title": "natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin action and potentialapplications a narrative review", "authors": "Ciszowski K, Ziaja A, Niedzielska-Andres E, Pomierny-Chamioło L.", "abstract": "IntroductionNatural hallucinogens derived from fungi and animals have been used for centuries in shamanic, ritualistic, and medicinal practices across diverse cultures. These compounds exhibit a widerange of structures and mechanisms of action, affecting various neurotransmitter systems pathways. Fungal hallucinogens, primarily indole alkaloids like psilocybin and ergot alkaloids, as well as animal-derived toxins, such as bufotenine, ciguatoxins, or semiochemicals from insects, can induce profound alterations in perception, cognition, and mood. Despite their traditional use and psychoactive effects, many of these substances remain underexplored in terms of pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Recent studies suggest their possible roles in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory conditions, and chronic pain, highlighting the need for a systematic review of their biological activity and medical applications.Aim of the studyThis review aims to provide an overview of hallucinogenic compounds of fungal and animal origin, focusing on their chemical nature, pharmacodynamic properties, and current evidence for potential therapeutic use.MethodologyThe review was based on publications retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 1983 to 2025. Search terms included: fungal hallucinogens, animal-derived psychedelics, natural psychoactive compounds, toxicity, therapeutic application of hallucinogens, and psychedelic drug research.ResultsThe analyzed hallucinogens differ markedly in terms of chemical structure, receptor activity, intensity of hallucinogenic effects, and potential for clinical use. Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest beneficial effects in mood and anxiety disorders, treatment-resistant depression, pain syndromes, and potentially neurodegenerative diseases. Some compounds show promise as leads for the synthesis of novel bioactive molecules.ConclusionsHallucinogens of fungal and animal origin represent a biologically diverse and pharmacologically rich group of natural substances. Further interdisciplinary research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and therapeutic potential. Their continued investigation may lead to the development of innovative treatments in neuropsychiatry and beyond.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.24425/fmc.2025.156119", "pubmed_id": "41329968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24425/fmc.2025.156119", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Fungi, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41329968\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 644, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Psychosocial Symptoms in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapies for psychosocial symptoms in cancer a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Schuman HDM, Savard C, Mina R, Barkova S, Conradi HSW, Deleemans JM, Carlson LE.", "abstract": "This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates (1) the effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) using psilocybin and ketamine for psychosocial symptoms in adults with cancer, (2) contextualizes findings with non-randomized and exploratory studies of other psychedelics, and (3) examines the role of therapeutic frameworks in shaping outcomes. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and EMBASE (2000-2024) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies investigating psychedelic agents in cancer populations. Meta-analyses pooled RCTs of psilocybin or ketamine using random-effects models. Non-randomized studies were synthesized narratively. Risk of bias and evidence certainty were assessed via Cochrane ROB2.0, NIH Before-After tool, and GRADE. Eleven placebo-controlled RCTs and four single open-label studies were included. Meta-analysis of four ketamine RCTs (n = 354) showed large, rapid effects on depression/anxiety (Hedges' g = -1.37, 95% CI: -2.66 to -0.08; I2 = 92%). Three psilocybin RCTs (n = 101) showed a large effect of psilocybin on alleviating depression (Hedges' g = -3.13, 95% CI: -10.04 to 3.77; I2 = 95%). MDMA and LSD trials suggested promise but lacked rigor. PAT may offer meaningful relief for cancer-related distress, though effects vary by therapeutic model and context. Oncology-specific trials are needed to standardize and scale for implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/curroncol32070380", "pubmed_id": "40710191", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32070380", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40710191\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4358, "title": "Evaluating Psilocybin as a Treatment for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease", "normalized_title": "evaluating psilocybin as a treatment for neuropsychiatric symptoms in parkinson s disease", "authors": "Nayiri Barton", "abstract": "Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by motor symptoms due to dopaminergic degeneration and non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment, which significantly affect patients' quality of life. Traditional dopaminergic therapies address motor symptoms but offer limited efficacy for neuropsychiatric manifestations. Psilocybin, a serotonergic compound with strong affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor, has emerged as a promising candidate for addressing the complex symptomatology of PD, including its neuropsychiatric components. This review examines the pharmacological effects of psilocybin, particularly its ability to modulate serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, enhance neuroplasticity, and reduce neuroinflammation, offering a potential therapeutic approach for PD. While clinical research in PD remains limited, evidence from related conditions such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) supports the notion that psilocybin could modulate both motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. Furthermore, psilocybin’s ability to induce brain network hyperconnectivity and regulate dopamine release offers mechanistic insight into its potential benefits. Despite the promising neurobiological underpinnings, ethical concerns and regulatory constraints remain barriers to widespread clinical use. Future research should prioritize disease-specific trials to explore psilocybin’s therapeutic efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety profile in PD, potentially redefining the treatment landscape for this underserved population.", "journal": "Global Journal of Medical Research", "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.34257/gjmravol25is1pg1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.34257/gjmravol25is1pg1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Parkinson's disease, Medicine, Disease, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412955867\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412955867\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1964157254\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809808727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288400169\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W6902956737\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Nayiri Barton\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210169248\",\"source_display_name\":\"Global Journal of Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjmravol25is1pg1\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412955867" }, { "id": 645, "title": "A Scoping Review of Research in Naturalistic Studies with Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "a scoping review of research in naturalistic studies with psychedelics", "authors": "Carvalho LC, Encantado J, Kettner H, Timmermann C, Veiga D, Teixeira PJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic research has traditionally focused on controlled, clinical settings to evaluate the therapeutic potential of substances such as psilocybin. However, in recent years, there has been growing interest in naturalistic research, which explores psychedelic use in real-world settings. This review aims to critically analyze trends in naturalistic psychedelic research, focusing on sample demographics and the diversity of contextual factors across different settings. A systematic search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted, including studies that involved the use of classic psychedelics in real-world settings. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data on both sample and setting characteristics. A total of 103 studies were included, most of which employed a cross-sectional survey-based design (n = 54), with sample characteristics being widely reported, albeit with considerable variability across studies. Ayahuasca was the most frequently studied substance (66%), and ceremonial settings were the most commonly reported (35.9%). While sample characteristics were widely reported, there was significant variability. Specific contextual components, such as music, were often underreported, with longitudinal studies providing the most comprehensive details. This review highlights the need for systematic reporting standards in naturalistic psychedelic research to maximize its complementary value alongside clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2520221", "pubmed_id": "40581772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2520221", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40581772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 649, "title": "The Clinical Applications of Psilocybin Therapies and Post-COVID Syndrome: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the clinical applications of psilocybin therapies and post covid syndrome a comprehensive narrative review", "authors": "Mathew A, Dongre R, Kim SH, Turner J, Mathew A, Cherryholmes E, Mehrinfar M, Kamprath S.", "abstract": "The coronavirus variant (causing the COVID-19 disease) that led to a pandemic sent global shockwaves, resulting in long-term effects on physical, mental, and social well-being and impacting both individuals and communities. With the pandemic's notable impact on mental health, one such potential treatment discussed in recent literature is psilocybin. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring prodrug compound found in select mushrooms shown to reduce clinical symptoms of certain mental health disorders. In this study, we review the status and usage of psilocybin in clinical practice preceding and following the COVID-19 pandemic. The search criteria for the study included psilocybin or psychedelics or psychedelic-therapy psychiatry and long-haul COVID. The search spanned English articles from January 2020 to April 2024, utilizing the PsychInfo, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and PubMed databases. Two reviewers independently screened each record to decide if a study met the inclusion criteria and to account for bias. Each article researched different pathologies, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and COVID-19. The manuscripts collectively emphasize that there is evidence that psilocybin has a role in the treatment of said pathologies, with relatively safe outcomes if administered under proper medical supervision. Psilocybin use was followed up for a relatively long period after some trials, but further research is warranted to draw a more definitive conclusion regarding the therapeutic uses of psilocybin. Our review reflects that barriers to using psilocybin therapeutically for long-haul COVID-19 exist, which significantly impacts the scope of our research. While evidence suggests its efficacy in mental health conditions such as depression and mood disorders, more robust clinical trials are needed. Current literature supports the pharmacological basis that psilocybin may be effective in treating COVID-19 sequelae. Psilocybin's role in inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 protease shows promise, but ultimately, in vitro validation will be necessary before wider approval of the drug. Lastly, large clinical trials comparing psilocybin to standard care and assessing symptom relief in long-term COVID patients may help validate the findings seen in much of the current literature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.86659", "pubmed_id": "40718283", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.86659", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40718283\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 585, "title": "Use of Psychedelic Agents in Older Adults with Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder: What the Evidence Shows.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelic agents in older adults with treatment resistant major depressive disorder what the evidence shows", "authors": "Vinarcsik L, Smoller C, Grossberg G.", "abstract": "The use of drugs with psychedelic and dissociative effects for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, few trials have been conducted to determine the efficacy of these agents in the specific setting of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) in older adults. In this paper, we review notable aspects of treatment-resistant MDD in older adults, review classical and nonclassical psychedelic agents and dissociative agents presently being trialed mostly in younger populations for the treatment of depression, and review what is known about trialing these agents in older adults with treatment-resistant MDD. Given the limitations to extant standard treatment and the potential risks associated with first-line pharmacological agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in this population, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may offer an important alternative for managing treatment-resistant MDD in older adults. This subset of patients is understudied and stands to benefit significantly from improved treatment regimens. The limited research available that details psychedelic-assisted treatment in this specific group is promising. Here we focus on reviewing those agents with the most controlled data available, beginning with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine/esketamine, and the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin, and concluding with a brief review of related substances including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, ibogaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and mescaline. Treatment-resistant MDD is highly prevalent among older adults, and while preliminary findings seem promising regarding the safety and tolerability of psychedelics, concerns remain owing to insufficient data, and therefore further research is crucial to establish the safety, efficacy, and applications of psychedelic therapy in this population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40266-025-01221-5", "pubmed_id": "40553322", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-025-01221-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40553322\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3096, "title": "The Emerging Use of Psilocybin in Adult Populations with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "the emerging use of psilocybin in adult populations with alcohol use disorder a scoping review", "authors": "Daroui D, Mastrostefano A, Davini F, Giuseppe G, Terracina S.", "abstract": "Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic pathological condition with significant burdens throughout the world. Despite the effectiveness of the current pharmacological treatments, the ongoing issues with AUD and the high relapse rates necessitate the exploration of innovative therapies, including the use of psychedelic drugs, which have shown promising initial results. The purpose of the current study is to map the evidence on potential uses of psilocybin and its neurobiological pathways, highlighting gaps in knowledge and suggesting research opportunities. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was performed according to the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. Data were synthesized in tabular form to summarize key study characteristics. Results and discussion: After screening 757 records, we included 12 studies published between 1968 and 2025: 7 RCTs, 4 open-label studies, and 1 case report. Early Polish studies suggested long-term remission of alcohol cravings, while recent U.S.-based RCTs showed that psilocybin, when paired with psychotherapy, reduced heavy drinking days and alcohol-related and mental problems. Limitations have been identified in small sample sizes and short follow-up periods in patient safety data, particularly in those with comorbidities. Most of the studies have been carried out in a hospital and university psychiatry department setting involving physicians and psychologists. Conclusion: Psilocybin has emerged as a promising and innovative compound for the treatment of AUD in an experimental phase. Future research should be conducted to assess pharmacological effects, efficacy, and patient safety through rigorous RCTs across diverse populations. To achieve better outcomes, it is essential to address drug development and pharmaceutical legislation regarding safe therapeutic algorithms.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-06-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1039854\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4362, "title": "Is there mush-room to improve the environmental sustainability of psilocybin production?", "normalized_title": "is there mush room to improve the environmental sustainability of psilocybin production", "authors": "Luke Lanham, Alistair R. McTaggart, James R. Falconer", "abstract": "Mental health disorders and associated economic impact continue to rise domestically and globally. In 2023, to expand treatment options for individuals suffering Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD), the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia has permitted psychiatrist lead psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Psilocybin, a psychedelic tryptamine found naturally in psychedelic mushrooms is presently synthesised, for clinical use, through synthetic or chemoenzymatic methods. Unfortunately, the synthesis-based methods are limited by low production yields, high material costs, multiple steps, and laborious in-process controls. Use of neoteric (“new”) solvents, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) offers an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic techniques. Favoured for its selective extraction, low supercritical process parameters (31.7°C and 72 bar), high permeability through plant matrices, and a lack of post-extraction residues, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) presents a promising option for extracting novel psychedelic tryptamines from the fungi biomass. Presently, no publications demonstrate the use of scCO 2 in the extraction of psychedelic tryptamines from any plant biomass. Herein, to better understand the plausibility and need of alternative psilocybin supply pathways, the current synthetic, biosynthetic and chemoenzymatic production options are reviewed and compared to the possibility of scCO 2 extraction from the fungi biomass as a viable, environmentally conscious alternative. Additionally, a brief overview of psychedelic mushrooms and the medicinal importance of their psychedelic tryptamines is provided.", "journal": "Journal of CO2 Utilization", "publication_date": "2025-06-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Production (economics), Sustainability, Environmental science, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Economics, Ecology, Biology, Macroeconomics, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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Lanham\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-7727\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084720096\",\"display_name\":\"Alistair R. McTaggart\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1313\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050602271\",\"display_name\":\"James R. Falconer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-6605\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210172371\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of CO2 Utilization\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4411163945" }, { "id": 663, "title": "Clinical conceptualisation of PTSD in psilocybin treatment: disrupting a pre-determined and over-determined maladaptive interpretive framework.", "normalized_title": "clinical conceptualisation of ptsd in psilocybin treatment disrupting a pre determined and over determined maladaptive interpretive framework", "authors": "Modlin NL, Williamson V, Maggio C, Stubley J, Kirlic N, Cleare A, Rucker J.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated trauma and stressor-related disorders are common and debilitating, presenting significant treatment challenges due to their complex interplay of biological, cognitive, affective, somatic and social factors. Current treatments, while advancing and effective, yield limited efficacy for many individuals, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This review explores the multifaceted nature of PTSD, emphasising its intricate predisposing and maintaining factors and explores the potential of psilocybin, a classical psychedelic, as a therapeutic agent. This review synthesises recent literature on the safety, efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action and change of psychedelic therapies for psychiatric conditions associated with traumatic stress, including treatment-resistant depression, end-of-life anxiety and anorexia nervosa. Correspondingly, it proposes a conceptual framework for psilocybin treatment in PTSD, framing the condition as a complex, maladaptive interpretive framework that is both predetermined and over-determined. A clinical narrative illustrates how psilocybin's unique psychopharmacological properties and catalysed subjective effects may facilitate therapeutic progress by disrupting this rigid and restricting framework. Finally, we offer recommendations for the safe administration of psilocybin for traumatised patients in medical research settings, emphasising the importance of rigorous and trauma-informed protocols and comprehensive patient care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251342319", "pubmed_id": "40492108", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251342319", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40492108\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 652, "title": "Classic Psychedelics in Pain Modulation: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Future Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in pain modulation mechanisms clinical evidence and future perspectives", "authors": "Czopek A, Jończyk J, Fryc M, Kluzik D, Zagórska A.", "abstract": "Millions worldwide suffer from chronic pain, a complex condition often accompanied by depression and anxiety, highlighting the urgent need for innovative treatments. Classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), primarily act on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and have emerged as potential modulators of pain perception and mood regulation. These substances may offer an alternative to conventional analgesics, such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by influencing neuroplasticity, descending pain modulation pathways, and inflammatory processes. Evidence from case studies, preclinical research, and early phase clinical trials suggests that psychedelics may alleviate pain in conditions such as cluster headaches, migraines, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain syndromes. However, the exact mechanisms underlying their analgesic properties are yet to be fully understood. While psychedelics show promise in reshaping pain management strategies, rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish their safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for chronic pain and emphasizes the necessity of further research to validate their role in modern pain medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00152", "pubmed_id": "40474592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00152", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Pain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Management, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40474592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3480, "title": "Optimizing Microdosing and Meditation", "normalized_title": "optimizing microdosing and meditation", "authors": "National University of Natural Medicine", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to test the feasibility of combining meditation with psilocybin microdosing in healthy adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Recruitment and retention feasibility 2. Acceptability, Safety and Tolerability 3. Exploratory Measures: 3.1: Explore potential changes in sleep quality and duration, heart rate variability, and other biometric outcomes captured by the Oura Ring (3rd generation). 3.2: Explore potential changes in quality of life scores 3.3: Explore potential differences in altered states of consciousness across groups 3.4: Explore qualitative data collected during sessions and at follow-up to assess satisfaction and receive feedback about the intervention. Every participant will receive the psilocybin microdosing intervention, however, half of the participants will be randomly selected to receive the meditation intervention. Research has shown that both meditation and high doses of psilocybin can produce enhanced feelings of well-being that persist. When combined, the synergistic effects might be more than the sum of the parts when treating mental health challenges like depression. The results for microdosing, on the other hand, are mixed, and there have yet to be studies on the synergy between microdosing and meditation. If the synergy between microdoses of psilocybin and meditation is significant, this suggests the possibility of a safe, effective, and low-cost intervention involving group-based meditation training and practice combined with a psilocybin microdosing protocol. The Oregon Psilocybin Services program provides a unique opportunity to test this possibility in the context of services now legally available to clients, allowing researchers to assess the safety and efficacy in a real-life context. Project aims and methods This study aims to test the feasibility of the model by assessing recruitment, retention, acceptability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of the intervention. In addition to an appropriate medical screening and intake we will collect questionnaire data using the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ), PROMIS-29, Five Facet of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Altered States of Consciousness (11-ASC) rating scale, and a survey and structured interview. During a one week wash-in period, the intervention period, and for one month after the intervention, Oura rings will be used to collect over 20 biometric data points including sleep quality, respiration rate, heart rate variability, and more. Participants will consist of adults in Oregon that will be individually screened by a study investigator and then randomized into two arms. One arm will receive microdosing only consisting of one group preparation session and two microdosing sessions per week for two weeks. The other arm will receive the same microdosing protocol with the addition of morning online meditation practice Monday through Friday for both weeks, and will utilize meditation practices during their microdose sessions. The meditation sessions will include opportunities for the group to discuss their meditation experiences and a psychoeducational component to further improve outcomes. This content will provide participants with a better understanding of the ruminations that interrupt their focus while meditating and encourage greater distance from, and less distress concerning, those thoughts. Expected outcomes The authors hypothesize that the model will be feasible if we are able to recruit at least 20 out of 24 expected participants, have an 80% retention rate of participants during the two week intervention period, participants on average rate their satisfaction of the intervention as 3.0 or higher on a 5-point scale, there are no more than ten adverse events or more than one serious adverse event, and data from exploratory measures indicate that further investigation is warranted. Despite the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granting Breakthrough Therapy status to psilocybin for the treatment of depression,56 it remains on the Drug Enforcement Agency's (DEA) Schedule I list of controlled substances alongside heroin and cocaine. While the DEA and the FDA have become increasingly more willing to grant waivers for research into psychedelic drugs, the proposed study does not require such a waiver to comply with the law. This is due to the unique construction of Oregon's Psilocybin Services Act (Chapter 475A of Oregon Statutes). The state law creates a program wherein licensed growers, inspected by licensed laboratories, can distribute psilocybin mushrooms to licensed service centers. It is only within the approved boundaries of these service centers and while supervised by a licensed facilitator that the mushrooms can be consumed by clients who must stay on site for a designated amount of time that depends on the dose. According to Oregon Health Authority Administrative rule 333-333-5130, facilitators of psilocybin service are prohibited from (1) practicing any other scope of practice they may have (e.g. naturopathic medicine) while facilitating, and (2) handling, selling, or transferring psilocybin at any time. Thus, while it is technically true that growers, services centers, and clients are liable for trafficking and possession of a Schedule I substance, the federal government has adopted a policy of allowing state programs such as this in a manner similar to their policy on cannabis. Complying with Oregon law means that study investigators are not administering or providing psilocybin, but instead are studying the facilitation of the services. At the request of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) for a similar study, this rationale was confirmed via direct communication with the regional DEA office who agreed with this interpretation of both federal and state law. Participants are given clear information on their liability in order to provide consent.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06560658", "keywords": "Meditation, Microdosing, Psilocybin, psilocybin microdosing, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06560658\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Consciousness,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 462, "title": "Psychedelics in the Treatment of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders: Coincidence or a New Point of View.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders coincidence or a new point of view", "authors": "Lashgari NA, Khalaji M, Rana P, Badrabadi F, Rahnama M, Nasoori H, Momeni Roudsari N, Khosravi Nia MM, Shafaroodi H.", "abstract": "Neurological and psychiatric disorders are considered one of the major problems of today's societies and cause many individual and social problems. Current treatments are effective, but due to their burdens, there is always an effort to introduce novel treatments. Psychedelics, a diverse group of psychoactive compounds, including LSD, psilocybin, DMT, MDMA, and ketamine, have shown potential in modulating neurologic and psychiatric disorders due to several mechanisms. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in both neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders due to their several mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and biological properties. This study was conducted across major databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Medline, due to the systematically searched literature including clinical, preclinical, and in vitro studies. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA have demonstrated beneficial effects across various models of neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders, including depression, PTSD, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory actions (e.g., downregulation of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α), antioxidant activity (e.g., induction of SOD), and enhancement of neuroplasticity through increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor such as BDNF. Additionally, psychedelics modulate key neurotransmitter systems, notably increasing synaptic levels of serotonin and dopamine, which are critically involved in mood regulation and cognitive function. Compared to conventional treatments, psychedelics offer faster onset, durable effects, and possible disease-modifying properties, making them promising candidates for future neurotherapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9", "pubmed_id": "40461729", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40461729\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 680, "title": "The therapeutic effects of psychedelics for opioid use disorder: A systematic review of clinical studies.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic effects of psychedelics for opioid use disorder a systematic review of clinical studies", "authors": "Weleff J, Pulido-Saavedra A, Aghaei AM, Ing K, Arakelian M, Fontenele R, Nero N, Barnett BS, Anand A, Bassir Nia A, Angarita GA", "abstract": "Opioid-related overdose deaths have reached record high levels, and novel treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) are needed. The three United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for OUD function primarily at the mu-opioid receptor. While these remain the gold-standard treatment for OUD, they have shortcomings and treatment options separate from the opioid receptor system deserve attention. Preclinical, clinical, and naturalistic studies of psychedelics have shown some evidence that they may reduce opioid and other substance use. Here, we present the results of a systematic review of clinical studies investigating the therapeutic applications of psychedelics for OUD to describe the current state of the literature and guide future clinical study design in this area. Findings indicate few studies completed using serotonergic psychedelics, with most investigating ibogaine or ketamine. In addition, findings are limited by many studies of weak design focused on opioid withdrawal, and few double-blind or placebo-controlled trials with considerable methodological heterogeneity making comparisons difficult across compounds. Most studies were found to have a high risk of bias mostly related to lack of randomization, blinding, and blinding of assessment outcomes. We outline these limitations and steps towards improving the quality of future studies of psychedelics for OUD.", "journal": "Psychiatry research", "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116446", "pubmed_id": "40147088", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40147088/", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Ibogaine, Ketamine, LSD, Noribogaine, Opioid use disorder, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40147088\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 587, "title": "Neurocognitive effects of psilocybin: A systematic and comprehensive review of neuroimaging studies in humans.", "normalized_title": "neurocognitive effects of psilocybin a systematic and comprehensive review of neuroimaging studies in humans", "authors": "Berkovitch L, Fauvel B, Preller KH, Gaillard R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic serotonergic compound that is renowned for its potent psychoactive effects. Over the past 15 years, an increasing number of controlled clinical trials showed that it has a fast-acting and sustainable efficacy in treating various psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have been conducted with the objective of elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin. However, the diversity of neuroimaging techniques, tasks, and analytical approaches makes it difficult to gain a comprehensive overview of psilocybin's effects on the brain. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review in the Medline, Psychinfo and Cochrane databases between January 1, 1990, and May 9, 2025, following PRISMA recommendations. A total of 81 articles met the inclusion criteria. A variety of neuroimaging techniques were employed in small samples of healthy volunteers and patients with medical conditions. The studies investigated the effects of psilocybin on brain activity and connectivity, both at rest and during cognitive tasks. They revealed that psilocybin reproducibly impacted neuronal networks such as the default mode network. However, other findings were more inconsistent. Psilocybin effects on the brain were associated with acute alterations in self-experience, sensory and emotional processing, and sustained effects on mood, personality, and social functioning. In patients with depression, clinical outcomes correlated with brain changes. This review indicates that psilocybin induces acute and long-lasting functional brain changes. While these neuroimaging data require confirmation and further expansion, they shed light on the mechanisms of psilocybin's acute subjective and therapeutic effects in humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239", "pubmed_id": "40456393", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40456393\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 672, "title": "Pharmacologic interventions for alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "pharmacologic interventions for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Menge J, Evitt B.", "abstract": "AbstractAlcohol use disorder (AUD) has devastating effects, and its prevalence in the US is growing. It is therefore important to examine multiple avenues for successful cessation and continued abstinence. Disulfiram, oral naltrexone, naltrexone IM, and acamprosate are currently the only four medications approved for the treatment of AUD by the FDA. This review aims to examine the efficacy of the approved medications as well as explore the use of off-label pharmacologic treatments used for AUD treatment (including gabapentin, baclofen, oxytocin, N-acetylcysteine, calcium carbonate, and psilocybin). Through this exploration, the most effective treatment for individuals with AUD can be determined to enable providers in ameliorating the prevalence of this disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000106", "pubmed_id": "40421949", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000106", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Baclofen, Disulfiram, Taurine, Naltrexone, Acetylcysteine, Alcohol Deterrents, Off-Label Use, Gabapentin, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40421949\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 690, "title": "Therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa", "normalized_title": "therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Stéphanie Knatz Peck, Timothy D. Brewerton, Hannah M. Fisher, Julie Trim, Samantha Shao, Nadav Liam Modlin, Jessie Kim, Daphna M. Finn, Walter H. Kaye", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psychedelic treatment is a rapidly emerging therapeutic approach for a host of chronic, difficult to treat psychiatric disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN). Trauma and its sequelae, such as dissociation, often contribute to comorbidity and treatment refractoriness. AIMS: In this report, we describe the therapeutic emergence of previously dissociated traumatic memories of sexual assault in 2 of 10 research participants with AN while receiving psilocybin treatment. METHODS: Ten female adults who met DSM-5 criteria for AN or pAN (partial remission) participated in an open pilot study evaluating the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Participants received a 25-mg dose of investigational drug COMP360, a proprietary pharmaceutical-grade synthetic psilocybin formulation developed by COMPASS Pathfinder Ltd. administered in conjunction with psychological support. Participants also received two integration therapy sessions on days 1 and 7 after dosing, and they were reassessed at 1 and 3 months. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview to understand qualitative perspectives of treatment and its effect on AN. RESULTS/OUTCOMES: Both patients described in this report significantly benefited from the emergence and processing of previously dissociated information (dissociative amnesia), and both patients subsequently attained remission of their AN psychopathology at 3-month follow-up as determined by global scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and clinically meaningful weight gain. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: PT may hold promise not only in the treatment of eating disorders but also trauma-related disorders, including PTSD and dissociative amnesia. Potential mechanisms of psilocybin's facilitation of remembering and processing traumatic material is reviewed.", "journal": "Journal of Eating Disorders", "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2", "pubmed_id": "40420197", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anorexia nervosa, Psychotherapist, Anorexia, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Medicine, Eating disorders, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410748059\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410748059\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W200611915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1550747465\",\"https://openalex.org/W1670638839\",\"https://openalex.org/W1700831417\",\"https://openalex.org/W1745013798\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981459575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985388019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016528883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018758190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047326118\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058396187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074099337\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080226432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080942111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087755851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090755443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091537705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103550195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108198599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121654107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124556602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128395670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146205180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152313829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2274028393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413044490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2478045598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2495524933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2574342053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2578935374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594295003\",\"https://openalex.org/W2614942140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760803310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790387088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801553051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890244914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890413513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2986535718\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083797211\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086711439\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095504969\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100349700\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118672806\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132599860\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3189409675\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203772461\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215956939\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211102005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214560099\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220695431\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220877964\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220956513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224926134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229073012\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293242421\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308899803\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308953446\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309561826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311498973\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312064886\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318052287\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320896428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382813188\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385664009\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385812248\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385812348\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389274137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396789594\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401228042\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011897192\",\"display_name\":\"Stéphanie Knatz Peck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-9158\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015213864\",\"display_name\":\"Timothy D. Brewerton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-3600\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041834457\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-6060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002166417\",\"display_name\":\"Julie Trim\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057873669\",\"display_name\":\"Samantha Shao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037169539\",\"display_name\":\"Nadav Liam Modlin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-4354\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104262515\",\"display_name\":\"Jessie Kim\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051999008\",\"display_name\":\"Daphna M. Finn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-7778\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086371093\",\"display_name\":\"Walter H. Kaye\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-4906\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210234357\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Eating Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410748059" }, { "id": 689, "title": "The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the potential role of psilocybin in traumatic brain injury recovery a narrative review", "authors": "Palmer C, Ferber AT, Greenwald BD.", "abstract": "Background: This narrative review explores psilocybin's potential use as a therapeutic agent in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: We engaged in a search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane's databases for information on the effects of psilocybin. We also reviewed articles where psilocybin was used in patients with TBI. Articles from 2000-2025 were included. Results: A total of 29 articles met our initial inclusion criteria. Additionally, 13 articles were obtained from reference lists and 3 more articles on the legality of psilocybin from public websites. Conclusions: Assisted psilocybin use may have benefits in TBI by reducing inflammation, promoting neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration, and alleviating associated mood disorders. Positive findings in related fields, like treatment for depression and addiction, highlight the necessity for more extensive clinical trials on psilocybin's role in TBI recovery.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15060572", "pubmed_id": "40563744", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060572", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40563744\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 696, "title": "Can the gut-brain axis provide insight into psilocybin's therapeutic value in reducing stress?", "normalized_title": "can the gut brain axis provide insight into psilocybin s therapeutic value in reducing stress", "authors": "Kit A, Conway K, Makarowski S, O'Regan G, Allen J, Shultz SR, Bodnar TS, Christie BR.", "abstract": "There is growing interest in exploring the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of psilocybin on stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), addiction, and disordered eating. Despite promising progressions in preclinical and clinical research, the neurobiological and physiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocybin remain complex, involving multiple systems with numerous homeostatic feedback signaling pathways throughout the body. This review paper explores how psilocybin mechanistically interacts with the gut microbiota, enteric nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and how psilocybin influences the bidirectional communication between peripheral and neuronal systems. Shifting towards a more integrated paradigm to unravel the mechanisms through which psilocybin affects the bidirectional gut-brain axis holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of psilocybin-based therapies from preparation of treatment, administration, to proceeding long-term integration. Such an understanding can extend beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders, further encompassing a broader spectrum of inflammatory-related disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100732", "pubmed_id": "40496249", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100732", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40496249\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 885, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: A comprehensive overview.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for depression a comprehensive overview", "authors": "Wingert AM, Agnorelli C, Peill J, Reed S, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Depressive disorders continue to pose a major clinical challenge worldwide, particularly given the high prevalence and increasing number of treatment-resistant cases. Over the past decade, advances in research have elucidated the antidepressant potential of psilocybin and other 5-HT₂A receptor agonists in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Phase I and II clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that even a single administration can yield rapid and sustained symptom reduction. These effects compare favourably with conventional pharmacotherapies such as SSRIs and ketamine. The distinctive pharmacological profile and robust safety data associated with serotonergic psychedelics make them particularly promising candidates, especially for patients who do not respond to standard treatments. Nonetheless, several challenges impede their integration into routine clinical practice, including the resource-intensive nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy, which demands specialized training and controlled settings. Despite those limitations, some countries including Australia, Switzerland or Canada are paving the way by allowing the use of psilocybin in TRD cases. This chapter reviews the antidepressant potential of psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT based on modern clinical trial data, comparing effect sizes of psychedelics to conventional treatments like SSRIs and ketamine, and provides a brief overview of their potential neurobiological mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009", "pubmed_id": "40541312", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541312\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 674, "title": "The pharmacological treatment of anxiety in people with eating disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the pharmacological treatment of anxiety in people with eating disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Morris R, Keeler J, Treasure J, Himmerich H.", "abstract": "People with eating disorders experience high rates of psychiatric comorbidities, including anxiety disorders such as generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and specific phobias. Anxiety can influence the prognosis of an eating disorder, by worsening symptoms, and acting as a barrier to treatment. Therefore, targeting treatment efforts towards anxiety may improve eating disorder outcomes. The primary aim of this systematic review was to summarise the evidence base for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety symptoms in people with eating disorders. An electronic search of three databases (PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo) was conducted. Papers were included if they investigated pharmacotherapy (antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxiety, psychedelics, etc.) in eating disorder samples, with primary or secondary outcomes of anxiety. A total of 51 studies were included, and results were mixed across drug classes documenting both favourable and non-significant anxiety outcomes. There was evidence for the use of fluoxetine for anxiety in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, but not for binge eating disorder. Evidence for the use of olanzapine was documented for anxiety in AN, and preliminary case reports suggested its use in ARFID for anxiety symptoms. Preliminary evidence for developing pharmacological agents, such as psilocybin and ketamine, reported favourable outcomes in AN patients. More RCTs are required to explore efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents in treating anxiety in people with eating disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107782", "pubmed_id": "40378942", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107782", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antipsychotic Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40378942\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 546, "title": "Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry a systematic review", "authors": "Estric C, Duron T, Kabani S, Lopez-Castroman J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics offer promising outcomes in psychiatry. However, the preparation of participants (set) and the environmental conditions of taking a psychedelic (setting) are not standardized. We describe the set and setting for therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs in people with psychiatric disorders. In this systematic review, articles were identified in the PubMed and Web of Science databases until 12 December 2023. Only clinical trials published in English or French were eligible, and studies using psychedelics for withdrawal were excluded. Sixteen domains of set and setting were assessed covering participant selection, pre- and post-session interventions, monitor presence, environmental management, and end-of-session procedure. Of 4912 articles screened, 27 articles were retained reporting on 25 studies. Thirteen of the included studies reported randomized trials, while 12 were open-label studies, on a total of 763 participants. Studies considered features of set and setting to different extents. Participant selection and the creation of a safe environment were consistently present, but articles were more heterogeneous about reporting monitor training (52%), controlling visual distractors (64%) and creating a pleasant environment (68%). Psilocybin was over-represented (47%). Many key elements were described in each study, but differences in set and setting limit comparability and reproducibility. Harmonizing these aspects would aid the interpretation of future studies and help understand the effect of psychedelics in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251338214", "pubmed_id": "40353492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251338214", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40353492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 630, "title": "The effect of psychedelic microdosing on animal behavior: A review with recommendations for the field.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psychedelic microdosing on animal behavior a review with recommendations for the field", "authors": "Syed OA, Petranker R, Tsang B.", "abstract": "Microdosing, the repeated use of psychedelic substances at low doses, is growing in popularity among recreational consumers. While this practice is associated with many benefits to mood, well-being and health, research in this area is in its early stages and predominantly centered on human applications. In this narrative review, we synthesize the findings from studies investigating the effects of microdosing on the behaviors of three animal species: rats, mice, and zebrafish. A total of 12 studies were identified that implemented a microdosing regimen of LSD, psilocybin, or DMT in these animal models. Overall, microdosing caused little changes in behaviors associated with anxiety- and depressive-like states. Moreover, while microdosing was well-tolerated across species, further research is needed to capture specific safety concerns. Finally, we critically appraise the studies included in this review based on their methodologies and discuss further avenues of research to advance the preclinical literature on psychedelic microdosing. Specifically, we recommend that future research prioritize the replication of existing findings to inform the development of robust study designs and dosing protocols, as well as establish standardized methodologies to enable effective comparisons across different animal models. Furthermore, future investigations should explore the therapeutic potential of mescaline microdosing, examine sex-dependent effects, and extend research to additional models of psychiatric conditions, including those related to obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106204", "pubmed_id": "40348309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106204", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Rats, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40348309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 629, "title": "Non-hallucinogenic psychedelics for mood and anxiety disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "non hallucinogenic psychedelics for mood and anxiety disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Chen MJQ, Chen-Li D, Chisamore N, Husain MI, Di Vincenzo JD, Mansur RB, Phan L, Johnson D, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have re-emerged as promising treatments for mood disorders. The current model provides a moderate-to-high dose of a psychedelic agent (e.g., psilocybin) to reliably induce an altered state of consciousness. Unfortunately, the hallucinatory effects limit the treatment's potential scalability given patients' vulnerability and extensive monitoring costs, leading to growing interest in non-hallucinatory psychedelics (NHPs). This review's objective was to identify, summarize and synthesize all published pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating NHPs for mood and anxiety disorders. We included five animal studies demonstrating antidepressant-like effects through assessments like forced swim test (FST) and open field test (OFT) without observing head-twitch response (HTR), and one case report that identified a patient who inadvertently combined trazodone and psilocybin and experienced potent antidepressant effects without psychedelic effects. These preliminary findings provide a strong impetus for further investigation in human samples with rigorously designed clinical trials that may delineate the potential antidepressant effects of psychedelics without hallucinatory effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116532", "pubmed_id": "40354769", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116532", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40354769\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 703, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of variations among psychedelic interventions for psychological suffering associated with the end-of-life.", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of variations among psychedelic interventions for psychological suffering associated with the end of life", "authors": "Kratina S, Strike C, Schwartz R, Nayfeh A, Jopling S, Lo C, Rush B.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, a wide range of both substances (such as ayahuasca, psilocybin, ketamine) and therapeutic approaches (such as psychedelics alone, or psychotherapy assisted with a psychedelic) in the use of psychedelic interventions specifically for end-of-life populations, has not been adequately covered by reviews to date. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and learn from the variety of psychedelic substances and therapeutic approaches that exists within the research on therapeutic psychedelic interventions reported in populations coping with psychological suffering associated with life-threatening illness and the end of life itself. We will follow Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Health science databases such as Medline, Embase, APA PsychINFO, and CINAHL will be searched. The search will be limited to empirical published data on 'end-of-life', 'psychedelics', and 'psychological suffering'. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, and theorised mechanisms. The insights gained from this review will be used to inform future research and discussions on how psychedelics can be integrated into care strategies for populations coping with end-of-life concerns. This scoping review does not require ethics approval.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0318343", "pubmed_id": "40327705", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318343", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin, Scoping Reviews As Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40327705\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 717, "title": "The intensity of the psychedelic experience is reliably associated with clinical improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the intensity of the psychedelic experience is reliably associated with clinical improvements a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Romeo B, Kervadec E, Fauvel B, Strika-Bruneau L, Amirouche A, Bezo A, Piolino P, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies have demonstrated promising results in treating mental disorders, with results suggesting that the subjective intensity and quality of psychedelic experiences plays a significant role in mediating therapeutic effects. However, the strength of this association across diagnoses and treatment settings remains underexplored. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases for studies examining the correlation between the intensity of the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes in patients treated with classical psychedelics. Meta-correlations were performed, and standardized mean differences of psychedelic experience intensity scores were compared between clinical responders and non-responders using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on diagnosis, study design, setting (clinical vs. naturalistic), and substance used. A significant positive correlation was found between the intensity of mystical experiences and clinical improvement across all studies (r =.33, p The intensity of psychedelic experiences is significantly and reliably associated with therapeutic outcomes, particularly in mood disorders. Clinical settings and prospective study designs strengthen this relationship, emphasizing the importance of controlled environments and therapeutic support to fully benefit from the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106086", "pubmed_id": "40031999", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031999/", "keywords": "Addiction, Intensity of psychedelic experience, LSD, Meta-analysis, Mood disorders, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40031999\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 705, "title": "From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "from molecules to meaning unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Acero VP, Flatt TA, Gooch PM, Gaughan SJ, Levin AW, Davis AK", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds are emerging treatments for depression, capable of producing rapid and lasting symptom reduction after 1-2 administrations in the context of psychotherapy - a stark contrast to traditional antidepressants. Despite promising outcomes, the mechanisms underlying psychedelics' reported antidepressant effects remain poorly understood and are often framed in fragmented ways. Clarifying these mechanisms is crucial for guiding future research and clinical innovation with psychedelics. This review critically examines current evidence on the mechanisms by which psychedelics may exert antidepressant effects. We highlight key mechanisms of action within biological, psychological, social, and spiritual domains that we believe are among the most compelling and deserving of further investigation. Throughout, we compare these mechanisms to those proposed for traditional antidepressants, identifying points of overlap and divergence. Although mechanistic research is valuable, an overemphasis on identifying discrete pathways may limit psychedelic science. Psychedelics likely work through complex, interwoven biological, psychological, and experiential processes that cannot be fully reduced to single mechanisms. Future research should move beyond frameworks and metrics used to validate conventional antidepressants to explore how suprapharmacological factors - set, setting, therapy modality, and integration - shape outcomes. Embracing this complexity is essential to realizing psychedelics' full therapeutic potential for depression.", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2025.2515866", "pubmed_id": "40470809", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40470809/", "keywords": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca, and 5-MeO-DMT for depression, psychedelic mechanism of action, psychedelic pharmacology, psychedelic transdiagnostic mechanisms, psychedelics for depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40470809\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 463, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a rapid-acting treatment for cancer-related depression and anxiety: Evidence from a network meta-analysis", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy as a rapid acting treatment for cancer related depression and anxiety evidence from a network meta analysis", "authors": "Damian Świeczkowski, Aleksander Kwaśny, Michał Pruc, Zuzanna Gaca, Łukasz Szarpak, Wiesław Jerzy Cubała", "abstract": "Objective To evaluate psilocybin's efficacy in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in cancer patients based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) followed PRISMA and Cochrane Handbook guidelines. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library data up to July 2024 were analyzed. Two RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Changes in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores were assessed on day 1 and on 2-week follow-up. The risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Results Psilocybin significantly reduced BDI scores at day 1 post-administration (MD = 2.26; P = 0.01), though effects were not sustained at 2 weeks. STAI state scores showed substantial reductions at both day 1 (MD = 11.52; P < 0.001) and 2 weeks (MD = 12.66; P < 0.001). STAI trait scores also improved on both day 1 and day 14. The highest psilocybin dose (0.3 mg/kg) was the most effective, with SUCRA values of 87.81% (BDI), 91.58% (STAI state), and 94.2% (STAI trait). Conclusions Findings suggest psilocybin may rapidly reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms in cancer patients, but methodological limitations, including the small number of trials, necessitate cautious interpretation. Larger, high-quality RCTs are needed to verify its clinical potential.", "journal": "The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine", "publication_date": "2025-04-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/00912174251337572", "pubmed_id": "40279353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174251337572", "keywords": "Anxiety, Randomized controlled trial, Meta-analysis, Psilocybin, Cochrane Library, Medicine, Beck Depression Inventory, Depression (economics), Systematic review, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Clinical psychology, MEDLINE, Hallucinogen, Political science, Macroeconomics, Law, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409797469\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409797469\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1529403805\",\"https://openalex.org/W1537972189\",\"https://openalex.org/W1617328014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042474539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065621119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082535915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120051206\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2764275027\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970684805\",\"https://openalex.org/W3019350884\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201625402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4233408923\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361292040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362471767\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390271950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391953134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396223530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396230194\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401779935\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402500386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405244747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405695737\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406306242\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037446509\",\"display_name\":\"Damian Świeczkowski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-4652\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113262565\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksander Kwaśny\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065893595\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Pruc\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2140-9732\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050968304\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Gaca\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7200-0402\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022117993\",\"display_name\":\"Łukasz Szarpak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0973-5455\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070339940\",\"display_name\":\"Wiesław Jerzy Cubała\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-8454\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S48834210\",\"source_display_name\":\"The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174251337572\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409797469" }, { "id": 500, "title": "Incremental efficacy systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression RCTs.", "normalized_title": "incremental efficacy systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin for depression rcts", "authors": "Borgogna NC, Owen T, Petrovitch D, Vaughn J, Johnson DAL, Pagano LA, Aita SL, Hill BD.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin is a potentially paradigm-shifting depression intervention. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression randomized controlled trials (RCTs).ObjectivesSystematically assess harm reporting, risk of bias, action mechanism specification, and incremental therapeutic effect sizes in the psilocybin-for-depression RCT literature.MethodsAssessed databases included PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms \"Psilocybin\" or \"Psychedelic\" were paired with \"Depression\", and \"Randomized Controlled Trial\" or \"RCT\".ResultsWe identified k = 9 RCTs (k = 10 subgroups) involving n = 602 participants (56% psilocybin). Five studies had low/very low harm quality reporting, opposed to two with high. Most studies demonstrated a high risk of bias. Therapeutic mechanisms of action (MoAs) were discussed in varying detail but rarely assessed in original publications. Psilocybin was moderately superior to controls at reducing depression (g = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.98). Effects were heterogenous (τ =.47). Smaller studies evidenced stronger effects that favored psilocybin (Egger's b0 = 3.63, p =.014). Almost all studies documented financial conflicts of interests.ConclusionPsilocybin demonstrates significant depression reduction relative to controls. However, researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders should consider several contextual factors. Effects were moderate and attenuated in larger and better-controlled studies. Harms reporting and risk of bias was high, though partly driven by unique challenges of psilocybin research. MoAs were variably specified but rarely assessed; suggesting it is unclear how depression is reduced. We advise researchers conduct RCTs with active control conditions, larger samples, and include MoA assessments. Independent RCTs from researchers without financial conflicts of interest are needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w", "pubmed_id": "40266291", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40266291\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 734, "title": "Evaluating the effectiveness of psilocybin in alleviating distress among cancer patients: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the effectiveness of psilocybin in alleviating distress among cancer patients a systematic review", "authors": "Lapid MI, Pagali SR, Randall AL, Donovan KA, Bronars CA, Gauthier TA, Bock J, Lim SD, Carey EC, Sokolowski E, Ulrich AM, Hassett LC, Kung S, Whitford KJ, Olivier KR, D'Andre SD.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPsychological and existential distress is prevalent among patients with life-threatening cancer, significantly impacting their quality of life. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has shown promise in alleviating these symptoms. This systematic review aims to synthesize the evidence on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in reducing cancer-related distress.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Cochrane database, Embase, and Scopus from inception to February 8, 2024, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), open-label trials, qualitative studies, and single case reports that evaluated psilocybin for cancer-related distress. Data were extracted on study characteristics, participant demographics, psilocybin and psychotherapy intervention, outcome measures, and results. Two authors independently screened, selected, and extracted data from the studies. Cochrane Risk of Bias for RCTs and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria were used to evaluate study quality. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024511692).ResultsFourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising three RCTs, five open-label trials, five qualitative studies, and one single case report. Psilocybin therapy consistently showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and existential distress, with improvements sustained over several months. Adverse effects were generally mild and transient.Significance of resultsThis systematic review highlights the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as an effective treatment for reducing psychological and existential distress in cancer patients. Despite promising findings, further large-scale, well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm these results and address existing research gaps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s147895152500032x", "pubmed_id": "40259688", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s147895152500032x", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40259688\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 888, "title": "Effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity", "authors": "Godfrey K, Luan LX, Timmermann C.", "abstract": "This chapter reviews the effects of classic psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity, as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Across moderate to high doses of LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT, a consistent reduction in alpha power (8-13 Hz) emerges, particularly in occipital regions. Below 30 Hz, desynchronization is typical, although DMT can preserve or even increase delta/theta activity, possibly reflecting its immersive, immersive visual phenomenology. Complementing these spectral findings, measures of signal diversity (e.g., Lempel-Ziv complexity) reliably increase during psychedelic states, indicating a more variable and unpredictable pattern of neural firing. Retrospective subjective ratings of the psychedelic experience often fail to align consistently with M/EEG changes, possibly because fleeting, key experiences are obscured by data averaging or recording short segments of a long experience. In contrast, real-time evaluations of subjective intensity and plasma levels robustly covary with changes in spectral power and complexity, highlighting the potential for objective, real-time EEG biomarkers of drug activity. Limited research on functional connectivity and cortical travelling waves suggest that directed, top-down control may decrease while bottom-up signaling increases, indicating a transient reversal of typical hierarchical organization, though replications are warrented. Future work should implement more unified methodological approaches, alongside high-resolution behavioral sampling, to further our understanding of how these altered brain dynamics give rise to the distinctive qualities of the psychedelic experience. Notably, EEG has yet to be evaluated in clinical studies, and future work should aim to explore the relationship between acute EEG changes and clinical responses to psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012", "pubmed_id": "40541309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, Brain Waves", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 737, "title": "Comparative Efficacy and Functional Outcomes of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "comparative efficacy and functional outcomes of psychedelic assisted therapies in treatment resistant depression a systematic review of recent clinical trials", "authors": "Mimms C, Sotelo K, Khaliq AS.", "abstract": "This systematic review explores the comparative efficacy and functional outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the last 12 months. Ten RCTs were included, evaluating agents such as ketamine, esketamine, and psilocybin. Most studies demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptom severity, with oral and intranasal esketamine and high-dose psilocybin showing sustained antidepressant effects. Functional improvements, such as workplace productivity and cognitive stability, were reported in select trials, notably those involving esketamine. Risk of bias was low in four studies and moderate in six due to open-label or observational extensions. Overall, psychedelic therapies were well tolerated, with favorable safety profiles and minimal cognitive adverse effects. These findings support the integration of psychedelic-assisted therapies as viable alternatives or adjuncts in the treatment of TRD and highlight the importance of assessing both clinical and functional endpoints for a more holistic understanding of therapeutic benefit.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.82532", "pubmed_id": "40385821", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.82532", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40385821\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3465, "title": "A Phase 2a, Open-label, Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin Administration in Concert With Psychotherapy Among Adult Patients With Fibromyalgia", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a open label pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin administration in concert with psychotherapy among adult patients with fibromyalgia", "authors": "Kevin Boehnke", "abstract": "The pressing need for effective fibromyalgia (FM) treatments, the known safety of psilocybin therapy, and the mechanistic plausibility for potential benefit provide a backdrop for investigating psilocybin therapy as a treatment for FM. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical benefit of oral psilocybin in concert with psychotherapy to treat chronic pain symptoms in patients with FM. Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome of widespread musculoskeletal pain that often manifests with a cluster of co-occurring symptoms, including sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and mood problems including anxiety and depression. Recent studies have provided evidence of altered central pain pathways. Current management of FM typically takes a multidimensional approach including behavioral therapy, exercise, and medication. However, current medications provide only modest benefit and carry significant side effect burden, leading many people with FM to seek other alternatives. Psilocybin therapy (psilocybin delivered in concert with psychotherapy) may be a potentially safe and effective treatment for symptoms associated with FM. Indeed, psilocybin therapy has shown positive effects in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress, depression and anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, and nicotine or alcohol addiction. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted a Breakthrough Therapy designation for psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. Psilocybin therapy is generally safe and well-tolerated when conducted under controlled conditions. While no clinical studies have explored psychedelic effects among people with FM, a recent review outlined potential mechanisms through which psychedelics could alleviate chronic pain symptoms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05128162", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05128162\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 677, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin for the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin for the treatment of substance use disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Malik G, Zeifman RJ, Swainson J, Balachandra K, Reichelt AC, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Vermetten E, Mayo LM, Tanguay R, Jetly R, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, may have therapeutic benefits for Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), but its overall efficacy and safety remain uncertain. This systematic review assessed the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for SUDs through a systematic database search conducted via OVID on May 22, 2024, and summarized 26 ongoing clinical trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov. Among 16 published included studies, 7 (43.75 %) focused on Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), 5 (31.25 %) on Tobacco Use Disorder (TUD), and the remainder on Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) (1, 6.25 %), Opioid Use Disorder (1, 6.25 %), Nicotine Use Disorder (1, 6.25 %), and multiple SUDs (1, 6.25 %). Study designs included open-label trials (5, 31.25 %), cross-sectional observational studies (6, 37.5 %), qualitative analyses (2, 12.5 %), one double-blind RCT (6.25 %), one pilot fMRI study (6.25 %), and one long-term follow-up (6.25 %). Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) was used in 10 studies (62.5 %), with doses ranging from microdosing to 20-40 mg/70 kg. PAP was associated with significant reductions in alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and related psychological improvements. AUD studies reported fewer heavy drinking days, increased abstinence rates, and neuroimaging data indicating normalization of brain activity. TUD studies demonstrated high smoking abstinence rates, with mystical experiences predicting long-term outcomes. Findings for other SUDs were mixed, though psilocybin showed potential in reducing opioid dependence and nicotine use. Preliminary evidence supports psilocybin's efficacy and safety for AUD and TUD, particularly with psychotherapy, but larger clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163", "pubmed_id": "40245969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40245969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Microdosing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3091, "title": "Psilocybin as a Tool in the Management of Palliative Care: An Historical, Pharmacological, and Clinical Approach", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a tool in the management of palliative care an historical pharmacological and clinical approach", "authors": "Turizo Smith AD, Botero Jsramillo N, Berrio Cuartas DM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound in certain mushrooms, has been used for centuries in spiritual ceremonies and neuropsychiatric therapy. Despite its stigmatization as a Schedule I substance in 1970, research into psilocybin has resurged since the early 2000s, particularly in psychiatry and palliative care. This review examines psilocybin's potential to improve the quality of life in palliative care by reducing psychological distress and enhancing emotional well-being. The discussion includes its historical context, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, legal status, and future perspectives in palliative care.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-04-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202504.0888.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202504.0888.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1003557\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3446, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Interpersonal Therapy for Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted interpersonal therapy for depression", "authors": "University of Otago", "abstract": "This is a single-arm, open-label interventional study of psilocybin-assisted interpersonal therapy for treatment resistant depression. 20 participants will be recruited to take part in this 8-week intervention that involves 8 sessions of psychotherapy and 2 doses of psilocybin. Study Design Interventional, Single arm, open label 1\\. Hypotheses: 1. It is feasible to deliver Psilocybin treatment integrated into interpersonal therapy for people with treatment resistant major depression (TRD). 2. It is feasible to recruit patients with TRD for this treatment in New Zealand. 2\\. Participants The study will recruit 20 participants who have a current diagnosis of Treatment resistant Major Depressive Disorder. The participants will need to agree to cease psychotropic medications including antidepressants as part of the preparation for psilocybin dosing. 3\\. Recruitment Participants will be recruited by referral from mental health services, primary care and community advertisements. 4\\. Screening Screening involves a two-step process: 1. Participants will register their interest via a secure online Redcap website that will ask questions regarding initial eligibility. Those who pass the initial online screening and consent to further assessment of eligibility will be screened via telephone and review of online health records to determine whether they meet major inclusion/exclusion criteria, and thus whether they are eligible for an in-person screening session. 2. In-person screening will include a history and physical examination, ECG, a 30 cc blood draw for study measures and medical screening, a personal and family medical history questionnaire, psychiatric /psychological assessments and urine drug and pregnancy tests. These will be performed by clinical staff in the Clinical Research Unit (CRU, University of Otago, Christchurch Whatu Ora Waitaha). 5\\. Clinical assessment Psychiatric screening will be conducted by structured assessments Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), (mood and substance use sections) by the study team. After this screening potential participants will be clinically assessed by a consultant psychiatrist on the team, who will oversee participants care throughout the study and will liaise with the participants current health provider regarding the study, antidepressant discontinuation, clinical progress and any support required at the conclusion of the study. Psychoactive drug-use history, history of antidepressant treatments, and information about employment status and current functioning (including mood and psychological and psychosomatic symptoms) will be obtained. Participants will be required to refrain from illicit drug use during the course of the study, and a urine test will be conducted before each psilocybin dosing session (e.g., testing for various opioids, stimulants and sedatives). Pregnant or nursing women are ineligible; female participants will receive a urine pregnancy test at intake and before each drug session and must agree to use effective methods of contraception during the study. 6\\. Informed consent process Written informed consent will be obtained at the Clinical Research Unit at the start of the in-person screening. 7\\. Intervention The study intervention is described in detail in the Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)+ Psilocybin Manual and is modified from Yale Manual for Psilocybin-assisted Therapy of Depression and Protocol for 'Effects of Psilocybin therapy for major depressive disorder: randomized clinical trial'. The intervention involves 8 sessions of psychotherapy and two doses of psilocybin over 10 weeks and one follow-up session at 18 weeks in the Clinical Research Unit, Dept of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch. During the study period (week 0-9) the participants will be under the care of the consultant psychiatrists and clinical team at the Clinical Research Unit, this includes the planned weekly contact as well as provision of urgent care during hours (via a duty clinician and psychiatrist), and the Crisis Resolution Team (CDHB) after hours. Following screening and baseline measurements antidepressants will be gradually discontinued and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) will be commenced in preparation for psilocybin dosing. Antidepressant discontinuation will follow clinical guidelines and will be supervised by consultant psychiatrist on the team, who will oversee participants care throughout the study. The discontinuation schedule is initial dropping of dose by half followed by tapering over 2-6 weeks. The 3 IPT preparation sessions are designed around the beginning phase of IPT (timeline of stressors and mood episodes, interpersonal inventory and identification of psychotherapy focus). The next sessions will involve psilocybin dosing and debriefing (2 psilocybin dosing sessions and 1 debriefing). This will be followed by 5 integration sessions of IPT. The IPT integration sessions will formulate the psilocybin experience within an IPT framework. IPT utilises emotional processing to facilitate change and it is anticipated this will be intensified in the psilocybin sessions. Consultant psychiatrists will review each participant after completing psychotherapy to assess participants' ongoing treatment needs, including recommencing antidepressant medication if needed and referral to specialist mental health service if required.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05581797", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05581797\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 745, "title": "The Emergence of Psilocybin in Psychiatry and Neuroscience.", "normalized_title": "the emergence of psilocybin in psychiatry and neuroscience", "authors": "Omidian H, Omidian A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, has garnered renewed scientific interest for its potential in treating psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review systematically examines the latest research on psilocybin's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile. Emerging evidence supports its efficacy in conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), anxiety, alcohol use disorders (AUD), and cancer-related distress. Despite promising outcomes, significant barriers remain, including methodological constraints, regulatory hurdles, and limited population diversity in clinical trials. Advances in biosynthetic production and optimized psychotherapeutic integration are necessary to ensure scalability and accessibility. Future research should focus on long-term safety, dosing precision, and neurobiological mechanisms to refine its therapeutic applications. This review provides a critical foundation for advancing evidence-based clinical integration of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18040555", "pubmed_id": "40283990", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040555", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40283990\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 886, "title": "Potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics in small doses: Is there a role for microdosing in psychiatry?", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics in small doses is there a role for microdosing in psychiatry", "authors": "Totomanova I, Haijen ECHM, Hurks PPM, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Clinical trials using full doses of psychedelics have provided preliminary evidence supporting their safety and efficacy in treating a variety of physical and psychological conditions. Anecdotal reports indicate that even very small amounts of these substances may provide therapeutic benefits, though robust clinical studies are still needed. This chapter reviews the current experimental studies in humans using psychedelics in small doses to better understand their therapeutic potential. Research in both neurotypical individuals (n = 18 studies) and patients (n = 3) suggests that small doses of LSD and psilocybin produce subtle, acute, effects on neural connectivity, brain electrophysiology, blood pressure, sleep duration, pain perception, temporal processing, and mood; and show reductions in symptoms of depression and obsessive-compulsive behavior in patient samples. The chapter also discusses the influence of extra-pharmacological factors, such as the baseline subjective state, expectations, and individual differences in drug metabolism, on treatment outcomes. Overall, controlled microdosing studies suggest the potential therapeutic applications of small psychedelic doses, warranting further exploration through large-scale trials in clinical populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.002", "pubmed_id": "40541311", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541311\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 710, "title": "Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity and psychedelics a comprehensive examination of classic and non classic compounds in pre and clinical models", "authors": "Agnorelli C, Spriggs M, Godfrey K, Sawicka G, Bohl B, Douglass H, Fagiolini A, Parastoo H, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity, the ability of the nervous system to adapt throughout an organism's lifespan, offers potential as both a biomarker and treatment target for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelics, a burgeoning category of drugs, are increasingly prominent in psychiatric research, prompting inquiries into their mechanisms of action. Distinguishing themselves from traditional medications, psychedelics demonstrate rapid and enduring therapeutic effects after a single or few administrations, believed to stem from their neuroplasticity-enhancing properties. This review examines how classic psychedelics (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, N,N-DMT) and non-classic psychedelics (e.g., ketamine, MDMA) influence neuroplasticity. Drawing from preclinical and clinical studies, we explore the molecular, structural, and functional changes triggered by these agents. Animal studies suggest psychedelics induce heightened sensitivity of the nervous system to environmental stimuli (meta-plasticity), re-opening developmental windows for long-term structural changes (hyper-plasticity), with implications for mood and behavior. Translating these findings to humans faces challenges due to limitations in current imaging techniques. Nonetheless, promising new directions for human research are emerging, including the employment of novel positron-emission tomography (PET) radioligands, non-invasive brain stimulation methods, and multimodal approaches. By elucidating the interplay between psychedelics and neuroplasticity, this review informs the development of targeted interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders and advances understanding of psychedelics' therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "pubmed_id": "40185376", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40185376\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Longevity,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2999, "title": "A Rapid Review of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "a rapid review of psychedelic assisted therapy in the context of palliative care", "authors": "Miller M, Meyers M, Martin A, Napolitano S, Dorsen C, Penn A, Rosa WE", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) involves supported experiences with psychedelic medicines in carefully curated environments. Early evidence suggests possible utility of PAT for addressing psychosocial-spiritual-existential concerns, yet gaps remain in understanding findings related to PAT's role in palliative care. This rapid review aims to synthesize current literature on applications of PAT in the context of palliative care. Through a systematic process, we identified 34 articles published between January 2021 and July 2024. Protocols varied yet included common components of participant screening, preparation, dosing, and integration. Psilocybin was the most commonly studied compound. Results support safety and initial efficacy of PAT for psycho-spiritual-existential outcomes among carefully screened and highly homogonous samples of patients with serious illness (predominantly cancer). Current efforts and challenges around integrating PAT into systems of palliative care were highlighted. Additional work is needed to (1) explore PAT's safety and efficacy within more diverse samples and contexts, (2) train palliative care providers on PAT, (3) determine systems of care delivery best suited for translation of PAT into practice, and (4) begin developing policy solutions to support safe and equitable access to PAT. Because many patients lack access to basic psychosocial-spiritual-existential care, careful consideration is needed around integration of PAT.", "journal": "Journal of hospice and palliative nursing: JHPN: the official journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association", "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/njh.0000000000001113", "pubmed_id": "40042324", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40042324/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40042324\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 739, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted suppoRtive psychoTherapy IN the treatment of prolonged Grief (PARTING) trial: protocol for an open-label pilot trial for cancer-related bereavement", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted supportive psychotherapy in the treatment of prolonged grief parting trial protocol for an open label pilot trial for cancer related bereavement", "authors": "Vanessa L. Beesley, Tom Kennedy, Fiona Maccallum, Margaret Ross, Renee Harvey, Susan L. Rossell, Jerome Sarris, Daniel Perkins, Rachel Ε. Neale, James Bennett-Levy, Shevaugn Johnson, Hanna Beebe, Natalie Roset, Jörg Strobel, Stephen Parker", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) represents a substantial public health issue, especially in oncology settings where it affects up to 30% of bereaved carers. Current best-practice treatments are lengthy, and up to 50% of participants have persistent PGD. Building on encouraging recent research with psychedelic-assisted therapies, the Psilocybin-Assisted suppoRtive psychoTherapy IN the treatment of prolonged Grief (PARTING) trial is the first study to consider psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for prolonged grief. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: PARTING is an open-label pilot trial of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for approximately 15 people with cancer-related PGD. It aims to investigate feasibility, safety, acceptability, participant experience and participant-reported therapeutic effects. Over a 5-week intervention period, participants will undergo three preparation sessions before receiving a psychoactive (25 mg) dose of psilocybin alongside non-directive supportive guidance, followed by four integration sessions. All sessions will be delivered by a psychologist and either a nurse or Indigenous Therapist. An artificial intelligence-assisted tool will be used to create an artwork of participants' psychedelic experience.Outcomes will be investigated over a 12-month follow-up period. Feasibility will be assessed through recruitment/retention rates and completion of follow-up assessments. Safety will be evaluated via adverse events over 12 months and the comparison of physiological measures (vital signs, biochemistry, haematology, ECG) recorded during screening and 1 day after the psilocybin dose. Qualitative thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with participants and trial therapists will assess acceptability and the therapeutic potential of the treatment. Diagnostic clinical interviews for PGD and quantitative participant-reported measures of therapeutic effects are also being collected. Participant-reported measures include grief severity, depression, anxiety, grief avoidance, psychological flexibility, connectedness, and quality of life. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been obtained from QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Human Research Ethics Committee (P3801). Dissemination of results will occur via conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000827639).", "journal": "BMJ Open", "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095992", "pubmed_id": "40233965", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095992", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Grief, Thematic analysis, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Psychiatry, Qualitative research, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Internal medicine, Social science, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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L. Beesley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-1800\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021835786\",\"display_name\":\"Tom Kennedy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-5974\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057700963\",\"display_name\":\"Fiona Maccallum\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-0712\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101561809\",\"display_name\":\"Margaret Ross\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3368-6614\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076649329\",\"display_name\":\"Renee Harvey\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073606057\",\"display_name\":\"Susan L. Rossell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114087434\",\"display_name\":\"Jerome Sarris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049230775\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Perkins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-1649\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077862296\",\"display_name\":\"Rachel Ε. Neale\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-0854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034483864\",\"display_name\":\"James Bennett-Levy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0998-116X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074779884\",\"display_name\":\"Shevaugn Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004497324\",\"display_name\":\"Hanna Beebe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117151723\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie Roset\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041258476\",\"display_name\":\"Jörg Strobel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062304624\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Parker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6022-3981\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S79054089\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095992\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Psychological Flexibility,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409449177" }, { "id": 766, "title": "Utilizing Psychedelics to Enhance Well-Being: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "utilizing psychedelics to enhance well being a systematic review", "authors": "Thomson S, Thomacos N.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy is gaining recognition for its potential to enhance human functioning. While most research has focused on psychedelic' therapeutic use for mental illness, this review applies the PERMA Theory of Well-Being to systematically examine their role in enhancing well-being in healthy individuals. The final search of five academic databases was conducted on February 4, 2024, including studies published from 1994. After applying the inclusion criteria (controlled or naturalistic experimental design with an outcome measurement at least 7 days post-consumption), 19 studies were included. Encompassing 949 participants, two studies involved 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), seven ayahuasca, two lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and eight psilocybin. Results consistently indicate psychedelic consumption is related to enduring enhancements in PERMA's five elements of well-being, including positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. While discussion of adverse effects was frequently absent, no serious adverse effects were reported in six studies. Future research should address the limitations of the included studies by conducting larger-scale, longitudinal randomized controlled trials that incorporate a comprehensive assessment of well-being. Nevertheless, the findings of this systematic review call for a paradigm shift, moving beyond a disease-focused lens to recognizing psychedelics' capacity to enhance well-being in healthy individuals, ultimately fostering human flourishing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380", "pubmed_id": "40163076", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40163076\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3421, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Hypothesis Visual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation. Study Design This narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology. Study Results Both LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation. Conclusions Examining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/schbul/sbaf068", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7x8q4_v2", "keywords": "Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance, Hallucinogenesis, Phenomenology, Sensory Deprivation, Serotonin Receptors, Visual Hierarchy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7x8q4_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3321, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR996323\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 892, "title": "Existing evidence for the use of psychedelics in patients with cancer and other serious illness: A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "existing evidence for the use of psychedelics in patients with cancer and other serious illness a narrative review", "authors": "Bires J.", "abstract": "ObjectivesMood disorders and existential distress impact those with cancer or a serious illness at higher rates than the general population. There have been limited pharmacological advances in recent years, and available psychological interventions vary in degree of impact and durability as a treatment modality in this population. A recent renaissance in psychedelic research has suggested that this class of medications might offer an alternative treatment model for anxiety, depression, and existential and psychological distress that often accompanies the diagnosis of a serious illness.MethodsUtilizing a narrative review approach, EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched with no beginning date range through April 2024 to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) on LSD, psilocybin and MDMA in palliative care or oncology and other life limiting illnesses.ResultsFive articles published between 2011 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Three studies utilized psilocybin and one study evaluated MDMA and LSD. The number of participants ranged from 12 to 56 with four studies that utilized a crossover design. Four of the five studies showed a significant decrease in anxiety during at least one time point in their study and three studies indicated a significant decrease in depression. None of the studies reported serious adverse events related to the experimental drug sessions.ConclusionsPsychedelic assisted therapy for the treatment of depression, anxiety and existential distress is a promising treatment modality as an addition or compliment to other available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment modalities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/07347332.2025.2482917", "pubmed_id": "40138527", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2025.2482917", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Critical Illness, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40138527\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 767, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Al-Shamali H, Perivolaris A, Tullu T, Zeifman RJ, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Husain MI, C Reichelt A, Vermetten E, Jha MK, Jetly R, Loebenberg R, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in therapeutic applications for mental disorders. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and minimizing adverse effects. Methods: This systematic review involved a comprehensive search across MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, and Embase databases, from inception to December 2024, identifying original studies that investigated the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria: eight laboratory-based and six clinical studies. Laboratory studies used animal models or in vitro systems, while clinical studies included 112 healthy human participants. Psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to psilocin, which is absorbed with Tmax values ranging from 1.8 to 4 h following oral administration. Cmax varied dose-dependently, from 8.2 ± 2.8 ng/mL (plasma) to 871 ng/mL (urine). One study reported psilocin bioavailability at 52.7 ± 20%. The volume of distribution was extensive, ranging from 277 ± 92 L to 1016 L, suggesting significant tissue distribution. Psilocin metabolism is primarily mediated by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, with secondary contributions from monoamine oxidase A. It undergoes further hepatic biotransformation into 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and 4-hydroxytryptophol. Elimination half-life varied across studies, ranging from 1.5 to 4 h. Conclusions: Psilocybin pharmacokinetics demonstrate significant variability based on dosage, route, and species. CYP enzymes play a critical role in its metabolism, highlighting the potential for drug-drug interactions. These findings underscore the importance of further research to elucidate psilocybin's pharmacokinetic profile, which is assessed in vivo by its active metabolite psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411", "pubmed_id": "40284409", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40284409\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 771, "title": "Anhedonia: Current and future treatments.", "normalized_title": "anhedonia current and future treatments", "authors": "Serretti A.", "abstract": "Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic domain that leads to poor disorder outcome and low remission rates. This narrative review describes a broad range of interventions targeting anhedonia, including pharmacological, neuromodulatory, behavioral, and lifestyle-based approaches. Drugs such as vortioxetine, agomelatine, bupropion, ketamine, and brexpiprazole show promising anti-anhedonic effects, while traditional antidepressants, such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and, even more so, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are less effective. Neuromodulation techniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, proved effective at improving anhedonia, particularly when used in targeted areas. Psychotherapeutic interventions, including behavioral activation, mindfulness-based strategies, and savoring techniques, also help re-engage patients with pleasurable activities and enhance positive affect. Innovative treatments, such as aticaprant and psilocybin, showed promising results. Substantial evidence suggests that improving anhedonia leads to better psychosocial functioning, quality of life, and sustained remission. Although most data come from short-term studies, several long-term analyses suggest that maintaining hedonic improvements is feasible and beneficial. The reviewed evidence underscores the importance of routine assessment of anhedonia and the integration of symptom-specific strategies. Tailoring interventions to address individual patterns of reward disruption may optimize outcomes for patients with anhedonia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/pcn5.70088", "pubmed_id": "40129874", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.70088", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40129874\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 756, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Disorders: Current Clinical Scope and Deep Learning-Based Advanced Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in mental disorders current clinical scope and deep learning based advanced perspectives", "authors": "Kim SH, Yang S, Jung J, Choi J, Kang M, Joo JY.", "abstract": "Mental disorders are a representative type of brain disorder, including anxiety, major depressive depression (MDD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), that are caused by multiple etiologies, including genetic heterogeneity, epigenetic dysregulation, and aberrant morphological and biochemical conditions. Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been renewed as fascinating treatment options and have gradually demonstrated potential therapeutic effects in mental disorders. However, the multifaceted conditions of psychiatric disorders resulting from individuality, complex genetic interplay, and intricate neural circuits impact the systemic pharmacology of psychedelics, which disturbs the integration of mechanisms that may result in dissimilar medicinal efficiency. The precise prescription of psychedelic drugs remains unclear, and advanced approaches are needed to optimize drug development. Here, recent studies demonstrating the diverse pharmacological effects of psychedelics in mental disorders are reviewed, and emerging perspectives on structural function, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and the transcriptome are discussed. Moreover, the applicability of deep learning is highlighted for the development of drugs on the basis of big data. These approaches may provide insight into pharmacological mechanisms and interindividual factors to enhance drug discovery and development for advanced precision medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/advs.202413786", "pubmed_id": "40112231", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413786", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Deep Learning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40112231\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Review Article,Transcriptomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3544, "title": "An 8-week Phase 2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Psilocybin-assisted-psychotherapy in Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study", "normalized_title": "an 8 week phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the safety tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in adults with cannabis use disorder a proof of concept study", "authors": "McMaster University", "abstract": "Cannabis is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in Canada (Lowry \\& Corsi, 2020). A sub-group of cannabis users develop a condition known as Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), which is defined as a regular pattern of cannabis use that causes performance difficulty at work, school and relationships (Hasin et al., 2013). A review of current treatments available for CUD indicate the lack of a pharmacological and psychological treatment with high success rates, which highlights the importance of exploring potential psychosocial interventions for the treatment of CUD. Given the evidence of psilocybin's therapeutic potential in the treatment of substance use disorders (de Veen et al., 2017), we aim to conduct a study using psilocybin-assisted-psychotherapy in the treatment of CUD. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, tolerability and potential therapeutic effect of 2 doses \\[25 mg\\] of psilocybin administered as part of an 8-week Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) and supportive therapy. This trial will be the first to evaluate the potential treatment effects of psilocybin on symptoms of CUD.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06225232", "keywords": "Cannabis Use Disorder, Moderate, Cannabis Use Disorder, Severe, Psilocybin combined with Psychotherapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06225232\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 750, "title": "Exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for moral injury: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for moral injury a scoping review", "authors": "Kurkova V, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Jetly R, Swainson J, Lodewyk K, Saghafi P, Dennett E, Burback L.", "abstract": "This scoping review addresses the need to comprehensively explore the potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to facilitate recovery from moral injury. Moral injury (MI), characterized by profound psychological distress arising from morally challenging experiences, has garnered increased attention as a complex mental health concern with significant functional sequelae, especially in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic approaches, with psychedelics emerging as an exciting potential intervention, as moral injury impacts treatment resistance, suicidality, social isolation, and overall functioning. Ten studies were included from 11,734 publications. Studies utilized psilocybin, MDMA, or LSD. None focused specifically on moral injury. Diagnoses included PTSD, alcohol use disorder, insomnia, human Immunodeficiency virus-related demoralized men, barbiturate dependence, anxiety associated with life-threatening illness, major depression, and PTSD comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Studies reported rapid, increasing, and sustained self-compassion over time, alongside increases in self-forgiveness and self-acceptance, reduction in demoralization, and decreased drinking scores. Though in other diagnostic contexts, PAP has shown efficacy in addressing symptoms commonly associated with moral injury, particularly within the context of PTSD. It holds promise as an intervention for MI and requires further exploration.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111333", "pubmed_id": "40113127", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111333", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Morals, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40113127\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 778, "title": "A Modern Overview of the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Treatment-Resistant Depression, and End-of-Life Distress.", "normalized_title": "a modern overview of the potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin in the treatment of depressive disorders treatment resistant depression and end of life distress", "authors": "Dino F.", "abstract": "The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current findings and data on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid primarily found in Psilocybe mushrooms. This review covers psilocybin's efficacy and safety profile, therapeutic effects, proposed indications and contraindications, drug-drug interactions, adverse reactions, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dosing regimens as treatment guidelines. The goal is to offer a consolidated resource containing the essential pharmaceutical information on psilocybin currently available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.80707", "pubmed_id": "40242672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.80707", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40242672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 565, "title": "Current Evidence for the Role of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in Bipolar Depression: A Perspective and Plan for Action.", "normalized_title": "current evidence for the role of rapid acting antidepressants in bipolar depression a perspective and plan for action", "authors": "Repple J, Bayas M, Möser C, Kobayashi NF, Reif A.", "abstract": "After decades of limited progress in depression treatment, recent advancements have sparked renewed interest in developing novel antidepressants, particularly rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs). Despite these promising developments, there remains a significant gap in research on bipolar depression. While several antipsychotics have been investigated for their efficacy in bipolar depression due to the reduced risk of mania induction, research on RAADs, such as (es)ketamine, remains scarce despite their demonstrated safety and effectiveness. In this review, we give an overview of current developments in RAADs in the context of bipolar disorder. Both published studies as well as phase II, III, and IV studies on bipolar depression (based on ClinicalTrials.gov) are reviewed in this work. The following RAAD substance classes have been or are currently being investigated as possible treatments for bipolar depression: NMDA antagonists and indirect AMPA agonists (ketamine, esketamine, riluzole, felbamate), GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) activators or positive allosteric modulators (zuranolone, pregnenolone, PEA), psychedelics (psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT), muscarine receptor antagonists (scopolamine), and kappa opioid receptor antagonists (navacaprant). Other than the well-established efficacy and safety of (es)ketamine in treating bipolar depression, there has been little research effort in the treatment of bipolar depression. Recent research into RAADs demonstrates the growing field of novel mechanisms of action in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression. However, there is an urgent need for well-controlled clinical studies on RAADs in bipolar depression to expand treatment options and improve outcomes for millions of affected individuals worldwide.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903", "pubmed_id": "40064389", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40064389\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 785, "title": "Extraction Yields of Psilocybin and Psilocin: A Short Review of Current Methods and Their Implications.", "normalized_title": "extraction yields of psilocybin and psilocin a short review of current methods and their implications", "authors": "Galdino TP, Oliveira LC, Luz MA, Jesus RA, Lima EPN, Torres MCM, Sivieri K, Afonso VI, Delgado JMPQ, Lima AGB, Silva SML, Fook MVL.", "abstract": "The growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of psychoactive substances, like psilocybin, has driven significant interest in recent decades due to their low toxicity and potential applications in treating various mental health disorders. However, producing pharmaceutical-grade psilocybin remains challenging, with three primary approaches: chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and extraction from Psilocybe mushroom fruiting bodies. This systematic review evaluates the extraction and quantification methods for psilocybin and psilocin, aiming to contribute to the development of standardized protocols that ensure compound quality and purity. A total of 25 relevant studies were selected from an initial pool of 9152 publications indexed in platforms such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed. The findings indicate that both the extraction method and the choice of mushroom species significantly influence compound yields. Ultrasonic bath extraction was identified as the most efficient technique, particularly for species including Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the most-used method for identifying and quantifying these compounds. Furthermore, polar solvents were critical for effective solubilization, with parameters such as temperature, solvent-to-material ratio, and extraction time playing key roles in optimizing yields. This review serves as a key scientific reference for advancing research, enhancing analytical precision, and ensuring reproducibility through the standardization of extraction and quantification protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18030380", "pubmed_id": "40143157", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030380", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40143157\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 655, "title": "Side effects of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin: A systematic review of potential physiological and psychiatric outcomes.", "normalized_title": "side effects of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin a systematic review of potential physiological and psychiatric outcomes", "authors": "Modzelewski S, Stankiewicz A, Waszkiewicz N, Łukasiewicz K.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsychedelics are gaining renewed attention, especially through the practice of microdosing, where low doses are taken regularly. Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin is used by both healthy individuals and those with mental health conditions to improve daily functioning, reduce anxiety, and enhance mood and cognition. However, there is limited information about the side effects of this practice. This review aimed to collect and characterize the side effects of psychedelic microdosing.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of original papers from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (accessed August 03, 2024) that reported side effects of microdosing LSD and psilocybin. Non-English papers, non-original studies, studies without typical microdosing doses, or those lacking descriptions of side effects were excluded. Our methodology has been developed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Because side effects were assessed heterogeneously in these papers, we did not perform a bias evaluation.ResultsWe included 31 studies, 15 of which we classified as laboratory studies with higher quality evidence, and 14 studies with lower quality evidence, as well as 2 clinical cases. Side effects were typically dose-dependent, mild, and short-lived. Common adverse effects included increased blood pressure, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.DiscussionThis review is limited by the heterogeneity in reporting side effects and the short duration of many studies. Future studies should transparently and systematically present a description of side effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110402", "pubmed_id": "40058407", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110402", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40058407\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4431, "title": "Risks of using psilocybin in treatment of treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "risks of using psilocybin in treatment of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Michał Orzechowski, Joanna Orzechowska, Paulina Fijałek, Jan Karczmarz, Aleksandra Paprocka, Marika Gutowska, Agnieszka Kosińska, Urszula Świrk, Wiktoria Belcarz, Katarzyna Kalinowska", "abstract": "IntroductionAs depression rates continue to rise globally, the need for more effective and innovative treatments has become increasingly urgent, highlighting the potential impact of psilocybin as a promising therapeutic option. However, to ensure its safe and effective integration into clinical practice, it is essential to establish robust safety parameters for its administration. This paper focuses on addressing the risks associated with psilocybin therapy. We believe this paper can help understand risks as a platform for safety based treatment. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, supplemented by references cited in the initially identified articles. The search focused on studies and reviews addressing the challenges and risks associated with psilocybin use in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD).", "journal": "Journal of Education Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2025-03-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2025.79.58319", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.79.58319", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Medicine, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Antidepressant, Anxiety, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408197223\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408197223\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116219617\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Orzechowski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036777199\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Orzechowska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9458-5991\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116219611\",\"display_name\":\"Paulina Fijałek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116222341\",\"display_name\":\"Jan Karczmarz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116219614\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Paprocka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067279655\",\"display_name\":\"Marika Gutowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060513934\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Kosińska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3041-274X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116222337\",\"display_name\":\"Urszula Świrk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116186409\",\"display_name\":\"Wiktoria Belcarz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070497769\",\"display_name\":\"Katarzyna Kalinowska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2657-7165\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737571363\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Education Health and Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.79.58319\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408197223" }, { "id": 801, "title": "Correction: Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Psilocin After Psilocybin Administration: A Systematic Review and Post-Hoc Analysis.", "normalized_title": "correction clinical pharmacokinetics of psilocin after psilocybin administration a systematic review and post hoc analysis", "authors": "Otto ME, van der Heijden KV, Schoones JW, van Esdonk MJ, Borghans LGJM, Jacobs GE, van Hasselt JGC.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40262-025-01487-3", "pubmed_id": "39982684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-025-01487-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39982684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 797, "title": "Psychedelics for Cancer Pain and Associated Psychological Distress: A Narrative Review of a Potential Strategy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for cancer pain and associated psychological distress a narrative review of a potential strategy", "authors": "Belitzky E, Ravani Carvalho LV, Taylor M, Ortiz CN, Baum L, Fiellin DA, Lustberg MB.", "abstract": "PurposeTo evaluate the current level of evidence for the use of psychedelics for the management of cancer pain and associated psychological distress.ContentPain is a common symptom of cancer and treatment. However, there are high rates of undertreatment of cancer pain due to the complex underlying biology of the condition, and potentially due to a decrease in opioid prescribing in response to the opioid epidemic. A diagnosis of cancer and cancer-related pain can trigger high levels of psychological distress throughout cancer treatment. Cancer pain can also be exacerbated by anxiety, depression, quality of life challenges, and fear of death and dying, as well as by fear of recurrence or progression. Several pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches have been utilized to mitigate pain and symptom burden with some success. However, there remains an unmet need for better management of cancer pain and associated symptoms. Psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), are under consideration as new pharmacologic strategies for mitigating pain and the distress associated with cancer pain and associated symptom burden. Although published studies are limited, regulatory hurdles have decreased. Many clinical trials are underway to assess further the use of psychedelics and behavioral counseling for patients with cancer and comorbidities such as anxiety or depression. These studies examine both the feasibility and efficacy of psychedelics for pain and psychological distress. Early results are promising, and additional research is needed to understand efficacy and tolerability in broader cancer populations.ImplicationsThere is an unmet need to improve pain management in patients with cancer and to mitigate psychological distress. Further research is required to understand the efficacy of psychedelics for the treatment of cancer pain and distress. Recent regulatory changes have paved the way for increased research on the clinical efficacy of psychedelics in cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/cam4.70586", "pubmed_id": "40052631", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.70586", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Quality of Life, Pain Management, Cancer Pain, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40052631\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 793, "title": "A Field-Wide Review and Analysis of Study Materials Used in Psilocybin Trials: Assessment of Two Decades of Research.", "normalized_title": "a field wide review and analysis of study materials used in psilocybin trials assessment of two decades of research", "authors": "Yaden DB, Graziosi M, Owen AM, Agin-Liebes G, Aaronson ST, Allen KE, Barrett FS, Bogenschutz MP, Carhart-Harris R, Ching THW, Cosimano MP, Danforth A, Davis AK, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths R, Grob CS, Gründer G, Gukasyan N, Heinzerling KG, Hendricks PS, Holze F, Horton DM, Johnson MW, Kelmendi B, Knatz Peck S, Koslowski M, Liechti ME, Mertens LJ, Moreno FA, Nayak SM, Nicholas CR, Preller KH, Rieser NM, Ross S, Sergi K, Sloshower J, Smigielski L, Stenbæk DS, Vollenweider FX, Weiss B, Wolff M, Yaden ME.", "abstract": "IntroductionSerotonergic psychedelics, serotonin 2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin that can result in substantially altered states of consciousness, are used in recreational and research settings. The safety of psychedelic experiences in research settings is supported by controlled physical environments, presence of clinical and medical staff to address emergent issues, screening for personal and family history of potential contraindications, and psychoeducational preparation with psychological support. Research settings typically provide psychoeducation to participants verbally and in writing (e.g., informed consent), and such documents and conversations can provide safety-related information-but may also introduce a wide range of expectancies. Such expectancies might involve the specific character of the acute subjective effects of psychedelics, possible side effects, and anticipated outcomes.MethodsTo better understand the content of this psychoeducation, we gathered study materials from many psilocybin studies conducted in the past two decades in healthy and therapeutic populations. We conducted a reflexive thematic analysis to better understand these documents.ResultsWhile these documents varied substantially between studies, we identified themes intended to lower levels of risk and optimize therapeutic effects from psychedelic treatments. The most frequently coded themes related to (1) biological and physical safety, (2) psychological safety and well-being, (3) aspects of setting, and (4) potential for expectancies. Prioritizing biological and psychological safety was evident in the materials from all sites. Furthermore, we identify potential contributors to expectancy unrelated to safety and suggest that these extrapharmacological elements be studied systematically in future research.ConclusionsIdeally, future research should strive to maximize safety while attempting to minimize extraneous expectancies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0019", "pubmed_id": "40351554", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0019", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40351554\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 815, "title": "A review of psychedelics trials completed in depression, informed by European regulatory perspectives.", "normalized_title": "a review of psychedelics trials completed in depression informed by european regulatory perspectives", "authors": "Silva F, Butlen-Ducuing F, Guizzaro L, Balabanov P.", "abstract": "There is a growing body of clinical research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental health disorders, notably depression. Accordingly, the new revision of the European Medicines Agency guideline on the clinical investigation of products for depression will incorporate a section covering specific regulatory recommendations for the design of studies with psychedelics. The present review investigated the methodological approaches adopted in completed controlled trials of psychedelics for depression in light of initial considerations included in the draft guideline revision. A systematic search conducted on scientific databases (Embase and Medline) and clinical trial registries (clinicaltrials.gov and WHO ICTPR) identified 8 completed trials as of February 2024. The trials tested psilocybin, LSD, Ayahuasca, and DMT, for major depressive disorder or treatment-resistant depression, and were all pahse 2 or 1/2. Patterns in pre-defined methodological variables pertaining to trial design, population, interventions, outcome measures and safety assessments were analysed and collated against considerations on unblinding and expectancy, choice of comparator, the definition of treatment frameworks, the characterisation of the subjective psychedelic experience and the specification of adverse events in relation to subjective psychedelic effects. Areas for future research, including long-term efficacy and safety and the influence of inter-individual differences, can be investigated in larger studies, necessary for marketing authorisation applications. Ultimately, balancing the intricacies of conducting trials with psychedelics with ensuring adherence to regulatory requirements can be facilitated by early dialogue with medicines regulators, and will be essential for the medical development of psychedelics to address unmet patient needs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105516", "pubmed_id": "40654583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105516", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40654583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 816, "title": "Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and suicide related outcomes a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Malik T, Zeifman R, Swainson J, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw AJ, Claire Reichelt A, Vermetten E, Erritzoe D, Jha MK, Dunn W, Jetly R, Husain MI, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscores the need for alternatives. Psychedelic therapies may rapidly reduce suicide risk. This systematic review evaluates impact of psychedelic therapies on suicide-related outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to November 2024. Results: Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated suicidality as a secondary outcome or safety measure, showing significant reductions in suicidal ideation with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT; one study). Effect sizes, measured by Cohen's d, ranged from =0.52 to 1.25 (p = 0.01 to 0.005), with no safety issues reported. Five additional RCTs assessed suicidality as a safety measure, showing reductions in suicidal ideation with psilocybin (two studies) and MDMA-AT (three studies; p = 0.02 to 0.04). Among 24 non-randomized and cross-sectional studies, results were mixed. Psilocybin (three studies) reduced suicidal ideation, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.40-0.75. MDMA-AT (five studies in PTSD patients) had a pooled effect size of d = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.32-0.89). LSD (six studies) showed increased odds of suicidality, with odds ratios ranging from 1.15 to 2.08. Studies involving DMT (two studies) and multiple psychedelics (three studies) showed mixed results, with DMT studies not showing significant effects on suicidality and studies involving multiple psychedelics showing varying outcomes, some reporting reductions in suicidal ideation and others showing no significant change. Conclusions: The effect of psychedelic therapies on suicide-related outcomes remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further trials to clarify safety and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jcm14051416", "pubmed_id": "40094838", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051416", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40094838\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 720, "title": "Anaesthetic implications of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide: what is old is now new: A narrative review on psychedelics and anaesthesia.", "normalized_title": "anaesthetic implications of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide what is old is now new a narrative review on psychedelics and anaesthesia", "authors": "Dave M, Shore R, Cupido T, Haley C, Clinkard D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, known for their perception-altering properties, are gaining popularity in the treatment of mental health and pain disorders. As exploratory studies demonstrate clinical efficacy with few adverse events, it is expected that more patients will ingest psychedelic drugs. For therapeutic reasons, as with any drug, anaesthesiologists must be aware of its physiological effects and contraindications to ensure the safe provision of anaesthesia. Psilocybin is a 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A serotonin receptor agonist thought to act on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Acute ingestion causes sympathetic nervous system activation, which can precipitate haemodynamic instability. Activation of the 5HT serotonin receptors can also place the patient at risk of serotonin syndrome. Chronic use increases plasma concentrations of cortisol, which has implications on prophylactic stress-dosing of glucocorticoids preoperatively. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a synthetic psychoactive substance, is also a 5HT2 A agonist. LSD has been shown to potentiate opioid analgesics, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition. Historical reports suggest that LSD has anticholinesterase activity and can prolong neuromuscular block with depolarising muscle relaxants. Mescaline is a poorly understood psychedelic with similar autonomic effects. Historical studies have shown decreased neuromuscular transmission and an association with malignant hyperthermia. When managing patients who have consumed psychedelics drugs, it is important to consider delaying surgery whenever possible, to allow acute intoxication to wane. A high degree of suspicion and an understanding of management principles is vital to the safe conduct of anaesthesia. Future research should explore therapeutic doses of psychedelic drugs to understand physiologic effects at various concentrations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/eja.0000000000002138", "pubmed_id": "39967455", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000002138", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens, Anesthesia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39967455\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 549, "title": "Quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects: A pre-registered systematic review.", "normalized_title": "quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects a pre registered systematic review", "authors": "Ahuja S, Zaher F, Palaniyappan L.", "abstract": "Psychoactive substances used for recreational purposes have mind-altering effects, but systematic evaluation of these effects is largely limited to self-reports. Automated analysis of expressed language (speech and written text) using natural language processing (NLP) tools can provide objective readouts of mental states. In this pre-registered systematic review, we investigate findings from applying the emerging field of computational linguistics to substance use with specific focus on identifying short-term effects of psychoactive drugs. From the literature identified to date, we note that all the studied drugs - stimulants, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, ketamine and psychedelics - affect language production. Based on two or more studies per substance, we note some emerging patterns: stimulants increase verbosity; lysergic acid diethylamide reduces the lexicon; MDMA increases semantic proximity to emotional words; psilocybin increases positive sentiment and cannabis affects speech stream acoustics. Ketamine and other drugs are understudied regarding NLP features (one or no studies). One study provided externally validated support for NLP and machine learning-based identification of MDMA intoxication. We could not undertake a meta-analysis due to the high degree of heterogeneity among outcome measures and the lack of sufficient number of studies. We identify a need for harmonised speech tasks to improve replicability and comparability, standardisation of methods for curating and analysing speech and text data, theory-driven inquiries and the need for developing a shared 'substance use language corpus' for data mining. The growing field of computational linguistics can be utilized to advance human behavioral pharmacology of psychoactive substances. Achieving this will require concerted efforts towards consistency in research methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251319455", "pubmed_id": "39956789", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251319455", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39956789\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4438, "title": "Esse quam Videre: Critical Reflections on the Use of Psilocybin as an Adjuvant in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "esse quam videre critical reflections on the use of psilocybin as an adjuvant in psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Fábio Nogueira Pereira, Ana Carina Rothechedl Cavalieri, João Paulo Crespo Ferreira, Kelly De Souza Ventura", "abstract": "The ethical and technical challenges of recent research with psychedelics and the attempt to regulate them as a health technology open a new horizon for reflections on scientific development and questions about how we experience spiritual and non-ordinary experiences of consciousness and relate to nature. We understand that Psychology needs to resort to psychedelic philosophy and the knowledge of indigenous peoples. Thus, we seek to discuss the distancing of Psychology and mental health technologies in relation to Amerindian spirituality and epistemologies. We are guided by the scientific and philosophical literature that would allow such a debate without an exhaustive review of recent production, but enough to weave threads from the fields of Transpersonal Ecopsychology and Gestalt Therapy with a decolonial perspective and that went beyond the merely theoretical aspects. We also recognize a political position that is often minimized or erased by researchers of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies and the psych community in general. In this text we will address the role of Psychology and the psychotherapist in the face of modern ecocidal and pathogenic ideologies, the importance of reintegrating people into the environment and the territoriality of which they are part, the use of health technologies and the sacred from a matrix whose background does justice to the ancestry from which they come, among other satellite topics of this debate.", "journal": "Polymatheia.", "publication_date": "2025-02-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.52521/poly.v18i1.14945", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.52521/poly.v18i1.14945", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4407619146\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4407619146\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042012532\",\"display_name\":\"Fábio Nogueira Pereira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-3350\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116289012\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Carina Rothechedl Cavalieri\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030554751\",\"display_name\":\"João Paulo Crespo Ferreira\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116289013\",\"display_name\":\"Kelly De Souza Ventura\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4404675290\",\"source_display_name\":\"Polymatheia.\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.52521/poly.v18i1.14945\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4407619146" }, { "id": 3328, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR978411\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 822, "title": "CORRECTION: Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "correction efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.r111", "pubmed_id": "39929528", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r111", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39929528\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 826, "title": "Emerging Medications for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Review with Perspective on Mechanisms and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "emerging medications for treatment resistant depression a review with perspective on mechanisms and challenges", "authors": "Lucido MJ, Dunlop BW.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Non-response to initial treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common clinical challenge with profound deleterious impacts for affected patients. Few treatments have received regulatory approval for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: A systematic search of United States and European Union clinical trials registries was conducted to identify Phase II, III, or IV clinical trials, with a last update posted on or after 1 January 2020, that were evaluating medications for TRD. For both the US and EU registries, the condition term \"treatment resistant depression\" and associated lower-level terms (per registry search protocol) were used. For the US registry, a secondary search using the condition term \"depressive disorders\" and the modifying term \"inadequate\" was also performed to capture registrations not tagged as TRD. Two additional searches were also conducted in the US registry for the terms \"suicide\" and \"anhedonia\" as transdiagnostic targets of investigational medications. Trials were categorized based on the primary mechanism of action of the trial's investigational medication. Results: Fifty clinical trials for TRD, 20 for anhedonia, and 25 for suicide were identified. Glutamate system modulation was the mechanism currently with the most compounds in development, including antagonists and allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, metabotropic type 2/3 glutamate receptors, and intracellular effector molecules downstream of glutamate signaling. Psychedelics have seen the greatest surge among mechanistic targets in the past 5 years, however, with psilocybin in particular garnering significant attention. Other mechanisms included GABA modulators, monoamine modulators, anti-inflammatory/immune-modulating agents, and an orexin type 2 receptor antagonist. Conclusions: These investigations offer substantial promise for more efficacious and potentially personalized medication approaches for TRD. Challenges for detecting efficacy in TRD include the heterogeneity within the TRD population stemming from the presumed variety of biological dysfunctions underlying the disorder, comorbid disorders, chronic psychosocial stressors, and enduring effects of prior serotonergic antidepressant medication treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15020161", "pubmed_id": "40002494", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020161", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40002494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 825, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics in Treating Substance Use Disorders: A Review of Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders a review of clinical trials", "authors": "Hogea L, Tabugan DC, Costea I, Albai O, Nussbaum L, Cojocaru A, Corsaro L, Anghel T.", "abstract": "Background and Objectives: Substance use disorders (SUDs) affect millions worldwide. Despite increasing drug use, treatment options remain limited. Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), integrating psychedelic substances with psychotherapy, offers a promising alternative by addressing underlying neural mechanisms. Materials and Methods: This review's purpose is to investigate the current understanding of psychedelic therapy for treating SUDs, including tobacco, alcohol, and drug addiction. The systematic review approach focused on clinical trials and randomized controlled trials conducted from 2013 to 2023. The search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Consensus AI, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies involving psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, ibogaine, and ayahuasca for treating various addictions were included, excluding naturalistic studies and reviews. Results: Our results highlight the key findings from 16 clinical trials investigating psychedelic therapy for SUDs. Psychedelics like psilocybin and ayahuasca showed promise in reducing alcohol and tobacco dependence, with psilocybin being particularly effective in decreasing cravings and promoting long-term abstinence. The studies revealed significant improvements in substance use reduction, especially when combined with psychotherapy. However, the variability in dosages and study design calls for more standardized approaches. These findings emphasize the potential of psychedelics in SUD treatment, though further large-scale research is needed to validate these results and develop consistent protocols. Conclusions: This research reviewed the past decade's international experience, emphasizing the growing potential of psychedelic therapy in treating SUDs pertaining to alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine dependence. Psychedelics such as psilocybin and ketamine can reduce cravings and promote psychological well-being, especially when combined with psychotherapy. However, regulatory barriers and specialized clinical training are necessary to integrate these therapies into mainstream addiction treatment safely. Psychedelics offer a promising alternative for those unresponsive to conventional methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/medicina61020278", "pubmed_id": "40005395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020278", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40005395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 775, "title": "Psychedelics in neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in neuroinflammation mechanisms and therapeutic potential", "authors": "de Deus JL, Maia JM, Soriano RN, Amorim MR, Branco LGS.", "abstract": "Neuroinflammation is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depressive disorder. Psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects on neuroinflammation, primarily through interactions with serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. Activation of these receptors by psychedelics modulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulates microglial activity, and shifts the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites. Additionally, psychedelics affect critical signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, promoting neuroplasticity and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Beyond the serotonergic system, other neurotransmitter systems-including the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic), and cholinergic systems-also play significant roles in mediating the effects of psychedelics. This review examines the intricate mechanisms by which psychedelics modulate neuroinflammation and underscores their potential as innovative therapeutic agents for treating neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111278", "pubmed_id": "39892847", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111278", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Neuroinflammatory Diseases", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39892847\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 846, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted treatment for substance use disorder: A narrative systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted treatment for substance use disorder a narrative systematic review", "authors": "Piper T, Small F, Brown S, Kelleher M, Mitcheson L, Rucker J, Young AH, Marsden J.", "abstract": "Background and aimsThis is the first systematic review of the extant literature on all major psychedelic-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), tobacco use disorder (TUD) and other substance use disorders (SUD). We aimed to summarise the evidence for efficacy of psychedelic-assisted treatment for AUD, TUD, and SUD; to evaluate its quality; and to offer recommendations for research.MethodsThis was a prospectively registered narrative systematic review of open-label, randomised controlled trials (RCT), and observational studies of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, ibogaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Eligible studies had SUD outcome measures including craving, substance use, relapse, and remission. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias (RoB), and Cochrane Collaboration RoB in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool. Certainty of evidence for RCTs was judged using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) tool.Findings37 studies (2035 participants) were reviewed: LSD (14; n = 1047); mescaline (1; n = 7); psilocybin (4; n = 135); ayahuasca (3; n = 101); ketamine (10; n = 579); ibogaine (5; n = 166); and MDMA (1; n = 14). There were no serious adverse events reported in any study. A two-centre, placebo-controlled, phase 2 superiority RCT of psilocybin for AUD, and a two-centre, double-blind, four-arm, placebo-controlled phase 2 RCT of ketamine for AUD yielded the best evidence of efficacy. Progression support to a phase 3 trials was secured from an open-label phase 2 study of psilocybin for TUD and nine phase 2 RCTs of ketamine for AUD, cannabis use disorder, cocaine use disorder, and opioid use disorder (all nine with high-RoB and low-GRADE evidence certainty).ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder appears to have the best evidence of efficacy among all major psychedelic-assisted treatments for alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use disorders. Future research of psychedelic-assisted treatment should report all safety events; screen for person-level characteristics indicating that psychedelic-assisted substance use disorders treatment is contraindicated; strive to mitigate blinding of participants to interventions; use factorial designs for drug and psychotherapy randomised controlled trials; and build consensus for a field-specific Core Outcome Set.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.16762", "pubmed_id": "39887551", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16762", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39887551\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 817, "title": "Psychiatric Treatments with Short-Duration Psychedelics and AI-Driven Behavioral Monitoring.", "normalized_title": "psychiatric treatments with short duration psychedelics and ai driven behavioral monitoring", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Integrating advanced pharmaceutical innovations and artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential for psychiatric care. This Patent Highlight reviews novel therapeutic strategies, including the synergistic use of monoamine antidepressants and short-duration psychedelics, alongside AI-driven behavioral efficacy tracking. The combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with short-acting psychedelics, such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin, provides rapid and sustained improvements in treatment-resistant depression and anxiety. Meanwhile, AI-enhanced behavioral monitoring leverages motion tracking and machine learning to quantify treatment outcomes in animal models, accelerating drug development. Together, these approaches redefine therapeutic paradigms, offering personalized and effective treatments for psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00031", "pubmed_id": "39967620", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00031", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39967620\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 852, "title": "Exploring Psilocybe cubensis Strains: Cultivation Techniques, Psychoactive Compounds, Genetics and Research Gaps.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybe cubensis strains cultivation techniques psychoactive compounds genetics and research gaps", "authors": "Kurzbaum E, Páleníček T, Shrchaton A, Azerrad S, Dekel Y.", "abstract": "Psilocybe cubensis, a widely recognized psychoactive mushroom species, has played a significant role in both historical and modern therapeutic practices. This review explores the complex interplay between genetic diversity, strain variability and environmental factors that shape the biosynthesis of key psychoactive compounds, including psilocybin and psilocin. With many strains exhibiting substantial variability in their phenotypic characteristics and biochemical content, understanding and documenting this diversity is crucial for optimizing therapeutic applications. The review also highlights advances in cultivation techniques, such as submerged fermentation of the mycelium, and innovative analytical methodologies that have improved the precision of compound quantification and extraction. Although there is limited scientific information on P. cubensis due to nearly four decades of regulatory restrictions on psychedelic research, recent developments in genetic and biochemical studies are beginning to provide valuable insights into its therapeutic potential. Furthermore, this review emphasizes key knowledge gaps and offers insights into future research directions to advance the cultivation, scientific documentation of strain diversity, regulatory considerations and therapeutic use of P. cubensis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jof11020099", "pubmed_id": "39997393", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020099", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39997393\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 683, "title": "Acute effects of psilocybin on attention and executive functioning in healthy volunteers: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin on attention and executive functioning in healthy volunteers a systematic review and multilevel meta analysis", "authors": "Yousefi P, Lietz MP, O'Higgins FJ, Rippe RCA, Hasler G, van Elk M, Enriquez-Geppert S.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin shows promise for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. However, insight into its acute effects on cognition is lacking. Given the significant role of executive functions in daily life and treatment efficacy, it is crucial to evaluate how psilocybin influences these cognitive domains.ObjectivesThis meta-analysis aims to quantify the acute effects of psilocybin on executive functions and attention, while examining how dosage, timing of administration, cognitive domain, and task characteristics moderate these effects.MethodsA systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis were conducted on empirical studies assessing psilocybin's acute effects on working memory, conflict monitoring, response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and attention. Effect sizes for reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) were calculated, exploring the effects of timing (on-peak defined as 90-180 min post-administration), dosage, cognitive function categories, and task sensitivity to executive functions as potential moderators.ResultsThirteen studies (42 effect sizes) were included. In the acute phase, psilocybin increased RTs (Hedges' g = 1.13, 95% CI [0.57, 1.7]) and did not affect ACC (Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.034]). Effects on RT were dose dependent. Significant between-study heterogeneity was found for both RT and ACC. Task sensitivity to executive functions moderated RT effects. Publication bias was evident, but the overall effect remained significant after adjustment for this.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis shows that psilocybin impairs executive functions and results in a slowing down of RT. We discuss potential neurochemical mechanisms underlying the observed effects as well as implications for the safe use of psilocybin in clinical and experimental contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06742-2", "pubmed_id": "39847068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06742-2", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Memory, Short-Term, Attention, Reaction Time, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Executive Function, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39847068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 853, "title": "When death is desired: A case of MAiD & the CL psychiatrist.", "normalized_title": "when death is desired a case of maid the cl psychiatrist", "authors": "Ganguly A, James M, Alici Y", "abstract": "Since physician-assisted dying (PAD) has become a part of the clinical dialogue in the United States (US) and other Western countries, it has spawned controversy in the moral, ethical, and legal realm, with significant cross-country variation. The phenomenon of PAD includes 2 practices: Euthanasia and medical aid in dying (MAiD). Although euthanasia has been allowed in different parts of the world, in the US it is illegal. MAiD has been enacted into law in some jurisdictions. As the practice involves people at the end of life (EOL), often with cancer, and sometimes struggling with psychiatric symptoms; they gain added salience in the field of Consultation-Liaison (CL) Psychiatry in general and Psycho-Oncology in particular. The current paper reviews a case where a patient did request for MAiD and successfully carried it through, this case became more salient, as the CL Psychiatry department was intimately linked at various stages of care for the patient. In describing the case several other aspects of EOL care issues were touched upon, and the various debates as well as treatment modalities, for an individual requesting for medical aid in dying were described. MAiD will possibly remain a sensitive and controversial topic of discussion across the spectrum of healthcare, and as responsible and compassionate advocates for the patients, clinicians need to engage more with the debate surrounding it and facilitate informed decision making. We believe that the present case will throw light on to this enigmatic practice and help in furthering the dialogue surrounding MAiD.", "journal": "Palliative & supportive care", "publication_date": "2025-01-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s1478951524002037", "pubmed_id": "39834190", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39834190/", "keywords": "Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Euthanasia, Hospice care, Ketamine, Logotherapy, Meaning Centered Therapy, Medical Aid in dying, Palliative Medicine, Physician Assisted Dying, Psilocybin, PsychoOncology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39834190\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 722, "title": "Catalyst for change: Psilocybin's antidepressant mechanisms-A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "catalyst for change psilocybin s antidepressant mechanisms a systematic review", "authors": "Liebnau J, Betzler F, Kerber A.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent clinical trials suggest promising antidepressant effects of psilocybin, despite methodological challenges. While various studies have investigated distinct mechanisms and proposed theoretical opinions, a comprehensive understanding of psilocybin's neurobiological and psychological antidepressant mechanisms is lacking.AimsSystematically review potential antidepressant neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of psilocybin.MethodsSearch terms were generated based on existing evidence of psilocybin's effects related to antidepressant mechanisms. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 15 studies were systematically reviewed, exploring various therapeutic change principles such as brain dynamics, emotion regulation, cognition, self-referential processing, connectedness, and interpersonal functioning.ResultsWithin a supportive setting, psilocybin promoted openness, cognitive and neural flexibility, and greater ability and acceptance of emotional experiences. A renewed sense of connectedness to the self, others, and the world emerged as a key experience. Imaging studies consistently found altered brain dynamics, characterized by reduced global and within default mode network connectivity, alongside increased between-network connectivity.ConclusionsTogether, these changes may create a fertile yet vulnerable window for change, emphasizing the importance of a supportive set, setting, and therapeutic guidance. The results suggest that psilocybin, within a supportive context, may induce antidepressant effects by leveraging the interplay between neurobiological mechanisms and common psychotherapeutic factors. This complements the view of purely pharmacological effects, supporting a multileveled approach that reflects various relevant dimensions of therapeutic change, including neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241312866", "pubmed_id": "39829391", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241312866", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Cognition, Psilocybin, Emotional Regulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39829391\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 854, "title": "Uncovering Psychedelics: From Neural Circuits to Therapeutic Applications.", "normalized_title": "uncovering psychedelics from neural circuits to therapeutic applications", "authors": "Melani A, Bonaso M, Biso L, Zucchini B, Conversano C, Scarselli M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, historically celebrated for their cultural and spiritual significance, have emerged as potential breakthrough therapeutic agents due to their profound effects on consciousness, emotional processing, mood, and neural plasticity. This review explores the mechanisms underlying psychedelics' effects, focusing on their ability to modulate brain connectivity and neural circuit activity, including the default mode network (DMN), cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops, and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model. Advanced neuroimaging techniques reveal psychedelics' capacity to enhance functional connectivity between sensory cerebral areas while reducing the connections between associative brain areas, decreasing the rigidity and rendering the brain more plastic and susceptible to external changings, offering insights into their therapeutic outcome. The most relevant clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrate significant efficacy in treating treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, with favorable safety profiles. Despite these advancements, critical gaps remain in linking psychedelics' molecular actions to their clinical efficacy. This review highlights the need for further research to integrate mechanistic insights and optimize psychedelics as tools for both therapy and understanding human cognition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18010130", "pubmed_id": "39861191", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010130", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39861191\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 911, "title": "Transformative Therapies for Depression: Postpartum Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, and Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "transformative therapies for depression postpartum depression major depressive disorder and treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Richardson E, Patterson R, Meltzer-Brody S, McClure R, Tow A.", "abstract": "Depressive disorders present an enormous global public health burden. A notable treatment gap exists between the prevalence of depression and our ability to provide rapid-acting, effective treatment that achieves remission. Brexanolone and zuranolone, the first US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for postpartum depression, signify a critical advancement in addressing the unmet needs of a vulnerable patient population. Psilocybin shows promise for treatment-resistant depression and for those who have struggled to find relief with existing treatments. This review discusses transformative therapies that represent significant advancements in postpartum depression, major depressive disorder, and treatment-resistant depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-med-050423-095712", "pubmed_id": "39527720", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-050423-095712", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Postpartum, beta-Cyclodextrins, Pregnanolone, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Combinations, Female, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39527720\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 857, "title": "Exploring the Potential of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache Disorders: Clinical Considerations and Exploratory Insights.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of headache disorders clinical considerations and exploratory insights", "authors": "Henderson I, Elsaadany R, Chan G, Bajaj V, Duarte D, Goodman S, Grunstein M, Vadhan NP, Duarte RA.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewExploration of the potential of serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, as potential treatments for headache disorders. This review addresses the need for well-informed physician guidelines and discusses mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of these treatments. Further research, including the consideration of combination with psychotherapy, is needed.Recent findingsPsychedelics demonstrate promising outcomes as treatments for headache disorders. Recent findings indicated that some patients who underwent brief periods of treatment with psychedelics experienced a reduction in headache attack frequency, severity, or duration. When prescription medications are ineffective at treating headache disorders, or are habit-forming, patients often turn to alternative options. There is anecdotal evidence that psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin can effectively treat and prevent pain in patients with headache disorders, such as migraine or cluster headache. It is vital that physicians treating patients who self-treat with psychedelics be well-informed about the mechanisms and their effects to best advise their patients and coordinate their care well. This is a review assessing the literature on the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of psychedelic drugs as a headache management intervention. We believe there is evidence that may support further investigation into the clinical use of psychedelic medications to treat cluster headache and migraine, including the consideration of use in conjunction with other interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy or acceptance and commitment training.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8", "pubmed_id": "39820774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8", "keywords": "Humans, Headache Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39820774\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 896, "title": "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Psilocin After Psilocybin Administration: A Systematic Review and Post-Hoc Analysis.", "normalized_title": "clinical pharmacokinetics of psilocin after psilocybin administration a systematic review and post hoc analysis", "authors": "Otto ME, van der Heijden KV, Schoones JW, van Esdonk MJ, Borghans LGJM, Jacobs GE, van Hasselt JGC.", "abstract": "Background and objectivePsilocybin is currently being extensively studied as a potential therapeutic agent for multiple psychiatric disorders. Here, a systematic literature review of all published pharmacokinetic data on the pharmacologically active metabolite of psilocybin, psilocin, is presented.MethodsThe review includes clinical studies that reported pharmacokinetic data and/or parameters after psilocybin administration in humans. In addition, raw pharmacokinetic data from these studies was requested and/or extracted to further compare results across studies.ResultsIn total, 309 publications were identified, of which 19 publications were ultimately included, which covered 12 unique clinical datasets. Except for one study that investigated intravenous psilocybin, all included studies administered psilocybin orally. Psilocybin acts as a pro-drug and is rapidly absorbed and transformed to psilocin after oral administration. In the majority of studies, unconjugated psilocin was measured while some also measured conjugated and total concentrations. Psilocin's biphasic concentration-time profiles demonstrates fast and extensive disposition with an apparent distribution volume of 505-1267 L and a terminal half-life of 1.23-4.72 h. Only 1.5-3.4% of the dose is excreted as psilocin in urine. Psilocin is mainly transformed to 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and in less amounts to conjugated psilocin, where 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid formation may occur prior to systemic psilocin absorption. Information on the absolute bioavailability of psilocin was limited, and estimated at 55% in one study. No covariates nor food effects have been reported, based on four studies with known fasting status.ConclusionsOverall, we found the pharmacokinetic parameters of psilocin to be consistent between studies. This review may guide the further clinical development of psilocybin-based therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40262-024-01454-4", "pubmed_id": "39812743", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-024-01454-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Administration, Oral, Half-Life, Administration, Intravenous, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39812743\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 860, "title": "Social pain: A systematic review on interventions.", "normalized_title": "social pain a systematic review on interventions", "authors": "Brooks BM, Cordero FJ, Alchermes SL, Brooks BM.", "abstract": "Social pain is emotional distress caused by harm or threat to social connections that results in social exclusion, rejection, or loss. Social Pain is also a potentiator of physical pain. Supportive social relationships are widely recognized for their impact on maintaining health and well-being. The Passion of Jesus Christ serves as a quintessential example of social pain (i.e., desertion, betrayal, denial) potentiating physical pain (i.e., beatings, Crown of Thorns, crucifixion). Christ opts to forgive. Although forgiveness is one solution to reduce social pain, other interventions exist. This review seeks to identify and summarize interventions associated with reducing social pain. We conducted a systematic review using Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane CENTRAL to identify relevant articles. Results: The database searches produced 548 articles. Fourteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review. Acetaminophen, both deceptive and open-label placebos, mindfulness training, and psilocybin were found to reduce social pain. Of note, the combination of acetaminophen and forgiveness yielded superior results compared to either acetaminophen or forgiveness alone. Pharmacological interventions operate on the premise that the neural pathways responsible for physical pain also play a role in social pain. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are available for reducing social pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.159561.1", "pubmed_id": "40144800", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159561.1", "keywords": "Humans, Acetaminophen, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Forgiveness, Mindfulness, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40144800\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 806, "title": "A systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic assisted psychotherapy trials", "authors": "Haft SL, Downey AE, Raymond-Flesch M, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Bradley ER, O'Donovan A, Woolley J.", "abstract": "A lack of diverse and representative participant samples in mental health intervention research perpetuates mental health disparities. This issue has become a salient concern in studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAT), which is emerging as a promising mental health intervention. This systematic review evaluates the reporting, representation, and analysis of participant sociodemographic characteristics in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PAT. A total of 21 RCTs of psilocybin- and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapies (N = 1034) are summarized. Participants' gender (100%) and race or ethnicity (76%) were frequently reported, with socioeconomic status (SES) sometimes (57%) reported using heterogeneous metrics. Sexual orientation (9.5%) and immigration status (4.8%) were rarely reported, and no studies reported gender identity. Compared to their representation in the US population and non-psychedelic clinical trials, Black/African-American participants (2.2%) and Hispanic/Latino participants (7.2%) were significantly underrepresented in PAT RCTs. MDMA trials enrolled more diverse participant samples than psilocybin trials. Analyses on treatment effects based on demographic variables were virtually nonexistent. These findings underscore the need for more inclusive recruitment strategies, along with more rigorous reporting, to improve the generalizability of PAT research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359", "pubmed_id": "39823947", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39823947\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 869, "title": "Pain and Perception: Exploring Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutic Agents in Chronic Pain Management.", "normalized_title": "pain and perception exploring psychedelics as novel therapeutic agents in chronic pain management", "authors": "Strand NH, Whitney M, Johnson B, Dunn T, Attanti S, Maloney J, Misra L, Gomez D, Viswanath O, Emami E, Leathem J.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewChronic pain affects approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide, representing the leading cause of disability and a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Conventional treatments, such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are frequently linked to adverse effects, including dependency and gastrointestinal issues, and often offer limited long-term relief. This review explores the potential of psychedelics, including psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine, as alternative therapeutic agents in chronic pain management.Recent findingsThese substances modulate pain perception through actions on serotonergic and glutamatergic systems and may promote neuroplasticity, offering novel pathways for pain relief. Specifically, the review details the pharmacologic actions of psychedelics, their effects on chronic pain syndromes such as cancer pain, migraines, and neuropathic pain, and their clinical implications. The safety profiles, patient responses, and analgesic properties of these compounds are examined, highlighting the need for further research to validate their efficacy and optimize their therapeutic use in pain management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-024-01353-0", "pubmed_id": "39775134", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01353-0", "keywords": "Humans, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39775134\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 862, "title": "Neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin: A systematic review of blood biomarkers.", "normalized_title": "neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin a systematic review of blood biomarkers", "authors": "Constantino JL, van Dalfsen JH, Massetti S, Kamphuis J, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin represents a novel therapeutic approach for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) who do not respond to conventional antidepressant treatment. Investigating the influence of psilocybin on the pathophysiological processes involved in MDD could enhance our neurobiological understanding of the presumed antidepressant action mechanism. This systematic review aims to summarize the results of human studies investigating changes in blood-based biomarkers of MDD to guide future research on potentially relevant analytes that could be monitored in clinical trials. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science to retrieve studies investigating changes in serum and plasma levels of neurotrophic, immunologic, neuroendocrine, and metabolic markers. Nine studies were included, describing findings on 15 biomarkers, exclusively in healthy participants. Studies consistently reported a decrease in interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and eosinophils, and an increase in cortisol, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and free fatty acids following psilocybin administration. Less consistent effects were observed on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and growth hormone. The results are in line with preclinical studies and provide initial support from human studies that psilocybin potentially leads to beneficial effects on biomarkers of MDD. However, given the limited number of studies, findings should be approached with caution prior to replication. Further research should include larger samples, clinical populations, longer-term assessment, rigorous experimental designs, and account for the potential confounding of psychological stress related to the psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251", "pubmed_id": "39788410", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39788410\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 863, "title": "Clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant. A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant a narrative review", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Horrillo I, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "In the rapidly growing field of psychedelic research, psilocybin (and active metabolite psilocin) has been proposed as a promising candidate in the search for novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical trials have revealed that psilocybin has a large, rapid, and persistent effect in the improvement of symptoms of depression and anxiety. The safety profile is considered favourable, with low toxicity and good tolerance. Several preclinical studies have also been carried out to determine the long-term mechanism of action of this drug. In this sense, preclinical studies in naïve animals as well as in animal models of disease have shown somewhat discrepant results in conventional tests for assessment of depression- and anxiety-like phenotype in response to psilocybin, but overall suggest positive outcomes. Additionally, several valuable assays in rodent models have been developed over the years to elucidate the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) activation in the brain, primary molecular target of psilocin. This review aims to provide a general overview of the current and most recent literature in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin through a description of clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and to showcase the scene in the up-to-date preclinical research. A detailed description of preclinical rodent models and experimental approaches that have been used to study the neurobiological and behavioural actions of psilocybin is provided, and potential therapeutic mechanisms of action are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249", "pubmed_id": "39778644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Disease Models, Animal, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39778644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 873, "title": "Mushroom poisoning: An updated review.", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning an updated review", "authors": "Tuğcan MO, Akpınar AA.", "abstract": "Mushrooms have been consumed frequently worldwide since ancient times. In addition to edible and harmless species, there are also poisonous species that cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, from simple gastrointestinal (GI) irritation to death. However, it is not possible to distinguish the poisonous species from some edible species morphologically. Therefore, the unintentional consumption of mushrooms is an important public health problem. Mushrooms can be categorized according to their toxins, such as cyclopeptides, gyromitrin, muscarine, coprine, orellanine, psilocybin, and GI irritants. Mushrooms containing cyclopeptide-amatoxin are responsible for more than 90% of deaths due to mushroom poisoning. Amanita phalloides is responsible for many fatal cases because of the toxicity of this species. This article reviews the clinical syndromes that may develop after the consumption of various poisonous mushroom species, the mechanisms of action of their toxins, and the current treatments applied.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.4103/tjem.tjem_129_24", "pubmed_id": "39882097", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/tjem.tjem_129_24", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39882097\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4488, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Trauma-Related Disorders: A Scoping Review of a Depression-Dominated Evidence Base with Implications for Intimate Partner Violence-Related PTSD", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for trauma related disorders a scoping review of a depression dominated evidence base with implications for intimate partner violence related ptsd", "authors": "Hancock, Mackenzie, Shambhu Prasad Adhikari, Getz, Nicole", "abstract": "This scoping review examines the emerging evidence for psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAP) in treating trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), with specific implications for intimate partner violence (IPV)-related brain injury and PTSD. Guided by PRISMA-ScR methodology, we systematically searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and grey literature from 2015-2025 to map existing research, identify gaps, and inform the design of future clinical trials of PaT for IPV survivors.", "journal": "Open Science Framework", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.17605/osf.io/ar2s4", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/ar2s4", "keywords": "Domestic violence, Posttraumatic stress, Psychology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Poison control, Human factors and ergonomics, Medicine, Grey literature, Systematic review, Intimate partner, Suicide prevention, Clinical trial, Injury prevention, MEDLINE, Mental health, Occupational safety and health, DSM-5, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Psychological intervention, Evidence-based practice, Family therapy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7106330185\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7106330185\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Hancock, Mackenzie\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Shambhu Prasad Adhikari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Getz, Nicole\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050956\",\"source_display_name\":\"Open Science Framework\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/ar2s4\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7106330185" }, { "id": 4484, "title": "Alternative therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders using psilocybin", "normalized_title": "alternative therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders using psilocybin", "authors": "Henrique Tofoli Vieira Machado, GEOVANA MENDES DE SEIXAS, L. Silva, Mariana Duarte Garcia Brito, Gabriella Assink de Castro", "abstract": "Introduction: In recent years, psilocybin has been explored as an alternative therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance dependence. Studies suggest that when administered under professional supervision, psilocybin can offer relief for patients with treatment-resistant disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating difficult-to-treat conditions, including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, anxiety, and substance dependence. Methods: A systematic review of clinical and experimental studies published in the past 5 years was conducted. The research was based on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, prioritizing studies on psilocybin in psychiatric disorder treatment. Randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case studies were reviewed. Results: Studies showed that psilocybin positively affected patients with treatment-resistant depression, improving symptoms significantly with just a few doses. In patients with anxiety and PTSD, psilocybin reduced symptom intensity and improved emotional well-being. It also showed efficacy in reducing addictions such as alcohol and nicotine, offering new perspectives on addiction. The mechanisms of action suggest that psilocybin enhances brain connectivity, aiding in trauma reprocessing and restructuring negative thought patterns. Conclusion: Psilocybin is a promising alternative therapy for hard-to-treat disorders, including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and substance dependence. Administered under professional supervision, it offers benefits and a favorable safety profile. However, more research is required to understand its mechanisms, effects, and risks.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.5327/1516-3180.cpn.1123", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.cpn.1123", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Medicine, Anxiety, Addiction, Clinical trial, Randomized controlled trial, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Substance use, Clinical psychology, Relapse prevention, Exposure therapy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417514861\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417514861\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068591211\",\"display_name\":\"Henrique Tofoli Vieira Machado\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0332-9071\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008778192\",\"display_name\":\"GEOVANA MENDES DE SEIXAS\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062744880\",\"display_name\":\"L. Silva\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-2484\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039308215\",\"display_name\":\"Mariana Duarte Garcia Brito\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113236876\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriella Assink de Castro\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.cpn.1123\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417514861" }, { "id": 909, "title": "Practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs.", "normalized_title": "practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs", "authors": "Barnett BS, Vest MF, Delatte MS, King Iv F, Mauney EE, Coulson AJ, Nayak SM, Hendricks PS, Greer GR, Murnane KS", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in establishing psychedelic research programs at academic medical centers. However, psychedelics are intensely psychoactive, carry considerable sociopolitical baggage, and most are Schedule I drugs, creating significant potential impediments to implementation. There is little formal guidance for investigators on navigating the complex on-the-ground obstacles associated with establishing psychedelic research programs. This article provides recommendations that may be helpful to investigators seeking to work with psychedelics, with a focus on academic medical centers in the United States. The academic literature on relevant matters is reviewed, and the authors provide observations from their experiences either working for relevant regulatory agencies or conducting basic science studies, investigator-initiated trials, or industry sponsored trials with psychedelics. Investigators planning to conduct psychedelic research should cultivate broad institutional support early. Challenges related to securing funding, obtaining approval for an Investigational New Drug application from the Food and Drug Administration, clinical grade drug sourcing, obtaining a Schedule I researcher registration from the Drug Enforcement Administration and an equivalent state license (if required), preparing spaces for treatment and study drug storage, managing controlled substance inventory, engaging the local community, and other issues should be anticipated. Investigators should anticipate several implementation challenges when planning to work with psychedelics. However, these are likely surmountable with planning, persistence, and assistance from colleagues and other experts.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06722-6", "pubmed_id": "39627438", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39627438/", "keywords": "Clinical research, Clinical trials, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39627438\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 903, "title": "Benefits and Challenges of Ultra-Fast, Short-Acting Psychedelics in the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "benefits and challenges of ultra fast short acting psychedelics in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Ramaekers JG, Reckweg JT, Mason NL.", "abstract": "Unlike classical antidepressants, psychedelics such as psilocybin have been shown to induce a rapid antidepressant response. In the wake of this development, interest has emerged in ultra-fast, short-acting psychedelics such as 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with the expectation that these can produce rapid antidepressant effects following an intense but brief psychedelic intervention. The current paper reviews the clinical pharmacology of 5-MeO-DMT and DMT and their potential benefits and challenges in the treatment of depression. Both compounds display affinities for a variety of monoamine receptors and transporters, but mostly so for serotonergic (5HT) receptors, including 5HT1A and 5HT2A. Early clinical trials in small samples have shown that short interventions (15-30 min) with 5-MeO-DMT and DMT are safe and well tolerated and can induce marked improvement in symptoms of depression within 24 hours that sustain for at least 1 week. Data on long-term efficacy are currently scarce but do suggest a prolongation of the treatment response. Potential benefits of these treatments include flexible, single day dosing regimens, achievement of treatment efficacy independent from integrative therapy, and ease of clinical implementation. Future challenges include establishing the duration of the antidepressant effect and strategies on how to sustain the antidepressant response, optimization of treatment delivery parameters, and a mechanistic understanding of the clinical response. Acceptance of ultra-fast, short-acting psychedelics will depend on future randomized, placebo-controlled trials with a focus on replication, duration and maintenance of antidepressant efficacy in large patient samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230890", "pubmed_id": "39741439", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230890", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741439\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 899, "title": "Exploring Psychedelics Pharmacology: A Scoping Review Charting the Course of Psilocybin Pharmacokinetics.", "normalized_title": "exploring psychedelics pharmacology a scoping review charting the course of psilocybin pharmacokinetics", "authors": "Manzano-Nunez R, Gomez DA, Toledo-Mendoza C, Perez-Otero M, Matilla IL, Prats C, Perez-Lopez E, Pardo H, Díaz-Pellicer P, De La Torre-Fornell R, Aldea AM.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to synthesize the existing data about psilocybin pharmacokinetics to learn what has been described regarding body disposition and safety when psilocybin was used in controlled research settings.MethodsWe performed a scoping literature review following the framework proposed by the JBI manual for evidence synthesis. Controlled clinical trials reporting pharmacokinetic data of psilocybin were considered appropriate for inclusion. We extracted the data on psilocybin pharmacokinetics and summarized it from the available literature on this topic. We also performed an exploratory-descriptive analysis using study level data to examine the relationship between dose of psilocybin and maximum serum concentrations (Cmax).ResultsWe initially identified 850 articles, of which 5 were included. These trials included 112 healthy volunteers who received psilocybin in a controlled clinical setting. The peak concentration of psilocin in plasma (Cmax) ranged from 8.2 ng/mL to 37.2 ng/mL (median = 17, IQR = 11.9 to 23.5). The maximal concentrations (Cmax) of psilocin were reached (Tmax) around 2 hours, ranging from 1.7 hours to 2.2 hours (median = 2, IQR = 1.9 to 2.1) after psilocybin oral administration. Elimination half-life was between 1.2 hours and 3.3 hours (median = 2.0, IQR = 1.6 to 2.8). A strong positive relationship between dose and Cmax ( R2 = 0.95) was found. No serious adverse events were observed. We did not find studies reporting pharmacokinetic data from patients with depression or cancer patients transitioning to palliative care.ConclusionsIn summary, this review unveils oral psilocybin pharmacokinetics in healthy adults, revealing gaps in its application to target populations like those with depression or in palliative care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/wnf.0000000000000617", "pubmed_id": "39787428", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000617", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39787428\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 894, "title": "Insights into therapeutic potential and practical applications of natural toxins from poisonous mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "insights into therapeutic potential and practical applications of natural toxins from poisonous mushrooms", "authors": "Wijesekara T, Xu B.", "abstract": "IntroductionMushrooms, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, comprise approximately 14,000 known species, among which a small fraction are toxic. While toxic mushrooms are primarily associated with adverse health effects, recent research highlights their potential as sources of bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using four major electronic databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The literature search, completed on July 1, 2024, utilized keywords including \"Poisonous mushrooms,\" \"Mushroom toxins,\" \"Mycotoxins,\" \"Beta-glucans,\" \"Psilocybin,\" and \"Therapeutic applications.\" Articles were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, focusing on studies investigating the biochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological properties of toxic mushroom compounds. Studies unrelated to mushrooms, non-peer-reviewed sources, or those with outdated or incomplete data were excluded.ResultsThis review examines key toxic mushroom compounds such as amanitins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, orellanine, and gyromitrin, emphasizing their biosynthesis, structural features, and health effects. Despite their toxicity, compounds like beta-glucans, polysaccharides, lectins, and psilocybin exhibit immune-modulating, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. These bioactive compounds have shown promise in targeting cancer stem cells and enhancing neurotransmitter activity, positioning them as potential therapeutic agents.DiscussionUnderstanding the therapeutic potential of toxic mushroom-derived bioactive compounds bridges toxicology and pharmacology, offering novel avenues for drug discovery. Comparative analysis with existing treatments highlights their unique advantages in modern medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/09603271251323134", "pubmed_id": "40066831", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271251323134", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Toxins, Biological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40066831\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity,Immune Function", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 887, "title": "Molecular brain imaging of psychedelic action.", "normalized_title": "molecular brain imaging of psychedelic action", "authors": "Cumming P, Egger K, Knudsen GM", "abstract": "Molecular brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computer-tomography (SPECT) entails the mapping of the cerebral distribution of radiopharmaceuticals that track physiological processes such as blood perfusion and glucose metabolism, or the abundance in brain of specific molecular targets such as neuroreceptors. PET and SPECT emerged as useful in vivo research technologies in the 1980s, finding early application in the study of psychostimulant drugs. The past decade has seen growing use of molecular imaging methods in the study of psychedelic action, although the published literature remains comparatively small. The preponderance of publications cited in this review are SPECT studies of cerebral perfusion and PET studies of metabolism and neuroreceptors, the latter mainly focusing on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT receptors, which are largely responsible for the psychedelic action of classical psychedelic substances. There is some documentation of interactions of psychedelics at dopamine Dreceptors in the striatum, but many other plausible molecular targets of psychedelic action await investigation by molecular brain imaging. The emerging role of psychedelics as treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders calls for a broader and systematic investigation of their effects on brain function.", "journal": "International review of neurobiology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.005", "pubmed_id": "40541310", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40541310/", "keywords": "Cerebral blood flow, LSD, Metabolism, Positron emission tomography (PET), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Receptors, Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40541310\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 393, "title": "Which Psychotherapy Model Should be Used in Psilocybin Treatment for Depression?", "normalized_title": "which psychotherapy model should be used in psilocybin treatment for depression", "authors": "Elena Koning, Pedro Starzynski Bacchi, Cristiano Chaves, Fabiano A. Gomes, Elisa Brietzke", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: Unipolar and bipolar depression severely impact millions of individuals worldwide, with a significant subset of cases remaining unresponsive to conventional treatments. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy; however, the optimal psychotherapeutic approach remains undefined, ranging from unstructured models rooted in historical practices to modern frameworks that are structurally tailored for depression. This narrative review proposes a conceptualization of psychotherapeutic models employed in existing interventional trials of PAP for depression and provides a preliminary comparison of their main characteristics and evidence for efficacy. METHODS: The online databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched for interventional trials evaluating PAP for individuals with unipolar or bipolar depression. RESULTS: A total of 38 publications were reviewed, contributing to the conceptualization of two main types of psychotherapy models: 1) 'Specific' approaches (most commonly Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Perceptual-Control Therapy) and 2) 'Non-specific' models of psychological support. Both models emphasize the critical role of the therapeutic alliance, yet differ in mechanistic focus, with specific models being developed to enhance psychological flexibility and non-specific models emphasizing the concept of the 'inner-healer.' Importantly, critical gaps in the literature were identified, including methodological limitations of current evidence and the need for standardized reporting guidelines. CONCLUSION: Although each PAP model differs, both may have clinical relevance in depression treatment. Future work should explore the standardized reporting of psychological interventions in PAP and comparative study designs to better evaluate non-specific and specific models and inform treatment guidelines.", "journal": "Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.47626/2237-6089-2025-1197", "pubmed_id": "41405984", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2025-1197", "keywords": "Psychotherapist, Psilocybin, Psychological intervention, Psychology, Relevance (law), Depression (economics), Clinical psychology, Psychological therapy, Work (physics), MEDLINE, Clinical significance, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417437388\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417437388\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060209926\",\"display_name\":\"Elena Koning\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0288\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020217985\",\"display_name\":\"Pedro Starzynski Bacchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5984-0608\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063630602\",\"display_name\":\"Cristiano Chaves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9878-1700\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000765029\",\"display_name\":\"Fabiano A. Gomes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-1580\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076331964\",\"display_name\":\"Elisa Brietzke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2697-1342\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764584420\",\"source_display_name\":\"Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2025-1197\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417437388" }, { "id": 921, "title": "Exploring the neurobiological correlates of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in eating disorders: a review of potential methodologies and implications for the psychedelic study design.", "normalized_title": "exploring the neurobiological correlates of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in eating disorders a review of potential methodologies and implications for the psychedelic study design", "authors": "Koning E, Chaves C, Kirkpatrick RH, Brietzke E.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of debilitating mental illnesses characterized by maladaptive eating behaviors and severe cognitive-emotional dysfunction, directly affecting 1-3% of the population. Standard treatments are not effective in approximately one third of ED cases, representing the need for scientific advancement. There is emerging evidence for the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to improve treatment outcomes in individuals with EDs. However, the limited knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PAP restricts the ability to confirm its clinical utility. This narrative review presents an overview of methodologies used to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of EDs or the effects of psilocybin that could be employed to probe the neurobiological correlates of PAP in EDs, including magnetic resonance imaging and molecular neuroimaging techniques, electrophysiological approaches, and neuroplasticity markers. Finally, the implications of these methodologies are described in relation to the unique features of the psychedelic study design, challenges, limitations, and future directions to advance the field. This paper represents a valuable resource for scientists during study conceptualization and design phases and stimulates advancement in the identification of effective therapeutic interventions for EDs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01185-8", "pubmed_id": "39731144", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01185-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39731144\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 833, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A dose-response network meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of major depressive disorder mdd a dose response network meta analysis of randomized placebo controlled clinical trials", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Pruc M, Gaca Z, Szarpak L, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "Selecting the optimal dose of psilocybin for treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) is crucial for clinical development and regulatory approval. This meta-analysis evaluates psilocybin's efficacy and safety in treating MDD to determine the optimal dose and timing for clinical trials. A systematic review and Dose-Response Network Meta-Analysis (NMA) of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials (RCTs) registered with PROSPERO was conducted. Databases searched included Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, up to July 2024. The PICOS framework defined eligibility criteria: P: adult patients with MDD; I: psilocybin; C: placebo; O: changes in MADRS scores at Days 2, 8 and 15, and adverse events; S: RCT. Independent researchers performed data extraction and bias assessment. From 5419 search results, three RCTs involving 389 patients were included. Psilocybin significantly reduced symptoms compared to placebo at Day 8 (MD = -7.42; 95 % CI:10.07 to -4.78; p < 0.001) and Day 15 (MD = -9.55; 95 % CI:12.44 to -6.65; p < 0.001), without significant effects on Day 2. The NMA indicated that a 25 mg dose was the most effective, with a SUCRA value of 92.25 %, compared to doses of 0.215 mg/kg and 10 mg. However, psilocybin was associated with a higher risk of adverse events, particularly nausea (RR = 8.35; p < 0.001). This meta-analysis supports psilocybin's efficacy in treating MDD, particularly at a 25 mg dose, showing a time-dependent therapeutic effect. The recommended timing of efficacy evaluation by regulatory authorities is validated by this evidence, underscoring its importance in clinical trial design for psychedelic substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116337", "pubmed_id": "39754904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116337", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39754904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 723, "title": "ALSUntangled #77: Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "alsuntangled 77 psilocybin", "authors": "Bakshi B, Yerraguntla S, Armon C, Barkhaus P, Bertorini T, Bowser R, Breevoort S, Bromberg M, Brown A, Carter GT, Chang V, Crayle J, Fullam T, Greene M, Heiman-Patterson T, Jackson C, Jhooty S, Mallon E, Cadavid JM, Mcdermott CJ, Pattee G, Pierce K, Ratner D, Sun Y, Wang O, Wicks P, Wiedau M, Bedlack R.", "abstract": "ALSUntangled reviews alternate and off-label treatments prompted by patient interest. Here, we review psilocybin, a chemical derived from mushrooms and belonging in the category of drugs known as psychedelics. Psilocybin has plausible mechanisms for slowing ALS progression because of its ability to cross the blood brain barrier and effect neurogenesis and inflammation. Currently, there are no pre-clinical ALS models, case reports, or trials for psilocybin and ALS in the context of disease modifying therapy. Depending on dosing, there can be a high risk of psychological side effects including hallucinations and physical harm. Based on the above information, we do not currently support the use of psilocybin as a means to slow ALS progression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/21678421.2024.2441274", "pubmed_id": "39709547", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2024.2441274", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39709547\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 835, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of MDMA- and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression and Trauma.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of mdma and psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for adolescent depression and trauma", "authors": "Geller J, Whitney E.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThere is a mental health crisis affecting youth, and the utility of existing treatments is often limited by lack of effectiveness and tolerability. The aim of this review is to report on outcomes of clinical trials for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for adults with depression and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and discuss recommendations for exploring these treatments in adolescent populations.Recent findingsThere have been encouraging data supporting the use of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression, including previously treatment-resistant symptoms. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is showing similar promise in treating PTSD, with excellent response and remission rates that appear durable. However, no studies have looked at the use of these treatments in younger patients. The safety and efficacy of psychedelic- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies should be investigated in adolescents, especially considering the burden of untreated and undertreated psychiatric illness in youth, and the benefits of a potentially earlier, more effective, and more tolerable recovery process. Research and implementation should be tailored to the needs of this population, and equity and access should be considered at every stage. In this novel and rapidly evolving landscape, the psychiatric community is encouraged to advocate for safe, appropriate, and inclusive inquiry into, and application and scaling of these treatment models in adolescent patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01577-2", "pubmed_id": "39699759", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01577-2", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39699759\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 757, "title": "A Rapid Review of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "a rapid review of psychedelic assisted therapy in the context of palliative care", "authors": "Miller M, Meyers M, Martin A, Napolitano S, Dorsen C, Penn A, Rosa WE.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) involves supported experiences with psychedelic medicines in carefully curated environments. Early evidence suggests possible utility of PAT for addressing psychosocial-spiritual-existential concerns, yet gaps remain in understanding findings related to PAT's role in palliative care. This rapid review aims to synthesize current literature on applications of PAT in the context of palliative care. Through a systematic process, we identified 34 articles published between January 2021 and July 2024. Protocols varied yet included common components of participant screening, preparation, dosing, and integration. Psilocybin was the most commonly studied compound. Results support safety and initial efficacy of PAT for psycho-spiritual-existential outcomes among carefully screened and highly homogonous samples of patients with serious illness (predominantly cancer). Current efforts and challenges around integrating PAT into systems of palliative care were highlighted. Additional work is needed to (1) explore PAT's safety and efficacy within more diverse samples and contexts, (2) train palliative care providers on PAT, (3) determine systems of care delivery best suited for translation of PAT into practice, and (4) begin developing policy solutions to support safe and equitable access to PAT. Because many patients lack access to basic psychosocial-spiritual-existential care, careful consideration is needed around integration of PAT. The psychedelic substances which are the topic of this article are not currently FDA approved for use in the United States.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/njh.0000000000001096", "pubmed_id": "39699865", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/njh.0000000000001096", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39699865\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 834, "title": "Exploring the role of psychedelic-assisted therapy in enhancing spirituality and mystical experiences in patients with life-threatening illnesses: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the role of psychedelic assisted therapy in enhancing spirituality and mystical experiences in patients with life threatening illnesses a systematic review", "authors": "Ferreira AE, Reis-Pina P.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic-Assisted Therapy (PAT) is gaining traction as a novel approach to addressing the psychological and existential distress experienced by patients.ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of PAT on spirituality, mystical experiences, and spiritual well-being (SpWB) in patients with life-threatening, incurable, or terminal illnesses.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases to identify relevant studies published between 2013 and 2023. The study population comprised patients diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses. Various forms of PAT, encompassing both typical and atypical psychedelic substances, were considered as interventions, with no specific comparators outlined. The primary outcomes of interest included spirituality, mystical experience, and SpWB. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Cochrane's tools.ResultsSix studies with a high risk of bias were included in the review, all conducted in the United States of America, involving 140 patients, the majority of whom had cancer (99 %). PAT, especially with psilocybin, demonstrated significant enhancements in spirituality, mystical experiences, and SpWB. Notably, SpWB showed improvements in all studies which assessed this spiritual outcome following PAT. Mystical experiences were correlated with improvements in spirituality in one study.ConclusionsThis systematic review underscores the potential of PAT to address unmet spiritual needs and enhance SpWB in patients with life-threatening illnesses. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects. Rigorous evaluation of healthcare practitioners' role in guiding patients through PAT protocols is essential to ensure safe and effective implementation in palliative care settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.112020", "pubmed_id": "39705901", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.112020", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mysticism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39705901\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 837, "title": "The safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the safety of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy a systematic review", "authors": "Freitas RR, Gotsis ES, Gallo AT, Fitzgibbon BM, Bailey NW, Fitzgerald PB.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a classical psychedelic, has been rescheduled for use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in Australia. While evidence for its use is promising, understanding the associated risks is crucial. Accordingly, this review aims to collate adverse event data from psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy clinical trials and evaluate its definition, way of measurement and reporting.MethodsA systematic method was employed to identify clinical trials related to the use of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in clinical populations that reported on adverse events. The quality assessment focused on relevant criteria related to adverse event definition, monitoring and reporting methods.ResultsA total of 24 articles were included. The studies reported heterogeneous psilocybin doses, study designs and indications. Physical and psychological adverse events during and after psilocybin sessions were examined, revealing variations in measuring, reporting methods and occurrences. The most common adverse events during and after sessions included elevated blood pressure, headaches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and anxiety. In addition, both suicidal ideation and behaviour were observed infrequently and mainly in participants with a history of suicidal ideation or suicide attempt(s).ConclusionThe review highlights the need to standardise the defintion of an adverse event, including how they are measured and reported, in psychedelic clinical trials to ensure consistent reporting across studies. In addition, screening participants for suicidality history and ongoing monitoring remains important, given the potential risk identified in the literature. However, based on the available data, the safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is generally supported, and no deaths were attributed to psilocybin. Nevertheless, cautious optimism is needed due to the preliminary nature and heterogeneity of the safety data.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/00048674241289024", "pubmed_id": "39670342", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241289024", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39670342\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 926, "title": "Legal and Ethics Concerns of Psilocybin as Medicine.", "normalized_title": "legal and ethics concerns of psilocybin as medicine", "authors": "Schonholz SM, Appel JM, Bursztajn HJ, Nair M, MacIntyre MR.", "abstract": "Preliminary research shows the psychedelic psilocybin to be a promising potential treatment for psychiatric illnesses. Recent U.S. government legislation and policy indicate that access to psilocybin, which remains illegal on the federal level despite increasing efforts to decriminalize it at the state and local levels, will be expanded to enable further research into its treatment potential. It remains unclear how psilocybin will be regulated and who will have access to this new treatment, raising important legal and ethics questions psychiatrists must consider. This article reviews the current legal regulation of psilocybin and matters related to standard of care, right to effective treatment, and the respectable minority doctrine. It concludes with a discussion of the ethics matters surrounding the use of psilocybin as medicine, including provider bias, the interpersonal dynamic between providers and patients, informed consent, and equity and access.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.29158/jaapl.240089-24", "pubmed_id": "39562046", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.29158/jaapl.240089-24", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Informed Consent, Health Services Accessibility, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39562046\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 942, "title": "The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges.", "normalized_title": "the revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement evidence of efficacy and real world challenges", "authors": "Scala M, Fabbri C, Fusar-Poli P, Di Lorenzo G, Ferrara M, Amerio A, Fusar-Poli L, Pichiecchio A, Asteggiano C, Menchetti M, De Ronchi D, MNESYS - Mood and Psychosis Sub-Project (Spoke 5), Fanelli G, Serretti A.", "abstract": "The revival of psilocybin in psychopharmacological research heralds a potential paradigm shift for treating mood and anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric conditions beyond the psychotic spectrum. This critical review evaluates current evidence on psilocybin's efficacy, juxtaposing potential benefits with the practical aspects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) and the methodological constraints of existing research.An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, selecting studies published up to December 2023 that explored the clinical use of psilocybin in mood and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Despite promising preliminary results suggesting psilocybin's efficacy in alleviating depression and anxiety, as well as obsessions, compulsions, and addictive behaviors, significant evidence gaps persist. These include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin compared to standard antidepressants or anxiolytic molecules and identifying patient subpopulations that might benefit most from PAP. Concerns about psilocybin's safety, long-term efficacy, and optimal dosage remain unclear due to previous trials' limitations. Real-world implementation faces challenges, including infrastructural requirements, personnel training, and unresolved legal and ethical issues. This paper argues for further research to substantiate the evidence base, emphasizing the need for larger studies that overcome current methodological limitations and explore psilocybin's full therapeutic potential. While psilocybin holds promise for psychiatry, its successful translation from research to clinical practice demands more robust evidence on efficacy, safety, and methodological rigor. In addition, other factors, such as cultural stigma and legal/ethical issues, need to be successfully addressed to facilitate psilocybin's implementation in healthcare systems.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852924002268", "pubmed_id": "39655426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852924002268", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39655426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 368, "title": "Psychedelics as an intervention for psychological, existential distress in terminally ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as an intervention for psychological existential distress in terminally ill patients a systematic review and network meta analysis", "authors": "Marchi M, Farina R, Rachedi K, Laonigro F, Žuljević MF, Pingani L, Ferrari S, Somers M, Boks MPM, Galeazzi GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe interest in psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for existential distress of people with terminal illness grounds on their mechanism of action and effect on the spiritual/existential aspects accompanying end-of-life experiences.AimsThis systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed at examining the efficacy and safety of psychedelic compounds for existential distress in terminally ill people.MethodsPubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) administering psychedelics for existential distress in people with terminal illnesses. Meta-analysis estimated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), between treated and control groups in pairwise and network comparisons, using random-effects models. Post-treatment measures of depression and anxiety, as proxies of existential distress, and tolerability were the primary outcomes.ResultsNine studies, involving 606 participants (362 treated with psychedelics: psilocybin, ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) were included. The meta-analysis supported the efficacy of psychedelics on depression (SMD: -0.80 (95% CI: -0.98, -0.63)) and anxiety (SMD: -0.84 (95% CI: -1.20, -0.48)). Network meta-analysis identified psilocybin as the most effective compound for depression, and LSD for anxiety. However, head-to-head comparison between psychedelics did not reach statistical significance. The rates of treatment discontinuation and adverse events between psychedelics and controls were comparable.ConclusionsPsychedelics, especially psilocybins and LSD, showed promising effects on depression and anxiety in people with terminal illnesses. Limitations include the small number of RCTs, methodological issues related to blinding, and the lack of direct comparisons between psychedelic compounds. Larger studies and comparative research are needed to consolidate these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241303594", "pubmed_id": "39655749", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241303594", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Terminally Ill, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psychological Distress, Network Meta-Analysis as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39655749\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 908, "title": "Quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments a systematic review", "authors": "Seybert C, Schimmers N, Silva L, Breeksema JJ, Veraart J, Bessa BS, d'Orsi D, Schoevers RA, Oliveira-Maia AJ.", "abstract": "Although studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy are accumulating, there is no consensus regarding best practice of the psychotherapeutic component. In this systematic review, we summarised the quality of reporting on psychological interventions in research about psychedelic treatments. The design followed PRISMA guidelines and was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD42022319221). We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase for original studies on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and included 45 studies assessing psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (known as LSD), or ayahuasca, for the treatment of mental disorders. Psychological interventions were done heterogeneously across studies, and completeness of information reported about these interventions was mostly low, according to an adaptation of the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist. In studies including MDMA, psychotherapy was more homogeneous and more procedural details were provided. Improved reporting on psychological interventions of psychedelic treatments will support replicability, generalisability, and accurate interpretation of research, while enhancing feasibility and safety of future clinical research and real-world implementation of treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00333-x", "pubmed_id": "39667373", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00333-x", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39667373\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 932, "title": "Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.", "normalized_title": "synergistic multi level understanding of psychedelics three systematic reviews and meta analyses of their pharmacology neuroimaging and phenomenology", "authors": "Shinozuka K, Jerotic K, Mediano P, Zhao AT, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: (1) subjective experience (phenomenology), (2) neuroimaging and (3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1", "pubmed_id": "39632810", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39632810\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 931, "title": "Comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine, psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder a systematic review and network meta analyses of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Terao I, Kodama W.", "abstract": "The individual efficacy and safety of intravenous racemic (IV) ketamine, psilocybin, and theta burst stimulation (TBS) for major depressive disorder have been demonstrated through meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but the comparative usefulness of these novel treatments has not yet been fully examined. We systematically searched the CENTRAL, Medline, CINHAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for randomized controlled trials up to July 4, 2024. Random-effects network meta-analyses were conducted to compare the Comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine, psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorderantidepressant efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of IV ketamine, psilocybin, and TBS. Twenty-eight RCTs were included. All treatments were superior to placebo, with IV ketamine and psilocybin showing significantly greater antidepressant efficacy than TBS. No significant differences were detected between all treatments and placebo in tolerability and acceptability. In a subgroup analysis focusing on short periods of 1 week or less, only IV ketamine was significantly more effective than placebo. In another subgroup analysis focusing on periods of 4 weeks or longer, IV ketamine and psilocybin showed significantly better antidepressant effects than placebo. The confidence in the evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Specifically, there is a scarcity of studies on psilocybin and a lack of direct comparison trials. The findings suggest that IV ketamine and psilocybin may be more effective treatments compared to TBS. Additionally, IV ketamine may have an advantage in terms of rapid onset of action. The number of included studies is limited, especially for psilocybin, and therefore the current findings are preliminary, necessitating further accumulation of direct-comparison RCTs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/pcn5.70042", "pubmed_id": "39641126", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.70042", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39641126\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 724, "title": "Randomized Controlled Trials of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "randomized controlled trials of psilocybin assisted therapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Menon V, Ramamurthy P, Venu S, Andrade C.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere is growing interest in the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) for major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression. We used randomized controlled trial (RCT) data to compare summary estimates of change in depression ratings with PAT versus comparator treatments in MDD. We also compared response and remission rates, and adverse effects.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and SCOPUS from inception till April 2024. Our primary efficacy outcome was 1-week (or nearest) between-group change in depression ratings. Secondary efficacy outcomes were changes in depression ratings at days 2, 14, and 42 (or nearest) and study-defined response and remission rates at week 1 (or nearest). Safety outcomes were reported adverse effects. We pooled outcomes in random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference (SMD; Hedges g) for continuous outcomes and risk ratio (RR) for categorical outcomes.ResultsWe found 6 eligible RCTs (pooled N = 427), all on psilocybin. The pooled SMD for 1-week between-group change in depression ratings was -0.72 [95% CI, -0.95 to -0.49; I2 = 17%; 5 RCTs; n = 403], favouring PAT; results were similar at days 2, 14, and 42. The response [RR = 3.42; 95% CI, 2.35-4.97; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and remission [RR = 3.66; 95% CI, 2.26-5.92; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] rates also favored PAT. The PAT group had a small but significantly increased risk of developing any adverse event [RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; I2 = 43%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and a significantly higher risk of experiencing headache [RR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.10-2.86; I2 = 52%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and dizziness [RR = 6.52; 95% CI, 1.19-35.87; I2 = 0%; 3 RCTs; n = 269]. Low heterogeneity characterized most analyses and findings were similar in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionAntidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy are superior (with at least medium effect sizes) to comparator interventions for at least up to 6 weeks postintervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/acps.13778", "pubmed_id": "39627679", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13778", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39627679\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 933, "title": "Protective Behavioral Strategies for Psychedelic Use: A Mini Review of the Evidence.", "normalized_title": "protective behavioral strategies for psychedelic use a mini review of the evidence", "authors": "Piercey CJ, Gray B, Sung A, Henry D, Karoly HC.", "abstract": "BackgroundApproximately 8.5 million Americans over the age of 12 endorsed past year psychedelic use in 2022, with 1.4 million individuals initiating use during this time. Although emerging evidence indicates there may be beneficial aspects of psychedelic use, there is a need to understand how individuals might mitigate potential risks within nonclinical contexts, such as through the use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS).MethodPubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify articles reporting on PBS (i.e., harm reduction strategies implemented at the individual level) for psychedelic use within nonclinical contexts. We include articles pertaining to both classical serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin) and nonclassical psychedelics (e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], ketamine).ResultsAlthough research on psychedelic PBS use is limited, evidence suggests a culture of harm reduction present within psychedelic communities. Psychedelic PBS identified in the literature include strategies related to drug acquisition, dosing, set and setting, bodily nourishment, planning for and working through challenging experiences, and integration of psychedelic experiences. Few studies have examined the relationship between psychedelic PBS use and outcomes, but emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic PBS use may be associated with decreased consequences.ConclusionThere is a need to continue developing and validating measures of psychedelic PBS and outcomes for use within research and intervention settings. Additional research examining associations between psychedelic PBS use and outcomes is also critical to best serving the needs of individuals who use psychedelics within nonclinical contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0052", "pubmed_id": "40051484", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0052", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051484\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4516, "title": "Narrative review of psilocybin, an important psychoactive substance with potential peri-anesthetic implications", "normalized_title": "narrative review of psilocybin an important psychoactive substance with potential peri anesthetic implications", "authors": "George Tewfik, Adejuyigbe Adaralegbe, Sangel Gomez, Rania Aziz, Faraz Chaudhry, Daniel Rodriguez-Correa, Dorisanne O. Adaralegbe", "abstract": "", "journal": "Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care", "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.tacc.2024.101514", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tacc.2024.101514", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Psychoactive substance, Hallucinogen, Anesthetic, Narrative review, Peri, Psychiatry, Anesthesia, Intensive care medicine, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4405738311\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4405738311\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027476620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078583994\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079605197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109806107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121189426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129290879\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135643379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2227171113\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412155769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2745340904\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793644042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014277121\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023228010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3040931347\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094690508\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213463597\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200034096\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205164075\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206965048\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210332402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221117412\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226060882\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280498396\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282962482\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4304690665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313488167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4353070324\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386019370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386624716\",\"https://openalex.org/W6808219749\",\"https://openalex.org/W6845979318\",\"https://openalex.org/W6855909956\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015699078\",\"display_name\":\"George Tewfik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-6436\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025263776\",\"display_name\":\"Adejuyigbe Adaralegbe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-9235\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109794810\",\"display_name\":\"Sangel Gomez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112631492\",\"display_name\":\"Rania Aziz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058926770\",\"display_name\":\"Faraz Chaudhry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087935427\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Rodriguez-Correa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0054\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115625929\",\"display_name\":\"Dorisanne O. Adaralegbe\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764716574\",\"source_display_name\":\"Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tacc.2024.101514\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4405738311" }, { "id": 951, "title": "Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "adverse events in studies of classic psychedelics a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Hinkle JT, Graziosi M, Nayak SM, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "ImportanceA clear and comprehensive understanding of risks associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy is necessary as investigators extend its application to new populations and indications.ObjectiveTo assess adverse events (AEs) associated with classic psychedelics, particularly serious AEs (SAEs) and nonserious AEs (NSAEs) requiring medical or psychiatric evaluation.Data sourcesThe search for potentially eligible studies was conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases from inception through February 8, 2024.Study selectionTwo independent reviewers screened articles of classic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine [DMT], and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine [5-MeO-DMT]) involving administration in clinical or research contexts.Data extraction and synthesisAE data were extracted and synthesized by 2 reviewers and were used for random-effects meta-analysis of AE frequency and heterogeneity. Risk of bias assessment focused on AE ascertainment (eg, systematic assessment and quality of follow-up).Main outcomes and measuresA hybrid approach was used for capture of all reported AEs following high-dose classic psychedelic exposure and confirmatory capture of AEs of special interest, including suicidality, psychotic disorder, manic symptoms, cardiovascular events, and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. AEs were stratified by timescale and study population type. Forest plots of common AEs were generated, and the proportions of participants affected by SAEs or NSAEs requiring medical intervention were summarized descriptively.ResultsA total of 214 unique studies were included, of which 114 (53.3%) reported analyzable AE data for 3504 total participants. SAEs were reported for no healthy participants and for approximately 4% of participants with preexisting neuropsychiatric disorders; among these SAEs were worsening depression, suicidal behavior, psychosis, and convulsive episodes. NSAEs requiring medical intervention (eg, paranoia, headache) were similarly rare. In contemporary research settings, there were no reports of deaths by suicide, persistent psychotic disorders, or hallucinogen persisting perception disorders following administration of high-dose classic psychedelics. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the quality of AE monitoring and reporting. Of 68 analyzed studies published since 2005, only 16 (23.5%) described systematic approaches to AE assessment, and 20 studies (29.4%) reported all AEs, as opposed to only adverse drug reactions. Meta-analyses of prevalence for common AEs (eg, headache, anxiety, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness) yielded comparable results for psilocybin and LSD.Conclusions and relevanceIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, classic psychedelics were generally well tolerated in clinical or research settings according to the existing literature, although SAEs did occur. These results provide estimates of common AE frequencies and indicate that certain catastrophic events reported in recreational or nonclinical contexts have yet to be reported in contemporary trial participants. Careful, ongoing, and improved pharmacovigilance is required to understand the risk and benefit profiles of these substances and to communicate such risks to prospective study participants and the public.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546", "pubmed_id": "39230883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39230883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 944, "title": "Psychedelics for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy and Proposed Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder efficacy and proposed mechanisms", "authors": "Collins HM.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are emerging as potential treatments for a range of mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression, treatment-resistant depression, and substance use disorders. Recent studies have also suggested that the psychedelic psilocybin may be able to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Since the 1960s, case studies have reported improvements to obsessive and compulsive behaviors in patients taking psychedelics recreationally. The effects of psilocybin were then systematically assessed in a small, open-label trial in 2006, which found that psilocybin significantly reduced the symptoms of OCD. Reduced compulsive behaviors have also been seen in rodent models of OCD after administration of psilocybin. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying the effects of psychedelics for OCD are unclear, with hypotheses including their acute pharmacological effects, changes in neuroplasticity and resting state neural networks, and their psychological effects. This review will evaluate the evidence supporting the theory that psychedelics can be used for the treatment of OCD, as well as the data regarding claims about their mechanisms. It will also discuss issues with the current evidence and the ongoing trials of psilocybin that aim to address these knowledge gaps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyae057", "pubmed_id": "39611453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyae057", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39611453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 922, "title": "Psilocybin as a Disease-Modifying Drug-A Salutogenic Approach in Psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a disease modifying drug a salutogenic approach in psychiatry", "authors": "Spangemacher M, Mertens LJ, Färber LV, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Gründer G.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment with so-called psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and others, is among the most promising recent developments in psychiatry. This review focuses on psilocybin, a substance found in all mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe, because the largest amount of available evidence relates to this drug.MethodsThis review is based on pertinent publications (since 1969) that were retrieved by a selective search carried out in August 2024 in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases employing the keywords \"psilocybin\" AND \"long-term effects\" AND \"mental disorders\", with an emphasis on randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs).ResultsThe available RCTs document the efficacy of psilocybin mainly against depression, including otherwise medically refratory depression. Most of the trials revealed a strong effect, with Cohen's d ranging from 0.67 to 2.6; they used a variety of depression scales and follow-up intervals. Evidence was also found for the efficacy of psilocybin against substance use disorders (alcohol in particular) and symptoms of anxiety accompanying life-threatening somatic illnesses, such as cancer. Initial uncontrolled studies have also shown significant improvement after the administration of psilocybin for other indications.ConclusionTreatment with psilocybin differs fundamentally from classic psychopharmacotherapy. Its potentially transdiagnostic, rapid, and sustainable efficacy and its positive effect on further dimensions of mental health beyond the patient's symptoms and psychopathology imply that it may have diseasemodifying and salutogenic mechanisms of action. Psychotherapy accompanied by the administration of psychedelic drugs may turn out to be the first disease-modifying treatment in the history of psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224", "pubmed_id": "39628414", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39628414\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 943, "title": "Psychedelic Research for Alcohol Use Disorder with Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder: An Unmet Need.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic research for alcohol use disorder with comorbid major depressive disorder an unmet need", "authors": "de Jonge D, van der Meer PB, Kramers C, Schellekens A.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewIn this narrative review, we discuss evidence for psilocybin- and LSD-assisted treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). We describe limitations of psychedelic research and posit methodological considerations when designing a trial in patients with both disorders.Recent findingsIn AUD, a growing evidence base for psilocybin treatment shows a promising beneficial and sustained effect on measures of drinking frequency. In MDD, a recent meta-analysis has demonstrated that psilocybin therapy provides a large and consistent reduction in depressive symptoms compared to no treatment. Co-occurrence of MDD and AUD is quite prevalent, and this comorbidity exacerbates symptomatology of the two individual disorders and complicates their treatment. Theoretically, patients presenting with both AUD and MDD would benefit from an integrated therapy that could treat MDD and AUD simultaneously. We believe that more research into the efficacy of psilocybin in patients with both AUD and MDD is warranted and justified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01567-4", "pubmed_id": "39612154", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01567-4", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Comorbidity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39612154\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 838, "title": "Effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf in humans a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Calder AE, Hase A, Hasler G.", "abstract": "BackgroundPeripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are often used as a biomarker for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of ketamine, psychedelics, and other psychoplastogens in humans. However, studies analyzing peripheral BDNF after psychoplastogen exposure show mixed results. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to test whether the rapid upregulation of neuroplasticity seen in preclinical studies is detectable using peripheral BDNF in humans.MethodsThis analysis was pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022333096) and funded by the University of Fribourg. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO to meta-analyze the effects of all available psychoplastogens on peripheral BDNF levels in humans, including ketamine, esketamine, LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, DMT, MDMA, scopolamine, and rapastinel. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools. Using meta-regressions and mixed effects models, we additionally analyzed the impact of several potential moderators.ResultsWe included 29 studies and found no evidence that psychoplastogens elevate peripheral BDNF levels in humans (SMD = 0.024, p = 0.64). This result was not affected by drug, dose, blood fraction, participant age, or psychiatric diagnoses. In general, studies with better-controlled designs and fewer missing values reported smaller effect sizes. Later measurement timepoints showed minimally larger effects on BDNF.ConclusionThese data suggest that peripheral BDNF levels do not change after psychoplastogen administration in humans. It is possible that peripheral BDNF is not an informative marker of rapid changes in neuroplasticity, or that preclinical findings on psychoplastogens and neuroplasticity may not translate to human subjects. Limitations of this analysis include the reliability and validity of BDNF measurement and low variation in some potential moderators. More precise methods of measuring rapid changes in neuroplasticity, including neuroimaging and stimulation-based methods, are recommended for future studies attempting to translate preclinical findings to humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02830-z", "pubmed_id": "39613915", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02830-z", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Neuronal Plasticity, Biomarkers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39613915\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 811, "title": "Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: an overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies.", "normalized_title": "reconsidering evidence for psychedelic induced psychosis an overview of reviews a systematic review and meta analysis of human studies", "authors": "Sabé M, Sulstarova A, Glangetas A, De Pieri M, Mallet L, Curtis L, Richard-Lepouriel H, Penzenstadler L, Seragnoli F, Thorens G, Zullino D, Preller K, Böge K, Leucht S, Correll CU, Solmi M, Kaiser S, Kirschner M.", "abstract": "BackgroundPersons with schizophrenia are excluded from psychedelic-assisted therapy due to concerns about the risk of triggering or worsening psychosis. However, there is limited meta-analytic data on the risk of psychedelic-induced psychosis in individuals with pre-existing psychotic disorders.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and overview of reviews to assess the incidence of psychedelic-induced psychosis and symptom exacerbation in schizophrenia. Our pre-registered protocol (CRD42023399591) covered: LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, and MDMA, using data from Embase, PubMed, PsyARTICLES, PsyINFO, and trial registries up to November 2023. A random-effects model was used to calculate psychosis incidence, with standardized assessments of study quality.ResultsFrom 131 publications, we analyzed 14 systematic reviews, 20 reviews, 35 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), 10 case-control studies, 30 uncontrolled trials (UCTs), and 22 cohort studies, most of which were low quality. Meta-analysis of nine studies showed an incidence of psychedelic-induced psychosis at 0.002% in population studies, 0.2% in UCTs, and 0.6% in RCTs. In UCTs including individuals with schizophrenia, 3.8% developed long-lasting psychotic symptoms. Of those with psychedelic-induced psychosis, 13.1% later developed schizophrenia. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the results.ConclusionIn summary, the reviewed evidence suggests that schizophrenia might not be a definite exclusion criterion for clinical trials exploring safety and efficacy of psychedelics for treatment-resistant depression and negative symptoms. However, given the low quality and limited number of studies, more high-quality research is needed, and a conservative approach is recommended until further data is available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5", "pubmed_id": "39592825", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39592825\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 895, "title": "Evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Miller CE, Zoladz PR.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition that develops following exposure to a traumatic event. Individuals with this condition experience numerous physiological and behavioral alterations, including intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, heightened anxiety, hypervigilance, impaired cognition, elevated resting heart rate and blood pressure, and altered neuroendocrine function, to name a few. In most patients, currently available pharmacological and psychological treatments are insufficient to alleviate the array of symptoms associated with the disorder. Thus, novel treatment options that can more effectively target the core etiology of PTSD are desperately needed. Recent work demonstrating the psychoplastogenic effects of psychedelics has reinvigorated research to examine their therapeutic potential in psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin, a psychedelic found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms, has exhibited promising antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in preclinical and clinical studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing research that has examined the behavioral effects of psilocybin and link it to potential efficacy in treating PTSD-related symptoms. The proposed mechanisms for psilocybin's effects are then explored, as are the benefits and drawbacks for the agent's therapeutic use. Finally, the challenges faced by investigators aiming to study psilocybin as a therapeutic aid in future studies are discussed in order to shed light on this budding area of research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Current pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder is insufficient. Traditional antidepressants and anxiolytics help reduce symptom severity, but nonresponse rates often reach levels greater than 50%, emphasizing the need for more effective treatment options. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing evidence for and the potential mechanisms of the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. The observed effects are then related to psilocybin's potential use as a treatment for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1124/jpet.124.002237", "pubmed_id": "39893004", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.124.002237", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39893004\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4521, "title": "Psilocybin Fungi Unveiled: Morphological Characteristics and Pharmacological Potentials", "normalized_title": "psilocybin fungi unveiled morphological characteristics and pharmacological potentials", "authors": "Raj Nashikkar, Kavita Mane, Rajendra Patil", "abstract": "Abstract: Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as \"magic mushrooms,\" have garnered significant attention for their psychoactive properties and potential therapeutic applications. This review explores the comprehensive morphology, pharmacognostic properties, and pharmacological activities of psilocybin-producing fungi. The unique morphological characteristics of these mushrooms, including their microscopic structure and macroscopic features, contribute to their identification and classification within various Psilocybe species. The pharmacognostic analysis delves into the identification, sourcing, and quality control of these fungi, essential for therapeutic and research applications. Moreover, the pharmacological profile of psilocybin, the primary bioactive compound, is discussed in detail, highlighting its mechanism of action, therapeutic potential in mental health treatments, and effects on the central nervous system. With an increasing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in managing depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders, this paper provides a foundational understanding for future research and clinical applications. Ultimately, this review aims to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern scientific insights, contributing to the broader understanding of psilocybin mushrooms' potential as therapeutic agents.", "journal": "International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology", "publication_date": "2024-11-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.22214/ijraset.2024.65160", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65160", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Biology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4404448166\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4404448166\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106359026\",\"display_name\":\"Raj Nashikkar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Kavita Mane\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108539397\",\"display_name\":\"Rajendra Patil\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764566388\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65160\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4404448166" }, { "id": 925, "title": "Advances in Psychedelic Therapeutics: Novel Prodrugs and Derivatives for Enhanced Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "advances in psychedelic therapeutics novel prodrugs and derivatives for enhanced mental health treatment", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent innovations in psychedelic research have led to the development of novel compounds designed to enhance the therapeutic potential of psilocin and related tryptamines. This Patent Highlight reviews three essential patents that focus on improving the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of these compounds for treating mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The compounds-4-pivaloyloxy-N-methyltryptammonium chloride, alkyl quaternary ammonium tryptamines, and 4-pivaloyloxy-N-methyltryptammonium derivatives-represent significant advancements in the field of psychedelic-assisted therapy. These innovations offer new hope for more reliable and effective treatments, particularly in addressing the limitations associated with traditional psychedelics. The findings from preclinical studies support the potential of these compounds to play a vital role in the treatment of mental and neurological disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00519", "pubmed_id": "39691516", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00519", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39691516\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 924, "title": "Advanced Delivery Systems and Novel Psilocin Derivatives for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications.", "normalized_title": "advanced delivery systems and novel psilocin derivatives for enhanced therapeutic applications", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin and psilocin, have shown significant therapeutic potential in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, their bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and stability challenges have limited their clinical use. This Patent Highlight reviews recent innovations in psychedelic drug delivery systems and the development of psilocin analogs aimed at improving their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Three patents-focused on controlled-release delivery systems, ester analogs, and acetal/ketal derivatives-present novel approaches to enhancing the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of psilocin and related compounds. These advancements promise more effective treatments for conditions such as depression, chronic pain, and neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00521", "pubmed_id": "39691529", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00521", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39691529\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 370, "title": "Masking Influences: A Systematic Review of Placebo Control and Masking in Psychedelic Studies.", "normalized_title": "masking influences a systematic review of placebo control and masking in psychedelic studies", "authors": "Barstowe A, Kajonius PJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy is becoming increasingly acknowledged as an effective therapeutic intervention for various psychiatric illnesses. However, the evaluation of masking success is rarely reported in trials. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate placebo-control and masking in studies exploring psychedelic-assisted therapy. Nine (k = 9) studies dating between January 2010 and March 2023 were retrieved using six databases, following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results show that almost 78% of the studies had, at best, \"poor\" masking success. At the same time, 60% of active placebo and 75% of inactive placebo studies showed large effect sizes. In other words, masking influences, including benign unmasking, cannot be excluded. We therefore conclude that efficacy of psilocybin, Ayahuasca, or LSD is only one of the possible interpretations of large, positive changes in symptomatology for patients suffering from, for example, alcohol use disorder, anxiety with or without life-threatening disease, anxiety and/or depression with life-threatening cancer, treatment-resistant depression or major depressive disorder. We recommend care be taken to increase successful masking procedures and discuss alternative treatment designs to better control for potential masking influences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2424272", "pubmed_id": "39503404", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2424272", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Placebo Effect, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39503404\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 963, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Compounds for Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for substance use disorders", "authors": "Valdez T, Patel V, Senesombath N, Hatahet-Donovan Z, Hornick M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have recently (re)emerged as therapeutics of high potential for multiple mental health conditions, including substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite early mid-20th century anecdotal reports and pilot studies demonstrating the possibility of these substances in efficaciously treating conditions such as alcohol and opioid use disorders, legal restrictions and social stigma have historically hindered further research into this area. Nevertheless, concurrent with the rise in SUDs and other mental health conditions, researchers have again turned their attention to these compounds, searching for differing pharmacological targets as well as more holistic treatments that might increase patient adherence and efficacy. The aim of this review is to examine the emerging evidence-based data with regards to the therapeutic treatment of SUDs with the psychedelic compounds psilocybin, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ayahuasca, ibogaine and peyote.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/ph17111484", "pubmed_id": "39598395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111484", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39598395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 371, "title": "Psilocybin for major depressive disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for major depressive disorder an updated systematic review and meta analysis of randomized clinical trials", "authors": "Sepehr Aghajanian, Arman Shafiee, Samira Parvizi Omran, Aida Rezaei Nejad, Kyana Jafarabady, Omid Kohandel Gargari, Shahryar Rajai Firouzabadi, Ida Mohammadi, Touran Bahrami Babaheidari, Mahmood Bakhtiyari", "abstract": "Background: Due to the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of current antidepressants, research has been launched into alternative treatment approaches, such as the administration of psychedelics. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, has been shown to exert considerable positive influence on depression symptoms through its serotonergic and glutamatergic effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psilocybin in treating depression. Methods: A comprehensive search of Medline (via PubMed) and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria were applied to select studies that investigated the therapeutic impact of psilocybin on depression. A mixed-effects multi-level model was used to estimate the overall effect size. Effectiveness over time was also investigated as a secondary analysis. Results: The results of the primary analysis revealed a large and clinically observable reduction (SMC: −1.24, 95%CI: −1.83 to −0.65, I2 level2 = 11.39%, I2 level3 = 77.67%) of depressive symptomatology in patients receiving psilocybin in addition to supportive therapy compared to baseline measurements. The decrease was also marked when compared to placebo ( p -value = 0.032). The results remained significant even when a secondary analysis assessed the effect in various time intervals since the administration of psilocybin. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis substantiate the claim that psilocybin is superior in treating depression compared to established psychotherapy alone used for treating depression. This finding warrants further studies with larger sample sizes and across a longer timeframe.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-10-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241287542", "pubmed_id": "39480198", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241287542", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Meta-analysis, Placebo, Cochrane Library, Randomized controlled trial, Depression (economics), Serotonergic, Medicine, Systematic review, Psychology, MEDLINE, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Internal medicine, Alternative medicine, Serotonin, Economics, Law, Political science, Pathology, Macroeconomics, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403943147\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403943147\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1980910164\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014381681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048303608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088928458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139168999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153403353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161374186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2223813100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2273917694\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992679405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001030361\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201625402\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216485471\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302773366\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366089680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382360440\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387516067\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076558683\",\"display_name\":\"Sepehr Aghajanian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6062-0138\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057425365\",\"display_name\":\"Arman Shafiee\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1941-4399\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108956010\",\"display_name\":\"Samira Parvizi Omran\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056414839\",\"display_name\":\"Aida Rezaei Nejad\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-7824\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034353654\",\"display_name\":\"Kyana Jafarabady\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005668391\",\"display_name\":\"Omid Kohandel Gargari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-0582\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093084614\",\"display_name\":\"Shahryar Rajai Firouzabadi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-4103\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010234694\",\"display_name\":\"Ida Mohammadi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-0329\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050431840\",\"display_name\":\"Touran Bahrami Babaheidari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-5597\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060173628\",\"display_name\":\"Mahmood Bakhtiyari\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241287542\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403943147" }, { "id": 986, "title": "A narrative exploration of psilocybin's potential in mental health.", "normalized_title": "a narrative exploration of psilocybin s potential in mental health", "authors": "Min H, Park SY, Park J, Na S, Lee HS, Kim T, Ham J, Park YT.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive substance, has recently garnered attention for its high therapeutic potential in psychiatry. In this study, we investigated the multifaceted aspects of psilocybin, highlighting its chemical properties, mechanisms of action, and burgeoning role in psychiatric treatment. Furthermore, we examined the clinical applications and potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin in the treatment of various mental health disorders, supported by accumulating clinical evidence. This review aims to deepen our understanding of the clinical impact of psilocybin, elucidate its therapeutic value, and propose directions for future research, thereby paving the way for its integration into mainstream psychiatric treatments. Psilocybin has been shown to be safe in clinical trials with manageable side effects. However, additional safety measures are required after this discussion, including dosing protocols, patient monitoring, and distress management strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373", "pubmed_id": "39540010", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39540010\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 990, "title": "Effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy: a meta-analysis of MET task.", "normalized_title": "effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy a meta analysis of met task", "authors": "Olami A, Peled-Avron L.", "abstract": "This meta-analysis investigates the effect of classic psychedelic drugs on empathy and focuses on cognitive and emotional empathy measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Empathy entails the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and is a significant component of social interaction. Several studies have examined the effects of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin and ayahuasca on empathy, yet their overall effect has not been studied so far. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed data from studies up to November 2023 with the aim of examining the effects of various psychedelic drugs on empathic abilities broadly. Our findings suggest that classical psychedelics significantly enhance explicit and implicit emotional empathy without affecting measures of cognitive empathy. The results emphasize the need to continue testing the therapeutic potential of classic psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-74810-w", "pubmed_id": "39424835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74810-w", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Empathy, Cognition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39424835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3297, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Compounds for Substance Use Disorders", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for substance use disorders", "authors": "Valdez T, Patel V, Senesombath D, Hatahet-Donovan Z, Hornick MG.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have recently (re)emerged as therapeutics of high potential for multiple mental health conditions, including substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite early mid-20th century anecdotal reports and pilot studies demonstrating the possibility of these substances in efficaciously treating conditions such as alcohol and opioid use disorders, legal restrictions and social stigma have historically hindered further research into this area. Nevertheless, concurrent with the rise in SUDs and other mental health conditions, researchers have again turned their attention to these compounds, searching for differing pharmacological targets as well as more holistic treatments that might increase patient adherence and efficacy. The aim of this review is to examine the emerging evidence with regards to the therapeutic treatment of SUDs with the psychedelic compounds psilocybin, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ayahuasca, ibogaine and peyote.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2024-10-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202410.1406.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.1406.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR926532\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 946, "title": "Psilocybin and the glutamatergic pathway: implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and the glutamatergic pathway implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases", "authors": "Szpręgiel I, Bysiek A.", "abstract": "In recent decades, psilocybin has gained attention as a potential drug for several mental disorders. Clinical and preclinical studies have provided evidence that psilocybin can be used as a fast-acting antidepressant. However, the exact mechanisms of action of psilocybin have not been clearly defined. Data show that psilocybin as an agonist of 5-HT2A receptors located in cortical pyramidal cells exerted a significant effect on glutamate (GLU) extracellular levels in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Increased GLU release from pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex results in increased activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and, consequently, increased release of the GABA neurotransmitter. It seems that this mechanism appears to promote the antidepressant effects of psilocybin. By interacting with the glutamatergic pathway, psilocybin seems to participate also in the process of neuroplasticity. Therefore, the aim of this mini-review is to discuss the available literature data indicating the impact of psilocybin on glutamatergic neurotransmission and its therapeutic effects in the treatment of depression and other diseases of the nervous system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-024-00660-y", "pubmed_id": "39412581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00660-y", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39412581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 972, "title": "The Neurocircuitry of Substance Use Disorder, Treatment, and Change: A Resource for Clinical Psychiatrists.", "normalized_title": "the neurocircuitry of substance use disorder treatment and change a resource for clinical psychiatrists", "authors": "Imperio CG, Levin FR, Martinez D.", "abstract": "Substance use disorder (SUD) is common in psychiatric patients and has a negative impact on health and well-being. However, SUD often goes untreated, and there is a need for psychiatrists, of all specialties, to address this pervasive clinical problem. In this review, the authors' goal is to provide a resource that describes treatments for SUD, using neuroscience as a framework. They discuss the effect of pharmacotherapy on craving, intoxication, and withdrawal and its ability to interrupt the cycle of substance use in SUD. The neuroscience of stress is reviewed, including medications targeting neurotransmitter systems activated by alarm and fear. Neuroplasticity and promising treatments that use this mechanism, including ketamine, psilocybin, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are discussed. The authors conclude by listing resources and practice guidelines for physicians interested in learning more about treatments for SUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20231023", "pubmed_id": "39380375", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20231023", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Psychiatrists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39380375\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3750, "title": "Qualitative Research on Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Scoping Review Protocol", "normalized_title": "qualitative research on psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders a scoping review protocol", "authors": "Pincombe J, Williams M, Carruthers S, Rossell S.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere has been a surge in research into psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy over the past decade, with many studies indicating this may be an effective novel intervention for several mental health disorders. Researchers are increasingly incorporating qualitative analysis into their studies in recognition of the rich, contextual information this provides. This scoping review aims to identify the existing qualitative research on psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders, analyse trends in research questions and methods, and recognise opportunities for future qualitative research. Methods and AnalysisThe methodological guidelines set out in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis (Aromataris et al., 2024) will be used to conduct the review. The review will include qualitative studies involving psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, administered in a controlled research setting, for the treatment of any mental health disorder. Microdosing studies will be excluded. PubMed, Scopus, PsycNET, and reference lists of included studies will be searched. Two reviewers will screen papers for inclusion. Data will be extracted into a table and findings will be presented in a narrative form. Relevant qualitative research will be identified, trends in the qualitative research questions and methods will be analysed, and opportunities for future qualitative research will be discussed.Ethics and DisseminationEthics approval is not required. Findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Key Words or PhrasesAnxiety, depression, psilocybin, psychedelic, qualitative.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ga9p2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ga9p2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR920660\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3121, "title": "Qualitative Research on Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Scoping Review Protocol", "normalized_title": "qualitative research on psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders a scoping review protocol", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduction There has been a surge in research into psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy over the past decade, with many studies indicating this may be an effective novel intervention for several mental health disorders. Researchers are increasingly incorporating qualitative analysis into their studies in recognition of the rich, contextual information this provides. This scoping review aims to identify the existing qualitative research on psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders, analyse trends in research questions and methods, and recognise opportunities for future qualitative research. Methods and Analysis The methodological guidelines set out in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis (Aromataris et al., 2024) will be used to conduct the review. The review will include qualitative studies involving psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, administered in a controlled research setting, for the treatment of any mental health disorder. Microdosing studies will be excluded. PubMed, Scopus, PsycNET, and reference lists of included studies will be searched. Two reviewers will screen papers for inclusion. Data will be extracted into a table and findings will be presented in a narrative form. Relevant qualitative research will be identified, trends in the qualitative research questions and methods will be analysed, and opportunities for future qualitative research will be discussed. Ethics and Dissemination Ethics approval is not required. Findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Key Words or Phrases Anxiety, depression, psilocybin, psychedelic, qualitative.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ga9p2_v1", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, IPA, novel interventions, psilocybin, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, qualitative, scoping review, thematic analysis, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ga9p2_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 995, "title": "Meta-correlation of the effect of ketamine and psilocybin induced subjective effects on therapeutic outcome", "normalized_title": "meta correlation of the effect of ketamine and psilocybin induced subjective effects on therapeutic outcome", "authors": "Jack D. C. Dahan, David Dadiomov, Tijmen Bostoen, Albert Dahan", "abstract": "There is some evidence that the subjective effects of ketamine and other psychedelics like psilocybin are crucial for their therapeutic outcomes, such as treatment of depression or substance use disorder (SUD). We performed a meta-analysis and systematic review on the correlation of subjective symptoms and dissociation versus ketamine-induced therapeutic outcomes in patients with depression or SUD. A similar analysis was conducted for psilocybin-induced therapeutic improvement. We retrieved 23 papers studying ketamine (21 on depression, 2 on SUD) in 471 patients and 8 papers studying psilocybin (6 on depression, 2 on SUD) in 183 patients. Our study demonstrated a modest role for subjective effects mediating therapeutic outcomes, with R2 -values ranging from 5-10% for ketamine and for psilocybine the R2 was 24%. A greater mediating effect for psilocybin compared to ketamine was detected, particularly when restricting the analysis to depression. Additionally there is a greater mediating effect in SUD than depression, irrespective of treatment.", "journal": "npj Mental Health Research", "publication_date": "2024-10-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44184-024-00091-w", "pubmed_id": "39369173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00091-w", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Ketamine, Therapeutic effect, Outcome (game theory), Correlation, Psychology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Mathematics, Geometry, Mathematical economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Treatment of Major Depression, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403151209\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403151209\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1976833049\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996780673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003982930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006861654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023081218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029975995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045120122\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071988309\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078153416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103255996\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108403304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113307128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116475791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126602143\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138494388\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141217193\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157040702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2545381381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789244128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793350103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895197076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2935676591\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946661342\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948106049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948816951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2961020354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970659390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970684805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983463140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995178539\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086471578\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108229983\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111975240\",\"https://openalex.org/W3117542960\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207608997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206152634\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206951924\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212849374\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213019458\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220686675\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225993918\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283324512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285091545\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295605197\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295605431\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297478109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311883477\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387782495\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389397550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389891609\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391672475\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393932812\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399493487\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399887916\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110829877\",\"display_name\":\"Jack D. C. Dahan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087782225\",\"display_name\":\"David Dadiomov\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-3168\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022902859\",\"display_name\":\"Tijmen Bostoen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077603374\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Dahan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3161-3945\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387280515\",\"source_display_name\":\"npj Mental Health Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00091-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403151209" }, { "id": 813, "title": "Exploring the biocatalysis of psilocybin and other tryptamines: Enzymatic pathways, synthetic strategies, and industrial implications.", "normalized_title": "exploring the biocatalysis of psilocybin and other tryptamines enzymatic pathways synthetic strategies and industrial implications", "authors": "Junges LH, Müller-Santos M.", "abstract": "Tryptamines play diverse roles as neurotransmitters and psychoactive compounds found in various organisms. Psilocybin, a notable tryptamine, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential in treating mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. Despite its promising applications, current extraction methods for psilocybin are labor-intensive and economically limiting. We suggest biocatalysis as a sustainable alternative, leveraging enzymes to synthesize psilocybin and other tryptamines efficiently. By elucidating psilocybin biosynthesis pathways, researchers aim to advance synthetic methodologies and industrial applications. This review underscores the transformative potential of biocatalysis in enhancing our understanding of tryptamine biosynthesis and facilitating the production of high-purity psilocybin and other tryptamines for therapeutic and research use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/btpr.3513", "pubmed_id": "39366919", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3513", "keywords": "Humans, Tryptamines, Biocatalysis, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39366919\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3332, "title": "From efficacy to effectiveness: evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence-based policy and practice.", "normalized_title": "from efficacy to effectiveness evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence based policy and practice", "authors": "Schenberg EE.", "abstract": "The recent review of a new drug application for MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighted epistemological and methodological challenges for evidence assessments. Similar challenges will also be faced in reviews of other compounds in early- and late-stage development, like psilocybin for depression. The regulatory demand for two successful phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seems problematic, given a current lack of agreement on what constitutes “success”, particularly when psychoactive drug administration is concomitant with (psycho)therapy. These complex arrangements challenge the internal validity of estimated average treatment effect through comparison with conventional control conditions. This paper reviews the assumptions behind RCTs’ current “gold-standard” status in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Recapitulating known epistemic limits of randomisation and blinding, it emphasises the urgent need to avoid the extrapolation fallacy. The resulting argument is that the degree of trustworthiness that efficacy - reported in RCTs - will reliably predict effectiveness - in target populations outside RCTs - depends on what type of psychedelic treatments will be regulated. If “stand-alone” drugs for large scale prescription and consumption, trustworthiness should be graded low. On the other hand, for regulation of drug-assisted (psycho)therapies, the degree of trustworthiness can be considered high. The reason being that these two treatment approaches are based on different causal claims with distinct external validities. Therefore, careful assessment of support factors in each is recommended to prevent detrimental consequences, from potential rejection of effective therapies up to medical reversal of eventually approved drugs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR918774\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3330, "title": "From efficacy to effectiveness: evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence-based policy and practice.", "normalized_title": "from efficacy to effectiveness evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence based policy and practice", "authors": "Schenberg EE.", "abstract": "The recent review of a new drug application for MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighted epistemological and methodological challenges for evidence assessments. Similar challenges will also be faced in reviews of other compounds in early- and late-stage development, like psilocybin for depression. The regulatory demand for two successful phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seems problematic, given a current lack of agreement on what constitutes “success”, particularly when psychoactive drug administration is concomitant with (psycho)therapy. These complex arrangements challenge the internal validity of estimated average treatment effect through comparison with conventional control conditions. This paper reviews the assumptions behind RCTs’ current “gold-standard” status in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Recapitulating known epistemic limits of randomisation and blinding, it emphasises the urgent need to avoid the extrapolation fallacy. The resulting argument is that the degree of trustworthiness that efficacy - reported in RCTs - will reliably predict effectiveness - in target populations outside RCTs - depends on what type of psychedelic treatments will be regulated. If “stand-alone” drugs for large scale prescription and consumption, trustworthiness should be graded low. On the other hand, for regulation of drug-assisted (psycho)therapies, the degree of trustworthiness can be considered high. The reason being that these two treatment approaches are based on different causal claims with distinct external validities. Therefore, careful assessment of support factors in each is recommended to prevent detrimental consequences, from potential rejection of effective therapies up to medical reversal of eventually approved drugs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1004574\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1000, "title": "Artificial intelligence and psychedelic medicine.", "normalized_title": "artificial intelligence and psychedelic medicine", "authors": "Sarris J, Halman A, Urokohara A, Lehrner M, Perkins D", "abstract": "Artificial intelligence (AI) and psychedelic medicines are among the most high-profile evolving disruptive innovations within mental healthcare in recent years. Although AI and psychedelics may not have historically shared any common ground, there exists the potential for these subjects to combine in generating innovative mental health treatment approaches. In order to inform our perspective, we conducted a scoping review of relevant literature up to late August 2024 via PubMed intersecting AI with psychomedical use of psychedelics. Our perspective covers the potential application of AI in psychedelic medicine for: drug discovery and clinical trial optimization (including pharmacodynamics); study design; understanding psychedelic experiences; personalization of treatments; clinical screening, delivery, and follow-up (potentially delivered via chatbots/apps); application of psychological preparation, integration, and general mental health support; its role in enhancing treatment via brain modulatory devices (including virtual reality and haptic suits); and the consideration of ethical and security safeguards. Challenges include the need for sufficient data protection and security, and a range of necessary ethical protections. Future avenues of exploration could involve directly administering psychedelics (or providing algorithm-generated effects) to inorganic AI-interfaced neural networks that may exceed human brain activity (i.e., cognitive capacity) and intelligence.", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/nyas.15229", "pubmed_id": "39308441", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39308441/", "keywords": "AI, DMT, computational psychiatry, disruptive innovation, machine learning, natural language processing, psilocybin, virtual reality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39308441\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 947, "title": "Impact of psilocybin on cognitive function: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "impact of psilocybin on cognitive function a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Tello-Gerez TJ, Gholaminezhad F, Dunkley BT, Reichelt AC, Erritzoe D, Vermetten E, Zhang Y, Greenshaw A, Burback L, Winkler O, Jetly R, Mayo LM, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic with demonstrated preliminary clinical efficacy in a range of psychiatric disorders. Evaluating the impact of psilocybin on cognitive function is essential to unravel its potential benefits and risks. In this systematic review, we assessed psilocybin's effect on cognitive function through a comprehensive search of electronic databases from inception to January 2024, identifying 20 articles involving 2,959 participants. While 85% of studies were conducted in healthy volunteers, most of these studies (85%) used macrodoses, ranging from 45 μg/kg to 30 mg/70 kg. Various cognitive aspects were evaluated and yielded mixed results. Global cognitive function, and processing speed remained mostly unchanged in healthy individuals; However, a limited number of studies reported improvements in certain areas such as sustained attention, working memory, and executive function especially in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Emotional processing was positively modified, particularly in TRD patients. Psilocybin was observed to enhance emotional empathy without significantly altering cognitive empathy and social cognition. Cognitive flexibility and creative cognition were noted to initially decline but could potentially improve over time. Additionally, with respect to learning and memory skills, psilocybin showed promise in improving specific memory types such as semantic associations and associative learning, while its effects on episodic and verbal memory have been less pronounced compared to other cognitive enhancers. The observed mixed findings underscore the complexity of psilocybin's cognitive influence. Further research is essential to provide a clearer understanding of psilocybin's impact on cognitive domains and to guide the development of safe and effective interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/pcn.13741", "pubmed_id": "39354706", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13741", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Executive Function, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39354706\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 751, "title": "From efficacy to effectiveness: evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence-based policy and practice.", "normalized_title": "from efficacy to effectiveness evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence based policy and practice", "authors": "", "abstract": "The recent review of a new drug application for MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighted epistemological and methodological challenges for evidence assessments. Similar challenges will also be faced in reviews of other compounds in early- and late-stage development, like psilocybin for depression. The regulatory demand for two successful phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seems problematic, given a current lack of agreement on what constitutes “success”, particularly when psychoactive drug administration is concomitant with (psycho)therapy. These complex arrangements challenge the internal validity of estimated average treatment effect through comparison with conventional control conditions. This paper reviews the assumptions behind RCTs’ current “gold-standard” status in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Recapitulating known epistemic limits of randomisation and blinding, it emphasises the urgent need to avoid the extrapolation fallacy. The resulting argument is that the degree of trustworthiness that efficacy - reported in RCTs - will reliably predict effectiveness - in target populations outside RCTs - depends on what type of psychedelic treatments will be regulated. If “stand-alone” drugs for large scale prescription and consumption, trustworthiness should be graded low. On the other hand, for regulation of drug-assisted (psycho)therapies, the degree of trustworthiness can be considered high. The reason being that these two treatment approaches are based on different causal claims with distinct external validities. Therefore, careful assessment of support factors in each is recommended to prevent detrimental consequences, from potential rejection of effective therapies up to medical reversal of eventually approved drugs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/prp2.70097", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/uxhv7_v1", "keywords": "bias, causal, EBM, EBM+, effectiveness, efficacy, evidence, extrapolation fallacy, mechanism, medical reversal, psychedelics, RCT, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Life Sciences, Theory and Philosophy of Science, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"uxhv7_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 914, "title": "Harnessing Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Research on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "harnessing pharmacogenomics in clinical research on psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Halman A, Conyers R, Moore C, Khatri D, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have recently re-emerged as potential treatments for various psychiatric conditions that impose major public health costs and for which current treatment options have limited efficacy. At the same time, personalized medicine is increasingly being implemented in psychiatry to provide individualized drug dosing recommendations based on genetics. This review brings together these topics to explore the utility of pharmacogenomics (a key component of personalized medicine) in psychedelic-assisted therapies. We summarized the literature and explored the potential implications of genetic variability on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psychedelic drugs including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ibogaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Although existing evidence is limited, particularly concerning pharmacodynamics, studies investigating pharmacokinetics indicate that genetic variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, impact the intensity of acute psychedelic effects for LSD and ibogaine, and that a dose reduction for CYP2D6 poor metabolizers may be appropriate. Furthermore, based on the preclinical evidence, it can be hypothesized that CYP2D6 metabolizer status might contribute to altered acute psychedelic experiences with 5-MeO-DMT and psilocybin when combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In conclusion, considering early evidence that genetic factors can influence the effects of certain psychedelics, we suggest that pharmacogenomic testing should be further investigated in clinical research. This is necessary to evaluate its utility in improving the safety and therapeutic profile of psychedelic therapies and a potential future role in personalizing psychedelic-assisted therapies, should these treatments become available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.3459", "pubmed_id": "39345195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3459", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Pharmacogenetics, Precision Medicine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39345195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Genomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 866, "title": "Comparing psilocybin to metformin as neuroprotective agents against Parkinson's dementia: A systematic review of evidence and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "comparing psilocybin to metformin as neuroprotective agents against parkinson s dementia a systematic review of evidence and efficacy", "authors": "Ordovich-Clarkson RD, Jabbour M, Pelayo DA, Lara D, La Croix S, Mumman M, Stukas S, Anderson R, Meraz D, Bangura A, Anderson B, Bamrud L, Blake C.", "abstract": "Background & aimTreatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained largely unchanged and focuses primarily on symptomatic relief through activation of dopaminergic pathways. Currently, there are no proven prophylactic approaches to the prevention of PD. This systematic review seeks to compare two separate compounds, metformin (MTF) and psilocybin, as potential prophylactic therapeutics against the development of PD.MethodsThe authors conducted a systematic review focusing on primary studies that test these compounds on cell and animal models to determine if they might have any neuroprotective or neuroplastic effects.ResultsThe results of this review found that MTF may halt the progression of diseases such as PD through multiple mechanisms including reduced oxidative stress at the level of the mitochondria, thereby reducing α-synuclein related damage. Psilocybin, on the other hand, may increase repair of damaged neurons through psychoplastogenic activation of serotonergic pathways, particularly 5-HT2A receptor activation, ultimately increasing the release of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and the reduction of α-synuclein accumulation.ConclusionImplications of this study include a need for further research in off-label use of MTF as well as further research into serotonergic compounds such as psilocybin for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111155", "pubmed_id": "39357666", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111155", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Dementia, Metformin, Neuroprotective Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39357666\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4546, "title": "The Action on Psilocybin in Neural Plasticity, Brain Reorganization and Cognitive Enhancement", "normalized_title": "the action on psilocybin in neural plasticity brain reorganization and cognitive enhancement", "authors": "Carlos Henrique Marchiori, Marco Vinícios de Oliveira Santana, Klebert de Paula Malheiros", "abstract": "Psilocybin and psilocin do not cause addiction or dependence, as they do not interact with the dopaminergic reward system. New pharmacological treatment strategies for substance abuse disorders have targeted craving, which is characterized, in a simplified way, by an intense desire to use the substance. Psilocybin is an indole alkaloid of the hallucinogenic tryptamine group whose molecular structure resembles that of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which you may know as psilocin, especially in its dephosphorylated form. In Brazil, it is authorized by Anvisa through Ordinance 344 of 1998, provided that special authorization is obtained from the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health. The manuscript aims to verify the Action of psilocybin in neural plasticity, brain reorganization, and cognitive enhancement. This paper is a narrative review of the literature, which is designed to explain and discuss a certain subject from a theoretical or contextual perspective, to allow the reader to acquire or update knowledge on a specific topic. The search for scientific articles that comprised this review was carried out in Academic.edu, Biological Abstract, Google Scholar, HAL, Qeios, ResearchGate, Scielo, and SSRN. The inclusion criteria were original articles and reviews, published nationally and internationally in full, available electronically, and published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. There is also a growing popularity of psilocybin and other psychedelics for health purposes. Mushrooms can be important for improving various conditions and symptoms of disorders. People report that this type of mushroom specifically works against fatigue, discouragement, depression, anxiety, and cognition, and helps to deal with withdrawal symptoms from some addiction. Increased concentration can be observed, with improved brain activity.", "journal": "Middle East Research Journal of Biological Sciences", "publication_date": "2024-09-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.36348/merjbs.2024.v04i05.001", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.36348/merjbs.2024.v04i05.001", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Neuroplasticity, Cognition, Psychology, Action (physics), Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive psychology, Hallucinogen, Physics, Psychiatry, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403659615\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403659615\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023201531\",\"display_name\":\"Carlos Henrique Marchiori\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6800-7597\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108942518\",\"display_name\":\"Marco Vinícios de Oliveira Santana\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5094108752\",\"display_name\":\"Klebert de Paula Malheiros\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387284277\",\"source_display_name\":\"Middle East Research Journal of Biological Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.36348/merjbs.2024.v04i05.001\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403659615" }, { "id": 1267, "title": "Psychedelics: From Cave Art to 21st-Century Medicine for Addiction.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics from cave art to 21st century medicine for addiction", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic substance use in ritualistic and ceremonial settings dates back as early as 8,500 BCE. Only in recent years, from the mid-20th century, we have seen the re-emergence of psychedelics in a therapeutic setting and more specifically for the treatment of addiction. This article aims to review research over the past 40 years using classic (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], dimethyltryptamine [DMT], mescaline) and atypical (ketamine, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) psychedelics for the treatment of addiction.SummaryWe will start with an overview of the pharmacology and physiological and psychological properties of psychedelic substances from pre-clinical and clinical research. We will then provide an overview of evidence gathered by studies conducted in controlled research environments and naturalistic and ceremonial settings, while we identify the proposed therapeutic mechanisms of each psychedelic substance.Key messagesClassic and atypical psychedelics show promise as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of addiction, through the improvement of psychological and physiological symptoms of dependence. A more comprehensive understanding of the ancient and present-day knowledge of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics can facilitate hope for psychedelic therapeutics in the treatment of addiction, especially for individuals who have failed other conventional treatment methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1159/000540062", "pubmed_id": "39321788", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000540062", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Addictive, History, Ancient, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39321788\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1017, "title": "Psilocybin for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for major depressive disorder a systematic review of randomized controlled studies", "authors": "Li LJ, Mo Y, Shi ZM, Huang XB, Ning YP, Wu HW, Yang XH, Zheng W.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsA systematic search (up to September 14, 2023) was conducted for RCTs that examined the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in physically healthy adult patients with MDD. Three independent researchers extracted data from publications where the primary outcome was a change in depressive symptoms, and key secondary outcomes were changes in anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation, discontinuation rates for any reason, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs).ResultsFive RCTs with 472 adult patients with MDD on psilocybin (n = 274) and controls (n = 198) were included. Two of the five RCTs (40%) reported mixed results, while the other three (60%) found that psilocybin had a beneficial effect on MDD treatment. Four RCTs (80%) assessing the anxiolytic effects of psilocybin for treating MDD found that psilocybin was significantly more effective than the control group in improving anxiety symptoms. Psilocybin was more effective than the control group in improving suicidal ideation in one out of five RCTs. Discontinuation rates were similar for any reason between the psilocybin group (2-13%) and the control group (4-21%) (P > 0.05). Four RCTs (80%) reported ADRs in detail. The most common ADR in both groups was headache.ConclusionPsilocybin was effective in improving depressive symptoms in over half of the included studies and reduced anxiety symptoms in patients with MDD. The long-term efficacy and safety of psilocybin for MDD treatment needs to be further investigated in large RCTs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420", "pubmed_id": "39376971", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39376971\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1019, "title": "CCNP Innovations in Neuropsychopharmacology Award: The psychopharmacology of psychedelics: where the brain meets spirituality.", "normalized_title": "ccnp innovations in neuropsychopharmacology award the psychopharmacology of psychedelics where the brain meets spirituality", "authors": "Gobbi G.", "abstract": "For 3000 years, psychedelics have been used in religious contexts to enhance spiritual thinking, well-being, and a sense of community. In the last few years, a renaissance in the use of psychedelic drugs for mental disorders has occurred in Western society; consequently, a pressing scientific need to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying their actions has arisen. Psychedelics mainly bind to serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly 5-HT2A receptors, but may also bind to other receptors. Unlike conventional psychotropic drugs used in psychiatry, psychedelics introduce a distinctive complexity. They not only engage in receptor activation, but also exert influence over specific neural circuits, thereby facilitating transformative cognitive experiences and fostering what many have identified as a spiritual contemplation or mystical experience. This comprehensive review describes clinical studies that have examined the propensity of psychedelics to enhance spiritual, mystical, and transcendent cognitive states. This multifaceted nature, encompassing diverse components and paradigms, necessitates careful consideration during the investigation of psychedelic mechanisms of action to avoid oversimplification. The present review endeavours to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the actions of 2 principal psychedelic substances, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), with a focus on monoamine and glutamate receptor mechanisms; molecular aspects, such as neuroplasticity and epigenetics; as well as the impact of psychedelics on brain circuits, including the default mode network and the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical network. Given their distinctive and intricate mechanisms of action, psychedelics necessitate a novel conceptual framework in psychiatry, offering insight into the treatment of mental health disorders and facilitating the integration of the realms of brain, mind, and spirituality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1503/jpn.240037", "pubmed_id": "39299781", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.240037", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mental Disorders, Psychopharmacology, Awards and Prizes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39299781\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Epigenetics,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 948, "title": "Psychedelics: A review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear/anxiety expression in rodents.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics a review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear anxiety expression in rodents", "authors": "Werle I, Bertoglio LJ.", "abstract": "Threatening events and stressful experiences can lead to maladaptive memories and related behaviors. Existing treatments often fail to address these issues linked to anxiety/stress-related disorders effectively. This review identifies dose ranges associated with specific actions across various psychedelics. We examined psilocybin/psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), serotonin 2 A/2 C agonists (e.g., DOI) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on aversive memory extinction and reconsolidation, learned fear, anxiety, and locomotion in rodents. Nearly 400 studies published since 1957 were reviewed. Psychedelics often show biphasic effects on locomotion at doses that enhance extinction learning/retention, impair memory reconsolidation, or reduce learned fear and anxiety. Emerging evidence suggests a dissociation between their prospective benefits and locomotor effects. Under-explored aspects include sex differences, susceptibility to interference as memories age and generalize, repeated treatments, and immediate vs. delayed changes. Validating findings in traumatic-like memory and maladaptive fear/anxiety models is essential. Understanding how psychedelics modulate threat responses and post-retrieval memory processes in rodents may inform drug development and human studies, improving therapeutic approaches for related psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105899", "pubmed_id": "39305969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105899", "keywords": "Animals, Rodentia, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Fear, Mental Recall, Extinction, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39305969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4551, "title": "Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Systematic Review of Clinal Trials", "normalized_title": "use of psilocybin in the treatment of mental disorders systematic review of clinal trials", "authors": "Danielle B Rodrigues", "abstract": "Title: Use of psilocybin in the treatment of mental disorders: systematic review of clinical trials. Objective: To evaluate the high-impact evidence on the neurobiology, efficacy, safety, and feasibility of using psilocybin in the treatment of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), smoking, and alcoholism", "journal": "Journal of Complementary Medicine & Alternative Healthcare", "publication_date": "2024-09-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.19080/jcmah.2024.13.555852", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.19080/jcmah.2024.13.555852", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Clinical trial, Psychiatry, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Digital Mental Health Interventions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408545862\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408545862\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Danielle B Rodrigues\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210238017\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Complementary Medicine & Alternative Healthcare\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.19080/jcmah.2024.13.555852\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408545862" }, { "id": 1020, "title": "Psychedelics as a potential treatment for tobacco use disorder: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a potential treatment for tobacco use disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Spoelstra SK, Schoevers RA, Venema SD, Knegtering H.", "abstract": "IntroductionDespite considerable efforts, tobacco use disorder persists as a significant public health issue. The effectiveness of current smoking cessation therapies is limited, leading to a growing interest in alternative treatment approaches such as psychedelics.AimThe aim of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence regarding the role of psychedelics in smoking cessation.MethodsTo identify relevant literature on psychedelics and smoking cessation, a search was conducted in four academic literature databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase. Databases were searched from their inception up to March 24, 2024.ResultsOut of the 1073 articles identified in databases, 8 publications (both clinical and non-clinical studies) met the inclusion criteria, of which a total of 4 publications originated from a single study. The majority of the studies focused on psilocybin (n = 7), for which supportive evidence was suggested for the treatment of tobacco use disorder. Additionally, research was conducted with other psychedelics for smoking cessation, such as ayahuasca, mescaline, peyote, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), lysergic acid amide (LSA) and (dimethyltryptamine (DMT), but the evidence base for these psychedelics is too small to draw definitive conclusions.ConclusionsThere is, although limited, evidence that psychedelics, in particular psilocybin, may offer a potential avenue for combating tobacco use disorder, though more research is needed to understand their effectiveness and safety fully.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-024-00095-0", "pubmed_id": "39289250", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-024-00095-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39289250\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1002, "title": "Less is more? A review of psilocybin microdosing.", "normalized_title": "less is more a review of psilocybin microdosing", "authors": "Savides IA, Outhoff K.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe applications of psilocybin, derived from 'magic mushrooms,' are vast, including a burgeoning practice known as microdosing, which refers to the administration of sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelic substances to obtain benefits without experiencing significant cognitive and perceptual distortion. However, current research is fairly new with several limitations and gaps that hinder adequate conclusions on its efficacy.AimsThis semi-structured review aimed to identify and highlight research gaps in the field of psilocybin microdosing for future research.MethodsA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses based strategy was employed, utilizing a chain of keywords and key phrases across multiple databases, augmented by a cross-sectional Google search for relevant grey literature in the form of the top 10 search results. A total of 40 studies and 8 unique websites were identified, summarized and tabulated into four distinct categories, namely non-clinical, clinical, observational and anecdotal evidence.ResultsThe majority of available evidence originates from observational studies, while non-clinical and clinical study findings remain comparatively sparse and inconsistent. Web-based findings were consistent with current research findings. Key research gaps were highlighted: the imperative for more randomized placebo-controlled trials, exploration of dose-response ranges, psychological and personality testing of participants, utilization of active placebos, greater diversity in study populations, an increase in psilocybin-exclusive microdosing studies and the refinement of animal models.ConclusionDefinitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of psilocybin microdosing remain elusive, emphasizing the need for further study. Numerous research gaps necessitate consideration for future investigations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241278769", "pubmed_id": "39282928", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241278769", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39282928\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Personality Change,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 950, "title": "New frontiers in the biosynthesis of psychoactive specialized metabolites.", "normalized_title": "new frontiers in the biosynthesis of psychoactive specialized metabolites", "authors": "Li G, Facchini PJ.", "abstract": "The recent relaxation of psychedelic drug regulations has prompted extensive clinical investigation into their potential use to treat diverse mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and substance-abuse disorders. Most clinical trials have relied on a small number of known molecules found in nature, such as psilocybin, or long-known synthetic analogs of natural metabolites, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways leading to several psychedelic compounds has established an opportunity to use synthetic biology as a complement to synthetic chemistry for the preparation of novel derivatives with potentially superior pharmacological properties compared with known drugs. Herein we review the metabolic biochemistry of pathways from plants, fungi and animals that yield the medicinally important hallucinogenic specialized metabolites ibogaine, mescaline, psilocybin, lysergic acid, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). We also summarize the reconstitution of these pathways in microorganisms and comment on the integration of native and non-native enzymes to prepare novel derivatives.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102626", "pubmed_id": "39288539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102626", "keywords": "Animals, Fungi, Plants, Hallucinogens, Biosynthetic Pathways", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39288539\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4554, "title": "B - 61 Psilocybin as a First-Line Treatment of ADHD in Adult Populations", "normalized_title": "b 61 psilocybin as a first line treatment of adhd in adult populations", "authors": "James Perry, Cara C. Young, Julie Williams", "abstract": "Abstract Objectives The first line for symptom management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a class of medications that act on dopamine and noradrenaline receptors, which leads to symptom reduction at the cost of significant side effects. These side effects have led to community searching for alternative methods that manage ADHD symptoms in adults that lead to less side effects. Microdosing Psilocybin has emerged as a course of treatment that could provide benefits for those who may experience serious side effects to stimulant medication. Method This literature review was conducted using search terms such as, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychedelic treatment, stimulant treatment of ADHD, naturalistic treatment of ADHD, 5-HT, neural plasticity. Journals that reported about the benefits and concerns of Psilocybin use for ADHD are Neurochemistry International, American College of Neuropharmacology, European Psychology, Movement and Nutrition in Health and Disease, Journal of Psychopharmacology, and Psychiatry Research. Results Research shows that not only does microdosing Psilocybin have less adverse effects than stimulant medications when being used to treat ADHD, but it also leads to an alternative method that focuses on serotonin receptors when other avenues are unsuccessful. Conclusions This poster illustrates the alternative use of Psilocybin for treatment in ADHD and highlights neurological underpinnings that may lead to explaining success. Limitations of stimulant medications are also reviewed.", "journal": "Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology", "publication_date": "2024-09-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/arclin/acae067.222", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acae067.222", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402543724\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402543724\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102708924\",\"display_name\":\"James Perry\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0698-6037\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016749945\",\"display_name\":\"Cara C. Young\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-7145\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049840252\",\"display_name\":\"Julie Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0259\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S13265631\",\"source_display_name\":\"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acae067.222\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4402543724" }, { "id": 1025, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy for treating anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for treating anxiety depression and existential distress in people with life threatening diseases", "authors": "Schipper S, Nigam K, Schmid Y, Piechotta V, Ljuslin M, Beaussant Y, Schwarzer G, Boehlke C.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy refers to a group of therapeutic practices involving psychedelics taken under therapeutic supervision from physicians, psychologists, and others. It has been hypothesised that psychedelic-assisted therapy may reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and existential distress in patients facing life-threatening diseases (e.g. cancer). However, these substances are illegal in most countries and have been associated with potential risks.ObjectivesTo assess the benefits and harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy compared to placebo or active comparators (e.g. antidepressants) for treatment of anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases.Search methodsWe searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trial registers on 30 March 2024. In addition, we undertook reference checking, citation searching, and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. We used no language or date restrictions.Selection criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), with no restrictions regarding comorbidity, sex, or ethnicity. Interventions comprised a substance-induced psychedelic experience preceded by preparatory therapeutic sessions and followed by integrative therapeutic sessions.Data collection and analysisWe used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.Main resultsWe included six studies in the review, which evaluated two different interventions: psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics (psilocybin ('magic mushrooms') and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), and psychedelic-assisted therapy with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy'). The studies randomised 149 participants with life-threatening diseases and analysed data for 140 of them. The age range of participants was 36 to 64 years. The studies lasted between 6 and 12 months, and were conducted in outpatient settings in the USA and in Switzerland. Drug companies were not involved in study funding, but funding was provided by organisations that promote psychedelic-assisted therapy. Primary outcomes (at 1 to 12 weeks) Anxiety Psychedelic-assisted therapy using classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may result in a reduction in anxiety when compared to active placebo (or low-dose psychedelic): State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Trait, scale 20 to 80) mean difference (MD) -8.41, 95% CI -12.92 to -3.89; STAI-State (scale 20 to 80) MD -9.04, 95% CI -13.87 to -4.21; 5 studies, 122 participants; low-certainty evidence. The effect of psychedelic-assisted therapy using MDMA on anxiety, compared to placebo, is very uncertain: STAI-T MD -14.70, 95% CI -29.45 to 0.05; STAI-S MD -16.10, 95% CI -33.03 to 0.83; 1 study, 18 participants; very low certainty evidence. Depression Psychedelic-assisted therapy using classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may result in a reduction in depression when compared to active placebo (or low-dose psychedelic): Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, scale 0 to 63) MD -4.92, 95% CI -8.97 to -0.87; 4 studies, 112 participants; standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.43, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.06; 5 studies, 122 participants; low-certainty evidence. The effect of psychedelic-assisted therapy using MDMA on depression, compared to placebo, is very uncertain: BDI-II (scale: 0 to 63) MD -6.30, 95% CI -16.93 to 4.33; 1 study, 18 participants; very low certainty evidence. Existential distress Psychedelic-assisted therapy using classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) compared to active placebo (or low-dose psychedelic) may result in a reduction in demoralisation, one of the most common measures of existential distress, but the evidence is very uncertain (Demoralisation Scale, 1 study, 28 participants): post treatment scores, placebo group 39.6 (SEM3.4), psilocybin group 18.8 (3.6), P ≤ 0.01). Evidence from other measures of existential distress was mixed. Existential distress was not measured in people receiving psychedelic-assisted therapy with MDMA. Secondary outcomes (at 1 to 12 weeks) Quality of life When classical psychedelics were used, one study had inconclusive results and two reported improved quality of life, but the evidence is very uncertain. MDMA did not improve quality of life measures, but the evidence is also very uncertain. Spirituality Participants receiving psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics rated their experience as being spiritually significant (2 studies), but the evidence is very uncertain. Spirituality was not assessed in participants receiving MDMA. Adverse events No treatment-related serious adverse events or adverse events grade 3/4 were reported. Common minor to moderate adverse events for classical psychedelics were elevated blood pressure, nausea, anxiety, emotional distress, and psychotic-like symptoms (e.g. pseudo-hallucination where the participant is aware they are hallucinating); for MDMA, common minor to moderate adverse events were anxiety, dry mouth, jaw clenching, and headaches. Symptoms subsided when drug effects wore off or up to one week later. Certainty of the evidence Although all six studies had intended to blind participants, personnel, and assessors, blinding could not be achieved as this is very difficult in studies investigating psychedelics. Using GRADE criteria, we judged the certainty of evidence to be low to very low, mainly due to high risk of bias and imprecision (small sample size).Authors' conclusionsImplications for practice Psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may be effective for treating anxiety, depression, and possibly existential distress, in people facing a life-threatening disease. Psychedelic-assisted therapy seemed to be well tolerated, with no treatment-emergent serious adverse events reported in the studies included in this review. However, the certainty of evidence is low to very low, which means that we cannot be sure about these results, and they might be changed by future research. At the time of this review (2024), psychedelic drugs are illegal in many countries. Implications for research The risk of bias due to 'unblinding' (participants being aware of which intervention they are receiving) could be reduced by measuring expectation bias, checking blinding has been maintained before cross-over, and using active placebos. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to reduce imprecision. As the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) currently classifies psychedelics as Schedule I substances (i.e. having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse), research involving these drugs is restricted, but is steadily increasing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd015383.pub2", "pubmed_id": "39260823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd015383.pub2", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Placebos, Combined Modality Therapy, Depression, Anxiety, Existentialism, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Bias, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39260823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 553, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin, a Tryptamine Alkaloid in Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis): A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics of psilocybin a tryptamine alkaloid in magic mushroom psilocybe cubensis a systematic review", "authors": "Thaoboonruang N, Lohitnavy M, Lohitnavy O.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a major indole alkaloid found in magic mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis), has recently drawn attention as a breakthrough therapy to treat major depressive disorder. This review aimed to summarize and identify knowledge gaps concerning their pharmacokinetic characteristics of psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin. Original studies related to pharmacokinetics of psilocybin conducted in vitro, animals, and humans were systematically collected from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, from their inceptions to November 2023. Twenty articles were included in this work and assessed for study quality. A comprehensive review of the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and psilocin in both animals and humans was performed. Psilocybin is considered a prodrug that is dephosphorylated to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase. Following ingestion, the peak psilocin plasma and brain levels were rapidly achieved in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocin is metabolized primarily through both Phase I and Phase II processes with the half-life of 2-3 hours. This review also identified lack of some pharmacokinetic related information and limitations of available research that may help direct future investigations to better understand the pharmacokinetics and improve study design including dose selection and dosage optimization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128", "pubmed_id": "39257234", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39257234\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 867, "title": "The immunomodulatory effects of classical psychedelics: A systematic review of preclinical studies.", "normalized_title": "the immunomodulatory effects of classical psychedelics a systematic review of preclinical studies", "authors": "Low ZXB, Ng WS, Lim ESY, Goh BH, Kumari Y.", "abstract": "Emerging evidence suggests that classical psychedelics possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties; however, these effects are yet to be well-established. This systematic review aims to provide a timely and comprehensive overview of the immunomodulatory effects of classical psychedelics in preclinical studies. A systematic search was conducted on six databases, including CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies targeting classical psychedelics for evaluation of their effects on inflammatory markers and immunomodulation have been included for analysis. Data was extracted from 40 out of 2822 eligible articles, and their risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool and Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies (QUIN). Studies examined 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; n = 18); psilocybin (4-PO-DMT; n = 9); N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT; n = 8); lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; n = 6); 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; n = 3); psilocin (4-HO-DMT; n = 3); and mescaline (n = 2). In 36 studies where inflammatory cytokine levels were measured following psychedelic administration, a decrease in at least one inflammatory cytokine was observed in 29 studies. Immune cell activity was assessed in 10 studies and findings were mixed, with an equal number of studies (n = 5 out of 10) reporting either an increase or decrease in immune cell activity. Classical psychedelics were found to alleviate pre-existing inflammation but promote inflammation when administered under normal physiological conditions. This information is anticipated to inform future clinical trials, exploring classical psychedelics' potential to alleviate inflammation in various pathologies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111139", "pubmed_id": "39251080", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111139", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Immunologic Factors, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Immunomodulation, Immunomodulating Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39251080\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 977, "title": "Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Zhen Z, Sun X, Yuan S, Zhang J.", "abstract": "In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as hallucinogens, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and ketamine for the treatment of severe mental health disorders. This review provides a detailed evaluation of these substances, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the profound clinical outcomes observed in controlled environments. Hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin primarily target the 5-HT2A receptor agonist-2 (5-HT2AR), inducing substantial perceptual and cognitive shifts that facilitate deep psychological introspection and significant therapeutic advances, particularly in patients suffering from depression and anxiety disorders. MDMA, influencing multiple neurotransmitter systems including 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine, and norepinephrine, has been demonstrated to effectively alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, enhancing patients' emotional engagement and resilience during psychotherapy. Meanwhile, ketamine, a glutamate receptor antagonist, rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms, offering a lifeline for individuals with treatment-resistant depression through its fast-acting antidepressant properties. The integration of these substances into psychiatric practice has shown promising results, fundamentally changing the therapeutic landscape for patients unresponsive to traditional treatment modalities. However, the potent effects of these agents also necessitate a cautious approach in clinical application, ensuring careful dosage control, monitoring, and risk management to prevent potential abuse and mitigate adverse effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104193", "pubmed_id": "39243659", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104193", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39243659\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4561, "title": "Psilocybin-induzierte mystische Erfahrungen in subjektiven Berichten: Ein Scoping Review mit qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induzierte mystische erfahrungen in subjektiven berichten ein scoping review mit qualitativer inhaltsanalyse", "authors": "Anna Graue, Sören Kuitunen-Paul, Henry G. Harder, Lisa Emily Richter", "abstract": "", "journal": "Suchttherapie", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1055/s-0044-1790396", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1790396", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Misinformation and Its Impacts", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402898466\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402898466\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107623025\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Graue\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088401888\",\"display_name\":\"Sören Kuitunen-Paul\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-6490\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111506462\",\"display_name\":\"Henry G. Harder\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107647610\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Emily Richter\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S30125665\",\"source_display_name\":\"Suchttherapie\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1790396\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4402898466" }, { "id": 1031, "title": "Mind over matter: the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut-brain axis.", "normalized_title": "mind over matter the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut brain axis", "authors": "Caspani G, Ruffell SGD, Tsang W, Netzband N, Rohani-Shukla C, Swann JR, Jefferies WA", "abstract": "Psychedelics have emerged as promising therapeutics for several psychiatric disorders. Hypotheses around their mechanisms have revolved around their partial agonism at the serotonin 2 A receptor, leading to enhanced neuroplasticity and brain connectivity changes that underlie positive mindset shifts. However, these accounts fail to recognise that the gut microbiota, acting via the gut-brain axis, may also have a role in mediating the positive effects of psychedelics on behaviour. In this review, we present existing evidence that the composition of the gut microbiota may be responsive to psychedelic drugs, and in turn, that the effect of psychedelics could be modulated by microbial metabolism. We discuss various alternative mechanistic models and emphasize the importance of incorporating hypotheses that address the contributions of the microbiome in future research. Awareness of the microbial contribution to psychedelic action has the potential to significantly shape clinical practice, for example, by allowing personalised psychedelic therapies based on the heterogeneity of the gut microbiota.", "journal": "Pharmacological research", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107338", "pubmed_id": "39111558", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39111558/", "keywords": "2, 3, 4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), 5-methoxy-N, DMT, Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Gut microbiota, Gut-brain axis, Ketamine, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), Personalised medicine, Precision medicine, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin, ayahuasca", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39111558\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Microbiome", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1027, "title": "Traditional Medicine, Culture, and Psychedelic Science: New Pathways for Recovery From Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "traditional medicine culture and psychedelic science new pathways for recovery from substance use disorders", "authors": "Loizaga-Velder A, Loizaga Pazzi A.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis article provides an intercultural transdisciplinary perspective on the Indigenous roots of the resurging field of psychedelic science in the management of substance use disorders (SUDs). Ritual uses of entheogens (i.e., psychedelics of natural origin) are elaborate technologies for navigating, containing, and therapeutically directing non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by these compounds.MethodA narrative review of the literature on the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca, peyote, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, Incilius alvarius-derived 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and iboga for the treatment of SUDs was conducted. This article also describes the application of some of these entheogens within a pilot intercultural clinical program implemented by the Yaqui tribe in Sonora, Mexico, for the treatment of SUDs and other mental health challenges.ResultsObservational research and preliminary clinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential and relative safety of these compounds in appropriate contexts, including the use of careful screening practices and complementary psychotherapeutic interventions.ConclusionsPreliminary research points to the potential therapeutic value of integrating entheogenic plant and fungi medicine with culturally attuned therapeutic strategies. Respectful intercultural dialogue across worldviews and scientific paradigms allows for the further development of new perspectives at the intersection of entheogens, addiction treatment, mental health, and traditional medicine. More interdisciplinary research is necessary in this field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.15288/jsad.23-00011", "pubmed_id": "39400118", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.23-00011", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Medicine, Traditional, Culture, Mexico, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39400118\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1030, "title": "[Psychedelic and dissociative agents in psychiatry: challenges in the treatment].", "normalized_title": "psychedelic and dissociative agents in psychiatry challenges in the treatment", "authors": "Jungwirth J, Bavato F, Quednow BB.", "abstract": "With the discovery of the antidepressive effects of ketamine and the increasing withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from the development of new psychotropic drugs, the psychiatric research into the clinical application of hallucinogens in psychiatry has literally blossomed in the last two decades. Promising results for various treatment approaches with psychedelic agents, such lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, and dissociative agents, such as ketamine and esketamine, have raised great hopes among researchers, clinicians and patients in recent years, so that there was already talk of a new era in psychiatry. As one of the first of these substances, in December 2019 intranasal esketamine was approved in the USA and the EU for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and Switzerland followed in 2020. Recently, psilocybin was approved in Australia, Canada and Switzerland for compassionate use in exceptional cases for the treatment of depression, while large approval studies with various psychedelic agents are currently ongoing worldwide. The medical application of psychedelic agents and ketamine/esketamine is considered to be safe; however, as with all new forms of treatment it is of crucial importance that, in addition to the hopes, the specific challenges of these new treatment approaches must also be carefully considered and assessed. Excessive expectations and an insufficient risk-benefit estimation are detrimental to the patients and the reputation of the treating physician. Although a possible paradigm shift in the care of mental health is already being discussed, this review article consciously concentrates on the possible risks of treatment and the methodological weaknesses of the studies carried out so far.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00115-024-01727-0", "pubmed_id": "39196383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-024-01727-0", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39196383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1003, "title": "The role of psilocybin in depressive disorders.", "normalized_title": "the role of psilocybin in depressive disorders", "authors": "Najib J.", "abstract": "Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality and psilocybin with psychotherapy has emerged as a promising potential in the treatment of depressive disorders. A review of psilocybin use in patients with depressive disorders is presented.A search was conducted investigating the use of psilocybin in patients with depressive disorders and treatment resistant depression via PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar in October 2023; all publication types were permitted and limited for English-language. Keyword search terms included: \"psilocybin\" or \"psychedelics\" and \"depression\", or \"major depressive disorder\", or \"treatment-resistant depression\". Controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials utilizing psilocybin with psychological support for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression, as well as in patients with depression and cancer related anxiety have demonstrated immediate and sustained antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Psilocybin has a favorable safety profile and was well-tolerated in clinical trials. Psilocybin's abuse potential is low and clinical research suggests the potential of psilocybin to produce rapid and lasting antidepressant effects up to 12 months post-treatment. Psilocybin may offer a valuable contribution as an option to the currently available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic agents for patients with major depressive disorders, treatment-resistant depression as well as for patients with depression and comorbid terminal cancer. Future studies are needed to demonstrate these findings and any synergistic interaction between psilocybin and the psychological support offered to patients during sessions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/03007995.2024.2396536", "pubmed_id": "39177339", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2024.2396536", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39177339\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 923, "title": "Classic psychedelics and the treatment for alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and the treatment for alcoholism", "authors": "Lodetti G, de Bitencourt RM, Rico EP.", "abstract": "Alcohol is a harmful drug, and reducing its consumption is a significant challenge for users. Furthermore, alcohol dependence is often treatment-resistant, and no completely effective treatment model is available for chemical dependence. Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca have been used in different clinical and pre-clinical trials, demonstrating promising pharmacotherapeutic effects in the treatment of treatment-resistant psychopathological conditions, such as addiction, especially related to alcohol dependence. In this work, we conducted a narrative review of the emerging research regarding the potential of psychedelics for alcohol use disorder treatment. Psychedelic substances have demonstrated potential for treating drug addiction, especially AUD, mostly by modulating neuroplasticity in the brain. Given that serotonergic psychedelics do not produce physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms with repeated use, they may be considered promising treatment options for managing drug use disorders. However, certain limitations could be found. Although many participants achieve positive results with only one treatment dose in clinical studies, great inter-individual variability exists in the duration of these effects. Therefore, further studies using different doses and experimental protocols should be conducted to enhance evidence about psychedelic substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129", "pubmed_id": "39181308", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39181308\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1049, "title": "Comparative oral monotherapy of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ayahuasca, and escitalopram for depressive symptoms: systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "comparative oral monotherapy of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine ayahuasca and escitalopram for depressive symptoms systematic review and bayesian network meta analysis", "authors": "Hsu TW, Tsai CK, Kao YC, Thompson T, Carvalho AF, Yang FC, Tseng PT, Hsu CW, Yu CL, Tu YK, Liang CS.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo evaluate the comparative effectiveness and acceptability of oral monotherapy using psychedelics and escitalopram in patients with depressive symptoms, considering the potential for overestimated effectiveness due to unsuccessful blinding.DesignSystematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrial.gov, and World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from database inception to 12 October 2023.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised controlled trials on psychedelics or escitalopram in adults with depressive symptoms. Eligible randomised controlled trials of psychedelics (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (known as MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (known as LSD), psilocybin, or ayahuasca) required oral monotherapy with no concomitant use of antidepressants.Data extraction and synthesisThe primary outcome was change in depression, measured by the 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale. The secondary outcomes were all cause discontinuation and severe adverse events. Severe adverse events were those resulting in any of a list of negative health outcomes including, death, admission to hospital, significant or persistent incapacity, congenital birth defect or abnormality, and suicide attempt. Data were pooled using a random effects model within a Bayesian framework. To avoid estimation bias, placebo responses were distinguished between psychedelic and antidepressant trials.ResultsPlacebo response in psychedelic trials was lower than that in antidepression trials of escitalopram (mean difference -3.90 (95% credible interval -7.10 to -0.96)). Although most psychedelics were better than placebo in psychedelic trials, only high dose psilocybin was better than placebo in antidepression trials of escitalopram (mean difference 6.45 (3.19 to 9.41)). However, the effect size (standardised mean difference) of high dose psilocybin decreased from large (0.88) to small (0.31) when the reference arm changed from placebo response in the psychedelic trials to antidepressant trials. The relative effect of high dose psilocybin was larger than escitalopram at 10 mg (4.66 (95% credible interval 1.36 to 7.74)) and 20 mg (4.69 (1.64 to 7.54)). None of the interventions was associated with higher all cause discontinuation or severe adverse events than the placebo.ConclusionsOf the available psychedelic treatments for depressive symptoms, patients treated with high dose psilocybin showed better responses than those treated with placebo in the antidepressant trials, but the effect size was small.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, CRD42023469014.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2023-078607", "pubmed_id": "39168500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078607", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Administration, Oral, Bayes Theorem, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39168500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1051, "title": "Comparison between Single-Dose and Two-Dose Psilocybin Administration in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "comparison between single dose and two dose psilocybin administration in the treatment of major depression a systematic review and meta analysis of current clinical trials", "authors": "Salvetti G, Saccenti D, Moro AS, Lamanna J, Ferro M.", "abstract": "Current pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) are often only partially effective, with many patients experiencing no significant benefit, leading to treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a classical serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as a notable emerging treatment for such disorders. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize and discuss the most recent evidence about the therapeutic effects of single-dose and two-dose psilocybin administration on the severity of depressive symptoms, as well as compare the efficacy of these interventions among patients with a primary diagnosis of MDD or TRD. Articles were collected from EBSCOhost and PubMed following the PRISMA guidelines, yielding 425 articles with 138 duplicates. After screening 287 records, 12 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. A quantitative analysis of the studies indicates that psilocybin is highly effective in reducing depressive symptoms severity among patients with primary MDD or TRD. Both single-dose and two-dose psilocybin treatments significantly reduced depressive symptoms severity, with two-dose administration sometimes yielding more pronounced and lasting effects. However, it is unclear if this was solely due to dosage or other factors. Future research should include standardized trials comparing these dosing strategies to better inform clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci14080829", "pubmed_id": "39199520", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080829", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39199520\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 980, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for existential distress: practical considerations for therapeutic application-a review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for existential distress practical considerations for therapeutic application a review", "authors": "Kim A, Halton B, Shah A, Seecof OM, Ross S.", "abstract": "Existential distress is commonly experienced by patients diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. This condition has been shown to adversely impact quality of life and is correlated with increased suicidal ideation and requests for hastened death. While palliative care teams are experienced in treating depression and anxiety, existential distress is a distinct clinical condition for which traditional medications and psychotherapy approaches demonstrate limited efficacy or duration of effect. Psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), in conjunction with psychotherapy have been shown to produce rapid and sustained reductions in existential and psychiatric distress and may be a promising treatment for patients facing existential distress in palliative care settings. In this narrative review article, we describe the history of psychedelic medicine including early studies and the modern wave of research over the past 20 years, which includes high quality clinical trial data. This review outlines specific considerations for therapeutic application of psilocybin including pharmacokinetics, patient selection, dosing, protocol designs, and safeguards to reduce potential adverse effects to help guide future psychedelic practitioners. With growing public interest and evolving state level policy reforms allowing access to psychedelic treatments, it is critical for palliative care providers to gain familiarity with the current state of science and the potential of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of existential distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21037/apm-24-35", "pubmed_id": "39168642", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-24-35", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Existentialism, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39168642\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1053, "title": "The association between diverse psychological protocols and the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for clinical depressive symptoms: a Bayesian meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the association between diverse psychological protocols and the efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for clinical depressive symptoms a bayesian meta analysis", "authors": "Chen MH, Cheng SL, Kao YC, Tseng PT, Hsu CW, Yu CL, Yang FC, Thompson T, Hsu TW, Liang CS.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsilocybin-assisted therapy has shown promising efficacy on clinical depressive symptoms. However, diverse psychological support or psychotherapy was performed with psilocybin treatment. This study aimed to explore the association of psychological protocols with the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for depressive symptoms.MethodFive major databases were systemic searched for clinical trials addressing psilocybin-assisted therapy for patients with clinical depressive symptoms. A Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed. The effect size was mean difference (with 95% credible interval) measured by 17-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.ResultsThere were 10 eligible studies including 515 adult patients with clinically diagnosed depression. The psychological protocols could be categorized into four types: (i) manualized directive psychotherapy(k=1); (ii) manualized nondirective psychological support(k=3), (iii) non-manualized nondirective psychological support(k=5); and (iv) non-manualized supportive psychotherapy(k=1). The pooled standard mean difference of psilocybin-assisted therapy was 10.08 (5.03-14.70).ConclusionCompared with manualized nondirective psychological support, the other three psychological approaches did not differ significantly. The improvement of depressive symptoms was not associated with the psychological protocols in adult patients receiving psilocybin-assisted therapy.Systemic review registrationOpen Science Framework: identifier (osf.io/3YUDV).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439347", "pubmed_id": "39193583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439347", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39193583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1006, "title": "Psilocybin for clinical indications: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for clinical indications a scoping review", "authors": "Madden K, Flood B, Young Shing D, Ade-Conde M, Kashir I, Mark M, MacKillop J, Bhandari M, Adili A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic drugs have been of interest in medicine since the early 1950s. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in psychedelics.AimsThe objective of this study is to determine the extent of the available literature on psilocybin for medical indications including the designs used, study characteristics, indications studied, doses, and authors' conclusions. We identify areas for further study where there are research gaps.MethodsWe conducted a systematic scoping review of clinical indications for psilocybin, encompassing psychiatric and medical conditions. We systematically searched Medline and Embase using keywords related to psilocybin. We reviewed titles and texts in duplicate using Covidence software. We extracted data individually in duplicate using Covidence software and a senior reviewer resolved all author conflicts. We analyzed data descriptively.ResultsWe included 193 published and 80 ongoing studies. Thirty-seven percent of included studies were systematic reviews. Only 12% of included studies were randomized controlled trials. The median number of participants was 22 with a median of 18 participants who had taken psilocybin. Thirty-eight percent of studies reported at least one potential conflict of interest. The most common indication was depression (28%). Also commonly studied were substance use (14%), mental health in life-threatening illness (9%), headaches (6%), depression and anxiety (6%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (3%), and anxiety disorders (3%).ConclusionsMost studies involving the administration of psilocybin have small sample sizes and the most common focus has been psychiatric disorders. There is a need for high-quality randomized trials on psilocybin and to expand consideration to other promising indications, such as chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241269751", "pubmed_id": "39135496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241269751", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39135496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1266, "title": "Ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Marinho EAV, Serra YA, Oliveira-Lima AJ, Marcourakis T, Berro LF.", "abstract": "For decades, psychedelics have been investigated for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, evidence suggests that psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Several studies with classic psychedelics, including LSD and psilocybin, show promising results, with psychedelics decreasing alcohol drinking and promoting abstinence in individuals with alcohol use disorder. In the last two decades, ayahuasca has emerged as another psychedelic with therapeutic potential for alcohol use disorder. Although its use by indigenous people from South America has been reported for thousands of years, ayahuasca, an Amazonian brewed beverage used in rituals, has gained attention in recent decades due to its reported effects in the central nervous system. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage produced from the decoction of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, plants that contain β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), respectively. The majority of clinical studies investigating ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder are retrospective, and all show a significant decrease in alcohol use among ayahuasca users. Corroborating the clinical evidence, pre-clinical studies also have demonstrated that ayahuasca can block several of the abuse-related effects of alcohol. This chapter reviews the accumulating evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies suggesting that ayahuasca may be a promising new pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, and discusses the potential mechanisms involved in these and other effects of ayahuasca.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.007", "pubmed_id": "39523057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.007", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Psychotria, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39523057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4570, "title": "Resurrecting Ancestral Familial Health: A Role for Psilocybin?", "normalized_title": "resurrecting ancestral familial health a role for psilocybin", "authors": "Ashley Glowiak", "abstract": "Background: Research investigating high-dose, high-support psilocybin-assisted therapy reports significant psychological benefits, increased consciousness, and an enhanced socio-cognitive niche, resulting in empathy, connection, creativity, and overall well-being. These qualities lend themselves well to the bonding, emotional regulation, and attachment required for thriving family systems. Research from social scientist Darcia Narvaez on the evolved developmental niche (EDN) acts as a unified orientation to healthy familial systems that emphasizes the psychological, biophysical, and social benefits of following the human social mammal physiological design. Objective: In this narrative review, I outline the rationale for a curated family-centered psilocybin-assisted therapy model that can bridge modern contradictory trends of birth, parenting, and family culture to realign with the EDN. This article supports a theoretical construction weaving high-dose psilocybin with family systems therapeutic interventions of family constellations, somatic integration, and emotional intelligence to customize a healing modality that supports the creative integration of EDN components within modern-day family systems. Methods: I examine the transdisciplinary evidence for psilocybin-assisted therapy and the complementary components, family constellations, somatic integration, and emotional intelligence. Additionally, I investigate the EDN and the respective research indicating the health and morality of adhering to these practices. Results: There is increasing evidence for the construction of a family-centered psilocybin-assisted therapy that follows the values of the EDN. Conclusion: A family-centered psilocybin-assisted therapy protocol may positively heal intergenerational trauma and resurrect elements of the EDN, supporting the cultural shift to align with the social mammalian physiological needs of the human being.", "journal": "The Family Journal", "publication_date": "2024-08-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/10664807241269505", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807241269505", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Developmental psychology, Psychotherapist, Social psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Glowiak\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S84333065\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Family Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807241269505\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401461934" }, { "id": 1004, "title": "Letter to editor regarding \"Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis\".", "normalized_title": "letter to editor regarding psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yang X, Kuang W.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116136", "pubmed_id": "39141970", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116136", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Meta-Analysis as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39141970\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4576, "title": "Precipitous Increases in Psilocybin Exposure in Youths", "normalized_title": "precipitous increases in psilocybin exposure in youths", "authors": "", "abstract": "Source: Farah R, Kerns AF, Murray AC, et al. Psilocybin exposures reported to U.S. poison centers: national trends over a decade. J Adolesc Health. 2024;74(5):1053-1056; doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.027.Investigators from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, conducted a retrospective study to describe trends in psilocybin exposure in adolescents (13-19 years old) and young adults (20-25 years old) during the period 2013-2022. Psilocybin is a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms. For the study, they reviewed data in the National Poison Data System (NPDS), which includes reports from poison control centers in the US. Psilocybin exposures were identified by a specific code number and reported as all exposures or single-substance. Data abstracted on identified cases included age, sex, reason for exposure (eg, intentional), clinical effects, level of health care received, and severity. Severity was categorized as none, minor effect, moderate effect (prolonged symptoms that usually required treatment), major effect, or death. Poisson regression was used to assess trends in reported exposure during the study period. Analyses were stratified by sex, age group, and single- vs multiple-substance exposure.A total of 4,055 psilocybin exposures were reported to NPDS during the study period, including 2,667 (65.8%) single-substance exposures. Among all psilocybin exposures, 2,372 (58.5%) occurred in adolescents, and 74.8% of the adolescents were males. The most frequently co-occurring exposures were marijuana and alcohol. Exposures were intentional in 81.1% of cases involving adolescents and 78.3% in young adults. The most commonly reported clinical effects in single-substance psilocybin exposures were hallucinations/delusions (36.6%), agitation (27.6%), tachycardia (20.2%), and confusion (16.0%); seizures were reported in 49 (1.8%) cases. Overall, most exposures resulted in health care encounters for both adolescents (75.3% of cases) and young adults (72.1%), and effects were characterized as moderate in 47.1% of cases in adolescents and 45.3% in young adults. Two deaths occurred in adolescents. Both cases were multi-substance exposures, with fentanyl and hallucinogenic amphetamine listed as the primary cause of death. Between 2013 and 2018, the yearly number of psilocybin exposures reported to NPDS did not change significantly. Subsequently, the yearly number of cases increased significantly in adolescents beginning in 2019, and in young adults beginning in 2020 (P", "journal": "AAP Grand Rounds", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1542/gr.52-2-19", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.52-2-19", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401229628\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401229628\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S72438123\",\"source_display_name\":\"AAP Grand Rounds\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.52-2-19\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401229628" }, { "id": 1065, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: where is the psychotherapy research?", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy where is the psychotherapy research", "authors": "Aday JS, Horton D, Fernandes-Osterhold G, O'Donovan A, Bradley ER, Rosen RC, Woolley JD", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has emerged as a potential treatment for a variety of mental health conditions, including substance use disorders and depression. Current models of PAP emphasize the importance of psychotherapeutic support before, during, and after ingestion of a psychedelic to maximize safety and clinical benefit. Despite this ubiquitous assumption, there has been surprisingly little empirical investigation of the \"psychotherapy\" in PAP, leaving critical questions about the necessary and sufficient components of PAP unanswered. As clinical trials for psychedelic compounds continue the transition from safety- and feasibility-testing to evaluating efficacy, the role of the accompanying psychotherapy must be better understood to enhance scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying therapeutic change, optimize clinical outcomes, and inform cost-effectiveness. The present paper first reviews the current status of psychotherapy in the PAP literature, starting with recent debates regarding \"psychotherapy\" versus \"psychological support\" and then overviewing published clinical trial psychotherapy models and putative models informed by theory. We then delineate lessons that PAP researchers can leverage from traditional psychotherapy research regarding standardizing treatments (e.g., publish treatment manuals, establish eligibility criteria for providers), identifying mechanisms of change (e.g., measure established mechanisms in psychotherapy), and optimizing clinical trial designs (e.g., consider dismantling studies, comparative efficacy trials, and cross-lagged panel designs). Throughout this review, the need for increased research into the psychotherapeutic components of treatment in PAP is underscored. PAP is a distinct, integrative, and transdisciplinary intervention. Future research designs should consider transdisciplinary research methodologies to identify best practices and inform federal guidelines for PAP administration.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06620-x", "pubmed_id": "38782821", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38782821/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy models, Review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38782821\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1059, "title": "Brain Networks, Neurotransmitters and Psychedelics: Towards a Neurochemistry of Self-Awareness.", "normalized_title": "brain networks neurotransmitters and psychedelics towards a neurochemistry of self awareness", "authors": "Mograbi DC, Rodrigues R, Bienemann B, Huntley J", "abstract": "Self-awareness can be defined as the capacity of becoming the object of one's own awareness and, increasingly, it has been the target of scientific inquiry. Self-awareness has important clinical implications, and a better understanding of the neurochemical basis of self-awareness may help clarifying causes and developing interventions for different psychopathological conditions. The current article explores the relationship between neurochemistry and self-awareness, with special attention to the effects of psychedelics. The functioning of self-related networks, such as the default-mode network and the salience network, and how these are influenced by different neurotransmitters is discussed. The impact of psychedelics on self-awareness is reviewed in relation to specific processes, such as interoception, body ownership, agency, metacognition, emotional regulation and autobiographical memory, within a framework based on predictive coding. Improved outcomes in emotional regulation and autobiographical memory have been observed in association with the use of psychedelics, suggesting higher-order self-awareness changes, which can be modulated by relaxation of priors and improved coping mechanisms linked to cognitive flexibility. Alterations in bodily self-awareness are less consistent, being potentially impacted by doses employed, differences in acute/long-term effects and the presence of clinical conditions. Future studies investigating the effects of different molecules in rebalancing connectivity between resting-state networks may lead to novel therapeutic approaches and the refinement of existing treatments.", "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11910-024-01353-y", "pubmed_id": "38980658", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38980658/", "keywords": "Interoception, LSD, agency, emotional regulation, metacognition, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38980658\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1056, "title": "CURRENT STATE OF PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY IN MOOD DISORDERS.", "normalized_title": "current state of psilocybin assisted therapy in mood disorders", "authors": "Kaiserman A, Vanderjist L, Kornreich C.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are currently undergoing a scientific renaissance, with modern studies investigating therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in a range of psychiatric conditions. In particular, psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has been suggested to have positive effects on patients suffering from depression and psychiatric distress associated with life-threatening disease - contexts with growing needs for alternative treatments - in a therapeutic setting involving fewer doses and less important adverse effect compared to that of classic psychotrope administration. Psychedelics are partial agonists of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) G protein-coupled receptors, whose activation likely mediates the acute psychoactive effects. Furthermore, psychedelics seem to induce a hyper-plastic state which allows for adaptation of inflexible pathological thinking patterns. Post-acutely, they are suggested to induce rapid, robust and sustained neuroplasticity. Eight clinical PAT trials have been conducted between January 1st 2001 and March 31st 2023 and are reviewed here. Five of them evaluate the effect on depressive symptomatology in an otherwise general population. The other three evaluate effect on depression and anxiety in patients suffering from somatic life-threatening disease. The studies reviewed here show that PAT is safe and feasible to administer in current clinical models. Preliminary efficacy shows significant improvements in depressive and anxious symptomatology which are immediate and partially sustained. One study comparing PAT to selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors showed no significant difference of efficacy between the two treatments. Preliminary results regarding efficacy of PAT on mood disorders are promising, but further research is warranted for stronger inferences, with a particular focus on larger, multicentric studies, more diverse populations and a stronger control for expectancy and unblinding.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.24869/psyd.2024.174", "pubmed_id": "39546645", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2024.174", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39546645\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4578, "title": "Psilocybin - A Drug to be Considered for the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a drug to be considered for the treatment of anxiety and depression in cancer patients", "authors": "V Suresh, Jitendra Lakhani, R Balaraman", "abstract": "Cancer patients are more vulnerable to developing psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression. These conditions give an additional burden leading to poor quality of life. The available antidepressant and antianxiety drugs are not very useful in improving quality of life by reducing anxiety and depressive episodes. Therefore, there is a need for good drugs to alleviate the psychiatric problems among cancer patients. The recent reviews deal with the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of patients suffering from anxiety and depression.", "journal": "Journal of Natural Remedies", "publication_date": "2024-07-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.18311/jnr/2024/35676", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2024/35676", "keywords": "Anxiety, Antidepressant, Depression (economics), Psilocybin, Medicine, Cancer, Psychiatry, Quality of life (healthcare), Drug, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Economics, Nursing, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401276469\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401276469\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W885150323\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966152590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015045196\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044384616\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066231855\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115111325\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121828573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123179625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138201557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141585509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144269887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157195823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2366678371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772914282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793644042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940589604\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200199305\",\"https://openalex.org/W6701272370\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042537562\",\"display_name\":\"V Suresh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-1390\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058850724\",\"display_name\":\"Jitendra Lakhani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-520X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037988018\",\"display_name\":\"R Balaraman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-4862\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764727456\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Natural Remedies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2024/35676\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401276469" }, { "id": 4584, "title": "PTSD Treatment: An Inquiry into the Promising Potential of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "ptsd treatment an inquiry into the promising potential of psilocybin", "authors": "Ibrahim Lanre Folorunsho, Nkechinyere Mary Harry, Chukwubueze Obiajunwa, Oluwatosin Arubuolawe, Adeniyi Kayode Busari, Chidalu Ibeneme, Gibson Anugwom", "abstract": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. The impact of PTSD extends beyond the individual, affecting families, communities, and society as a whole. This study aims to investigate the potential of psilocybin as a treatment for PTSD. Psilocybin, after being metabolized to psilocin, binds to various serotonergic receptors to exert some major effects such as a reduction in negative mood and an increase in optimism, enhanced ability for introspection and perceptual changes, a reduction in amygdala reactivity during emotion processing, and-as has been found in animal studies-an extinction of the fear response and increased hippocampal neurogenesis. However, psychedelics such as psilocybin may lead to brief episodes of nausea, vomiting, and physical discomfort. This study indicated that there is an urgent need for innovative therapies that could enhance the effectiveness of PTSD treatments. As this review highlights, psilocybin and some other psychedelics offer prospects for an additional method of treating PTSD. They have the potential to directly address PTSD symptoms and can also be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy.", "journal": "Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research", "publication_date": "2024-07-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i85525", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i85525", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Mood, Hallucinogen, Dysphoria, Serotonergic, Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Medicine, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400959793\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400959793\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1489641999\",\"https://openalex.org/W1514491136\",\"https://openalex.org/W1755198206\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982006269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013576699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128437336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150901658\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2280613312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2520668028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604674575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944263526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3037187691\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048223422\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087672006\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169261903\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207479206\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215766429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4207016700\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281293006\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307715481\",\"https://openalex.org/W4372336620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388636814\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396664832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399390472\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092239414\",\"display_name\":\"Ibrahim Lanre Folorunsho\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5098736823\",\"display_name\":\"Nkechinyere Mary Harry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5105020320\",\"display_name\":\"Chukwubueze Obiajunwa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5098754110\",\"display_name\":\"Oluwatosin Arubuolawe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022100131\",\"display_name\":\"Adeniyi Kayode Busari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092030993\",\"display_name\":\"Chidalu Ibeneme\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020693752\",\"display_name\":\"Gibson Anugwom\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-626X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210232404\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i85525\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Neurogenesis,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400959793" }, { "id": 1008, "title": "Current Perspectives on the Clinical Research and Medicalization of Psychedelic Drugs for Addiction Treatments: Safety, Efficacy, Limitations and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "current perspectives on the clinical research and medicalization of psychedelic drugs for addiction treatments safety efficacy limitations and challenges", "authors": "Gomez-Escolar A, Folch-Sanchez D, Stefaniuk J, Swithenbank Z, Nisa A, Braddick F, Idrees Chaudhary N, van der Meer PB, Batalla A.", "abstract": "Mental health disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs) in particular, contribute greatly to the global burden of disease. Psychedelics, including entactogens and dissociative substances, are currently being explored for the treatment of SUDs, yet with less empirical clinical evidence than for other mental health disorders, such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this narrative review, we discuss the current clinical research evidence, therapeutic potential and safety of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine, particularly in the context of the SUD treatment. Our aim was to provide a balanced overview of the current research and findings on potential benefits and harms of psychedelics in clinical settings for SUD treatment. We highlight the need for more clinical research in this particular treatment area and point out some limitations and challenges to be addressed in future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-024-01101-3", "pubmed_id": "39033264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-024-01101-3", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Biomedical Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39033264\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3345, "title": "Quantitative Natural Language Processing Markers of Psychoactive Drug Effects: A Pre-Registered Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects a pre registered systematic review", "authors": "Ahuja S, Zaher F, Palaniyappan L.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychoactive substances used for recreational purposes have mind-altering effects, but systematic evaluation of these effects is largely limited to self-reports. Automated analysis of expressed language (speech and written text) using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can provide objective readouts of mental states. In this pre-registered systematic review, we investigate findings from the emerging field of computational linguistics in substance use with specific focus on identifying short-term effects of psychoactive drugs. From the literature identified to date, we note that all the studied drugs - stimulants, MDMA, cannabis, ketamine, and psychedelics - affect language production. Based on two or more studies per substance, we note some emerging patterns: stimulants increase verbosity; LSD reduces the lexicon; MDMA increases semantic proximity to emotional words; psilocybin increases positive sentiment; and cannabis affects speech stream acoustics. Ketamine and other drugs are understudied regarding NLP features (one or no studies). One study provided externally validated support for NLP and machine learning-based identification of MDMA intoxication. We could not undertake a meta-analysis due to the high degree of heterogeneity among outcome measures and the lack of sufficient number of studies. We identify a need for harmonised speech tasks to improve replicability and comparability, standardisation of methods for curating and analysing speech and text data, theory-driven inquiries, and the need for developing a shared Substance Use Language Corpus for data mining. The growing field of computational linguistics can be leveraged in the service of human behavioural pharmacology to study psychoactive substances through concerted efforts to achieve consistency in research methods.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534997/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534997/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR879311\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1077, "title": "Psilocybin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Zheng S, Ma R, Yang Y, Li G.", "abstract": "Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a formidable neurodegenerative ailment and a prominent contributor to dementia. The scarcity of available therapies for AD accentuates the exigency for innovative treatment modalities. Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid intrinsic to hallucinogenic mushrooms, has garnered attention within the neuropsychiatric realm due to its established safety and efficacy in treating depression. Nonetheless, its potential as a therapeutic avenue for AD remains largely uncharted. This comprehensive review endeavors to encapsulate the pharmacological effects of psilocybin while elucidating the existing evidence concerning its potential mechanisms contributing to a positive impact on AD. Specifically, the active metabolite of psilocybin, psilocin, elicits its effects through the modulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A receptor). This modulation causes heightened neural plasticity, diminished inflammation, and improvements in cognitive functions such as creativity, cognitive flexibility, and emotional facial recognition. Noteworthy is psilocybin's promising role in mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms in AD patients. Acknowledging the attendant adverse reactions, we proffer strategies aimed at tempering or mitigating its hallucinogenic effects. Moreover, we broach the ethical and legal dimensions inherent in psilocybin's exploration for AD treatment. By traversing these avenues, We propose therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the nuanced management of Alzheimer's disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601", "pubmed_id": "39050672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39050672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4590, "title": "Psilocybin in the Management of Substance Use Disorders: A Summary ofCurrent Evidence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the management of substance use disorders a summary ofcurrent evidence", "authors": "Hussein El Bourji, Aziz Farhat, Zahi Hamdan, Ritvij Satodiya, Rashmi Shukla, Samer El Hayek", "abstract": "Background: Following clinical trials on psilocybin for the treatment of pain, anxiety, and depression in patients with cancer, scientific interest emerged in its use for substance use disorders. Methods: In this review of the literature, we summarize available trials looking at the use of psilocybin in addiction Results: One double-blind, randomized clinical trial looked at the effect of psilocybin on heavy drinking in adults diagnosed with alcohol dependence. Several trials are currently ongoing to assess psilocybin’s efficacy in the management of different SUDs. Otherwise, the current evidence is insufficient to derive any conclusions on the possible efficacy of psilocybin in substance use disorders. Conclusions: More well-powered, blinded, randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the possible therapeutic effects of psilocybin in addiction while identifying the appropriate conditions that promote its safe use.", "journal": "Current Psychopharmacologye", "publication_date": "2024-07-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.2174/0122115560288779240628043307", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/0122115560288779240628043307", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Substance use, Current (fluid), Psychology, Psychiatry, Electrical engineering, Engineering, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400323479\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400323479\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1892948428\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969549633\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081515697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095349468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588071311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767891136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788524689\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801279915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2943880235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985843276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001327571\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009264042\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020950088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124059976\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3174467043\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207479206\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211698153\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213463597\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210376981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213251631\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223525754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283275230\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283809381\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071524029\",\"display_name\":\"Hussein El Bourji\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2437-965X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113419594\",\"display_name\":\"Aziz Farhat\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092006372\",\"display_name\":\"Zahi Hamdan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9266-9438\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081781684\",\"display_name\":\"Ritvij Satodiya\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-9305\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054143365\",\"display_name\":\"Rashmi Shukla\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3489-7720\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000809178\",\"display_name\":\"Samer El Hayek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-6104\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210232948\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Psychopharmacologye\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122115560288779240628043307\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400323479" }, { "id": 1086, "title": "Potential Differences in Psychedelic Actions Based on Biological Sex.", "normalized_title": "potential differences in psychedelic actions based on biological sex", "authors": "Shadani S, Conn K, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ", "abstract": "The resurgence of interest in psychedelics as treatments for psychiatric disorders necessitates a better understanding of potential sex differences in response to these substances. Sex as a biological variable (SABV) has been historically neglected in medical research, posing limits to our understanding of treatment efficacy. Human studies have provided insights into the efficacy of psychedelics across various diagnoses and aspects of cognition, yet sex-specific effects remain unclear, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions about sex-dependent differences in response to psychedelic treatments. Compounding this further, animal studies used to understand biological mechanisms of psychedelics predominantly use one sex and present mixed neurobiological and behavioral outcomes. Studies that do include both sexes often do not investigate sex differences further, which may hinder the translation of findings to the clinic. In reviewing sex differences in responses to psychedelics, we will highlight the direct interaction between estrogen (the most extensively studied steroid hormone) and the serotonin system (central to the mechanism of action of psychedelics), and the potential that estrogen-serotonin interactions may influence the efficacy of psychedelics in female participants. Estrogen influences serotonin neurotransmission by affecting its synthesis and release, as well as modulating the sensitivity and responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes in the brain. This could potentially influence the efficacy of psychedelics in females by modifying their therapeutic efficacy across menstrual cycles and developmental stages. Investigating this interaction in the context of psychedelic research could aid in the advancement of therapeutic outcomes, especially for conditions with sex-specific prevalence.", "journal": "Endocrinology", "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1210/endocr/bqae083", "pubmed_id": "38980913", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38980913/", "keywords": "cognition, estrogen, learning, psilocybin, psychedelics, serotonin, sex differences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38980913\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1079, "title": "The Black Book of Psychotropic Dosing and Monitoring.", "normalized_title": "the black book of psychotropic dosing and monitoring", "authors": "DeBattista C, Schatzberg AF.", "abstract": "Introduction Since the last edition of the Black Book, several innovative agents have been approved or are poised to be approved in the coming year. These include novel antidepressants, the first muscarine agonist for the treatment of schizophrenia, the first psychedelic which may be approved for the treatment of PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and the first disease modifying drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Three new antidepressants have come to the market in the past 18 months. The first of those, Auvelity, the combination of bupropion and dextromethorphan, takes advantage of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic synergism between the two drugs.85 Dextromethorphan has several pharmacodynamic properties including actions on the NMDA receptor and the Sigma 1 receptor, adding to the indirect norepinephrine agonist properties of bupropion. How Dextromethorphan is rapidly metabolized via the CYP2D6 isoenzyme to dextrophan that may have mu opioid agonist properties. The combination with bupropion, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, inhibits the metabolism of dextromethorphan allowing for more consistent therapeutic levels. The combination of dextromethorphan 45 mg twice per day and bupropion SR105 mg twice daily appears to be more effective than an equivalent dose of bupropion alone both in speeding up antidepressant response and achieving remission. However, it's not clear at this time how the combination would compare with a more typical dose of bupropion of 300-450 milligrams a day range. The phase III program for Auvelity, showed that the drug was well tolerated with the most common side effects being dizziness, headache, and dry mouth.86 Another novel antidepressant agent approved in 2023 is zuranolone (Zurzuvae). Zuranolone is an oral analog of IV brexanalone, and like brexanolone, was approved for the treatment of post-partum depression.83 The advantages of zuranolone over brexanalone are many. While brexanolone is a 60-hour intravenous infusion that must be administered in a health care facility, zuranolone is a once/day oral medication that is usually taken at home. Like brexanolone, and unlike most antidepressants, zuranolone has a short course of treatment, lasting just 14 days. Zuranolone's, as does brexanolone, is thought to act primarily as allosteric modulator of the GABA-a receptors. Despite only 14 days of treatment, zuranolone produced in depression in post-partum patients a clinically and significantly meaningful improvement at day 15 and continued to day 45 or 1 month past the end of treatment. Zuranolone is a schedule IV drug. The most common side effect in clinical trials was somnolence with 36% of participants reporting this side effect vs only 6% of those on placebo.84 Other common side effects included dizziness, diarrhea and fatigue. While the FDA declined to approve zuranolone as monotherapy or as an adjunctive treatment to standard antidepressants in major depression itself, there are positive studies in non-post-partum major depression albeit with smaller effect sizes and less consistent duration of activity. It is likely that zuranolone will continue to be studied in other depressive syndromes such as depression with anxious distress. The third \"new\" antidepressant approved late 2023 was gepirone (Exxua). Gepirone is not exactly a new or novel antidepressant and originally sought approval in the US about 20 years ago.88 There had been two positive studies of gepirone during the original NDA application but also a number of failed, negative, or non-informative studies as well. Thus, the FDA declined to originally approve the drug. However, failed and negative trials are common with antidepressants and after much internal debate, the FDA ultimately agreed to approve the drug based on the positive trials and a relatively favorable side effect profile. Gepirone, like buspirone, is a partial agonist of the 5HT1a receptor and a 5HT2 antagonist. As such, gepirone does not tend to be associated with sexual side effects, weight gain, or sedation. The most common side effects are dizziness, nausea, and insomnia which tend to improve in many patients over time. Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) continue to be the only class of agents [other than esketamine (Spravato)] approved in adjunctive treatment of resistant major depression. In addition to olanzapine (combined with fluoxetine; Symbyax), aripiprazole (Abilify), quetiapine (Seroquel), brexpiprazole (Rexulti), cariprazine (Vraylar) became the latest SGA to be approved in 2022.90 Adjunctive cariprazine at 1.5 mg daily was significantly more effective than adjunctive placebo in patients with MDD who had failed to achieve an adequate response with an antidepressant alone after 6 weeks of treatment. Interestingly, a 3 mg dose of cariprazine was less consistently effective.91 The major advantage of cariprazine over some of the other approved adjunctive SGA's is easy dosing, with the starting 1.5 mg dose being the optimal therapeutic dose for most people, and a lower metabolic side effect burden with most subjects having limited or no weight gain in short term trials. The most common side effect were akathisia/restlessness, fatigue, and nausea. Lumateperone (Caplyta) is also has positive phase III data in the adjunctive treatment of major depression and is expective file for approval in late 2024. Another recent major development in psychopharmacology is the reemergence of psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The first of these is MDMA (phenethylamine 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD. A New Drug Application (NDA) was accepted by the FDA for MDMA in the treatment of PTSD in late 2023.87 Because the drug is being fast tracked as a \"breakthrough\" treatment by the FDA, it was expected to see approval in the summer of 2024. The phase II and III data for MDMA assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD have been quite consistent and impressive. However, independent reviews have pointed to significant deficiencies in these studies including the bias introduced because of functional unblinding; virtually all patients in psychedelic studies can guess whether they got the active drug or placebo. The functional unblinding, the lack of standardization of adjunctive psychotherapy as well as the abuse potential of MDMA, may delay an FDA approval. The typical regimen in these trials included 3 preparatory psychotherapy sessions followed by once/month dosing sessions (lasting about 8 hours) and using doses of 120-160 mg in a split dose. There were typically 3 monthly dosing sessions, each followed by 3 integrative psychotherapy sessions to help subjects process and understand their experiences during the dosing sessions. In the most recent phase 3 trials, over 70% of subjects no longer met criteria for PTDS compared to 46% of those treated with psychotherapy and placebo alone.89 The only approved medications for treating PTSD are two SSRIs, paroxetine and sertraline. These drugs effect only some dimensions of PTSD with only 20-30% achieving a remission level response with these drugs. Thus, MDMA assisted psychotherapy appears to achieve much higher levels of remission and response than has been true for the SSRIs. Since MDMA is not taken continuously, side effects from MDMA tend to be short lived. Side effects have included muscle tightness, nausea, diminished appetite, excessive sweating, feeling cold and dizziness among others. Since MDMA is currently a schedule I drug, it is likely that a rigorous Risk Evaluation Mitigation (REMs) program will be put in place and a limited number of centers and clinicians will be designated to perform MDMA assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. In addition to MDMA, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is in phase 3 trials for treating resistant depression but unlikely to be available before late 2025 at the earliest. An argument can be made that there has not been a truly novel antipsychotic since the introduction of clozapine in the US in 1990. All first-generation antipsychotics have been dopamine 2 antagonists and second-generation drugs have involved some ratio of 5HT2 antagonism to D2 blockade. In 2023, the FDA accepted the application of xenomaline/tropsium (KarXT) which may become the first muscarinic M1M4 agonist approved for the treatment of schizophrenia.82,83 Tropsium is added as a muscarine antagonist to block the peripheral cholinergic effects of a muscarine agonist. Xenomaline/tropsium appears to be effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In a phase 3 study of 407 patients with schizophrenia, xenomaline/tropsium at doses of xenomaline/50 mg/tropsium 20 mg twice daily up to 125 mg/30 mg twice daily was significantly more effective than placebo in treating both and negative symptoms over 5 weeks of treatment. As would be expected, the side effect profile of xenomaline/tropsium is very different that all currently available antipsychotics. There is no risk of EPS as it is not a dopamine antagonist, and xenomaline/tropsium is not associated with significant metabolic effects. The side effects are cholinergic in nature and include constipation, dry mouth, and nausea. A decision is expected in September of 2024. The year 2023 also saw the approval of the first disease modifying drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, lecanemab (Lequembi). While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine have been available for decades, these drugs modestly improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease patients and do not alter the progressive course of the illness. Lecanemab is an IV monoclonal antibody that targets the removal of beta-amyloid in the brain as well proto-fibrils that are also known to be toxic to neuronal tissue. When given early in the course of the illness, patients treated with Lecanemab showed 27% less decline on some measures of cognition and function than did patients treated with a placebo over 18 months (about 1 and a half years). It is not known whether treatment for longer than 18 months would show lesser or greater decline over time. However, there are simulation studies that suggest that Lecanemab may modestly reduce the number of patients who progress to severe Alzheimer's disease and require institutional care. The standard dose is 10 mg/kg given via IV over one hour every 2 weeks for 18 months. Lecanemab is typically administered in an infusion center so that side effects can be monitored. The most serious side effects of Lecanemab are amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) that are associated with brain edema and microhemorrhages. ARIA can occur in up to 15% of patients. More common side effects are headache and nausea. While it remains to be seen how useful these new agents will be in clinical practice, they do represent an approach to treating neuropsychiatric disorders that are a notable departure from the pharmacotherapy of the past half century. It seems likely that some patients who have not been able to respond to or tolerate traditional pharmacotherapy will find hope in these new medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.64719/pb.4493", "pubmed_id": "38993656", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64719/pb.4493", "keywords": "Humans, Bupropion, Dextromethorphan, Psychotropic Drugs, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Monitoring, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38993656\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1071, "title": "Investigating the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in advanced cancer patients: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "investigating the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in advanced cancer patients a comprehensive review and meta analysis", "authors": "Bader H, Farraj H, Maghnam J, Abu Omar Y.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, is known for its effects on anxiety and depression. It has recently gained increasing interest for its potential therapeutic effects, particularly in patients with advanced cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effects of psilocybin on adult patients with advanced cancer.AimTo investigate the therapeutic effect of psilocybin in patients with advanced cancer.MethodsA comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar for articles published up to February 2023. The reference lists of the included studies were also searched to retrieve possible additional studies.ResultsA total of 7 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, comprising 132 participants. The results revealed significant improvements in quality of life, pain control, and anxiety relief following psilocybin-assisted therapy, specifically results on anxiety relief. Pooled effect sizes indicated statistically significant reductions in symptoms of anxiety at both 4 to 4.5 months [35.15 (95%CI: 32.28-38.01)] and 6 to 6.5 months [33.06 (95%CI: 28.73-37.40)]. Post-administration compared to baseline assessments (P < 0.05). Additionally, patients reported sustained improvements in psychological well-being and existential distress following psilocybin therapy.ConclusionThe findings provided compelling evidence for the potential benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy in improving quality of life, pain control, and anxiety relief in patients with advanced cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.5306/wjco.v15.i7.908", "pubmed_id": "39071471", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v15.i7.908", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39071471\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4603, "title": "Historical Perspectives and Pharmacodynamic Actions of the Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) for Future Global Healthcare", "normalized_title": "historical perspectives and pharmacodynamic actions of the magic mushroom psilocybin for future global healthcare", "authors": "Bennett Lange, Luke Morgan, Christopher Mattox, Suhrud Pathak, Keyi Liu, Rishi Nadar, Jun Ren, Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan, Timothy Moore, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran", "abstract": "Many medicines and treatments for varying levels of ailments were found through natural bioactives before complex separation techniques were available.Ironically, as medicine advances, drastically more people seem to be reverting to a desire for these natural bioactives.Due to this, it is important to discover and research the pharmacology of historically used plants and how exactly they can exert their effects.Magic mushrooms are a polyphyletic group of mushrooms that are characterized by the presence of a psychedelic compound (a drug classification that changes mental state and elicits hallucinations), Psilocybin.The PubMed (NIH) database was manually searched for published manuscripts up through the second week of April, 2024 for the current study using an advanced search feature.The keywords used for the search are given below.The search was done using the CDC, NIH and WHO databases.Journal articles, books and book chapters were manually searched under all languages without filter restrictions.Psilocybin has been found to exert a change in many different organ systems of the human body, including the central nervous system, ophthalmic system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, excretory system, endocrine system, immune system, integumentary system, auditory system, smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and spinal cord.This is possible through converting Psilocybin to Psilocin in the liver, which is a 5-HT2A agonist.This review profoundly analyzes magic mushrooms historical, current and future uses as they pertain to the human healthcare system.These uses contain nutraceutical, prophylactic and therapeutic pathways.It will also cover the toxicological effects on these organ systems and how dangerous these effects are.", "journal": "Trends in Medical Research", "publication_date": "2024-06-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3923/tmr.2024.245.273", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tmr.2024.245.273", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacodynamics, Health care, MAGIC (telescope), Mushroom, Medicine, Pharmacology, Traditional medicine, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Economics, Economic growth, Quantum mechanics, Physics, Food science, Pharmacokinetics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Lange\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111256320\",\"display_name\":\"Luke Morgan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104433694\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Mattox\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076318449\",\"display_name\":\"Suhrud Pathak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7871-4757\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103048885\",\"display_name\":\"Keyi Liu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020386771\",\"display_name\":\"Rishi Nadar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079882386\",\"display_name\":\"Jun Ren\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-2004\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076437356\",\"display_name\":\"Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103236772\",\"display_name\":\"Timothy Moore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-268X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029010126\",\"display_name\":\"Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-3440\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S20279327\",\"source_display_name\":\"Trends in Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tmr.2024.245.273\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400607327" }, { "id": 4604, "title": "Review identifies factors associated with response to psilocybin", "normalized_title": "review identifies factors associated with response to psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "Several trials of psilocybin for symptoms of depression have shown encouraging findings, as have a number of systematic reviews and meta-­analyses. However, several of the reviews have included nonrandomized trials and studies in which psilocybin was used in conjunction with psychotherapeutic interventions, making it difficult to isolate psilocybin's effects. Investigators conducted a systematic review and meta-­analysis of psilocybin trials that focused on trials with an unconfounded evaluation of the psychedelic's effects. Eligible for inclusion were open-­label and double-blind adult trials that compared the efficacy of psilocybin with a non-­psychoactive drug or placebo. Studies involving healthy subjects and those using micro-­dosing of psilocybin were excluded. The investigators considered changes in symptoms as measured by validated clinician-­rated or self-­report scales, excluding any outcomes that were measured less than three hours after psilocybin administration. They conducted subgroup analyses based on demographic factors, comorbid illnesses, and psilocybin dosing variables. The review encompassed nine studies with a total of 436 participants. Seven of the nine studies showed a significant benefit of psilocybin over a comparator or placebo. Treatment response with psilocybin was around twice as likely as with placebo. Among the factors associated with greater likelihood of symptom improvement with psilocybin were having secondary depression, being assessed with a self-­report scale for depression such as the Beck Depression Inventory, and having previously used psychedelics. “More large-­scale randomized trials with long follow-­up are needed to fully understand psilocybin's treatment potential, and future studies should aim to recruit a more diverse population,” authors of the review and meta-­analysis wrote. [Metaxa, A., et al. (2024). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078084]", "journal": "The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update", "publication_date": "2024-06-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/pu.31193", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31193", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400083626\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400083626\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S1022177896\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31193\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400083626" }, { "id": 3184, "title": "Rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, ayahuasca, and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "normalized_title": "rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide ayahuasca and 3 4 methylenedioxy methamphetamine a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Fluyau D, Kailasam VK, Revadigar N.", "abstract": "Background Hallucinogens attract research as alternatives to the commonly used medications to treat major depressive and anxiety disorders. Aims Assess hallucinogens’ efficacy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms and evaluate their safety profiles. Method In five databases, we searched for randomized controlled trials of hallucinogens targeting depressive and anxiety symptoms. We performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model when data permitted it. The protocol of the review is registered in PROSPERO; CRD42022341325. Results Psilocybin produced a rapid and sustained reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder, severe, and in patients with life-threatening cancer. A decrease in depressive symptoms was observed with 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), primarily in patients with life-threatening cancer, autism spectrum disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. MDMA reduced social anxiety symptoms. However, MDMA’s effect size was either negligible or negative for anxiety symptoms overall. Ayahuasca reduced depressive symptoms in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive and personality disorders. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reduced anxiety symptoms in individuals with life-threatening cancer. Psilocybin’s adverse effects were noticeable for elevated blood pressure, headaches, and panic attacks. For MDMA, elevated blood pressure, headaches, panic attacks, and feeling cold were noticeable. Conclusions Psilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, and LSD appear to have the potential to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms. Adverse effects are noticed. Rigorous randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes utilizing outcome measures instruments with better reliability and validity are warranted.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.17.24308787", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.17.24308787", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR869769\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Aging,Personality Change,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1034, "title": "Efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment resistant depression a systematic review and network meta analysis of rcts", "authors": "Guo Q, Guo L, Wang Y, Shang S.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) challenges psychiatric treatment, with existing guidelines covering only a subset of augmentation strategies.MethodsA network meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines examined the efficacy and safety of TRD treatments, analyzing 72 randomized controlled trials from eight databases, assessing response and remission rates, tolerability, and safety through the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and CINeMA framework.FindingsIncluding 12,105 participants, the analysis highlighted ECT, Ketamine, Esketamine, and Psilocybin as superior first-line treatments due to their optimal balance between effectiveness and tolerability. Brexpiprazole and Quetiapine showed no significant efficacy over placebo in response rates, while Esketamine and Psilocybin exhibited lower tolerability.InterpretationThe results advocate for ECT, Ketamine, Esketamine, and Psilocybin as preferred treatments for TRD, guiding clinical practice with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing treatment outcomes. This study underscores the importance of considering both efficacy and safety in selecting augmentation strategies for TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116018", "pubmed_id": "38924903", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116018", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38924903\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1107, "title": "Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process.", "normalized_title": "licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression the pill and the process", "authors": "Torrado Pacheco A, Moghaddam B.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine have emerged as potentially effective treatments for rapid amelioration of the symptoms of mood and related psychiatric disorders. All clinical data collected so far with regard to psilocybin or MDMA, which have reported positive outcomes for treating depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and drug or alcohol use disorders, have involved clinician-assisted intervention. While the case for ketamine is assumed to be different, the first report of the successful use of ketamine in psychiatry for treating depression was in combination with psychotherapy, and an emerging literature suggests that the subjective state of individual experiences with ketamine predicts clinical outcome. This Review will focus on (a) a brief review of the literature, showing that the context or the process of drug administration has been an integrative component of published work; (b) the importance of clinical trials to compare the efficacy of the drug (\"pill\") as a stand-alone treatment versus drug in combination with clinician-assisted psychological support (\"process\"); and (c) suggestions for future approaches in animal models that take into account the role of systems and behavioral neuroscience in explaining a potential role for context, experience, and expectancy in drug effect.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1172/jci180217", "pubmed_id": "40047885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1172/jci180217", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Depression, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40047885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1106, "title": "A Plea for Nuance: Should People with a Family History of Bipolar Disorder Be Excluded from Clinical Trials of Psilocybin Therapy?", "normalized_title": "a plea for nuance should people with a family history of bipolar disorder be excluded from clinical trials of psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Downey AE, Bradley ER, Lerche AS, O'Donovan A, Krystal AD, Woolley J.", "abstract": "BackgroundAs the field of psychedelic therapy grows, it is vital to consider who can safely engage with psilocybin therapy. In most modern clinical trials of psilocybin therapy, individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder (BD) have been excluded from participation because of their genetic predisposition for developing BD.ReviewCase studies and survey data shed light on the risks of psilocybin therapy among those with a family history of BD in the absence of data from modern clinical trials. We review existing evidence that could inform risk stratification for these individuals, including genetic proximity to the affected relative, BD type, age at onset in the relative, and participant age. Hypothesizing that the risk of developing BD may predict the risk of developing serious adverse events when engaging with psilocybin therapy, we propose a risk stratification tool to be utilized when determining the relative risks of psilocybin therapy to those with a family history of BD in the context of clinical trials.ConclusionBalancing the need for effective treatments against the potential for serious adverse events in those undergoing psilocybin therapy with a family history of BD, we argue for caution in psychedelic clinical trials but not outright exclusion of these individuals. Our risk stratification tool allows for more nuanced inclusion and exclusion criteria.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0051", "pubmed_id": "40051581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0051", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1063, "title": "Is microdosing a placebo? A rapid review of low-dose LSD and psilocybin research.", "normalized_title": "is microdosing a placebo a rapid review of low dose lsd and psilocybin research", "authors": "Polito V, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "Some recent research and commentary have suggested that most or all the effects reported by people who microdose psychedelics may be explained by expectations or placebo effects. In this rapid review, we aimed to evaluate the strength of evidence for a placebo explanation of the reported effects of microdosing. We conducted a PubMed search for all studies investigating psychedelic microdosing with controlled doses and a placebo comparator. We identified 19 placebo-controlled microdosing studies and summarised all positive and null findings across this literature. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials. The reviewed papers indicated that microdosing with LSD and psilocybin leads to changes in neurobiology, physiology, subjective experience, affect, and cognition relative to placebo. We evaluate methodological gaps and challenges in microdosing research and suggest eight reasons why current claims that microdosing is predominately a placebo are premature and possibly wrong: (1) there have been only a small number of controlled studies; (2) studies have had small sample sizes; (3) there is evidence of dose-dependent effects; (4) studies have only investigated the effects of a small number of doses; (5) the doses investigated may have been too small; (6) studies have looked only at non-clinical populations; (7) studies so far have been susceptible to selection bias; and (8) the measured impact of expectancy is small. Considering the available evidence, we conclude that it is not yet possible to determine whether microdosing is a placebo.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241254831", "pubmed_id": "38877715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241254831", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Placebo Effect, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38877715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1089, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on cognition and emotional processing in healthy adults and adults with depression: a systematic literature review.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on cognition and emotional processing in healthy adults and adults with depression a systematic literature review", "authors": "Ramos L, Vicente SG.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist in some mushroom species, has shown promise as a novel, fast-acting pharmacotherapy seeking to overcome the limitations of conventional first-line antidepressants. Studying psilocybin effects on cognition and emotional processing may help to clarify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and may also support studies with people suffering from depression. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the effects of psilocybin on these two key areas in both healthy and depressed populations.MethodA systematic search was performed on 29 January 2024, in the PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. After duplicates removal, study selection was conducted considering pre-specified criteria. Data extraction was then performed. The quality assessment of the studies was carried out using the Cochrane Collaboration tools for randomized (RoB 2.0) and non-randomized (ROBINS-I) controlled trials.ResultsTwenty articles were included, with 18 targeting healthy adults and two adults with depression. Results point to impairments within attentional and inhibitory processes, and improvements in the domains of creativity and social cognition in healthy individuals. In the population with depression, only cognitive flexibility and emotional recognition were affected, both being enhanced. The comparison of outcomes from both populations proved limited.ConclusionsPsilocybin acutely alters several cognitive domains, with a localized rather than global focus, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the significant methodological constraints call for further research, in the context of depression and with standardized protocols, with longitudinal studies also imperative.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343", "pubmed_id": "38842300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Cognition, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38842300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1112, "title": "A scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.", "normalized_title": "a scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity", "authors": "Wang CK, Kim G, Aleksandrova LR, Panenka WJ, Barr AM.", "abstract": "One of the most important developments in psychopharmacology in the past decade has been the emergence of novel treatments for mood disorders, such as psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin is most commonly found in different species of mushroom; however, the literature on mushroom and fungus extracts with potential antidepressant activity extends well beyond just psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and includes both psychedelic and non-psychedelic species. In the current review, we systematically review the preclinical literature on mushroom and fungus extracts, and their effects of animal models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity. The PICO structure, PRISMA checklist and the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of intervention were used to guide the search strategy. A scoping search was conducted in electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science. The literature search identified 50 relevant and suitable published studies. These included 19 different species of mushrooms, as well as seven different species of other fungi. Nearly all studies reported antidepressant-like effects of treatment with extracts. Treatments were most commonly delivered orally, in both acute and chronically administered studies to predominantly male rodents. Multiple animal models of depression were used, the most common being unpredictable chronic mild stress, while the tail suspension test and forced swim test were most frequently used as standalone antidepressant screens. Details on each experiment with mushroom and fungus species are discussed in detail, while an evaluation is provided of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1387158", "pubmed_id": "38887548", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1387158", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38887548\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1064, "title": "Protocols and practices in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "protocols and practices in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression a systematic review", "authors": "Chisamore N, Johnson D, Chen MJQ, Offman H, Chen-Li D, Kaczmarek ES, Doyle Z, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a promising treatment option for depression, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) providing preliminary support for its safety and efficacy. However, there is a lack of consistency across existing treatment protocols and psychotherapeutic approaches. The objective of this review is to summarize and compare current psychotherapy methods of PAP in treating depression and distress in life-threatening illnesses. We sought to comprehensively summarize published psychotherapy protocols from clinical trials to provide insights for future practices.MethodsA systematic search of four databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL) for data relating to psychotherapy protocols was conducted by two independent reviewers.ResultsIn total, our search identified 1869 articles; after removing duplicates, we screened 1107 articles. We included 70 articles in the full-text review and determined that 28 were eligible for the final review. All protocols include sessions before (preparatory) and after (integration) the psychedelic dosing session with supportive monitoring. However, there was substantial variability and inconsistencies in all other aspects of therapy protocols (e.g., duration and number of sessions, model of therapy). Additionally, significant limitations were identified in the frequent need for more clarity in the description of therapeutic approaches.ConclusionIn published clinical trials, PAP has consisted of preparation, supportive dosing, and integration sessions. Beyond this basic framework, significant heterogeneity and lack of clarity were identified in reported psychotherapy protocols, meaning a validated and universally agreed upon protocol for PAP currently does not exist. Future studies should more clearly define and report psychotherapeutic components to identify the safest and most efficacious approaches to PAP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.051", "pubmed_id": "38850581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.051", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Clinical Protocols, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38850581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3788, "title": "Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology", "normalized_title": "resetting the hippocampal buffer a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety related psychopathology", "authors": "McGovern H, Wellman N, Hutchinson B, Oestreich LKL, Cooper SE, Fonzo G, Doss M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/y8sb7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y8sb7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR858231\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3343, "title": "Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology", "normalized_title": "resetting the hippocampal buffer a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety related psychopathology", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/y8sb7_v1", "keywords": "anxiety, clinical neuroscience, hippocampus, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"y8sb7_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 939, "title": "Narrative review of the potential for psychedelics to treat Prolonged Grief Disorder.", "normalized_title": "narrative review of the potential for psychedelics to treat prolonged grief disorder", "authors": "Ehrenkranz R, Agrawal M, Penberthy JK, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is distinct from yet related to non-pathologic grief, depression, addiction, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with a prevalence of up to 10% in bereaved populations. Hallmarks of PGD include functional impairment a year or more post-bereavement and intense yearning for the deceased. Current treatments for PGD are typically psychological rather than psychopharmacological, and more treatment options are needed. Psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA may be a promising treatment avenue for PGD. Randomized clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin in reducing symptom severity in depression and MDMA in reducing PTSD symptomatology. Furthermore, psychedelics often produce subjective effects (such as transcendence, mystical experiences, and a sense of oneness) that may be uniquely relevant to the existential distress experienced in PGD. No randomized clinical trials have thus far been conducted on the safety and efficacy of psychedelics for PGD. Initial research, including survey-based studies and an open-label trial, has begun to shed light on the possible benefits of psychedelics in the alleviation of grief. While the evidence from these studies is preliminary, it suggests a consistent trend towards the effectiveness of psychedelics in grief reduction. Conducting a randomized clinical trial would be an appropriate next step to explore the potential efficacy of using psychedelics to treat PGD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2024.2357668", "pubmed_id": "39980217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357668", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Grief, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39980217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1091, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin on treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin on treatment resistant depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Fang Q, Chan VKY, Chan SSM, Jiao Y, Wang J, Li X.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115960", "pubmed_id": "38781672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115960", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38781672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 953, "title": "A Case Report of Psilocybin-induced Psychosis in a Predisposed Patient", "normalized_title": "a case report of psilocybin induced psychosis in a predisposed patient", "authors": "S Morris", "abstract": "Psilocybin is gaining popularity as research shows potential benefits to those with anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Individuals with risk factors for psychosis are typically excluded from such studies, limiting the empiric research of the risks and benefits in vulnerable populations. In the real-world setting, many individuals who seek treatment with psilocybin will have comorbid psychiatric conditions and other factors that predispose them to psychosis. We report a case of a patient with multiple predisposing risk factors, including a history of depression, personality disorder traits, and cannabis use, who experienced a psychotic episode with catatonic features and suicidality after several months of heavy psilocybin use. A review of similar previously published case reports demonstrates a pattern of psilocybin-induced psychosis occurring primarily in individuals with predisposing factors who have consumed either high or repeated doses of the drug. This case report furthers this pattern, which serves as both a warning that psilocybin use is not without risks and reassurance for researchers using much lower doses to treat mental illness.", "journal": "Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2024-05-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.9758/cpn.24.1180", "pubmed_id": "39420616", "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.9758/cpn.24.1180", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychosis, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4398182074\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4398182074\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1966197040\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995256288\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025684297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028825681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061372721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2800624902\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901140666\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158216155\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249972766\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288513893\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310598708\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006127904\",\"display_name\":\"S Morris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764824292\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.9758/cpn.24.1180\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Personality Change,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4398182074" }, { "id": 1137, "title": "Alterations in brain network connectivity and subjective experience induced by psychedelics: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "alterations in brain network connectivity and subjective experience induced by psychedelics a scoping review", "authors": "Yu Z, Burback L, Winkler O, Xu L, Dennett L, Vermetten E, Greenshaw A, Li XM, Milne M, Wang F, Cao B, Winship IR, Zhang Y, Chan AW.", "abstract": "Intense interest surrounds current research on psychedelics, particularly regarding their potential in treating mental health disorders. Various studies suggest a link between the subjective effects produced by psychedelics and their therapeutic efficacy. Neuroimaging evidence indicates an association of changes in brain functional connectivity with the subjective effects of psychedelics. We conducted a review focusing on psychedelics and brain functional connectivity. The review focused on four psychedelic drugs: ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD, and the entactogen MDMA. We conducted searches in databases of MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo and Scopus from inception to Jun 2023 by keywords related to functional connectivity and psychedelics. Using the PRISMA framework, we selected 24 articles from an initial pool of 492 for analysis. This scoping review and analysis investigated the effects of psychedelics on subjective experiences and brain functional connectivity in healthy individuals. The studies quantified subjective effects through psychometric scales, revealing significant experiences of altered consciousness, mood elevation, and mystical experiences induced by psychedelics. Neuroimaging results indicated alterations in the functional connectivity of psychedelics, with consistent findings across substances of decreased connectivity within the default mode network and increased sensory and thalamocortical connectivity. Correlations between these neurophysiological changes and subjective experiences were noted, suggesting a brain network basis of the psychedelics' neuropsychological impact. While the result of the review provides a potential neural mechanism of the subjective effects of psychedelics, direct clinical evidence is needed to advance their clinical outcomes. Our research serves as a foundation for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386321", "pubmed_id": "38807690", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386321", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38807690\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3534, "title": "An Open-Label Investigation of the Effects of Sub-Perceptual Repeat Dosing of Psilocybin on the Behavioural and Cognitive Symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome in Adult Patients", "normalized_title": "an open label investigation of the effects of sub perceptual repeat dosing of psilocybin on the behavioural and cognitive symptoms of fragile x syndrome in adult patients", "authors": "Nova Mentis Life Science Corp", "abstract": "Diverse symptomatology makes Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) difficult to treat, and currently there are no approved prevention or treatment methods for FXS. Current therapies, including pharmaceutical and behavioural interventions, offer a patchwork of solutions that have limited efficacy and high toxicity. The current study aims to examine psilocybin as a safe treatment alternative with the ability to improve markers of cognition, communication, mood, behavior as well as markers of neuroinflammation, serotonin levels in exosomes, and neuroplasticity at sub-hallucinogenic doses (microdosing). The overall objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of low-dose psilocybin as a therapeutic option for individuals living with FXS and to improve diagnostic parameters of FXS, as well as therapeutic responses with the use of biomarkers. A total of 10 subjects who meet all the inclusion criteria and does not meet any of the exclusion criteria will be enrolled into the study. Any subjects prematurely terminated from the study will be replaced to ensure 10 subjects complete the study. A study coordinator will contact referring clinicians, caregivers, and subjects to pre-screen for initial eligibility. Those deemed eligible will be invited for an in-person screening along with the participating caregiver. The screening visit will be approximately two hours long and will consist of informed consent, diagnostic interview, physical examination, drugs of abuse test (DOA), ECG, medical/treatment history review, and demographic forms. A pregnancy test will be performed on females of child-bearing during screening, baseline, and end-of-study visits. All eligible subjects will enter the treatment arm of the study. Subjects and caregivers will return to the clinic for a baseline visit within three weeks of their screening completion. Baseline visit will include saliva/buccal swab collection, and clinician and self-report assessments for subjects and caregivers. These assessments will include the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition (VABS-3), Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I), Visual Analog Scale-Treatment Satisfaction (VAS-TS), the Anxiety, Depression and Mood Scale (ADAMS), and the Systematic Assessment For Treatment Emergent Events (SAFTEE). Digital assessments may also be performed at the baseline visit or at home at the discretion of the qualified investigator. Digital assessments will include the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery Modified for Intellectual Disabilities (NIH-TCB), the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). The study drug will be dispensed in blister packs to monitor adherence and improve subject compliance. Blister packs will be prepared and distributed at each subsequent visit. Subjects will return to the clinic for study visits on day 8, 15, 22, and 28 (study end date). Subjects and caregivers will complete the assessments described above. Subjects will provide additional saliva/buccal swab samples at day 15 and day 28.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05832255", "keywords": "Fragile X Syndrome, Behavior, Cognitive Dysfunction, Psilocybin, 1.5 mg, SUSPENDED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05832255\",\"overall_status\":\"SUSPENDED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Microdosing,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3311, "title": "Effects of Classical Psychedelics on Implicit and Explicit Emotional Empathy and Cognitive Empathy: A Meta-analysis of MET task", "normalized_title": "effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy a meta analysis of met task", "authors": "Olami A, Peled-Avron L.", "abstract": "This meta-analysis investigates the effect of classic psychedelic drugs on empathy and focuses on cognitive and emotional empathy measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Empathy entails the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and is a significant component of social interaction. Several studies have examined the effects of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin and ayahuasca on empathy, yet their overall effect has not been studied so far. In this meta analysis, we reviewed data from studies up to November 2023 with the aim of examining the effects of various psychedelic drugs on empathic abilities broadly. Our findings suggest that classical psychedelics significantly enhance explicit and implicit emotional empathy without affecting measures of cognitive empathy. The results emphasize the need to continue testing the therapeutic potential of classic psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.02.592231", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.02.592231", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR848109\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1139, "title": "EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis", "normalized_title": "expression of concern efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "British Medical Journal Publishing Group", "abstract": "The journal and the authors are investigating the problem.The study analysed data from randomised trials of psilocybin for the treatment of depression in adults.A methodological concern has been raised about an error in the calculation of standardised mean differences.This is likely to have overestimated the benefits of psilocybin.The authors are reviewing and responding to the error and its implications for the findings and conclusions of the paper.The authors' response will be reviewed by The BMJ who will decide what further action is needed.", "journal": "BMJ", "publication_date": "2024-05-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.q1025", "pubmed_id": "38704154", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1025", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Meta-analysis, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Psychology, Clinical trial, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396634501\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396634501\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"British Medical Journal Publishing Group\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4393917726\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1025\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4396634501" }, { "id": 4631, "title": "Efficacy of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Substance and Alcohol Use Disorders", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of substance and alcohol use disorders", "authors": "Hanna Brancaccio", "abstract": "Introduction: Substance use disorder (SUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are major public health crises, affecting millions of Americans. Current treatment options include behavioral therapies and medications. In this review, we explored psilocybin’s efficacy in treating SUD and AUD. Methods: Key terms were used to search databases to identify articles that addressed psilocybin in the treatment of SUD. Included in the review were indexed, peer-reviewed, primary sources that were published within the last 10 years. Excluded studies were non-peer reviewed, not relevant to the thesis, and did not have an English translation. Results: The psychodynamic antidepressant effects of psilocybin mark its potential as treatment for depression and other mental health disorders. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of psilocybin as a complement to psychotherapy for AUD reported notable an overall decrease in alcohol consumption compared to control groups. Similarly, other trials concluded that participants reported improvement of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, participants suffering from mental health disorders who experimented with microdosing reported improved focus, confidence, and relationships alongside decreased social anxiety. Animal models proved that psilocybin disrupted alcohol-related memories and alcohol-seeking behaviors; thus, psilocybin therapy may be beneficial in preventing relapse in patients with AUD. Discussion: Current studies show that psilocybin has potential as a treatment for SUD and AUD. Studies on psilocybin have various limitations, such as small sample sizes, reliance on self-reported data, and the inability to fully replicate the psychedelic experience in animal models. Despite limitations, these findings provide a strong rationale for conducting future high quality research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31986/issn.2689-0690_rdw.stratford_research_day.149_2024", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.31986/issn.2689-0690_rdw.stratford_research_day.149_2024", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Substance use, Alcohol, Psychiatry, Alcohol use disorder, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Psychology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401380403\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401380403\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114746034\",\"display_name\":\"Hanna Brancaccio\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8005-9276\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.31986/issn.2689-0690_rdw.stratford_research_day.149_2024\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401380403" }, { "id": 1151, "title": "The effect of psychedelics on the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psychedelics on the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Shafiee A, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Rafiei MA, Esmaeilpur Abianeh F, Razmara P, Jafarabady K, Amini MJ", "abstract": "Recent interest in the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics has led to investigations into their influence on molecular signaling pathways within the brain. Integrated review and analysis of different studies in this field. A systematic search was conducted across international databases including Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed from inception to 9 July 2023. Eligibility criteria encompassed published and peer-reviewed studies evaluating changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after psychedelic consumption. A total of nine studies were included in our study. The meta-analysis demonstrated significantly higher BDNF levels in psychedelic consumers compared to healthy controls, with a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.10-0.42, = 38.51%, More precisely, the documented rise in BDNF levels indicates a neurobiological mechanism by which psychedelics could enhance synaptic plasticity and foster the growth of neurons. Given the limited data available on this topic, the conclusions remain uncertain. Consequently, we highly recommend additional research with more extensive sample sizes to yield more reliable evidence in this field.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241234247", "pubmed_id": "38385351", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38385351/", "keywords": "BDNF, LSD, MDMA, Psychedelics, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38385351\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1146, "title": "Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.", "normalized_title": "safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy a meta analysis and systematic review", "authors": "Romeo B, Kervadec E, Fauvel B, Strika-Bruneau L, Amirouche A, Verroust V, Piolino P, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Psychotherapies assisted by psychedelic substances have shown promising results in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate safety data in human subjects. We carried out a search on MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO databases between 2000 and 2022. Standardized mean differences between different dose ranges and between acute and subacute phases were calculated for cardiovascular data after psychedelic administration. Risk differences were calculated for serious adverse events and common side effects. Thirty studies were included in this meta-analysis. There were only nine serious adverse events for over 1000 administrations of psychedelic substances (one during the acute phase and 8 during the post-acute phase). There were no suicide attempts during the acute phase and 3 participants engaged in self-harm during the post-acute phase. There was an increased risk for elevated heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure for all dose range categories, as well as an increased risk of nausea during the acute phase. Other common side effects included headaches, anxiety, and decreased concentration or appetite. This meta-analysis demonstrates that psychedelics are well-tolerated, with a low risk of emerging serious adverse events in a controlled setting with appropriate inclusion criteria.", "journal": "Psychiatry research", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880", "pubmed_id": "38579460", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38579460/", "keywords": "Adverse events, LSD, Meta-analysis, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Side effects", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38579460\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1142, "title": "Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Metaxa AM, Clarke M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of psilocybin as an antidepressant compared with placebo or non-psychoactive drugs.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesFive electronic databases of published literature (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index and Conference Proceedings Citation Index, and PsycInfo) and four databases of unpublished and international literature (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and PsycEXTRA), and handsearching of reference lists, conference proceedings, and abstracts.Data synthesis and study qualityInformation on potential treatment effect moderators was extracted, including depression type (primary or secondary), previous use of psychedelics, psilocybin dosage, type of outcome measure (clinician rated or self-reported), and personal characteristics (eg, age, sex). Data were synthesised using a random effects meta-analysis model, and observed heterogeneity and the effect of covariates were investigated with subgroup analyses and metaregression. Hedges’ g was used as a measure of treatment effect size, to account for small sample effects and substantial differences between the included studies’ sample sizes. Study quality was appraised using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias 2 tool, and the quality of the aggregated evidence was evaluated using GRADE guidelines.Eligibility criteriaRandomised trials in which psilocybin was administered as a standalone treatment for adults with clinically significant symptoms of depression and change in symptoms was measured using a validated clinician rated or self-report scale. Studies with directive psychotherapy were included if the psychotherapeutic component was present in both experimental and control conditions. Participants with depression regardless of comorbidities (eg, cancer) were eligible.ResultsMeta-analysis on 436 participants (228 female participants), average age 36-60 years, from seven of the nine included studies showed a significant benefit of psilocybin (Hedges’ g=0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.86, P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2023-078084", "pubmed_id": "38692686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078084", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38692686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1116, "title": "In the new era of psychedelic assisted therapy: A systematic review of study methodology in randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "in the new era of psychedelic assisted therapy a systematic review of study methodology in randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Soliman PS, Curley DE, Capone C, Eaton E, Haass-Koffler CL.", "abstract": "Recent years have seen a resurgence in randomized, placebo controlled trials (RCTs) utilizing non-classical psychedelics (e.g. 3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine [MDMA]), and classical psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], and N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT/ayahuasca]) in conjunction with assisted therapy (AT) for psychiatric disorders. A notable methodological challenge in psychedelic AT, however, is the complexity of blinding procedures. The lack of efficacious blinding can introduce considerable response bias, reduce internal validity, and compromise participant retention. This systematic review examines design and blinding techniques in RCTs utilizing psychedelics and placebo for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this work is to identify factors that may inform future RTC design for conducting psychedelics research. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Psycinfo, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection to examine: (1) placebo selection, (2) study design, and (3) integrity of blinding measures. Sixteen publications were identified as meeting the criteria for a systematic review. Our findings suggest that traditional placebo administration is insufficient to control for expectancy confounds. Consequently, experimental methodology that limits personnel unblinding and the use of an active placebo are important considerations when designing prospective clinical studies involving psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06598-6", "pubmed_id": "38683460", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06598-6", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Mental Disorders, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38683460\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1159, "title": "Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon", "normalized_title": "review of psilocybin use for depression among cancer patients after approval in oregon", "authors": "Val Bellman", "abstract": "Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon's Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon's pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.", "journal": "Cancers", "publication_date": "2024-04-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/cancers16091702", "pubmed_id": "38730654", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091702", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Legalization, Medicine, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Bellman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0845-2450\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168415115\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cancers\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091702\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4396230194" }, { "id": 1162, "title": "Psilocybin therapy and anorexia nervosa: a narrative review of safety considerations for researchers and clinicians.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy and anorexia nervosa a narrative review of safety considerations for researchers and clinicians", "authors": "Downey AE, Chaphekar AV, Woolley J, Raymond-Flesch M.", "abstract": "BackgroundClinical trials using psilocybin therapy to treat anorexia nervosa (AN) are currently underway. The safety and tolerability of psilocybin is of utmost importance in individuals with AN who may present unique medical vulnerabilities. The purpose of this review is to describe how the common physiologic adverse effects of psilocybin may impact medical complications experienced by individuals with AN in clinical trials of psilocybin therapy.Main bodyThe physiologic underpinnings of common adverse effects following psilocybin administration are described, including tachycardia, hypertension, electrocardiogram changes, nausea, headache, and lightheadedness. These anticipated physiologic changes are described in relation to the common medical correlates seen in individuals with AN. Risk mitigation strategies for each adverse effect are proposed.ConclusionEarly evidence suggests that psilocybin therapy is well-tolerated in individuals with AN. Understanding the unique medical complications of AN, and how they may be impacted by common physiologic adverse effects of psilocybin administration, leads to tailored risk mitigation strategies to enhance safety and tolerability of this novel intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01005-z", "pubmed_id": "38659049", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01005-z", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38659049\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4638, "title": "MedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, and More", "normalized_title": "medcheck psilocybin for depression lsd for anxiety donanemab lsd and more", "authors": "Terri D’Arrigo", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, and MoreTerri D'ArrigoTerri D'ArrigoPublished Online:23 Apr 2024https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1Vanda Gets Yes for Iloperidone for Bipolar, No for InsomniaVanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. announced in April that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the antipsychotic Fanapt (iloperidone) for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults. Iloperidone has been approved for the acute treatment of schizophrenia since 2009.The approval was based on a phase 3 clinical trial of 414 adults with a history of bipolar I disorder. After four weeks of treatment, patients treated with iloperidone exhibited a 14-point drop on the Young Mania Rating Scale, compared with a 10-point drop among patients taking placebo. A statistically significant difference in mania improvement between iloperidone and placebo was evident after two weeks.The success of iloperidone offsets the decision that Vanda received in March, when the FDA rejected its melatonin receptor-blocking drug Hetlioz (tasimelteon) as a treatment for insomnia. The agency stated that it \"identified deficiencies that precluded discussion of labeling and postmarketing requirements/commitments.\"Psilocybin Analog Gets Breakthrough Designation From FDAIn March, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to the psilocybin analog CYB003 for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), Cybin announced. The FDA's Breakthrough Therapy designation expedites the development and review of drugs for serious conditions. The criteria for Breakthrough Therapy designation require preliminary clinical evidence that indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy on at least one clinically significant endpoint.The Breakthrough Designation was based on data from a phase 2 trial that compared CYB003 and placebo in 34 patients with moderate to severe MDD. Patients in the trial who received two doses of either 12 mg or 16 mg of CYB003 experienced an average 22-point reduction from baseline on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after four months. Sixty percent of patients who received 12 mg and 75% of those who received 16 mg were in remission (MADRS score of less than or equal to 10) after four months.There were no drug-related serious adverse events, incidents of suicidal ideation or behavior, or discontinuations due to adverse events.Form of LSD Granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for AnxietyThe FDA also gave Breakthrough Therapy designation to another psychedelic therapy in March, Mind Medicine Inc's MM120 (lysergide d-tartrate) for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. MM120 is a tartrate salt form of lysergide, more commonly known as LSD. The FDA granted the designation based on data from the phase 2 MMED008 study.The study included 194 patients who had severe symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder with an average baseline score of roughly 30 on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Patients were then randomized to receive treatment with 25, 50, 100, or 200 μg of MM120 or placebo. Those who received 100 µg had an average 21.3-point reduction in HAM-A score at week 4, compared with an average reduction of 13.7-point reduction in those who took placebo. Results were similar at week 12, suggesting this medication provides a durable response.Pimavanserin Fails Phase 3 Schizophrenia TrialPatients with schizophrenia who took Nuplazid (pimavanserin) in the phase 3 ADVANCE-2 trial did not experience a statistically significant improvement in their negative symptoms compared with patients who took placebo, Acadia Pharmaceuticals announced in March.In the 26-week trial, 454 adults with predominant negative symptoms of schizophrenia were randomized to receive either two 17 mg tablets of pimavanserin or placebo daily. At study's end, those who took pimavanserin experienced a mean reduction of 11.8 points from baseline on the Negative Symptom Assessment-16, compared with a mean reduction of 11.1 points among those in the placebo group.\"We are disappointed the trial did not meet its primary endpoint given the significant unmet need in patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia,\" said Steve Davis, J.D., Acadia's chief executive officer in the announcement. \"We will continue to analyze these data with our scientific advisors, but we do not intend to conduct any further clinical trials with pimavanserin.\"FDA Meeting Will Delay Decision on Donanemab For Early Alzheimer'sIn March Eli Lilly & Co. announced that the FDA's Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee will hold a meeting to discuss the Phase 3 TRAILBLAZER-ALZ2 trial on the efficacy and safety of donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. As Psychiatric News went to press, the FDA had not yet set a date for the meeting. Lilly had expected the FDA to approve donanemab in the first quarter of 2024, and this meeting will delay that decision.According to the statement by Lilly, the FDA wanted to further understand the safety results in donanemab-treated patients and how the unique trial design of the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ2 study might affect efficacy findings. The study required participants to have evidence of both amyloid and tau pathology and featured a limited-duration dosing regimen that allowed patients to complete treatment based on an assessment of amyloid plaque.The FDA had previously granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to donanemab based on the Phase 2 clinical trial TRAILBLAZER-ALZ. In that trial, patients who received donanemab experienced less cognitive and functional decline over the course of the trial, as measured by the change from baseline on the Integrated Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale.The FDA later declined to accept donanemab into the accelerated approval pathway. ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2024-04-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Depression (economics), Psychology, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Economics, Macroeconomics, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4395032120\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4395032120\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:cyb003\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056763663\",\"display_name\":\"Terri D’Arrigo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4395032120" }, { "id": 1040, "title": "Emerging drugs in phase II and III clinical development for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "emerging drugs in phase ii and iii clinical development for the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Köhne S, Hillemacher T, Glahn A, Bach P.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlcohol Use Disorder (AUD) poses an ongoing significant global health burden. AUD is highly prevalent and affects not only the individuals with AUD, but also their communities and society at large. Even though pharmacotherapy is an integral part of AUD treatment, the few available substances show limited efficacy and limited clinical impact. Thus, there is a need for new innovative pharmacotherapeutic approaches.Areas coveredThis paper provides a comprehensive review of drugs approved for the treatment of AUD as well as those currently in phase II and III development. Data from recent clinical trials has been reviewed and supplemented by additional literature based on a systematic search of the PubMed database and clinical trials registries. Compounds discussed include disulfiram, naltrexone, nalmefene, acamprosat, baclofen, sodium oxybate, doxazosin, varenicline, zonisamide, gabapentin, apremilast, ibudilast, ivermectin, tolcapone, mifepristone, suvorexant, ketamine, psilocybin, semaglutide, oxytocin and cannabidiol.Expert opinionEven though the majority of the discussed compounds lack sufficient evidence to support their efficacy, multiple promising new treatment options are currently under investigation. Future research has to consider specific phenotypes and subgroups of AUD as well as a possible enhancement of the effects of psychotherapy through combination with pharmacotherapy. Practitioners should be encouraged to use available compounds to support existing therapeutic regimens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/14728214.2024.2342951", "pubmed_id": "38606899", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2024.2342951", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Alcohol Deterrents, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Drug Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38606899\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 982, "title": "Trips Through the Skin: Reviewing Cutaneous Drug Reactions to Psychedelics and Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "trips through the skin reviewing cutaneous drug reactions to psychedelics and hallucinogens", "authors": "Rahman SM, Salem Y, Hussain A.", "abstract": "Although psychedelic and hallucinogenic substances have gained popularity for therapeutic use, their dermatologic adverse effects are poorly characterized. This review characterizes the cutaneous reactions associated with psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs. A review of PubMed and Scopus was conducted from the inception of databases to August 31, 2023. Search terms included drug names and classes (cannabis, MDMA, ecstasy, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, psychedelics, hallucinogens, peyote, marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, ketamine, dimethyltryptamine, DMT, phencyclidine, PCP, dextromethorphan, psilocybin, and ayahuasca), and dermatosis terms (dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug eruption, skin reaction, and urticaria). Studies were included if there was an association with a psychedelic or hallucinogenic and any cutaneous reaction; studies without both components were excluded. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria, describing reactions to cannabis (10 studies), MDMA (5 studies), ketamine (4 studies), and psilocybin (3 studies). Forty total patients were included. Among cannabis-related reactions, the most common reaction was type I hypersensitivity by topical exposure (n = 21). Three patients reported type IV hypersensitivity reactions to contact with cannabis or cannabis-derived oils, all of whom experienced vesicular contact dermatitis. Two additional patients presented with an erythema-multiforme-like reaction and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis after systemic administration, respectively. MDMA was associated with acneiform eruptions (2 cases), an urticarial eruption, a guttate psoriasis-like reaction, a fixed drug eruption, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1 case). Four patients reported type I hypersensitivity reactions to ketamine. Four patients reported vesicular eruptions, cyanosis, or widespread jaundice to psilocybin. Of the cases, 8 patients had cutaneous reactions that resolved with drug cessation, 10 resolved with cessation plus treatment, and resolution in 7 cases was not reported. Zero studies were found describing other psychedelic or hallucinogenic compounds. Further research is required to characterize reactions and treatments linked to the variety of extant psychedelics and hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/derm.2023.0292", "pubmed_id": "38634840", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/derm.2023.0292", "keywords": "Skin, Humans, Drug Eruptions, Ketamine, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38634840\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1094, "title": "A taxonomy of regulatory and policy matters relevant to psychedelic-assisted therapy in Australia.", "normalized_title": "a taxonomy of regulatory and policy matters relevant to psychedelic assisted therapy in australia", "authors": "Hatfield SP, Thornton NL, Greenstien K, Glozier N.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThe Australian government recently rescheduled psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for limited clinical uses. This change has raised various regulatory concerns and challenges for the field of psychedelic-assisted therapy. To provide clarity, we aimed to comprehensively catalogue the matters relating to psychedelic-assisted therapy that are or could be regulated.MethodsWe conducted a desktop review of the literature and current regulatory sources, semi-structured interviews with professionals who had expertise in fields relating to psychedelic-assisted therapy and a framework analysis to generate a taxonomy of relevant regulatory matters. In relation to each matter, we further identified what type of regulation (if any) currently applies to that matter, any uncertainty as to how the matter should be addressed in clinical practice in the context of current regulation and whether there are conflicting views as to how the matter could or should be further regulated.ResultsThe taxonomy is structured into six main regulatory domains, three of which have a substantial proportion of matters with uncertainty or conflicting views: Service Establishment, Practitioner, and Treatment Delivery. Key examples of such matters include the location of services and facilities required, which professionals are eligible to become psychedelic therapists, and with what qualifications and experience. Matters in the remaining three domains, Patient Evaluation, Drug Supply and Service Oversight, appear by comparison relatively settled, with regulation either well-established or thought unnecessary.ConclusionsThe taxonomy provides a roadmap for health services establishing and implementing a psychedelic-assisted therapy program, or for government and other policymakers when determining areas that may require further regulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/00048674241240597", "pubmed_id": "38628079", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241240597", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Health Policy, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38628079\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3724, "title": "Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for dementia prevention the potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "authors": "Haniff ZR, Bocharova M, Mantingh T, Rucker JJ, Velayudhan L, Taylor DM, Young AH, Aarsland D, Vernon AC, Thuret S.", "abstract": "Major depression is an established risk factor for subsequent dementia, and depression in late life may also represent a prodromal state of dementia. Considering current challenges in the clinical development of disease modifying therapies for dementia, the focus of research is shifting towards prevention and modification of risk factors to alter the neurodegenerative disease trajectory. Understanding mechanistic commonalities underlying affective symptoms and cognitive decline may reveal biomarkers to aid early identification of those at risk of progressing to dementia during the preclinical phase of disease, thus allowing for timely intervention. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a phenomenon that describes the birth of new neurons in the dentate gyrus throughout life and it is associated with spatial learning, memory and mood regulation. Microglia are innate immune system macrophages in the central nervous system that carefully regulate AHN via multiple mechanisms. Disruption in AHN is associated with both dementia and major depression and microgliosis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, including neurogenesis, and may also be immunomodulatory. In this context, psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist with rapid-acting antidepressant properties has the potential to ameliorate intersecting pathophysiological processes relevant for both major depression and neurodegenerative diseases. In this narrative review, we focus on the evidence base for the effects of psilocybin on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial form and function; which may suggest that psilocybin has the potential to modulate multiple mechanisms of action, and may have implications in altering the progression from major depression to dementia in those at risk.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641", "pubmed_id": "38583670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Microglia, Animals, Humans, Dementia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neurogenesis, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38583670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3726, "title": "[Psychedelic psychiatry].", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry", "authors": "López E, Yngwe H, Beckman M, Tiger M, Hieronymus F, Lundberg J.", "abstract": "In the last 20 years there has been an increased interest in research on psychedelic compounds for treatment of psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety and substance use disorders. Despite existing treatments being efficacious for many patients, this is not the case for up to a third of the patients with depression. Additionally, treatments are often long and associated with side effects. This review focuses on the psychedelic compound psilocybin, a serotonin-2A-receptor agonist that has been seen to reduce depression and anxiety in patients after administration of only a single dose, with effects lasting several weeks. Recent findings from phase II studies suggest that psilocybin treatment for depression is safe and efficacious. A phase III study is currently recruiting. Whether psychedelics will become a part of standard healthcare remains to be seen, but findings do give rise to cautious optimism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "38572715", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38572715", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38572715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4658, "title": "Current situation regarding psychedelics and magic mushroom in Korea", "normalized_title": "current situation regarding psychedelics and magic mushroom in korea", "authors": "J. S. Seo", "abstract": "Introduction Recently, the pros and cons have been debating in Korea even before the approval of use of medical marijuana with very strict limitations. And the next controversial topic is psychedelics. In 1890, when mescaline was first isolated from peyote cactus, clinical researches began, but due to its harmful effects, it was thereafter legally prohibited in 1970 in USA. However, a pernicious debate over the medical efficacy of psychedelic drugs has begun again with the release of a study that uses psychedelic mushrooms to be effective against treatment-resistant depression, alcohol dependence, and depression and anxiety in terminal cancer patient. Objectives To make a consensus on the medical use of these, we reviewed wild mushrooms containing hallucinogenic ingredients living in Korea. Methods To make a consensus on the medical use of these, we reviewed wild mushrooms containing hallucinogenic ingredients living in Korea. Results Mushrooms have long been popular as a food ingredient in Korea. Psilocybin, a classical psychedelic, can be obtained from magic mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis). The psilocybin on the CNS and causes hallucinations. Intoxication symptoms include pleasant or nervousness, sudden laughter, hallucinations, visual impairment, tachycardia and hypertension, reflexes, agitation, cognitive impairment, confusion, and aggressive behavior. These symptoms last for 2-4 hours after ingestion, and most disappear within six hours. Among 114 species of Psilocybe containing psilocybin around the world, only five wild mushrooms found in Korea that cause nervous system hallucinations are as follows: P. argentipes, P. coprophila, P. perdaria, and P. subcarulipes. In Korea, there is acute poisoning case suffering with GI symptoms caused by mushrooms, but it is difficult to find records of abuse or dependences case caused by psychedelic mushrooms. In addition, although oriental medicine treatment is relatively active, it is not used as an herbal medicine. Conclusions Currently, the Korean government classifies psychedelic mushroom-derived substances, Psilocybin and Psilocin, as psychotropic drugs by law. If researcher intends to clinical trial with eve very small amount of it for academic purpose, it is only possible after obtaining approval from Korean FDA. In order to determine the usefulness of psychedelics, many clinical studies are needed in Korea. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": "European Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1695", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1695", "keywords": "Mushroom, MAGIC (telescope), Psychology, Biology, Physics, Food science, Astronomy, Food Quality and Safety Studies, Ecology and Conservation Studies, Plant and animal studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401921810\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401921810\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":8,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111303550\",\"display_name\":\"J. S. Seo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S87202501\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1695\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401921810" }, { "id": 1172, "title": "Acute Adverse Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "acute adverse effects of therapeutic doses of psilocybin a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yerubandi A, Thomas JE, Bhuiya NMMA, Harrington C, Villa Zapata L, Caballero J.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin has been studied in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Clinical studies have mainly focused on efficacy, with systematic reviews showing favorable efficacy; however, none have primarily focused on psilocybin safety.ObjectiveTo evaluate the acute adverse effects of psilocybin at therapeutic doses in the treatment of depression and anxiety.Data sourcesMEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for publications available between 1966 and November 30, 2023.Study selectionRandomized, double-blind clinical trials that reported adverse effects of psilocybin in patients treated for depression and anxiety were screened.Data extraction and synthesisData were independently extracted by 2 authors and verified by 2 additional authors following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. The inverse variance method with the Hartung-Knapp adjustment for the random-effects model was used, with a continuity correction of 0.5 for studies with 0 cell frequencies. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially removing 1 study at a time to assess the robustness of the results.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was considered as the adverse effects of psilocybin at high and moderate (ie, therapeutic) dose regimens and compared with placebo, low-dose psilocybin, or other comparator in the treatment of depression and/or anxiety.ResultsSix studies met the inclusion criteria with a total sample of 528 participants (approximately 51% female; median age 39.8 years; IQR, 39.8-41.2). Seven adverse effects were reported in multiple studies and included in the analysis. Among these, headache (relative risk [RR], 1.99; 95% CI1.06-3.74), nausea (RR, 8.85; 95% CI, 5.68-13.79), anxiety (RR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.11-4.64), dizziness (RR, 5.81; 95% CI, 1.02-33.03), and elevated blood pressure (RR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.15- 4.53) were statistically significant. Psilocybin use was not associated with risk of paranoia and transient thought disorder.Conclusions and relevanceIn this meta-analysis, the acute adverse effect profile of therapeutic single-dose psilocybin appeared to be tolerable and resolved within 48 hours. However, future studies need to more actively evaluate the appropriate management of adverse effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5960", "pubmed_id": "38598236", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5960", "keywords": "Humans, Dizziness, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38598236\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1108, "title": "Spectral signatures of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "spectral signatures of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide lsd and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment resistant depression a systematic review", "authors": "Le GH, Wong S, Badulescu S, Au H, Di Vincenzo JD, Gill H, Phan L, Rhee TG, Ho R, Teopiz KM, Kwan ATH, Rosenblat JD, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundElectrophysiologic measures provide an opportunity to inform mechanistic models and possibly biomarker prediction of response. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) and ketamine represent new investigational and established treatments in mood disorders respectively. There is a need to better characterize the mechanism of action of these agents.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review investigating the spectral signatures of psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and healthy controls.ResultsKetamine and SPs are associated with increased theta power in persons with depression. Ketamine and SPs are also associated with decreased spectral power in the alpha, beta and delta bands in healthy controls and persons with depression. When administered with SPs, theta power was increased in persons with MDD when administered with SPs. Ketamine is associated with increased gamma band power in both healthy controls and persons with MDD.LimitationsThe studies included in our review were heterogeneous in their patient population, exposure, dosing of treatment and devices used to evaluate EEG and MEG signatures. Our results were extracted entirely from persons who were either healthy volunteers or persons with MDD or TRD.ConclusionsExtant literature evaluating EEG and MEG spectral signatures indicate that ketamine and SPs have reproducible effects in keeping with disease models of network connectivity. Future research vistas should evaluate whether observed spectral signatures can guide further discovery of therapeutics within the psychedelic and dissociative classes of agents, and its prediction capability in persons treated for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165", "pubmed_id": "38570038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38570038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1147, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yao Y, Guo D, Lu TS, Liu FL, Huang SH, Diao MQ, Li SX, Zhang XJ, Kosten TR, Shi J, Bao YP, Lu L, Han Y.", "abstract": "We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze the effectiveness and safety of psychedelics [psilocybin, ayahuasca (active component DMT), LSD and MDMA] in treating symptoms of various mental disorders. Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and PubMed were searched up to February 2024 and 126 articles were finally included. Results showed that psilocybin has the largest number of articles on treating mood disorders (N = 28), followed by ayahuasca (N = 7) and LSD (N = 6). Overall, psychedelics have therapeutic effects on mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Specifically, psilocybin (Hedges' g = -1.49, 95% CI [-1.67, -1.30]) showed the strongest therapeutic effect among four psychedelics, followed by ayahuasca (Hedges' g = -1.34, 95% CI [-1.86, -0.82]), MDMA (Hedges' g = -0.83, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.32]), and LSD (Hedges' g = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.03, -0.27]). A small amount of evidence also supports psychedelics improving tobacco addiction, eating disorders, sleep disorders, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder. The most common adverse event with psychedelics was headache. Nearly a third of the articles reported that no participants reported lasting adverse effects. Our analyses suggest that psychedelics reduce negative mood, and have potential efficacy in other mental disorders, such as substance-use disorders and PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115886", "pubmed_id": "38574699", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115886", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38574699\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Headache / Migraine,Personality Change,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4660, "title": "MedCheck; Psilocybin, Roluperidone, Latozinemab, Lacosamide", "normalized_title": "medcheck psilocybin roluperidone latozinemab lacosamide", "authors": "Terri D’Arrigo", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMedCheck; Psilocybin, Roluperidone, Latozinemab, LacosamideTerri D'ArrigoTerri D'ArrigoPublished Online:26 Mar 2024https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.04.4.1Psilocybin Promising for Anxiety DisorderIncannex's investigational psilocybin product PSX-001 appeared to be effective in relieving symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder in a phase 2 clinical trial, the company announced in February.In the PsiGAD1 trial, 72 patients with generalized anxiety disorder were randomized> to receive psychotherapy with either psilocybin or placebo for seven weeks. Their symptoms were measured with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) at baseline and at 11 weeks.The reduction in HAM-A score from baseline in the psilocybin group was 12.8 points, compared with a reduction of 3.6 points in the placebo group. In addition, 44% of patients in the psilocybin group showed a clinically meaningful improvement (at least a 50% reduction in anxiety scores from baseline), which was more than four times higher than that of the placebo group. Further, 27% of patients in the psilocybin group achieved full disease remission, a rate more than five times higher than that of the placebo group.FDA Rejects Roluperidone for Negative Symptoms of SchizophreniaIn February the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rejected the New Drug Application (NDA) for roluperidone for the treatment of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, Minerva Neurosciences announced.In its Complete Response Letter, the FDA cited several clinical deficiencies:Although one study (MIN-101C03) demonstrated statistical improvements in negative symptoms, it is insufficient on its own to establish substantial evidence of effectiveness.The NDA submission also did not establish that the change in negative symptoms with roluperidone treatment was clinically meaningful.The NDA submission lacked data on concomitant antipsychotic administration.The safety data did not include enough patients exposed to roluperidone at the proposed 64 mg dose for at least 12 months.The FDA's letter stated that Minerva must submit at least one additional positive, adequate, and well-controlled study to support the safety and effectiveness of roluperidone for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The letter added that Minerva must also provide additional data to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of roluperidone co-administered with antipsychotic medications, to support that observed effect on negative symptoms with roluperidone treatment corresponds to a clinically meaningful change, and to demonstrate the long-term safety of the proposed dose.Latozinemab Gets Breakthrough Status for Frontotemporal DementiaThe FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to latozinemab for frontotemporal dementia with a progranulin gene mutation, Alector Inc. announced in February. Progranulin regulates immune activity in the brain and helps keep neurons and other brain cells healthy.A Breakthrough Therapy designation expedites the development and review of drugs for serious conditions. The criteria for breakthrough therapy designation require preliminary clinical evidence indicating that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing options on at least one clinically significant endpoint.The FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for latozinemab based on the results of the phase 2 clinical trial INFRONT-2. This trial evaluated 12 patients with a progranulin mutation causative of frontotemporal dementia who were treated with 60 mg/kg of latozinemab every four weeks over 12 months. The study found that treatment with latozinemab in these patients slowed disease progression by about 47% over one year compared with a control group of frontotemporal dementia patients. The study also found that latozinemab elevated progranulin in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in the patients for the duration of treatment.Motpoly XR Now Available For Treatment of Partial-Onset SeizuresIn February Aucta Pharmaceuticals Inc. announced its launch of Motpoly XR (lacosamide) extended-release capsules C-V in the 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg doses for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults and in pediatric patients who weigh at least 50 kg (110.2) pounds. Motopoly XR is bioequivalent to Vimpat (lacosamide) film-coated tablets C-V and provides a once-daily option at equivalent doses. It will be available through retail pharmacies.The prescribing information for Motopoly XR notes that prescribers should monitor patients for suicidal behavior and ideation. It also notes that the drug may cause dizziness, ataxia, and fainting. In addition, it recommends that prescribers obtain an electrocardiogram before beginning the medication and after titration to steady-state maintenance and to closely monitor patients with underlying proarrhythmic conditions or on concomitant medications that affect cardiac conduction. Finally, Motopoly XR should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency. ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2024-03-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2024.04.4.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.04.4.1", "keywords": "Lacosamide, Psilocybin, Computer science, Medicine, Psychology, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Epilepsy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4393210403\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4393210403\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056763663\",\"display_name\":\"Terri D’Arrigo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.04.4.1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4393210403" }, { "id": 1208, "title": "A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics in healthy populations implications for depressive disorders and post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Velit-Salazar MR, Shiroma PR, Cherian E.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy individuals and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) was used as a guide to structure and report the findings for this review. A literature search included the MEDLINE database up until December 2022. We included randomized or open-label human studies of MDMA, psilocybin, mescaline, LSD, DMT, or cannabis reporting non-emotionally charged neurocognitive outcomes (\"cold cognition\") measured through validated neuropsychological tests.ResultsA total of 43 full-text papers on MDMA (15), cannabis (12), LSD (6), psilocybin (9), DMT/ayahuasca (1), and mescaline (0) were included, mostly on healthy subjects. A single article on MDMA's effects on cognition in subjects with PTSD was included; there were no studies on psychedelics and neurocognition in MDD. Most of the studies on healthy subjects reported detrimental or neutral effects on cognition during the peak effect of psychedelics with a few exceptions (e.g., MDMA improved psychomotor function). Performance on the type of neurocognitive dimension (e.g., attention, memory, executive function, psychomotor) varies by type of psychedelic, dosage, and cognitive testing.ConclusionsSmall samples and a lack of uniformed methods across studies preclude unequivocal conclusions on whether psychedelics enhance, decrease, or have no significant effect on cognitive performance. It is foreseen that psychedelics will soon become an available treatment for various psychiatric disorders. The acute and long-term effects on cognition caused by psychedelics should be assessed in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci14030248", "pubmed_id": "38539636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030248", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38539636\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1209, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians psilocybin", "authors": "Burton J. Tabaac, Kenneth Shinozuka, Alejandro Arenas, Bryce D. Beutler, Kirsten Cherian, Viviana D. Evans, Chelsey Fasano, Owen S. Muir", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The primary psychoactive drug in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, induces profound alterations in consciousness through the 5-HT2A receptor. This review consolidates current research findings to elucidate the pharmacology, safety profile, and clinical applications of psilocybin. AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY: Despite initial concerns that psilocybin could cause psychosis, contemporary research has demonstrated that psilocybin is generally safe. The most common adverse effects are nausea and headache, yet both tend to be transient. Serious adverse events can generally be avoided in controlled settings such as clinical trials. However, in the largest clinical trial to date, there were a total of 7 reported cases of suicidal ideation, up to 12 weeks after receiving a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin. That being said, all 7 cases did not respond to the treatment. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may blunt the hallucinogenic qualities of psilocybin, preliminary research suggests that they may enhance its antidepressant effects. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES: In clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise for treating major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Initial studies indicated that 42%-57% of patients underwent remission after psilocybin-assisted therapy, which suggests that psilocybin is more effective than existing antidepressant medications. Clinical data have also demonstrated that psilocybin can manage substance use disorders and end-of-life anxiety with clinical outcomes that are sustained for months and sometimes years after 1 or 2 doses. LIMITATIONS: However, larger Phase II trials with more than 100 depressed participants have shown a much smaller remission rate of 25%-29%, though these studies still observed that psilocybin causes a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Aside from ketamine, psilocybin is the most clinically well-researched psychedelic drug, with trials that have enrolled hundreds of participants and multiple therapeutic applications. Phase III trials will determine whether psilocybin lives up to the promise that it showed in previous clinical trials.", "journal": "American Journal of Therapeutics", "publication_date": "2024-02-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/mjt.0000000000001724", "pubmed_id": "38518269", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000001724", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Adverse effect, Psychiatry, Antidepressant, Clinical trial, Fluoxetine, Pharmacology, Anxiety, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4393098899\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4393098899\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1543683634\",\"https://openalex.org/W1643307304\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982686584\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991029061\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016516315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040712539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059274457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080820439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085758661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093994427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099586135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114587449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119763231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124073673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154013799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398117252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411060220\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738971267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2755283369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2766194567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790415409\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804876758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808873358\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891737179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954339234\",\"https://openalex.org/W2963936193\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016448445\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3115524456\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127186731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208689015\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206759226\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220938183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225857844\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281797075\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281898042\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282841864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301006693\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307429083\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310794030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383668248\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385257581\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387007980\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387324672\",\"https://openalex.org/W6674060032\",\"https://openalex.org/W6675319417\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682876083\",\"https://openalex.org/W6714902611\",\"https://openalex.org/W6754218928\",\"https://openalex.org/W6776045936\",\"https://openalex.org/W6810923332\",\"https://openalex.org/W6929930661\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074195594\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014505307\",\"display_name\":\"Burton J. Tabaac\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-5471\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000417271\",\"display_name\":\"Kenneth Shinozuka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2859-9161\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109694269\",\"display_name\":\"Alejandro Arenas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013379706\",\"display_name\":\"Bryce D. Beutler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-1826\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084494931\",\"display_name\":\"Kirsten Cherian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-0081\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109694684\",\"display_name\":\"Viviana D. Evans\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108242803\",\"display_name\":\"Chelsey Fasano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016829878\",\"display_name\":\"Owen S. Muir\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4003-338X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S67118044\",\"source_display_name\":\"American Journal of Therapeutics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000001724\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4393098899" }, { "id": 1220, "title": "The effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior: a proposed mechanism for enduring antidepressant effects", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior a proposed mechanism for enduring antidepressant effects", "authors": "Kush Bhatt, Cory R. Weissman", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic shown to have enduring antidepressant effects. Currently, the mechanism for its enduring effects is not well understood. Empathy and prosocial behavior may be important for understanding the therapeutic benefit of psilocybin. In this article we review the effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior. Moreover, we propose that psilocybin may induce a positive feedback loop involving empathy and prosocial behavior which helps explain the observed, enduring antidepressant effects.", "journal": "npj Mental Health Research", "publication_date": "2024-02-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8", "pubmed_id": "38609500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Prosocial behavior, Empathy, Psychology, Antidepressant, Mechanism (biology), Serotonergic, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Developmental psychology, Social psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Epistemology, Internal medicine, Philosophy, Hippocampus, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391967348\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391967348\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":28,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1996143523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001594024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023537293\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042011957\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061370269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070088299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075869341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133404106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149587856\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159150742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2216930413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2242014171\",\"https://openalex.org/W2324758806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337075201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2338486445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413573456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2465711873\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610383445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2657342869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2742954009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2743804110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765553072\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791229136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806513910\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886760263\",\"https://openalex.org/W2916233667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949486400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969562018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2980419158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991841760\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007786836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014277121\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044584927\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081978680\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125707048\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133906491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135413620\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138070374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160602205\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163276978\",\"https://openalex.org/W3174939642\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180562559\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185971578\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194934044\",\"https://openalex.org/W3198322485\",\"https://openalex.org/W3202537739\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213058852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213243418\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213457594\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220686675\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221031753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223525754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280508917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282579724\",\"https://openalex.org/W4284888573\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285589924\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286587482\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288457129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302007737\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315705213\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366241046\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367840575\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384997106\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043333636\",\"display_name\":\"Kush Bhatt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038223318\",\"display_name\":\"Cory R. Weissman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-8263\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387280515\",\"source_display_name\":\"npj Mental Health Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4391967348" }, { "id": 1117, "title": "The Intersection of Mental Health and Sexual and Gender Minority Identities for Older Adults Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the intersection of mental health and sexual and gender minority identities for older adults living with human immunodeficiency virus a narrative review", "authors": "Agor D, Knettel BA, Daici K, Meanley S.", "abstract": "The transition of HIV into a chronic illness has brought to the forefront the pressing need to address the complex web of social determinants of HIV outcomes. A structured literature search and narrative review of studies describing intervention strategies for mental health among sexual/gender minority (SGM) older adults living with HIV (OALWH) published in the last decade identified 2 studies for inclusion. This narrative review identifies age-sensitive and culturally adapted therapies, mindfulness and meditation-based stress reduction, group therapy, digital mental health resources, and psilocybin-assisted group therapy as emerging intervention models tailored to meet the unique needs of SGM OALWH.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.cnur.2024.01.005", "pubmed_id": "38670693", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2024.01.005", "keywords": "Humans, HIV Infections, Mental Health, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Sexual and Gender Minorities", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38670693\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Review Article,Older Adults", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1227, "title": "Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain.", "normalized_title": "multimodal neuroimaging of the effect of serotonergic psychedelics on the brain", "authors": "Frautschi PC, Singh AP, Stowe NA, Yu JJ.", "abstract": "The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders, remain unknown. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, have emerged as potential therapies for these disorders because of their hypothesized ability to induce neuroplastic effects and alter functional networks in the brain. Yet, the mechanisms underpinning the neurobiological treatment response remain obscure. Quantitative neuroimaging is uniquely positioned to provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms of these emerging therapies and quantify the patient treatment response. This review aims to synthesize our current state-of-the-art understanding of the functional changes occurring in the brain following psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine administration in human participants with fMRI and PET. We further aim to disseminate our understanding of psychedelic compounds as they relate to neuroimaging with the goal of improved diagnostics and treatment of neuropsychiatric illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a8118", "pubmed_id": "38360790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a8118", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38360790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1225, "title": "Efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin for primary or secondary depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin for primary or secondary depression a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Fang S, Yang X, Zhang W.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin is a classic psychedelics, which has been shown to have antidepressant effects by many studies in recent years. In this study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of psilocybin in the treatment of primary (major depressive disorder) or secondary (experiencing distress related to life-threatening diagnoses and terminal illness) depression.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov for clinical trials of psilocybin for depression (updated to 4 October, 2023). Effect size Hedges' g was used as an indicator of efficacy, and other outcomes included response rate, drop-out rate, and adverse events.ResultsA total of 10 studies were finally included in systematic review. 8 studies were included in the meta-analysis, involving a total of 524 adult patients, and produced a large effect size in favor of psilocybin (Hedge's g =-0.89, 95% CI -1.25~-0.53, I² = 70.19%, P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088", "pubmed_id": "38426002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38426002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 844, "title": "A Systematic Review of Interventions for Demoralization in Patients with Chronic Diseases.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of interventions for demoralization in patients with chronic diseases", "authors": "Dong L, Li L, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhong H, Cheng X, Liu L, Cheng C, Ouyang M, Tao L.", "abstract": "BackgroundDemoralization, a significant mental health concern in patients with chronic diseases, can have a large impact on physical symptom burden and quality of life. The present review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for demoralization among patients with chronic diseases.MethodPubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched. Research on providing interventions to patients with chronic diseases that included quantitative data on demoralization was then systematically reviewed.ResultsFourteen studies were included, most of which considered demoralization as a secondary outcome. Interventions included evidence-based meaning-centered psychotherapy, dignity therapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and others. Ten studies used randomized controlled designs. Six of these investigated evidence-based meaning-centered therapy, and four investigated dignity therapy, showing the best empirical support for these intervention types. Most studies showed significant impacts on demoralization in patients with chronic diseases.ConclusionThis systematic review provides insights into potential psychological interventions for reducing demoralization in patients with chronic diseases. Randomized controlled designs and adequately powered samples, with demoralization as the primary outcome, are needed to more clearly evaluate its effectiveness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s12529-024-10262-w", "pubmed_id": "38316668", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-024-10262-w", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38316668\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1245, "title": "The impact of psychedelics on patients with alcohol use disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psychedelics on patients with alcohol use disorder a systematic review with meta analysis", "authors": "Sicignano D, Hernandez AV, Schiff B, Elmahy N, White CM", "abstract": "Critique the available systematic review and de novo assessment of the role of psychedelics in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. A systematic literature search of PubMed was completed from 1960 to 9/9/2023. We pooled randomized controlled trials comparing psychedelics to control therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. At the first recorded follow-up, LSD [ = 3, Odds Ratio (OR) 1.99 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.10 to 3.61)] and any psychedelic [ = 4, OR2.16 (95%CI: 1.26 to 3.69)] enhanced the odds of patients achieving abstinence or a substantial reduction in drinking alcohol versus placebo in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. When the inclusion criteria were relaxed to include controlled trials without double-blinding or placebo control, LSD [ = 5, OR1.79 (95%CI: 1.36 to 2.34)] and any psychedelic therapy [ = 6, OR1.89 (95%CI: 1.42 to 2.50)] still enhanced the odds of patients achieving abstinence or a substantial reduction in drinking alcohol. Four of 6 trials had high risk of bias and other methodological issues. One trial found an instance of suicidal ideation as well as transient increases in blood pressure that requires further exploration before the balance of benefits to harms can be determined. The use of psychedelics to treat alcohol use disorder is promising, but the weaknesses in the literature base preclude making definitive statements about its value. Future trials with greater methodological rigor are needed.", "journal": "Current medical research and opinion", "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/03007995.2023.2296968", "pubmed_id": "38111216", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38111216/", "keywords": "LSD, alcohol use disorder, meta-analysis, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38111216\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1154, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Comparative Review of Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Binding Profile.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics a comparative review of efficacy safety pharmacokinetics and binding profile", "authors": "Holze F, Singh N, Liechti ME, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), DMT (N,N -dimethyltryptamine), and 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), all of which are serotonin 2A receptor agonists, are being investigated as potential treatments. This review aims to summarize the current clinical research on these 4 compounds and mescaline to guide future research. Their mechanism(s) of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety were reviewed. While evidence for therapeutic indications, with the exception of psilocybin for depression, is still relatively scarce, we noted no differences in psychedelic effects beyond effect duration. Therefore, it remains unclear whether different receptor profiles contribute to the therapeutic potential of these compounds. More research is needed to differentiate these compounds in order to inform which compounds might be best for different therapeutic uses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.007", "pubmed_id": "38301886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.007", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38301886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1252, "title": "Trauma-Informed Care in Psychedelic Therapy Research: A Qualitative Literature Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions in PTSD and Psychedelic Therapy Across Conditions.", "normalized_title": "trauma informed care in psychedelic therapy research a qualitative literature review of evidence based psychotherapy interventions in ptsd and psychedelic therapy across conditions", "authors": "Modlin NL, Creed M, Sarang M, Maggio C, Rucker JJ, Williamson V.", "abstract": "IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant patient burden. While pharmacotherapies and evidence-based psychotherapy interventions (EBPI) are effective, studies consistently highlight inadequate outcomes and high treatment dropout. Psychedelic therapy (PT) has shown preliminary promise across difficult-to-treat conditions, including MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD, however trials of classical psychedelics in PTSD are lacking. Understanding patients' experiences of EBPI could help promote safety in PT.AimTo systematically review qualitative research on patients' subjective experience of EBPI for PTSD, and of PT, and examine areas of overlap and divergence between them.MethodsSystematic literature searches for studies published between 2010 and 2023 were conducted on OVID, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Included were original studies in English that presented qualitative data of patient experiences of EBPI in PTSD, or PT for any indication. Extracted data from included studies were analysed using thematic synthesis. Syntheses were completed separately for EBPI and PT, before similarities and differences between the therapies were identified.Results40 research articles were included for review: 26 studies on EBPI for PTSD, and 14 studies on PT. EBPI studied were CBT, EMDR, CPT and PE. Psychedelic compounds studied were psilocybin, ibogaine, LSD, MDMA and ketamine, for treatment of substance use disorders, anxiety relating to physical illness, depression, and PTSD. Core themes from patient experiences of EBPI: 1) patient burden in PTSD treatment; 2) readiness; 3) key mechanisms of change; 4) psychological safety and trust. Themes identified in the review of PT: 1) indirect trauma processing; 2) reorganisation of self-narratives via processes of relatedness and identification; 3) key treatment characteristics.ConclusionThis study suggests overlap between patients' experience of EBPI and PT in terms of key mechanisms of change, the importance of psychological safety and readiness to engage in treatment. Trauma-informed care paradigms and practices may improve safety and acceptability of PT research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s432537", "pubmed_id": "38268571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s432537", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38268571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1272, "title": "Older adults in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "older adults in psychedelic assisted therapy trials a systematic review", "authors": "Bouchet L, Sager Z, Yrondi A, Nigam KB, Anderson BT, Ross S, Petridis PD, Beaussant Y.", "abstract": "BackgroundGrowing clinical interest in psychedelic-assisted therapies has led to a second wave of research involving psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other substances. Data suggests that these compounds have the potential to treat mental health conditions that are especially prevalent in older adults such as depression, anxiety, existential distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder.AimsThe goal of this study was to quantify the prevalence of older adults enrolled in psychedelic clinical trials and explore safety data in this population.MethodsA systematic review was conducted following the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Search criteria included all trials published in English using psychedelic substances to treat psychiatric conditions, including addiction as well as existential distress related to serious illness. Articles were identified from literature searches on PubMed, EBSCO, and EMBASE.Results4376 manuscripts were identified, of which 505 qualified for further review, with 36 eventually meeting eligibility criteria. Of the 1400 patients enrolled in the 36 studies, only 19 were identified as 65 or older, representing less than 1.4% of all trial participants. For 10 of these 19 older adults, detailed safety data was obtained. No serious adverse events (AEs) occurred in any older adults and only transient mild-to-moderate AEs related to anxiety, gastrointestinal upset, and hypertension were reported during the psychedelic dosing sessions.ConclusionsWhile existing data in older adults is limited, it suggests that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be safe and well tolerated in older adults. Therefore, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy should be more rigorously investigated for the treatment of psychiatric conditions in this population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231215420", "pubmed_id": "38240068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231215420", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Aged, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38240068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Older Adults,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1177, "title": "A comparison between psilocybin and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression using number needed to treat (NNT): A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "a comparison between psilocybin and esketamine in treatment resistant depression using number needed to treat nnt a systematic review", "authors": "Wong S, Kwan ATH, Teopiz KM, Le GH, Meshkat S, Ho R, d'Andrea G, Cao B, Di Vincenzo JD, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundInadequate outcomes with monoamine-based treatments in depressive disorders are common and provide the impetus for mechanistically-novel treatments. Esketamine is a proven treatment recently approved for adults with Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) while psilocybin is an investigational treatment. Translation of the clinical meaningfulness for these foregoing agents in adults with TRD is required. Herein we evaluate the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Harm (NNH) of esketamine and psilocybin in adults with TRD.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, comparing the clinical efficacy of oral psilocybin to the co-commencement of intranasal esketamine with an oral antidepressant in adults with TRD.Results25 mg psilocybin had a significant reduction in depressive symptoms at 21-days post-dose, the NNT was 5 [95 % CI = 3.1, 18.5]. Psilocybin-induced nausea had a significant NNH = 5. Fixed-dosed esketamine at 56 mg and 84 mg had a significant effect at 28-days post-dose, (NNT of 7 [95 % CI56mg = 3.5, 46.7], [95 % CI84mg = 3.6, 142.2]). Esketamine-induced headache, nausea, dizziness, and dissociation had NNHs", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.142", "pubmed_id": "38244804", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.142", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38244804\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1212, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: Comparison to known cardiotoxins.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy comparison to known cardiotoxins", "authors": "Rouaud A, Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Though microdosing psychedelics has become increasingly popular, its long-term effects on cardiac health remain unknown. Microdosing most commonly involves ingesting sub-threshold doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, or other psychedelic drugs 2-4 times a week for at least several weeks, but potentially months or years. Concerningly, both LSD and psilocybin share structural similarities with medications which raise the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy when taken regularly, including methysergide, pergolide, and fenfluramine. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, which is also reportedly used for microdosing, is likewise associated with heart valve damage when taken chronically. In this review, we evaluate the evidence that microdosing LSD, psilocybin, and other psychedelics for several months or more could raise the risk of cardiac fibrosis. We discuss the relationship between drug-induced cardiac fibrosis and the 5-HT2B receptor, and we make recommendations for evaluating the safety of microdosing psychedelics in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231225609", "pubmed_id": "38214279", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231225609", "keywords": "Humans, Fibrosis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cardiotoxins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38214279\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1261, "title": "Safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non-directive support in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial with blinded ratings", "normalized_title": "safety feasibility tolerability and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non directive support in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized waitlist controlled trial with blinded ratings", "authors": "Terence H. W. Ching, Lucia Amoroso, Calvin Bohner, Elizabeth J. D’Amico, Jeffrey Eilbott, Tara Entezar, Madison Fitzpatrick, Geena Fram, Rachael Grazioplene, Jamila Hokanson, Anastasia Jankovsky, Stephen A. Kichuk, Bradford Martins, Prerana Patel, Henry Schaer, Sarah Shnayder, Chelsea Witherow, Christopher Pittenger, Benjamin Kelmendi", "abstract": "Background: To date, few randomized controlled trials of psilocybin with non-directive support exist for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results and participant feedback from an interim analysis of an ongoing single-dose trial (NCT03356483) converged on the possibility of administering a higher fixed dose and/or more doses of psilocybin in future trials for presumably greater benefits. Objectives: This trial aims to evaluate the safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of two doses of psilocybin paired with non-directive support in the treatment of OCD. This trial also seeks to examine whether two doses of psilocybin lead to greater OCD symptom reduction than a single dose, and to elucidate psychological mechanisms underlying the effects of psilocybin on OCD. Design: A randomized (1:1), waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings will be used to examine the effects of two doses of oral psilocybin paired with non-directive support vs. waitlist control on OCD symptoms. An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented (i.e., first dose: 25 mg; second dose: 25 or 30 mg). Methods and analysis: This single-site trial will enroll 30 adult participants with treatment-refractory OCD. Aside from safety, feasibility, and tolerability metrics, primary outcomes include OCD symptoms assessed on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Second Edition (Y-BOCS-II). A blinded independent rater will assess primary outcomes at baseline and the primary endpoint at the end of the second dosing week. Participants will be followed up to 12 months post-second dosing. Participants randomized to waitlist will be rescreened after 7 weeks post-randomization, and begin their delayed treatment phase thereafter if still eligible. Ethics: Written informed consent will be obtained from participants. The institutional review board has approved this trial (protocol v. 1.7; HIC #2000032623). Discussion:: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05370911.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-01-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823", "pubmed_id": "38264632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823", "keywords": "Tolerability, Dosing, Obsessive compulsive, Randomized controlled trial, Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Medicine, Clinical trial, Psychology, Psychiatry, Adverse effect, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W74189053\",\"https://openalex.org/W78677904\",\"https://openalex.org/W306343222\",\"https://openalex.org/W568533716\",\"https://openalex.org/W1492283962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498057507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1599004146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1752708916\",\"https://openalex.org/W1790886046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897149844\",\"https://openalex.org/W1934577361\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998339430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006001020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006748124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011329819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017857669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019101336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020646491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028960724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030767477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053167650\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077686642\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079984335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082150145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084244487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114570941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123822033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134591365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137320167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145083290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147797459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150547685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162090451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168266150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2183963790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2308253549\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401253652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2577533646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792256936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884718173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894541203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984198212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990405759\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088502206\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090239575\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100714436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122951191\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129125412\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158498065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195587140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204292654\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206717622\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224296821\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230263701\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234021523\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296782684\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W6610802157\",\"https://openalex.org/W6661331907\",\"https://openalex.org/W6684564604\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038288658\",\"display_name\":\"Terence H. W. Ching\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-2237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051611172\",\"display_name\":\"Lucia Amoroso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072571463\",\"display_name\":\"Calvin Bohner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055980478\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth J. D’Amico\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-7804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112416887\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Eilbott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093705063\",\"display_name\":\"Tara Entezar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010555213\",\"display_name\":\"Madison Fitzpatrick\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056965546\",\"display_name\":\"Geena Fram\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071673808\",\"display_name\":\"Rachael Grazioplene\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-4531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058988830\",\"display_name\":\"Jamila Hokanson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083774019\",\"display_name\":\"Anastasia Jankovsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-0958\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090942004\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen A. Kichuk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007278551\",\"display_name\":\"Bradford Martins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-2604\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077000472\",\"display_name\":\"Prerana Patel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065974780\",\"display_name\":\"Henry Schaer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038515583\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Shnayder\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083493446\",\"display_name\":\"Chelsea Witherow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001094886\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Pittenger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-9321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110948308\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Kelmendi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-1326\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4390753253" }, { "id": 3066, "title": "Behavioural Investigations of Psilocybin in Animals 1962-2021: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "behavioural investigations of psilocybin in animals 1962 2021 a scoping review", "authors": "Shore R, Dobson K, Thomson N, Barnim N, Bergman H, Rideout K, McKeown S, Olmstead MC, Goldie C, Dumont E.", "abstract": "Background and Aims Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that may hold promise for a wide range of human health conditions, yet the identification of therapeutic processes and mechanisms of action remains exploratory. We conducted a scoping review on pre-clinical behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals to help determine the behavioural effects of psilocybin in non-human animals, to identify studies completed, behavioural tests employed, and what dosing modalities had been studied. Methods A librarian-conducted literature search was performed using predefined key terms and search criteria and additional searching was conducted by reviewers, using electronic databases, grey literature sources, and reference lists of relevant articles or reviews. The final search updated occurred in October, 2021. Studies were reviewed, screened and selected against an a priori protocol using Covidence software by multiple reviewers with results plotted across the Research Domains Criteria construct. Results From 4124 records identified by database searching, 260 publications were subjected to full-text review with 77 studies included in this scoping review, published between 1962-2021. The preponderance of studies (n=64) investigated behavioural outcomes in rodents. Only 43 studies (55.8%) reported on housing conditions, and seventeen studies (22.1%) failed to report sample size. All studies reported behavioural outcomes following drug administration, with fifty-one studies (66.2%) using psilocybin, thirty studies (42.9%) psilocin, four studies (5.2%) administering whole mushroom extracts (WME), and a further eight studies investigating both psilocybin and psilocin and one study reporting the effects of both psilocin and WME. One hundred and thirty distinct behavioural investigations using fifty different behavioral paradigms were identified. Few adverse events were reported, and even exceedingly high doses were apparently well tolerated. Conclusion With seventy-seven publications spanning close to sixty years, there is huge variation in study design and quality. Overall psilocybin presents a unique and strong safety profile with no evidence of biological toxicity, is characterized by unique time and dose-dependent effects, and its pattern of drug action is significantly context and training-sensitive. Data suggest putative effects of psilocybin include acute arousal, dose-dependent sedation, reductions in fear conditioning at low doses, reduced aggression, improved valence, acute disruption of working memory, the rescuing of deficits from chronic stress, and improved learning when combined with repeated environmental exposure after resolution of drug effect.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.04.574146", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.04.574146", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR782675\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4722, "title": "Psilocybin’s Role in Major Depressive Disorder: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s role in major depressive disorder a scoping review", "authors": "Barajas, Carlos", "abstract": "Psilocybe cubensis are a group of mushrooms containing psilocybin with a history of consumption dating back to ancient civilization. Researchers believe the ritual use of psilocybin dates back 3,000 years amongst the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America.1 Psilocybin is responsible for the effects associated with the consumption of “Magic Mushrooms”. These effects include hallucinations, delusions, and feelings of derealization. 2 In 1973, the United States federal government classified psilocybin as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substance Act, and today the DEA continues to identify the chemical as “high potential for abuse” with “no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States”. 3,4 Current legislation, along with a perceived stigma surrounding psilocybin, has restricted researchers’ ability to investigate the therapeutic potential of this compound. However, in recent years there has been increased funding and research related to the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and other psychedelics, highlighted by the creation of the Center for Psychedelic Consciousness Research at John Hopkins in 2019.5 Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of depression has risen by 25% globally, affecting approximately 175 million individuals, the majority dealing with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).6 The first-line therapy for patients with MDD include the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) escitalopram and sertraline. In the event a patient fails treatment through two pharmacological interventions, their depression disorder is considered Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).6 Although difficult to know the true number of individuals with TRD, it is estimated that about 30% of the population with MDD fit the description of TRD.7 Current approved treatment for TRD include intranasal esketamine (Spravato), second generation antipsychotics, and olanzapine-fluoxetine. 7 Alternative therapeutic interventions are necessary for the treatment of patients with TRD. Psilocybin may provide potential therapeutic benefits for MDD/TRD. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine the therapeutic benefits, safety, and mechanism of psilocybin in MDD/TRD.", "journal": "Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University)", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/dmsc/31", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Population, Psychology, Depression (economics), Feeling, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Government (linguistics), Substance use, Public health, Mental health, Consumption (sociology), Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Escitalopram, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7110533292\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7110533292\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Barajas, Carlos\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196430\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/dmsc/31\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7110533292" }, { "id": 4720, "title": "Referee report. For: A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]", "normalized_title": "referee report for a whole genome atlas of 81 psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production version 2 peer review 1 approved with reservations 1 not approved", "authors": "Sebastiaan Werten", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.5256/f1000research.80786.r276698", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.80786.r276698", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Genome, Biology, Resource (disambiguation), Computational biology, Atlas (anatomy), Genomics, Genetics, Evolutionary biology, Computer science, Whole genome sequencing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Identification and Quantification in Food", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416646295\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416646295\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":8,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006133654\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastiaan Werten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-9688\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.80786.r276698\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity,Genomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416646295" }, { "id": 4719, "title": "Referee report. For: Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]", "normalized_title": "referee report for probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol version 1 peer review 2 approved with reservations", "authors": "Manoj K. Doss", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r96124", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r96124", "keywords": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psilocybin, Medicine, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroscience, Protocol (science), Functional imaging, Neurology, Neurological disorder, Functional disorder, Psychology, Neuroimaging, Functional neuroimaging, Psychiatry, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416514292\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416514292\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084261335\",\"display_name\":\"Manoj K. Doss\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-2522\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r96124\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416514292" }, { "id": 4718, "title": "Referee report. For: Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 3 approved with reservations]", "normalized_title": "referee report for probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol version 1 peer review 1 approved 3 approved with reservations", "authors": "Rayyan Zafar", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r96127", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r96127", "keywords": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psilocybin, Medicine, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroscience, Protocol (science), Functional imaging, Neurology, Neurological disorder, Functional disorder, Neuroimaging, Psychology, Functional neuroimaging, Psychiatry, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416512185\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416512185\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030356455\",\"display_name\":\"Rayyan Zafar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-1026\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r96127\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416512185" }, { "id": 4717, "title": "Referee report. For: Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]", "normalized_title": "referee report for probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol version 1 peer review 1 approved with reservations", "authors": "Manesh Girn", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r93854", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r93854", "keywords": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psilocybin, Medicine, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroscience, Protocol (science), Functional imaging, Neurology, Neurological disorder, Functional disorder, Psychology, Neuroimaging, Psychiatry, Functional neuroimaging, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416510782\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416510782\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017398137\",\"display_name\":\"Manesh Girn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-4273\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r93854\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416510782" }, { "id": 4716, "title": "Referee report. For: Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]", "normalized_title": "referee report for probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol version 1 peer review 3 approved with reservations", "authors": "Lorenzo Pasquini", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r95501", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r95501", "keywords": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psilocybin, Medicine, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroscience, Protocol (science), Functional imaging, Neurology, Neurological disorder, Functional disorder, Psychology, Neuroimaging, Functional neuroimaging, Psychiatry, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416510573\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416510573\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018132997\",\"display_name\":\"Lorenzo Pasquini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-7061\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.21956/wellcomeopenres.24838.r95501\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416510573" }, { "id": 4704, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin for Depression", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for depression", "authors": "Tessa Watford", "abstract": "Depression is a debilitating mental health condition affecting millions worldwide. While antidepressant medications are widely prescribed, they often come with significant side effects and limited efficacy. Tessa Watford, a researcher in the field of neuroscience, has conducted a systematic review exploring the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, for the treatment of depression. Her work sheds light on a promising alternative approach that could revolutionise the way we treat this prevalent mental health disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.33548/scientia1082", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.33548/scientia1082", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Medicine, Keynesian economics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402233221\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402233221\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093065994\",\"display_name\":\"Tessa Watford\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6366-4367\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.33548/scientia1082\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4402233221" }, { "id": 4703, "title": "Psilocybin may be as effective as escitalopram in treating depression, study suggests", "normalized_title": "psilocybin may be as effective as escitalopram in treating depression study suggests", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psilocybin could be as effective as escitalopram - a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) - in treating depressive symptoms, a study has found. A systematic review and network meta-analysis, published in the BMJ on 21 August 2024, looked at 19 placebo-controlled studies of oral monotherapy with either psychedelics (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, MDMA and ayahuasca) […]", "journal": "Pharmaceutical journal/˜The œpharmaceutical journal", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1211/pj.2024.1.327949", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/pj.2024.1.327949", "keywords": "Escitalopram, Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Antidepressant, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401813485\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401813485\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80542161\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmaceutical journal/˜The œpharmaceutical journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/pj.2024.1.327949\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401813485" }, { "id": 4695, "title": "Psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A magic to treat a harmony of illusions?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder a magic to treat a harmony of illusions", "authors": "Rakesh Khanna", "abstract": "Abstract A review of the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggests it to be a complex disorder with many contributing factors. The concept of PTSD has continued to evolve over time. A diagnosis of PTSD may be hard to get right. Studies suggest a wide variation in its presentation and diagnostic stability. It is tempting to explore the possibility of using chemicals that could help shorten the process of reaching the unconscious mind that could lead to more rapid remission. This article aims to review limitations in seeing the effectiveness of psilocybin (magic mushroom)-assisted therapy for PTSD. Psilocybin is supposed to be just a catalyst for treatment, while psychotherapy is considered the mainstay of treatment. The therapy itself is to be nondirective, geared toward providing a sense of safety for the patient in a vulnerable state and allowing the person to direct the support while being in a chemically compromised state. We may repeatedly be falling into the trap of trying to find simple solutions to problems that are by their very nature quite complex. All interactions take place in a certain context, and their effect will depend on how they are taken up by the whole person/world system.", "journal": "Journal of Indira Gandhi Institute Of Medical Sciences", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.4103/jigims.jigims_60_23", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/jigims.jigims_60_23", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Illusion, Posttraumatic stress, MAGIC (telescope), Psychiatry, Cognitive psychology, Hallucinogen, Quantum mechanics, Physics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4392948774\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4392948774\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1961696017\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967731461\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981416828\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985730575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989155717\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997405299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111393447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418896160\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807352652\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134642859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310938651\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015782582\",\"display_name\":\"Rakesh Khanna\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7328-3599\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210232623\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Indira Gandhi Institute Of Medical Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.4103/jigims.jigims_60_23\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4392948774" }, { "id": 1282, "title": "IUPHAR-review: The integration of classic psychedelics into current substance use disorder treatment models.", "normalized_title": "iuphar review the integration of classic psychedelics into current substance use disorder treatment models", "authors": "Yaden DB, Berghella AP, Hendricks PS, Yaden ME, Levine M, Rohde JS, Nayak S, Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A", "abstract": "Substance use disorders (SUDs) have an enormous impact on public health. With classic psychedelic-assisted therapies showing initial promise in treating multiple SUDs, it is possible that these treatments will become legally available options for patients with SUDs in the future. This article highlights how classic psychedelic-assisted therapies might be integrated into current clinical practice. We first describe contemporary evidence-based treatments for SUDs and highlight how classic psychedelic-assisted therapies might fit within each treatment. We suggest that classic psychedelic-assisted therapies can be integrated into most mainstream evidence-based SUD treatments that are currently used in clinical settings, indicating broad compatibility of classic psychedelics with contemporary SUD treatment paradigms.", "journal": "Pharmacological research", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106998", "pubmed_id": "38029805", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029805/", "keywords": "Medication Assisted Treatment, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Substance Use Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38029805\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1271, "title": "The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic future of post traumatic stress disorder treatment", "authors": "Zaretsky TG, Jagodnik KM, Barsic R, Antonio JH, Bonanno PA, MacLeod C, Pierce C, Carney H, Morrison MT, Saylor C, Danias G, Lepow L, Yehuda R.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can occur following exposure to a traumatic experience. An estimated 12 million U.S. adults are presently affected by this disorder. Current treatments include psychological therapies (e.g., exposure-based interventions) and pharmacological treatments (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)). However, a significant proportion of patients receiving standard-of-care therapies for PTSD remain symptomatic, and new approaches for this and other trauma-related mental health conditions are greatly needed. Psychedelic compounds that alter cognition, perception, and mood are currently being examined for their efficacy in treating PTSD despite their current status as Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)- scheduled substances. Initial clinical trials have demonstrated the potential value of psychedelicassisted therapy to treat PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the state of the science of PTSD clinical care, including current treatments and their shortcomings. We review clinical studies of psychedelic interventions to treat PTSD, trauma-related disorders, and common comorbidities. The classic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and DMT-containing ayahuasca, as well as the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, are reviewed. For each drug, we present the history of use, psychological and somatic effects, pharmacology, and safety profile. The rationale and proposed mechanisms for use in treating PTSD and traumarelated disorders are discussed. This review concludes with an in-depth consideration of future directions for the psychiatric applications of psychedelics to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize risk in individuals and communities impacted by trauma-related conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147", "pubmed_id": "38284341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38284341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1234, "title": "Keeping the promise: a critique of the current state of microdosing research.", "normalized_title": "keeping the promise a critique of the current state of microdosing research", "authors": "Petranker R, Anderson T, Fewster EC, Aberman Y, Hazan M, Gaffrey M, Seli P", "abstract": "The practice of taking small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelics, known as microdosing, has exploded in popularity over the last decade. Users claim benefits ranging from improved mood and enhanced creativity to an increased sense of meaning and connectedness in life. While research on microdosing is still lagging behind the shift in public opinion, several papers have been published in the last five years which attempted to assess the effects of microdosing. This review paper aimed to critically analyze the research practices used in the recent wave of microdosing research: We reviewed 15 papers published before the closing date of this review in March 2022. Our review concludes that it is premature to draw any conclusions about the efficacy or safety of microdosing since the research quality cannot be considered confirmatory. We propose some potential causes for the current state of the literature and some suggestions for how these causes may be ameliorated.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1217102", "pubmed_id": "38374976", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38374976/", "keywords": "LSD, microdosing, psilocybin, psychedelics, review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38374976\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4723, "title": "Psilocybin - new remedy for patients with psychiatric disorders? Critical analysis of the current state of knowledge", "normalized_title": "psilocybin new remedy for patients with psychiatric disorders critical analysis of the current state of knowledge", "authors": "Karolina Wąsik, Sebastian Tomaszuk, Magda Wojtuś", "abstract": "Introduction and purpose: Nowadays, when mental disorders are considered by the World Health Organisation as a global burden, the potential usage of psychedelic drugs as supportive therapy is gaining more attention worldwide. The aim of this paper is to summarize the usefulness of psilocybin - representative of psychedelics - in psychiatric venues. In this review we describe its properties, efficacy and adverse events in treating depression, trauma and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Psilocybin demonstrates a safety profile which does not differ from standard drugs used in therapies of psychiatric disorders. Positive results of its administration were noticed on different psychiatric scales and are considered as clinically meaningful. With depression being the most common mental disease and growing demand for new remedies, most of the conducted research is concentrated on this subject, but there is also some evidence of its purpose in the treatment of trauma and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Conclusions: Psilocybin merits further research as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its efficacy. Psychedelic-assisted therapies may create noteworthy opportunities to current matter in the standard treatment of psychiatric disorders and there is a possibility that in the future in some cases they will be considered as the first line treatment. Nevertheless, still more data is needed to determine its placement in the treatments.", "journal": "Journal of Education Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2023-12-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2023.50.01.005", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.50.01.005", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Psychology, Medicine, Adverse effect, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Pharmacology, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390439845\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390439845\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W122113993\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978560738\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004762037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046403378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151375494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2317076828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2352975345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2484333338\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799976014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913229070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945658587\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981767691\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991179833\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177513265\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280514631\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281492138\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288718745\",\"https://openalex.org/W4304690665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307481727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4322774433\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382517556\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W6940909433\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043270242\",\"display_name\":\"Karolina Wąsik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-0848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051698645\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Tomaszuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-5181\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037981317\",\"display_name\":\"Magda Wojtuś\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-2143\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737571363\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Education Health and Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.50.01.005\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4390439845" }, { "id": 3751, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians - Part IV. Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians part iv psilocybin", "authors": "Tabaac BJ, Shinozuka K, Arenas A, Beutler BD, Cherian K, Evans VD, Fasano C, Muir OS.", "abstract": "Background: The primary psychoactive drug in magic mushrooms, psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness through its action at the 5-HT2A receptor. This comprehensive review consolidates current research findings to elucidate the pharmacology, safety profile, and clinical applications of psilocybin.Areas of Uncertainty: Despite initial concerns that psilocybin could cause long-lasting mental health problems such as psychosis, contemporary research has demonstrated that psilocybin is psychologically and physiologically safe. Adverse psychiatric outcomes can generally be avoided in controlled settings such as clinical trials. However, considerations regarding optimal dosing, therapeutic protocols, and integration strategies for psychedelic experiences remain imperative for the responsible clinical implementation of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Therapeutic Advances: In clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise for treating major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Initial studies indicated that 42-57% of patients underwent remission after psilocybin-assisted therapy, which suggests that psilocybin is more effective than existing antidepressant medications. However, larger Phase II trials with more than 100 participants have shown a much smaller remission rate of 25-29%, though these studies still observed that psilocybin causes a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. Clinical data has also demonstrated that psilocybin can manage substance use disorders and end-of-life anxiety. Conclusion: Psilocybin is the most clinically well-researched psychedelic drug, with trials that have enrolled hundreds of participants and therapeutic applications that span multiple psychiatric conditions. Phase III trials, which have already commenced, will determine whether psilocybin lives up to the promise that it showed in previous clinical trials.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/a8xwk", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a8xwk", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR779326\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3133, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians - Part IV. Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians part iv psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: The primary psychoactive drug in magic mushrooms, psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness through its action at the 5-HT2A receptor. This comprehensive review consolidates current research findings to elucidate the pharmacology, safety profile, and clinical applications of psilocybin. Areas of Uncertainty: Despite initial concerns that psilocybin could cause long-lasting mental health problems such as psychosis, contemporary research has demonstrated that psilocybin is psychologically and physiologically safe. Adverse psychiatric outcomes can generally be avoided in controlled settings such as clinical trials. However, considerations regarding optimal dosing, therapeutic protocols, and integration strategies for psychedelic experiences remain imperative for the responsible clinical implementation of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Therapeutic Advances: In clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise for treating major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Initial studies indicated that 42-57% of patients underwent remission after psilocybin-assisted therapy, which suggests that psilocybin is more effective than existing antidepressant medications. However, larger Phase II trials with more than 100 participants have shown a much smaller remission rate of 25-29%, though these studies still observed that psilocybin causes a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. Clinical data has also demonstrated that psilocybin can manage substance use disorders and end-of-life anxiety. Conclusion: Psilocybin is the most clinically well-researched psychedelic drug, with trials that have enrolled hundreds of participants and therapeutic applications that span multiple psychiatric conditions. Phase III trials, which have already commenced, will determine whether psilocybin lives up to the promise that it showed in previous clinical trials.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/a8xwk_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"a8xwk_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1301, "title": "Molecular and Medical Aspects of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "molecular and medical aspects of psychedelics", "authors": "Wojtas A, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Psychedelics belong to the oldest psychoactive drugs. They arouse recent interest due to their therapeutic applications in the treatment of major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, end-of-life anxiety,= and anxiety symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this review, the current state of preclinical research on the mechanism of action, neurotoxicity, and behavioral impact of psychedelics is summarized. The effect of selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 25I- and 25B-NBOMe, after acute and repeated administration is characterized and compared with the effects of a less selective drug, psilocybin. The data show a significant effect of NBOMes on glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The increases in extracellular levels of neurotransmitters were not dose-dependent, which most likely resulted from the stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor and subsequent activation of the 5-HT2C receptors. This effect was also observed in the wet dog shake test and locomotor activity. Chronic administration of NBOMes elicited rapid development of tolerance, genotoxicity, and activation of microglia. Acute treatment with psilocybin affected monoaminergic and aminoacidic neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus but not in the amygdala. Psilocybin exhibited anxiolytic properties resulting from intensification of GABAergic neurotransmission. The data indicate that NBOMes as selective 5-HT2A agonists exert a significant effect on neurotransmission and behavior of rats while also inducing oxidative DNA damage. In contrast to NBOMes, the effects induced by psilocybin suggest a broader therapeutic index of this drug.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms25010241", "pubmed_id": "38203411", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010241", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38203411\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 917, "title": "Unveiling the Psychedelic Journey: An Appraisal of Psilocybin as a Profound Antidepressant Therapy.", "normalized_title": "unveiling the psychedelic journey an appraisal of psilocybin as a profound antidepressant therapy", "authors": "Shah FI, Shehzadi S, Akram F, Haq IU, Javed B, Sabir S, Kazim Y, Ashfaq S.", "abstract": "Depression, a global health concern with significant implications for suicide rates, remains challenging to treat effectively with conventional pharmacological options. The existing pharmaceutical interventions for these illnesses need daily dosing, are accompanied by various adverse effects, and may exhibit limited efficacy in certain cases. However, hope emerges from an unlikely source-Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms. Recently, this enigmatic compound has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic benefits in addressing various mental health issues, including depression. Psilocybin alters mood, cognition, and perception by acting on a particular subtype of serotonin receptors in the brain. It's feasible that these shifts in consciousness will promote healing development, offering a novel approach to depression management. This comprehensive review explores psilocybin, derived from specific mushrooms, and its implications in the treatment of depression. The study examines new perspectives and therapeutic possibilities surrounding psilocybin, addressing existing gaps in academic literature. It delves into its biosynthesis, unique mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and anti-depressive effects. By uncovering the potential of this mind-altering substance, the review aims to advance psychiatric care, offering hope to those globally affected by depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s12033-023-00994-7", "pubmed_id": "38117395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00994-7", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38117395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1308, "title": "A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of reporting practices in psychedelic clinical trials psychological support therapy and psychosocial interventions", "authors": "Brennan W, Kelman AR, Belser AB.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the role of psychosocial interventions (PIs) in clinical trials of psychedelic treatment due in part to deficiencies in reporting practices found in the existing literature. These PI include non-drug support or interventions provided by psychotherapists or facilitators during all phases of treatment, sometimes called \"psychological support,\" \"monitoring,\" \"psychedelic-assisted therapy,\" or \"psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\" A brief review of recent research, historical studies, safety considerations, and participant perspectives suggests that PI has a substantive and critical impact on treatment outcomes.MethodsThis systematic review examines the reporting practices on PI in published clinical trial results. The review employs a search of PubMed/Medline and PSYCinfo databases to identify relevant articles. It includes quantitative clinical studies treating patients with psychiatric indications using classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) or empathogenic drugs (MDMA) since 2000. The analytic approach follows a modified version of assessment items based on CONSORT extension statement and TIDieR checklist.ResultsThirty-three published psychedelic clinical trials met criteria. The review reveals that many published reports on psychedelic clinical trials did not report basic aspects of the intervention: 33% did not report the number of sessions, 45% did not report the duration of sessions, 42% did not report provider credentials, 52% did not report whether their intervention used a therapy manual, 64% did not reference a manual that was available to readers, and 82% did not report that they assessed treatment fidelity. A comparison with non-psychedelic trials shows that psychedelic trial reports underreport on key items related to PI.DiscussionThe study highlights the problems of underreporting and the importance of improving reporting practices regarding PI in psychedelic clinical trials to enhance research standardization and improve treatment outcomes. Recommendations for improving reporting practices are provided.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0007", "pubmed_id": "40046864", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0007", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40046864\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1322, "title": "Preclinical models of treatment-resistant depression: challenges and perspectives.", "normalized_title": "preclinical models of treatment resistant depression challenges and perspectives", "authors": "Kolasa M, Faron-Górecka A", "abstract": "Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subgroup of major depressive disorder in which the use of classical antidepressant treatments fails to achieve satisfactory treatment results. Although there are various definitions and grading models for TRD, common criteria for assessing TRD have still not been established. However, a common feature of any TRD model is the lack of response to at least two attempts at antidepressant pharmacotherapy. The causes of TRD are not known; nevertheless, it is estimated that even 60% of TRD patients are so-called pseudo-TRD patients, in which multiple biological factors, e.g., gender, age, and hormonal disturbances are concomitant with depression and involved in antidepressant drug resistance. Whereas the phenomenon of TRD is a complex disorder difficult to diagnose and successfully treat, the search for new treatment strategies is a significant challenge of modern pharmacology. It seems that despite the complexity of the TRD phenomenon, some useful animal models of TRD meet the construct, the face, and the predictive validity criteria. Based on the literature and our own experiences, we will discuss the utility of animals exposed to the stress paradigm (chronic mild stress, CMS), and the Wistar Kyoto rat strain representing an endogenous model of TRD. In this review, we will focus on reviewing research on existing and novel therapies for TRD, including ketamine, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and psychedelic drugs in the context of preclinical studies in representative animal models of TRD.", "journal": "Pharmacological reports: PR", "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00542-9", "pubmed_id": "37882914", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37882914/", "keywords": "Animal models, Chronic mild stress, DBS, Ketamine, Psilocybin, Treatment-resistant depression, Wistar Kyoto rats", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37882914\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1320, "title": "Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities.", "normalized_title": "mindfulness meditation and psychedelics potential synergies and commonalities", "authors": "Holas P, Kamińska J", "abstract": "There has been increasing scientific and clinical interest in studying psychedelic and meditation-based interventions in recent years, both in the context of improving mental health and as tools for understanding the mind. Several authors suggest neurophysiological and phenomenological parallels and overlaps between psychedelic and meditative states and suggest synergistic effects of both methods. Both psychedelic-assisted therapy and meditation training in the form of mindfulness-based interventions have been experimentally validated with moderate to large effects as alternative treatments for a variety of mental health problems, including depression, addictions, and anxiety disorders. Both demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants, in addition. Postulated shared salutogenic mechanisms, include, among others the ability to alter self-consciousness, present-moment awareness and antidepressant action via corresponding neuromodulatory effects. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness training and psychedelic intervention have led to scientists theorizing, and recently demonstrating, positive synergistic effects when both are used in combination. Research findings suggest that these two approaches can complement each other, enhancing the positive effects of both interventions. However, more theoretical accounts and methodologically sound research are needed before they can be extended into clinical practice. The current review aims to discuss the theoretical rationale of combining psychedelics with mindfulness training, including the predictive coding framework as well as research findings regarding synergies and commonalities between mindfulness training and psychedelic intervention. In addition, suggestions how to combine the two modalities are provided.", "journal": "Pharmacological reports: PR", "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00551-8", "pubmed_id": "37926796", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37926796/", "keywords": "Decentering, Meditation, Mindfulness, Mindfulness-based interventions, Mystical experiences, Predictive coding, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37926796\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1127, "title": "Current Understanding on Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review Focusing on Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "current understanding on psilocybin for major depressive disorder a review focusing on clinical trials", "authors": "Wang SM, Kim S, Choi WS, Lim HK, Woo YS, Pae CU, Bahk WM.", "abstract": "Previous studies suggested effectiveness of psilocybin in the field of mental health. FDA designated psilocybin as a \"breakthrough therapy\" for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in 2018. This paper provided a review of psilocybin's potential role in treatment of depression by focusing on published clinical trials. Studies showed that psilocybin, an agonist on 5-HT2A receptors, manifests antidepressant and anxiolytic effects by increasing glutamate transmission, reducing brain inflammation, decreasing default mode network activity. In terms of clinical trials, eleven studies (six open-label and five double blinded randomized clinical trials [DB-RCTs]) trials exploring psilocybin's impact on depression were found. Among open-label studies, a pilot study on TRD patients demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms after two psilocybin sessions. Psilocybin also improved cognitive bias associated with depression. Extension studies confirmed sustained improvements and high remission rates. Among five DB-RCTs, two showed that psilocybin led to significant reductions in anxiety and depression in cancer patients, and the improvements sustained for over six months. In MDD, psilocybin showed rapid reductions in depression, with higher remission rates compared to escitalopram in a DB-RCT. Another DB-RCT showed that psilocybin induced higher decrease in depression around 6 hours after their administrations than placebo. The last DB-RCT showed that in patients with TRD, a single dose of psilocybin 25 mg, but not psilocybin 10 mg, resulted in superior antidepressant effect than psilocybin 1 mg. Overall, psilocybin showed promise in treating depression and anxiety, with notable safety profiles. Further research should explore optimal dosages and long-term effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.9758/cpn.23.1134", "pubmed_id": "38627070", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1134", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38627070\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1041, "title": "Psilocybin as a lead candidate molecule in preclinical therapeutic studies of psychiatric disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a lead candidate molecule in preclinical therapeutic studies of psychiatric disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the main psychoactive compound found in hallucinogenic/magic mushrooms and can bind to both serotonergic and tropomyosin receptor kinase b (TrkB) receptors. Psilocybin has begun to show efficacy for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including treatment-resistant depression and anxiety disorders; however, neurobiological mechanisms are still being elucidated. Clinical research has found that psilocybin can alter functional connectivity patterns in human brains, which is often associated with therapeutic outcomes. However, preclinical research affords the opportunity to assess the potential cellular mechanisms by which psilocybin may exert its therapeutic effects. Preclinical rodent models can also facilitate a more tightly controlled experimental context and minimise placebo effects. Furthermore, where there is a rationale, preclinical researchers can investigate psilocybin administration in neuropsychiatric conditions that have not yet been researched clinically. As a result, we have systematically reviewed the knowledge base, identifying 82 preclinical studies which were screened based on specific criteria. This resulted in the exclusion of 44 articles, with 34 articles being included in the main review and another 2 articles included as Supporting Information materials. We found that psilocybin shows promise as a lead candidate molecule for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, albeit showing the most efficacy for depression. We discuss the experimental findings, and identify possible mechanisms whereby psilocybin could invoke therapeutic changes. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the between-study heterogeneity and possible future research avenues. Our review suggests that preclinical rodent models can provide valid and translatable tools for researching novel psilocybin-induced molecular and cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.16017", "pubmed_id": "38019032", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.16017", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38019032\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1284, "title": "Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions involving classic psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), are potent psychoactive substances that have been studied for their physiological and psychological effects. However, our understanding of the potential interactions and outcomes when using these substances in combination with other drugs is limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and other drugs in humans. We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and other sources to supplement our search for relevant studies. A total of 7102 records were screened, and studies involving human data describing potential interactions (as well as the lack thereof) between classic psychedelics and other drugs were included. In total, we identified 52 studies from 36 reports published before September 2, 2023, encompassing 32 studies on LSD, 10 on psilocybin, 4 on mescaline, 3 on DMT, 2 on 5-MeO-DMT and 1 on ayahuasca. These studies provide insights into the interactions between classic psychedelics and a range of drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilisers, recreational drugs and others. The findings revealed various effects when psychedelics were combined with other drugs, including both attenuated and potentiated effects, as well as instances where no changes were observed. Except for a few case reports, no serious adverse drug events were described in the included studies. An in-depth discussion of the results is presented, along with an exploration of the potential molecular pathways that underlie the observed effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231211219", "pubmed_id": "37982394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231211219", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Drug Interactions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37982394\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1285, "title": "Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience a review of patient reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics", "authors": "Hovmand OR, Poulsen ED, Arnfred S.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe classical psychedelics psilocybin, peyote, ayahuasca/ N, N-dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide can temporarily produce altered states of consciousness, characterized by changes in sensory perception, thought, mood, and the sense of self-reality and meaning. It is important to have reliable instruments for quantifying these altered states in trials, due to a plausible link between the acute subjective experience and treatment outcome.MethodsWe conducted a review of outcome measures applied in research on classical psychedelics to assess one or more dimensions of the acute subjective psychedelic experience. Three relevant databases were searched electronically. Two reviewers independently conducted article selection and data extraction regarding the instruments, dimensions, geography, population, and psychedelic substance investigated in the included studies. We identified the five most utilized instruments for the most recent 6 years, as well as the five most utilized instruments for each psychedelic.ResultsWe included 93 papers, which reported on 93 unique trials and utilized 17 different rating scales. Of these, the most utilized were the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire, visual analog or Likert scales specially developed for the trials, the Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the States of Consciousness Questionnaire, and the Abnormer Psychischer Zustand.DiscussionConsiderable variability was found in the instruments utilized in clinical trials on classical psychedelics. We advise and encourage the development of a core outcome set for psychedelic research to enable altered state comparisons across compounds, participants, and settings. We further advise that instruments be designed to assess the \"setting\" of a psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231200019", "pubmed_id": "37969069", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231200019", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Patient Reported Outcome Measures", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37969069\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 919, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Four Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Adults with Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of four psychedelic assisted therapies for adults with symptoms of depression anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Bahji A, Lunsky I, Gutierrez G, Vazquez G.", "abstract": "There has been a resurgence in psychedelic research for managing psychiatric conditions in recent years. This study aimed to present a comprehensive review of the current state of the field by applying a systematic search strategy for articles on the effectiveness and tolerability of four psychedelic-assisted therapies (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], and ayahuasca) for adults with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychometric scores and adverse events were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis models with Hedges' g bias-corrected standardized mean differences (g) and rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Bias evaluation followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines. Eighteen studies were identified, which suggested that psychedelic therapies were well tolerated and presented a large effect size for the management of depression symptoms in a transdiagnostic population with psilocybin (g = -1.92, 95% CI, -2.73 to -1.11) and MDMA (g = -0.71; 95% CI, -1.39 to -0.03). These are promising results that complement the current literature. However, evidence certainty was low to very low due to methodological limitations, small sample size, blinding, study heterogeneity, and publication bias. These results also highlight the need for more adequately powered studies exploring these novel therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2278586", "pubmed_id": "37968944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2278586", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37968944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Aging,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1287, "title": "The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic effects of cannabis a review of the literature", "authors": "Wolinsky D, Barrett FS, Vandrey R.", "abstract": "Cannabis and classic psychedelics are controlled substances with emerging evidence of efficacy in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Cannabis has largely not been regarded as having psychedelic effects in contemporary literature, despite many examples of historical use along with classic psychedelics to attain altered states of consciousness. Research into the \"psychedelic\" effects of cannabis, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in particular, could prove helpful for assessing potential therapeutic indications and elucidating the mechanism of action of both cannabis and classic psychedelics. This review aggregates and evaluates the literature assessing the capacity of cannabis to yield the perceptual changes, aversiveness, and mystical experiences more typically associated with classic psychedelics such as psilocybin. This review also provides a brief contrast of neuroimaging findings associated with the acute effects of cannabis and psychedelics. The available evidence suggests that high-THC cannabis may be able to elicit psychedelic effects, but that these effects may not have been observed in recent controlled research studies due to the doses, set, and settings commonly used. Research is needed to investigate the effects of high doses of THC in the context utilized in therapeutic studies of psychedelics aimed to occasion psychedelic and/or therapeutic experiences. If cannabis can reliably generate psychedelic experiences under these conditions, high-THC dose cannabis treatments should be explored as potential adjunctive treatments for psychiatric disorders and be considered as an active comparator in clinical trials involving traditional psychedelic medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231209194", "pubmed_id": "37947321", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231209194", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37947321\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1319, "title": "Interaction of hallucinogenic rapid-acting antidepressants with mGlu2/3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies.", "normalized_title": "interaction of hallucinogenic rapid acting antidepressants with mglu2 3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies", "authors": "Chruścicka-Smaga B, Machaczka A, Szewczyk B, Pilc A.", "abstract": "The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high complexity and variety of symptoms. Over the last decades, the understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology of depression and its key consequences for brain functioning have undergone significant changes, referring to the monoaminergic theory of the disease. After the breakthrough discovery of ketamine, research began to focus on the modulation of glutamatergic transmission as a new pharmacological target. Glutamate is a crucial player in mechanisms of a novel class of antidepressants, including hallucinogens such as ketamine. The role of glutamatergic transmission is also suggested in the antidepressant (AD) action of scopolamine and psilocybin. Despite fast, robust, and sustained AD action hallucinogens belonging to a group of rapid-acting antidepressants (RAA) exert significant undesired effects, which hamper their use in the clinic. Thus, the synergistic action of more than one substance in lower doses instead of monotherapy may alleviate the likelihood of adverse effects while improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we explore AD-like behavioral, synaptic, and molecular action of RAAs such as ketamine, scopolamine, and psilocybin, in combination with mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4", "pubmed_id": "37932583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4", "keywords": "Ketamine, Scopolamine, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37932583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1318, "title": "The possible place for psychedelics in pharmacotherapy of mental disorders.", "normalized_title": "the possible place for psychedelics in pharmacotherapy of mental disorders", "authors": "Wojtas A.", "abstract": "Since its emergence in the 1960s, the serotonergic theory of depression bore fruit in the discovery of a plethora of antidepressant drugs affecting the lives of millions of patients. While crucial in the history of drug development, recent studies undermine the effectiveness of currently used antidepressant drugs in comparison to placebo, emphasizing the long time it takes to initiate the therapeutic response and numerous adverse effects. Thus, the scope of contemporary pharmacological research shifts from drugs affecting the serotonin system to rapid-acting antidepressant drugs. The prototypical representative of the aforementioned class is ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist capable of alleviating the symptoms of depression shortly after the drug administration. This discovery led to a paradigm shift, focusing on amino-acidic neurotransmitters and growth factors. Alas, the drug is not perfect, as its therapeutic effect diminishes circa 2 weeks after administration. Furthermore, it is not devoid of some severe side effects. However, there seems to be another, more efficient, and safer way to target the glutamatergic system. Hallucinogenic agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor, commonly known as psychedelics, are nowadays being reconsidered in clinical practice, shedding their infamous 1970s stigma. More and more clinical studies prove their clinical efficacy and rapid onset after a single administration while bearing fewer side effects. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art literature and most recent clinical studies concerning the use of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of mental disorders. Specifically, the antidepressant potential of LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT will be discussed, together with a brief summary of other possible applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00550-9", "pubmed_id": "37934320", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00550-9", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37934320\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1299, "title": "Present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans.", "normalized_title": "present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans", "authors": "Madrid-Gambin F, Fabregat-Safont D, Gomez-Gomez A, Olesti E, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Pozo OJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are classical hallucinogen drugs that induce a marked altered state of consciousness. In recent years, there has been renewed attention to the possible use of classical psychedelics for the treatment of certain mental health disorders. However, further investigation to better understand their biological effects in humans, their mechanism of action, and their metabolism in humans is needed when considering the development of future novel therapeutic approaches. Both metabolic and metabolomics studies may help for these purposes. On one hand, metabolic studies aim to determine the main metabolites of the drug. On the other hand, the application of metabolomics in human psychedelics studies can help to further understand the biological processes underlying the psychedelic state and the mechanisms of action underlying their therapeutic potential. This review presents the state of the art of metabolic and metabolomic studies after lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and β-carboline alkaloids (ayahuasca brew), 5-methoxy-DMT and psilocybin administrations in humans. We first describe the characteristics of the published research. Afterward, we reviewed the main results obtained by both metabolic and metabolomics (if available) studies in classical psychedelics and we found out that metabolic and metabolomics studies in psychedelics progress at two different speeds. Thus, whereas the main metabolites for classical psychedelics have been robustly established, the main metabolic alterations induced by psychedelics need to be explored. The integration of metabolomics and pharmacokinetics for investigating the molecular interaction between psychedelics and multiple targets may open new avenues in understanding the therapeutic role of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115775", "pubmed_id": "37944438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115775", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37944438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1337, "title": "LSD and psilocybin for chronic nociplastic pain: A narrative review of the literature supporting the use of classic psychedelic agents in chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "lsd and psilocybin for chronic nociplastic pain a narrative review of the literature supporting the use of classic psychedelic agents in chronic pain", "authors": "Van Der Walt J, Parker R.", "abstract": "Healthcare providers face the challenging task of managing patients who suffer from chronic nociplastic pain conditions. Pain is a multidimensional experience, and the current approach to managing people in chronic pain often fails to meet the needs of these patients. Novel ways of treating people who suffer from chronic nociplastic pain with classic psychedelic agents may offer a new lens through which to approach their pain. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are both serotonergic agents with a long history of use in treating people with chronic pain and mental health disorders. The new wave of research into psychedelics for major depressive disorder provides an opportunity to investigate and understand the potential for incorporating these drugs into chronic pain management pathways. This narrative review presents healthcare workers with a framework to understand the method of action of these drugs in chronic nociplastic pain pathways and a brief history into their use. We conducted an online search using Pubmed with keywords 'chronic pain' AND/OR 'psilocybin' AND/OR 'lysergic acid diethylamide' AND/OR 'psychedelics' with no date limit applied. We identified further articles that contained information on the neuroscience of psychedelics and the serotonergic system using Google Scholar. During the final stages of writing the article, the latest publications on psychedelics and chronic pain in leading pain journals were again included to update the information.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814", "pubmed_id": "38525640", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, South Africa, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38525640\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1321, "title": "Psychedelic renaissance: Revitalized potential therapies for psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic renaissance revitalized potential therapies for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Rhee TG, Davoudian PA, Sanacora G, Wilkinson ST.", "abstract": "Psychiatric disorders represent the largest cause of disability worldwide. Global interests in psychedelic substances as potentially therapeutic agents for psychiatric disorders has recently re-emerged. Here, we review progress in the development of psychedelic compounds that have potential therapeutic effects as well as the safety concerns. We include psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the entactogen 3,4-methyl-enedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). We also review the potential interactive effects these compounds can have with psychotherapeutic approaches. We provide a cutting-edge review of active and recently completed clinical trials based on the published literature (from MEDLINE), published abstracts at citable conferences, clinical trials from the US Clinical Trials registry (clinicaltrials.gov) and media press releases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103818", "pubmed_id": "37925136", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103818", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37925136\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1336, "title": "Beyond the 5-HT2A Receptor: Classic and Nonclassic Targets in Psychedelic Drug Action.", "normalized_title": "beyond the 5 ht2a receptor classic and nonclassic targets in psychedelic drug action", "authors": "Cameron LP, Benetatos J, Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Jaster AM, Moliner R, Castrén E, McCorvy JD, Palner M, Aguilar-Valles A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects and unique mechanisms of action. These compounds exert their primary effects through activating serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, found predominantly in cortical regions. By interacting with these receptors, serotonergic psychedelics induce alterations in perception, cognition, and emotions, leading to the characteristic psychedelic experience. One of the most crucial aspects of serotonergic psychedelics is their ability to promote neuroplasticity, the formation of new neural connections, and rewire neuronal networks. This neuroplasticity is believed to underlie their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. In this mini-review, we will discuss how the 5-HT2A receptor activation is just one facet of the complex mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics. They also interact with other serotonin receptor subtypes, such as 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, and with neurotrophin receptors (e.g., tropomyosin receptor kinase B). These interactions contribute to the complexity of their effects on perception, mood, and cognition. Moreover, as psychedelic research advances, there is an increasing interest in developing nonhallucinogenic derivatives of these drugs to create safer and more targeted medications for psychiatric disorders by removing the hallucinogenic properties while retaining the potential therapeutic benefits. These nonhallucinogenic derivatives would offer patients therapeutic advantages without the intense psychedelic experience, potentially reducing the risks of adverse reactions. Finally, we discuss the potential of psychedelics as substrates for post-translational modification of proteins as part of their mechanism of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023", "pubmed_id": "37940583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37940583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1069, "title": "The Tolerability and Safety of Psilocybin in Psychiatric and Substance-Dependence Conditions: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in psychiatric and substance dependence conditions a systematic review", "authors": "Kaminski D, Reinert JP.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review is to determine the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in a variety of psychiatric and substance-dependence conditions.Data sourcesA systematic review was conducted using Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science through September 2023 using the following terminology: \"psilocybin\" AND \"mental-disease\" OR \"substance-dependence\" AND \"disease-therapy,\" in addition to other synonymous key words.Study selection and data extractionLiterature reporting acute effects and safety data following the use of psilocybin as the pharmacologic intervention in a clinical trial in adult patients with a psychiatric or substance-dependence condition were included. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were ultimately included in this review.Data synthesisThe most common treatment-emergent adverse effects reported were transient nausea and headache. Transient anxiety was reported as a frequent psychiatric effect, and 3 participants received a benzodiazepine for refractory anxiety during the psilocybin session. Psilocybin demonstrated modest increases in blood pressure and heart rate, and 1 participant received an antihypertensive for sustained hypertension during the psilocybin session. No cases of psilocybin-induced psychosis or Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder were reported.Relevance to patient care and clinical practiceTreatment resistance remains a concern for psychiatric patients and novel therapies are needed to help alleviate the burden of morbidity and mortality. Psilocybin demonstrates promising acute and long-term safety that may allow for its use in psychiatric or substance-dependence conditions as an alternative to standards of care or in treatment-resistant patients.ConclusionsPsilocybin has demonstrated tolerability and safety in recent literature that has investigated its therapeutic potential in a variety of psychiatric or substance-dependence conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10600280231205645", "pubmed_id": "37902038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280231205645", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37902038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1354, "title": "A Comprehensive Review of the Current Status of the Cellular Neurobiology of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "a comprehensive review of the current status of the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics", "authors": "Banushi B, Polito V", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects on various psychiatric disorders. This review delves into the intricate cellular neurobiology of psychedelics, emphasizing their potential therapeutic applications in addressing the global burden of mental illness. It focuses on contemporary research into the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms underlying these substances, particularly the role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling and the promotion of plasticity through the TrkB-BDNF pathway. The review also discusses how psychedelics affect various receptors and pathways and explores their potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Overall, this research represents a significant development in biomedical sciences with the potential to transform mental health treatments.", "journal": "Biology", "publication_date": "2023-10-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/biology12111380", "pubmed_id": "37997979", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37997979/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, BDNF, LSD, TrkB, hallucinogen, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, serotonergic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37997979\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3798, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end-of-life issues", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end of life issues", "authors": "Kratina S, Lo C, Schwartz R, Strike C, Jopling S, Nayfeh A, Rush B.", "abstract": "ABSTRACTBackground: Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, there has been a wide range of both substances and therapeutic approaches in the use of psychedelic interventions in end-of-life populations, of which there has been a paucity of research undertaken to learn from this variety. Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to comprehensively explore the literature on the range of therapeutic psychedelic interventions that have been reported in populations coping with life-threatening illness and the end-of-life. Methods: We will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, theorised mechanisms, and sociocultural contextual factors.Contribution: The insights gained from this review will be used to inform discussions about the role of psychedelic interventions in populations coping with end-of-life concerns.Ethics and Dissemination: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences as well as shared with stakeholders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/4gfyd", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4gfyd", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR749041\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3369, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end-of-life issues", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end of life issues", "authors": "", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background: Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, there has been a wide range of both substances and therapeutic approaches in the use of psychedelic interventions in end-of-life populations, of which there has been a paucity of research undertaken to learn from this variety. Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to comprehensively explore the literature on the range of therapeutic psychedelic interventions that have been reported in populations coping with life-threatening illness and the end-of-life. Methods: We will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, theorised mechanisms, and sociocultural contextual factors. Contribution: The insights gained from this review will be used to inform discussions about the role of psychedelic interventions in populations coping with end-of-life concerns. Ethics and Dissemination: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences as well as shared with stakeholders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4gfyd_v1", "keywords": "end of life, existential distress, life-threatening illness, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, psychological suffering, scoping review protocol, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4gfyd_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1323, "title": "Cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine: current status and future directions.", "normalized_title": "cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine current status and future directions", "authors": "Wsół A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood processes. Their effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric diseases was known before their prohibition. An increasing number of recent studies, due to the indisputable resurgence of serotonergic hallucinogens, have shown their efficacy in alleviating depression, anxiety, substance abuse therapies, and existential distress treatment in patients facing life-threatening illness. Psychedelics are generally considered to be physiologically safe with low toxicity and low addictive potential. However, their agonism at serotonergic receptors should be considered in the context of possible serotonin-related cardiotoxicity (5-HT2A/2B and 5-HT4 receptors), influence on platelet aggregation (5-HT2A receptor), and their proarrhythmic potential. The use of psychedelics has also been associated with significant sympathomimetic effects in both experimental and clinical studies. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a critical discussion of the cardiovascular safety of psilocybin, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ayahuasca, and mescaline, based on the results of experimental research and clinical trials in humans. Experimental studies provide inconsistent information on the potential cardiovascular effects and toxicity of psychedelics. Data from clinical trials point to the relative cardiovascular safety of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the population of \"healthy\" volunteers. However, there is insufficient evidence from therapies carried out with microdoses of psychedelics, and there is still a lack of data on the safety of psychedelics in the population of patients with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the exact determination of the cardiovascular safety of psychedelic therapies (especially long-term therapies) requires further research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4", "pubmed_id": "37874530", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37874530\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1218, "title": "Psilocybin, an Effective Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults - A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin an effective treatment for major depressive disorder in adults a systematic review", "authors": "Watford T, Masood N.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classical psychedelic which has been utilised for healing purposes for millenia. However, with its classification as a Schedule I substance, research into this compound is scarce with few FDA-approved clinical studies. Despite this, profound findings into its antidepressant effects (largely through its action on 5-HT1a receptors) in mental illnesses such as major depressive disorder have rapidly increased interest back into their potential therapeutic benefits. This systematic review provides an analysis of the studies examining the clinical use of psilocybin for major depressive disorder. In total 6 studies were selected, including 319 participants, with half being randomised controlled trials and half open label trials. In every study psychological support was included as an integral part of the treatment. It was found that every study significantly favoured the use of psilocybin in reducing depressive symptoms, with few side effects. This gives psilocybin an advantage over commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which carry more risk and cause more adverse effects. This drug therefore shows promise for being used as a clinical treatment for major depressive disorder, however future research should develop a paradigm for its use, with the timing of sessions and type of psychological support specified to allow for more precise analysis of the clinical effects of the drug. Additionally, more studies into its clinical efficacy are needed for appropriate detection of any publication bias. With this, psilocybin could prove to be revolutionary in treating depression and become an alternative medication to SSRIs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.9758/cpn.23.1120", "pubmed_id": "38247407", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1120", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38247407\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1342, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Haikazian S, Chen-Li DCJ, Johnson DE, Fancy F, Levinta A, Husain MI, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "The aim of this review was to determine the effect of psilocybin on depressive symptoms in patients diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses or major depressive disorder. Systematic searches were conducted to search for randomized clinical trials and open-label trials that evaluated depression symptoms after psilocybin therapy. Data was pooled using a random-effects model. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) in depression severity, determined by calculating the change in depression ratings from baseline to the primary endpoint in the psilocybin arm versus the control arm. The literature search yielded 1734 studies, and 13 studies (n = 686) were included in either qualitative and/or quantitative analyses. The meta-analysis included 9 studies (pooled n = 596) and yielded a large effect size in favour of psilocybin (SMD = -0.78; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531", "pubmed_id": "37844352", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37844352\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3188, "title": "Synergistic, Multi-level Understanding of Psychedelics: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Their Pharmacology, Neuroimaging and Phenomenology", "normalized_title": "synergistic multi level understanding of psychedelics three systematic reviews and meta analyses of their pharmacology neuroimaging and phenomenology", "authors": "Shinozuka K, Jerotic K, Mediano P, Zhao AT, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: 1) subjective experience (phenomenology), 2) neuroimaging and 3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.10.06.561183", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.06.561183", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR738055\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1344, "title": "Functional imaging studies of acute administration of classic psychedelics, ketamine, and MDMA: Methodological limitations and convergent results.", "normalized_title": "functional imaging studies of acute administration of classic psychedelics ketamine and mdma methodological limitations and convergent results", "authors": "Linguiti S, Vogel JW, Sydnor VJ, Pines A, Wellman N, Basbaum A, Eickhoff CR, Eickhoff SB, Edwards RR, Larsen B, McKinstry-Wu A, Scott JC, Roalf DR, Sharma V, Strain EC, Corder G, Dworkin RH, Satterthwaite TD.", "abstract": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to non-invasively study the acute impact of psychedelics on the human brain. While fMRI is a promising tool for measuring brain function in response to psychedelics, it also has known methodological challenges. We conducted a systematic review of fMRI studies examining acute responses to experimentally administered psychedelics in order to identify convergent findings and characterize heterogeneity in the literature. We reviewed 91 full-text papers; these studies were notable for substantial heterogeneity in design, task, dosage, drug timing, and statistical approach. Data recycling was common, with 51 unique samples across 91 studies. Fifty-seven studies (54%) did not meet contemporary standards for Type I error correction or control of motion artifact. Psilocybin and LSD were consistently reported to moderate the connectivity architecture of the sensorimotor-association cortical axis. Studies also consistently reported that ketamine administration increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Moving forward, use of best practices such as pre-registration, standardized image processing and statistical testing, and data sharing will be important in this rapidly developing field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105421", "pubmed_id": "37802267", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105421", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37802267\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1368, "title": "Exploring the Potential Utility of Psychedelic Therapy for Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential utility of psychedelic therapy for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", "authors": "Gold ND, Mallard AJ, Hermann JC, Zeifman RJ, Pagni BA, Bogenschutz MP, Ross S", "abstract": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive, terminal neurodegenerative disease that causes death of motor neurons and has an average survival time of 3-4 years. ALS is the most common motor neuron degenerative disease and is increasing in prevalence. There is a pressing need for more effective ALS treatments as available pharmacotherapies do not reverse disease progression or provide substantial clinical benefit. Furthermore, despite psychological distress being highly prevalent in ALS patients, psychological treatments remain understudied. Psychedelics (i.e., serotonergic psychedelics and related compounds like ketamine) have seen a resurgence of research into therapeutic applications for treating a multitude of neuropsychiatric conditions, including psychiatric and existential distress in life-threatening illnesses. We conducted a narrative review to examine the potential of psychedelic assisted-psychotherapy (PAP) to alleviate psychiatric and psychospiritual distress in ALS. We also discussed the safety of using psychedelics in this population and proposed putative neurobiological mechanisms that may therapeutically intervene on ALS neuropathology. PAP has the potential to treat psychological dimensions and may also intervene on neuropathological dimensions of ALS. Robust improvements in psychiatric and psychospiritual distress from PAP in other populations provide a strong rationale for utilizing this therapy to treat ALS-related psychiatric and existential distress. Furthermore, relevant neuroprotective properties of psychedelics warrant future preclinical trials to investigate this area in ALS models. PAP has the potential to serve as an effective treatment in ALS. Given the lack of effective treatment options, researchers should rigorously explore this therapy for ALS in future trials.", "journal": "Journal of palliative medicine", "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2022.0604", "pubmed_id": "37167080", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37167080/", "keywords": "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ketamine, neurodegenerative, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37167080\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1362, "title": "Use of Psychedelics for Pain: A Scoping Review.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelics for pain a scoping review", "authors": "Goel A, Rai Y, Sivadas S, Diep C, Clarke H, Shanthanna H, Ladha KS.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is a public health concern that affects approximately 1.5 billion people globally. Conventional therapeutic agents including opioid and non-opioid analgesics have been associated with adverse side effects, issues with addiction, and ineffective analgesia. Novel agents repurposed to treat pain via different mechanisms are needed to fill the therapeutic gap in chronic pain management. Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin (the active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms) are thought to alter pain perception through direct serotonin receptor agonism, anti-inflammatory effects, and synaptic remodeling. This scoping review was conducted to identify human studies in which psychedelic agents were used for the treatment of pain. Twenty-one articles that assessed the effects of psychedelics in treating various pain states were included. The present scarcity of clinical trials and small sample sizes limit their application for clinical use. Overall, psychedelics appear to show promise for analgesia in patients with certain headache disorders and cancer pain diagnoses. Future studies must aim to examine the combined effects of psychotherapy and psychedelics on chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/aln.0000000000004673", "pubmed_id": "37698433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000004673", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Analgesia, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Chronic Pain, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37698433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1377, "title": "Predictors of Pharmacy Students' Attitudes About the Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "predictors of pharmacy students attitudes about the therapeutic use of psilocybin", "authors": "NM Mahmudul Alam Bhuiya, Robin J. Jacobs, Karina Wang, Yiqun Sun, Brenda Nava, Luke Sampiere, Akhila Yerubandi, Joshua Caballero", "abstract": "Background Psilocybin has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits, particularly for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While more research is needed as psilocybin-assisted therapy becomes more prevalent, future pharmacists will probably be involved at some level. At present, pharmacists receive minimal training on psilocybin, and little is known about their attitudes toward its use for medical purposes. Findings from recent clinical studies have attempted to establish the safety and medical efficacy of psilocybin, leading to an increased interest in therapeutic psilocybin use in the United States. This study aimed to assess if self-assessed knowledge of psilocybin, concerns about adverse effects, and opinions about legalization will make statistically significant contributions to pharmacy students' attitudes about psilocybin use in practice. Methods Pharmacy students' self-assessed knowledge, concern for potential adverse effects, and perceptions of psilocybin were investigated using a cross-sectional survey study design. Data were collected from March 13 to April 7, 2023, from a convenience sample of 161 pharmacy students enrolled in an accredited pharmacy school in the southern region of the United States using a 41-item anonymous quantitative survey developed by the researchers that contained validated scales. The survey was delivered electronically. Multiple regression modeling was conducted to determine if self-assessed knowledge, concerns for adverse effects, and opinions about legalization would predict pharmacy students' attitudes about therapy-assisted psilocybin use. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the authors' university. Results The mean age of the 161 participants was 24 years (SD = 2.981; range 20-40 years). Twenty (12.4%) participants reported previous use of psilocybin for recreational purposes and two (1.2%) reported having used it therapeutically. Many (n =121; 75.2%) of the participants believed that psilocybin should be decriminalized for therapeutic use, but only 54 (33.5%) thought it should be decriminalized for recreational use. A multiple linear regression model predicting \"attitudes about psilocybin\" (dependent variable) produced significant results: (F(4, 122) = 40.575, p < 0.001), with an R2 = 0.571 (adjusted R2 = 0.557). Greater \"self-assessed knowledge about psilocybin,\" less \"concern about possible negative effects,\" greater \"belief in the decriminalization of psilocybin for recreational use,\" and greater \"belief in the decriminalization of psilocybin for therapeutic use\" (all independent variables) were associated with more positive perceptions about medical psilocybin. The percentage of variance in the scores accounted for by the model was 57%. Conclusions Pharmacy students may lack information and training regarding psilocybin and report a desire to learn more about it. Their attitudes about medical psilocybin may be driven by this desire to learn in addition to concerns about adverse effects and legalization issues. Due to the dearth of published information regarding the knowledge and acceptance of psilocybin as a viable treatment option for patients, further research in psychedelic-assisted treatments may be warranted.", "journal": "Cureus", "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.45169", "pubmed_id": "37842360", "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45169", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Pharmacy, Legalization, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Family medicine, Adverse effect, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386702998\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386702998\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2011221060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093274439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944495881\",\"https://openalex.org/W2966840080\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3149986569\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191608162\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193541843\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200517619\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210332402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224263135\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224942177\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283813871\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285047488\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285605468\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293176220\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309648711\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4364356083\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382465647\",\"https://openalex.org/W7070833347\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092861250\",\"display_name\":\"NM Mahmudul Alam Bhuiya\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091609619\",\"display_name\":\"Robin J. Jacobs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-4096\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046709170\",\"display_name\":\"Karina Wang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101062105\",\"display_name\":\"Yiqun Sun\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6860-5818\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070002328\",\"display_name\":\"Brenda Nava\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005943395\",\"display_name\":\"Luke Sampiere\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000054887\",\"display_name\":\"Akhila Yerubandi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-747X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040951969\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua Caballero\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4406-2425\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2738950867\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cureus\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45169\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4386702998" }, { "id": 1364, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy in military and veterans healthcare systems clinical legal and implementation considerations", "authors": "Wolfgang AS, Hoge CW.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.Recent findings3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted therapy have shown promising outcomes in efficacy, safety, tolerability, and durability for PTSD and depression, respectively. MDMA-assisted therapy is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on an Expanded Access (\"compassionate use\") basis for PTSD, with full approval projected for 2024. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is projected to be FDA-approved for depression soon thereafter. Other psychedelics are in earlier stages of development. The VA is currently conducting PAT clinical trials. Although there are clear legal pathways for the VA and DoD to conduct PAT trials, a number of implementation barriers exist, such as the very high number of clinical hours necessary to treat each patient, resource requirements to support treatment infrastructure, military-specific considerations, and the high level of evidence necessary for PAT to be recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Ongoing considerations are whether and how PAT will be made available to VA and DoD beneficiaries, feasibility and cost-effectiveness, and ethical safeguards that must be implemented to prioritize access to PAT given the likelihood of extremely limited initial availability. However, with imminent FDA approval of PATs and considerable national interest in these treatments, DoD and VA policymakers must be prepared with clearly delineated policies and plans for how these healthcare systems will approach PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4", "pubmed_id": "37682446", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Delivery of Health Care, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37682446\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1363, "title": "The zebrafish for preclinical psilocybin research.", "normalized_title": "the zebrafish for preclinical psilocybin research", "authors": "Syed OA, Tsang B, Gerlai R.", "abstract": "In this review, we discuss the possible utility of zebrafish in research on psilocybin, a psychedelic drug whose recreational use as well as possible clinical application are gaining increasing interest. First, we review behavioral tests with zebrafish, focussing on anxiety and social behavior, which have particular relevance in the context of psilocybin research. Next, we briefly consider methods of genetic manipulations with which psilocybin's phenotypical effects and underlying mechanisms may be investigated in zebrafish. We briefly review the known mechanisms of psilocybin, and also discuss what we know about its safety and toxicity profile. Last, we discuss examples of how psilocybin may be employed for testing treatment efficacy in preclinical research for affective disorders in zebrafish. We conclude that zebrafish has a promising future in preclinical research on psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105381", "pubmed_id": "37689090", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105381", "keywords": "Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37689090\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1386, "title": "Psychedelics, With a Focus on Psilocybin: Issues for the Clinician.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics with a focus on psilocybin issues for the clinician", "authors": "Garakani A, Alexander JL, Sumner CR, Pine JH, Gross LS, Raison CL, Aaronson ST, Baron DA.", "abstract": "There has been a burgeoning interest in psychedelics among the public, state legislatures, psychiatrists and other clinical providers, and within the research community. Increasing numbers of studies evaluating psychedelics for depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders have been conducted or are underway. While discussing psychedelics in general, the focus of this paper is on psilocybin and its mechanism, how it exerts a psychedelic effect, dosing, and a review of the treatment studies of psilocybin, which were primarily for treatment-resistant depression and cancer-related anxiety. Future directions and potential limitations of studying and regulating psilocybin and other psychedelics are also discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/pra.0000000000000729", "pubmed_id": "37678363", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000729", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37678363\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1380, "title": "Psychedelics for treatment resistant depression: are they game changers?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for treatment resistant depression are they game changers", "authors": "Kalfas M, Taylor RH, Tsapekos D, Young AH.", "abstract": "IntroductionA new era of treatment for adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which involves psychedelic substances, is dawning. Emerging evidence indicates that psychedelics can exert antidepressant effects through multiple neurobiological and psychological mechanisms. However, it remains to be seen if these new treatments will revolutionize the treatment of TRD.Areas coveredThe present review focuses on the efficacy of serotoninergic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), as well as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), for TRD. A systematic search was conducted for psilocybin in TRD as emerging trials had not yet been subject to review. A narrative review summarized findings on other psychedelics.Expert opinionPsychedelic therapy has created a paradigm shift in the treatment of TRD, as it can maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize potential risks. Psilocybin holds promise as a potential game-changer in the treatment of TRD, with initial evidence suggesting a rapid antidepressant effect sustained for some responders for at least 3 months. Nevertheless, further adequately powered, double-blind, comparator-controlled trials are required to explore and clarify the mechanisms of action and long-term effects of psychedelics in TRD. Psychedelics also hold promise for other psychiatric conditions, such as bipolar depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582", "pubmed_id": "37947195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37947195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1325, "title": "A journey with psychedelic mushrooms: From historical relevance to biology, cultivation, medicinal uses, biotechnology, and beyond.", "normalized_title": "a journey with psychedelic mushrooms from historical relevance to biology cultivation medicinal uses biotechnology and beyond", "authors": "Pepe M, Hesami M, de la Cerda KA, Perreault ML, Hsiang T, Jones AMP.", "abstract": "Psychedelic mushrooms containing psilocybin and related tryptamines have long been used for ethnomycological purposes, but emerging evidence points to the potential therapeutic value of these mushrooms to address modern neurological, psychiatric health, and related disorders. As a result, psilocybin containing mushrooms represent a re-emerging frontier for mycological, biochemical, neuroscience, and pharmacology research. This work presents crucial information related to traditional use of psychedelic mushrooms, as well as research trends and knowledge gaps related to their diversity and distribution, technologies for quantification of tryptamines and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, as well as biosynthetic mechanisms for their production within mushrooms. In addition, we explore the current state of knowledge for how psilocybin and related tryptamines are metabolized in humans and their pharmacological effects, including beneficial and hazardous human health implications. Finally, we describe opportunities and challenges for investigating the production of psychedelic mushrooms and metabolic engineering approaches to alter secondary metabolite profiles using biotechnology integrated with machine learning. Ultimately, this critical review of all aspects related to psychedelic mushrooms represents a roadmap for future research efforts that will pave the way to new applications and refined protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247", "pubmed_id": "37659744", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Biology, Biotechnology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37659744\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1387, "title": "Psilocybin history, action and reaction: A narrative clinical review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin history action and reaction a narrative clinical review", "authors": "Sharma P, Nguyen QA, Matthews SJ, Carpenter E, Mathews DB, Patten CA, Hammond CJ.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used in religious and cultural ceremonies for centuries. Of late, psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received increased public interest as a novel drug for treating mood and substance use disorders (SUDs). In addition, in recent years, some states in the United States have legalized psilocybin for medical and recreational use. Given this, clinicians need to understand the potential benefits and risks related to using psilocybin for therapeutic purposes so that they can accurately advise patients. This expert narrative review summarizes the scientific basis and clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating psychiatric disorders and SUDs. The results of this review are structured as a more extensive discussion about psilocybin's history, putative mechanisms of action, and recent legislative changes to its legal status. There is modest evidence of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, early data suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may effectively reduce harmful drinking in patients with alcohol use disorders. The evidence further suggests psilocybin, when administered under supervision (psilocybin-assisted therapy), the side effects experienced are mild and transient. The occurrence of severe adverse events following psilocybin administration is uncommon. Still, a recent clinical trial found that individuals in the psilocybin arm had increased suicidal ideations and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. Given this, further investigation into the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy is warranted to determine which patient subgroups are most likely to benefit and which are most likely to experience adverse outcomes related to its use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231190858", "pubmed_id": "37650489", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231190858", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37650489\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1042, "title": "Beyond Psilocybin: Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Other Serotonergic Psychedelics in Mental and Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "beyond psilocybin reviewing the therapeutic potential of other serotonergic psychedelics in mental and substance use disorders", "authors": "Wong S, Yu AY, Fabiano N, Finkelstein O, Pasricha A, Jones BDM, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Husain MI.", "abstract": "There has been a resurgence of interest in the use of psychedelic therapies for several mental and substance use disorders. Psilocybin, a \"classic\" serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as one of the primary compounds of interest in clinical research. While research on psilocybin's potential mental health benefits has grown, data on the safety and efficacy of other serotonergic psychedelics remain limited. A comprehensive scoping review on the use of mescaline, ibogaine, ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of mental and substance disorders was conducted. Independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts and conducted data extraction. Seventy-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 43 studies of LSD, 24 studies of ayahuasca, 5 studies of DMT, 5 studies of ibogaine, and 5 studies of mescaline. Commonly reported benefits included improved mood and anxiety symptoms, improved insight, reduced substance use, improved relationships, and decreased vegetative symptoms. Commonly reported adverse effects were psychological, neurological, physical, and gastrointestinal in nature. Serious adverse events (homicide and suicide) were reported in published studies of LSD. In conclusion, there is only low-level evidence to support the safety and efficacy of non-psilocybin serotonergic psychedelics in individuals with mental and substance use disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2251133", "pubmed_id": "37615379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2251133", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37615379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1328, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: Which psychotherapy?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression which psychotherapy", "authors": "Marie Crowe, Jenni Manuel, Dave Carlyle, Cameron Lacey", "abstract": "This perspective paper explores the choice of psychotherapy for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression. There is evidence to support the use of some psychotherapies in treating 'treatment-resistant' depression, and emerging evidence for the efficacy of psilocybin. The next step which is the focus of this paper is to identify psychotherapies that are both effective and congruent with the psilocybin experience. The evidence for the efficacy of the psychotherapies is drawn from a Cochrane review and the analysis of their congruence with the psilocybin experience is drawn from a qualitative meta-synthesis of the experience of psilocybin. The paper will examine whether three one-to-one psychotherapies identified as effective in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression are compatible with the psilocybin experience. Each psychotherapy will be examined in relation to its congruence with the qualitative evidence that suggests the choice of psychotherapy needs to give priority to the subjective experience, facilitate emotional processing, support connectedness with others, acceptance of the self as emotional and support change based on the person's insights into their relationships with others and the world in which they live. We conclude that interpersonal psychotherapy and intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy align with that experience, although others are currently being trialled.", "journal": "International Journal of Mental Health Nursing", "publication_date": "2023-08-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/inm.13214", "pubmed_id": "37589380", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13214", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Interpersonal psychotherapy, Treatment-resistant depression, Social connectedness, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Cognition, Medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Major depressive disorder, Surgery, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385898071\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385898071\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1502317239\",\"https://openalex.org/W1930885864\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003898298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011221060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030744232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041230728\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042982960\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066146596\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152690559\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155961498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163061169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2225653379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2233786344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313877811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515306146\",\"https://openalex.org/W2592399410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594090197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2606033917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802563004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2904101422\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912070790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009264042\",\"https://openalex.org/W3019835651\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027835371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3033128649\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3119707674\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157692430\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160306775\",\"https://openalex.org/W3168039611\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183684219\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212926858\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231030315\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241320983\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249892030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281397183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011480\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296082062\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297373842\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300469004\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309244275\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315840884\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315928396\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320491739\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367840575\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683673508\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051714232\",\"display_name\":\"Marie Crowe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-8658\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083763369\",\"display_name\":\"Jenni Manuel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050106219\",\"display_name\":\"Dave Carlyle\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057651746\",\"display_name\":\"Cameron Lacey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-6784\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175683280\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Mental Health Nursing\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13214\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4385898071" }, { "id": 4787, "title": "use of psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders - review", "normalized_title": "use of psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders review", "authors": "Justyna Woźniak, Rafał BOGACZ, Magdalena Gaik, Ewa URAM, Inga MAGDA, Karol Womperski, Magdalena OSUCH", "abstract": "Introduction: The word “psychedelic” derives from the Greek language and can be loosely translated as “mind manifesting” which is to convey that these substances allow the mind to unleash its hidden potential. Psilocybin is considered to be a “classic psychedelic” and is most commonly found in the form of so-called “magic mushrooms”. Due to its unique properties psilocybin has been used during religious ceremonies and rituals for centuries and more recently also explored in a medical context. Nowadays many studies are being carried out to prove the efficacy of its use in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Aim of study: Review of the current knowledge on the subject of psilocybin applied in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression and addiction. Methods and materials: A review of chosen literature was carried out in the PubMed database and Google Scholar using the following phrases: psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic-assisted therapy, major depressive disorder, addiction. Results: Recent studies suggest that psilocybin may be an effective form of treatment for cancer-related psychiatric distress, treatment-resistant depression and addiction. There are some reports of psilocybin being useful when treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and cluster headaches. Conclusions: More large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are required to prove these promising findings. Psychological support is crucial during the treatment with psilocybin.", "journal": "Journal of Education Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2023-08-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2023.43.01.009", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.43.01.009", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Psychology, Addiction, Context (archaeology), Psychotherapist, Distress, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Biology, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385645939\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385645939\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1970807094\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015086459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2192859497\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810374266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889566085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2974814938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999570410\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210332402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036023465\",\"display_name\":\"Justyna Woźniak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-6009\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092610082\",\"display_name\":\"Rafał BOGACZ\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-8943\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084677904\",\"display_name\":\"Magdalena Gaik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-9016\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092610084\",\"display_name\":\"Ewa URAM\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6460-8150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092610085\",\"display_name\":\"Inga MAGDA\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5413-6656\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030141450\",\"display_name\":\"Karol Womperski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-2974\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092610086\",\"display_name\":\"Magdalena OSUCH\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-3723\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737571363\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Education Health and Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.43.01.009\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4385645939" }, { "id": 4788, "title": "Psilocybin's Emerging Role in Combating Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s emerging role in combating depressive disorder", "authors": "Anna Jaremek, Joanna Kępa, Norbert Kandefer, Michał Wyszkowski, Aleksandra Grabarczyk, Anna Pawlak, Sylwia Grad, Małgorzata Gregorek, Paweł Gregorek", "abstract": "In this review paper, we delve into the potential applicability of psilocybin - a naturally synthesized psychedelic substance found within select species of fungi, as a prospective avenue for depression treatment. Depression, a widespread psychological malady affecting countless individuals across the globe, often proves stubborn against existing treatment modalities, necessitating exploration into new options. The spotlight has increasingly been cast on psilocybin, thanks to its promising therapeutic capacities for a spectrum of mental health disorders, notably including depression. This article dissects the operational mechanisms of psilocybin, referencing germane clinical trials, and weighing the prospective risks and rewards related to its usage. Pooled findings from an array of clinical studies hint at the possibility of psilocybin furnishing swift and lasting advantages for managing depression and similar disorders. Trial participants who underwent a combined regimen of psilocybin and psychotherapy recorded enduring alleviation in their anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psilocybin has been observed to trigger modifications in neural activity, predominantly in the brain's default mode network (DMN) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These alterations have been correlated with a decrease in self-oriented cognitive processes, an uptick in positive emotional states, and the facilitation of neuroplasticity. When compared with standard antidepressant medications, the symptomatic improvements seen with psilocybin were largely equivalent. Preclinical investigations have also underlined psilocybin's potential in augmenting neural plasticity and neurogenesis, thus hinting at its possible utility in the fields of neurosurgery and neurooncology.", "journal": "Journal of Education Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2023-08-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2023.40.01.011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.40.01.011", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Default mode network, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Neuroplasticity, Depression (economics), Antidepressant, Cognition, Clinical psychology, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385658334\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385658334\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110572089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311273096\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612347\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Jaremek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7787-7938\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046422345\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Kępa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612348\",\"display_name\":\"Norbert Kandefer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3743-5939\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020439017\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Wyszkowski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1125-4014\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012213808\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Grabarczyk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2232-2265\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035222802\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Pawlak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8502-4987\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022674489\",\"display_name\":\"Sylwia Grad\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3833-5398\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612349\",\"display_name\":\"Małgorzata Gregorek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5964-6897\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612350\",\"display_name\":\"Paweł Gregorek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-2054\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737571363\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Education Health and Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.40.01.011\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4385658334" }, { "id": 1414, "title": "A Brief Review on the Potential of Psychedelics for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Related Depression.", "normalized_title": "a brief review on the potential of psychedelics for treating alzheimer s disease and related depression", "authors": "Pilozzi A, Foster S, Mischoulon D, Fava M, Huang X", "abstract": "Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is poised to place an even greater societal and healthcare burden as the population ages. With few treatment options for the symptomatic relief of the disease and its unknown etiopathology, more research into AD is urgently needed. Psychedelic drugs target AD-related psychological pathology and symptoms such as depression. Using microdosing, psychedelic drugs may prove to help combat this devastating disease by eliciting psychiatric benefits via acting through various mechanisms of action such as serotonin and dopamine pathways. Herein, we review the studied benefits of a few psychedelic compounds that may show promise in treating AD and attenuating its related depressive symptoms. We used the listed keywords to search through PubMed for relevant preclinical, clinical research, and review articles. The putative mechanism of action (MOA) for psychedelics is that they act mainly as serotonin receptor agonists and induce potential beneficial effects for treating AD and related depression.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2023-08-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms241512513", "pubmed_id": "37569888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37569888/", "keywords": "Alzheimer’s disease, DMT, LSD, dementia, depression, ketamine, mescaline, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37569888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1348, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of human studies.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and dose response meta analysis of human studies", "authors": "Perez N, Langlest F, Mallet L, De Pieri M, Sentissi O, Thorens G, Seragnoli F, Zullino D, Kirschner M, Kaiser S, Solmi M, Sabé M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is increasingly studied for its antidepressant effect, but its optimal dosage for depression remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis to find the optimal dosage of psilocybin to reduce depression scores. Following our protocol (CRD42022220190) multiple electronic databases were searched from their inception until February 2023, to identify double-blind randomized placebo-controlled (RCTs) fixed-dose trials evaluating the use of psilocybin for adult patients with primary or secondary depression. A one-stage dose-response meta-analysis with restricted cubic splines was used. Cochrane risk of bias was used to assess risk of bias. Our analysis included seven studies with a total of 489 participants. Among these, four studies focused on primary depression (N = 366), including one study with patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression. The remaining three studies examined secondary depression (N = 123). The determined 95% effective doses per day (ED95) were 8.92, 24.68, and 36.08 mg/70 kg for patients with secondary depression, primary depression, and both subgroups, respectively. We observed significant dose-response associations for all curves, each plateauing at different levels, except for the bell-shaped curve observed in the case of secondary depression. Additionally, we found significant dose-response associations for various side effects, including physical discomfort, blood pressure increase, nausea/vomiting, headache/migraine, and the risk of prolonged psychosis. In conclusion, we discovered specific ED95 values for different populations, indicating higher ED95 values for treatment-resistant depression, primary depression, and secondary depression groups. Further RCTs are necessary for each population to determine the optimal dosage, allowing for maximum efficacy while minimizing side effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011", "pubmed_id": "37557019", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psychotic Disorders, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37557019\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1389, "title": "The Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of Episodic Migraine.", "normalized_title": "the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of episodic migraine", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review presents the existing literature of and a framework for how psychedelic drugs might be applied as therapeutic agents in episodic migraine.Recent findingsThe therapeutic effects of psychedelics in headache disorders have been reported for decades and controlled investigations are now beginning. In the first and only clinical trial of a psychedelic drug in migraine, the single administration of low-dose psilocybin reduced weekly migraine days and pain intensity for the following 2 weeks in episodic subjects. These transitional effects, along with abortive effects in two subjects and additional findings in cluster headache, offer insight into the potential medicinal use of this and other psychedelic drugs in episodic migraine. The existing evidence supports the continued investigation of psilocybin and other psychedelics as transitional treatments in episodic migraine. Acute and preventive effects also exist, but the risks may outweigh benefits with these applications. Future research of psychedelics in episodic migraine should be tailored for this condition and not modeled after protocols used in other medical or psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-023-01145-y", "pubmed_id": "37540398", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-023-01145-y", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Migraine Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37540398\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1420, "title": "Psychedelic medicines for end-of-life care: Pipeline clinical trial review 2022.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines for end of life care pipeline clinical trial review 2022", "authors": "Jing X, Hoeh NR, Menkes DB.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPeople with terminal illnesses often experience psychological distress and associated disability. Recent clinical trial evidence has stimulated interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelics at end of life. Much uncertainty remains, however, mainly due to methodological difficulties that beset existing trials. We conducted a scoping review of pipeline clinical trials of psychedelic treatment for depression, anxiety, and existential distress at end of life.MethodsProposed, registered, and ongoing trials were identified from 2 electronic databases (ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform). Recent reviews and both commercial and non-profit organization websites were used to identify additional unregistered trials.ResultsIn total, 25 studies were eligible, including 13 randomized controlled trials and 12 open-label trials. Three trials made attempts beyond randomization to assess expectancy and blinding effectiveness. Investigational drugs included ketamine (n = 11), psilocybin (n = 10), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (n = 2), and lysergic acid diethylamide (n = 2). Three trials involved microdosing, and fifteen trials incorporated psychotherapy.Significance of resultsA variety of onging or upcoming clinical trials are expected to usefully extend evidence regarding psychedelic-assisted group therapy and microdosing in the end-of-life setting. Still needed are head-to-head comparisons of different psychedelics to identify those best suited to specific indications and clinical populations. More extensive and rigorous studies are also necessary to better control expectancy, confirm therapeutic findings and establish safety data to guide the clinical application of these novel therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s147895152300069x", "pubmed_id": "37334486", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s147895152300069x", "keywords": "Humans, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37334486\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1413, "title": "Psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Ibrahim IB, Videbech P, Straszek SPV.", "abstract": "This review aims at RCT's of psychedelics used in the treatment of depression and PTSD. Psilocybin has shown an antidepressant effect in cancer patients that was sustained at 6- and 12-months follow-up. The effect of psilocybin was comparable to escitalopram in one study. Ketamine has shown effect for the treatment of resistant depression. Phase 2 and 3 trials have shown the effect of MDMA on PTSD. No serious adverse events were reported in controlled settings, but larger studies are needed to establish safety and long-term effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "37615227", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37615227", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37615227\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1391, "title": "Natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression; a review focusing on neurotransmitters.", "normalized_title": "natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression a review focusing on neurotransmitters", "authors": "Jahanabadi S, Amiri S, Karkeh-Abadi M, Razmi A.", "abstract": "Natural psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. This review will discuss how natural psychedelics exert their neurobiological therapeutic effects, and how different neurotransmission systems mediate the effects of these compounds. Further, current therapeutic strategies for depression, and novel mechanism of action of natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression will be discussed. In this review, our focus will be on N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), reversible type A monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms, ibogaine, muscimol extracted from Amanita spp. mushrooms and ibotenic acid.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105620", "pubmed_id": "37490982", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105620", "keywords": "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Depression, Molecular Structure", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37490982\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1390, "title": "Assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and individual participant data meta analysis", "authors": "Simonsson O, Carlbring P, Carhart-Harris R, Davis AK, Nutt DJ, Griffiths RR, Erritzoe D, Goldberg SB.", "abstract": "We conducted a meta-analysis using individual participant data from three, two-dose psilocybin trials for depression (N = 102) with the aim of assessing the risk of symptom worsening. Clinically significant symptom worsening occurred for a minority of participants in the psilocybin and escitalopram conditions (∼10%) and for a majority of participants in the waitlist condition (63.6%). Using data from the two trials with control arms, the psilocybin arm showed a lower likelihood of symptom worsening versus waitlist, and no difference in the likelihood of symptom worsening versus escitalopram. The limitation of a relatively small sample size should be addressed in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "pubmed_id": "37523886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Sample Size, Depression, Symptom Flare Up, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37523886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3309, "title": "A systematic review to assess the use of psilocybin in the treatment of headaches", "normalized_title": "a systematic review to assess the use of psilocybin in the treatment of headaches", "authors": "Bhanot S, Lin M, Bains S, Monroe A, Tsang V.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10660046", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10660046\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3146, "title": "Systematic Review on the Mechanisms of Action of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression", "normalized_title": "systematic review on the mechanisms of action of psilocybin in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Lin M, Lee H, Tsang V, Chai B, Howard A, Uy C, Elefante J.", "abstract": "Introduction Despite emerging evidence suggesting the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of mood disorders such as depression, the exact mechanisms by which psilocybin is able to elicit these antidepressant effects remains unknown. Objectives As the use of psilocybin as a treatment modality for depression has garnered increasing interest, this study aims to summarize the existing evidence of the mechanism of action with which psilocybin alleviates depressive symptoms, focusing specifically on the neurobiological effects of psilocybin in human subjects. Methods Four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, psychINFO, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of MeSH terms and free text keywords in September 2021. The original search included both human and animal studies and must have included testing of the mechanism of action of psilocybin. Only antidepressant effects were considered, with no other mood disorders or psychiatric diagnoses included. Two independent researchers screened at every stage of the review, with a third researcher resolving any conflicts. Though a full systematic review outlining the current literature on the complete mechanisms of action of psilocybin on depression was conducted, this abstract will focus specifically on the nine papers that included human subjects, disregarding the five animal models. PROSPERO registration number: 282710. Results After removing duplicates, the search identified 2193 papers and forty-nine were selected for full text review. Out of nine papers outlining the mechanisms of action of psilocybin use in human subjects, three papers investigated psilocybin’s effect on serotonin or glutamate receptor activity, two found an increase in synaptogenesis in regions such as the medial frontal cortex and hippocampus. Four found variation in blood flow to the amygdala, two found altered blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, and one found a reduction in delta power during sleep. Four papers found changes in functional connectivity or neurotransmission, most commonly in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Conclusions Overall, the exact mechanism of psilocybin’s potential antidepressant effect remains unclear. Multiple pathways may be involved, including alterations in serotonin and glutamate receptor activity, as well as shifts in amygdala activity, neurogenesis, and functional connectivity in various brain regions. The relative lack of studies, and the variety of neurobiological modalities and endpoints used challenged the consolidation of data into consensus findings. Further studies are needed to better characterize psilocybin’s mechanism of action and to better understand the clinical effects of the use of psilocybin in the treatment of depression. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10434693", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10434693\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3143, "title": "Psilocybin as an antidepressant strategy - a review of safety aspects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an antidepressant strategy a review of safety aspects", "authors": "Zeiss R.", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is considered a classical psychedelic and is increasingly attracting scientific and media attention as an alternative approach to the treatment of various mental disorders. Apart from its efficacy, an important question is the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in general and in a controlled environment. Accurate knowledge of drug safety aspects might be essential for applicability in clinical practice and for drug adherence. Objectives This paper aims to provide an overview of drug safety aspects of psilocybin. Methods A narrative review was conducted. The literature search was conducted using the bibliographic database MEDLINE. Results The literature search of papers published in recent years showed no serious side effects under psilocybin in controlled study conditions. Common reported ADRs were headache, gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting, tachycardia and arterial hypertension. The lethal dose of psilocybin is many times higher than the therapeutic dose and overdose deaths have not been identified. An often mentioned problem is the occurrence of hallucinogenic persisting perception disorder (HPPD) which, however, did not occur in the studies examined and is most likely to be a problem in the context of recreational use. The results on the safety of psilocybin must be regarded as preliminary; in the studies conducted, risk populations were predominantly excluded, which is, however, relevant for everyday clinical practice. The risk of delusional experiences and so-called “bad trips” is also a relevant safety risk, as it can be associated with risky behaviours. However, these would also be observed more in the area of recreational use. Conclusions The use of psilocybin in rigorously controlled study designs appears to be predominantly safe and without serious side effects. At the same time, it should be noted that the results must be considered preliminary and many questions remain open. Many of the risks are more likely to occur in uncontrolled recreational use of psilocybin. At the same time, we see a certain risk in the use of a substance associated with high expectations and a certain “fame” that, without appropriate regulations, the boundaries between sensible therapeutic use and abusive use could become blurred and permeable. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10405689", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10405689\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3422, "title": "A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of reporting practices in psychedelic clinical trials psychological support therapy and psychosocial interventions", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the role of psychosocial interventions (PI) in clinical trials of psychedelic treatment due in part to deficiencies in reporting practices found in the existing literature. These PI include non-drug support or interventions provided by psychotherapists or facilitators during all phases of treatment, sometimes called “psychological support,” “monitoring,” “psychedelic-assisted therapy,” or “psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.” A brief review of recent research, historical studies, safety considerations, and participant perspectives suggest that PI has a substantive and critical impact on treatment outcomes. Methods: This systematic review examines the reporting practices of PI in published clinical trial results. The review employs a search of PubMed/Medline and PSYCinfo databases to identify relevant articles. It includes quantitative clinical studies treating patients with psychiatric indications using classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) or empathogenic drugs (MDMA) since 2000. The analytic approach follows a modified version of assessment items based on CONSORT extension statement and TIDieR checklist. Results: 33 published psychedelic clinical trials met criteria. The review reveals that many published reports on psychedelic clinical trials did not report basic aspects of the intervention: 33% did not report the number of sessions, 45% did not report the duration of sessions, 42% did not report provider credentials, 52% did not report if their intervention used a therapy manual, 67% did not reference a manual that was available to readers, and 82% did not report that they assessed treatment fidelity. A comparison with non-psychedelic trials shows that psychedelic trial reports underreport on key items related to PI. Discussion: The study highlights the problems of underreporting and the importance of improving reporting practices regarding PI in psychedelic clinical trials to enhance research standardization and improve treatment outcomes. Recommendations for improving reporting practices are provided.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.00071", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2ab59_v1", "keywords": "clinical trials, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychosocial interventions, reporting practices, treatment outcomes, Psychiatry, Meta-science", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"2ab59_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"withdrawn\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3380, "title": "A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of reporting practices in psychedelic clinical trials psychological support therapy and psychosocial interventions", "authors": "Brennan B, Kelman A, Belser AB.", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the role of psychosocial interventions (PI) in clinical trials of psychedelic treatment due in part to deficiencies in reporting practices found in the existing literature. These PI include non-drug support or interventions provided by psychotherapists or facilitators during all phases of treatment, sometimes called “psychological support,” “monitoring,” “psychedelic-assisted therapy,” or “psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.” A brief review of recent research, historical studies, safety considerations, and participant perspectives suggest that PI has a substantive and critical impact on treatment outcomes. Methods: This systematic review examines the reporting practices of PI in published clinical trial results. The review employs a search of PubMed/Medline and PSYCinfo databases to identify relevant articles. It includes quantitative clinical studies treating patients with psychiatric indications using classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) or empathogenic drugs (MDMA) since 2000. The analytic approach follows a modified version of assessment items based on CONSORT extension statement and TIDieR checklist. Results: 33 published psychedelic clinical trials met criteria. The review reveals that many published reports on psychedelic clinical trials did not report basic aspects of the intervention: 33% did not report the number of sessions, 45% did not report the duration of sessions, 42% did not report provider credentials, 52% did not report if their intervention used a therapy manual, 67% did not reference a manual that was available to readers, and 82% did not report that they assessed treatment fidelity. A comparison with non-psychedelic trials shows that psychedelic trial reports underreport on key items related to PI. Discussion: The study highlights the problems of underreporting and the importance of improving reporting practices regarding PI in psychedelic clinical trials to enhance research standardization and improve treatment outcomes. Recommendations for improving reporting practices are provided.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2ab59", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2ab59", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR694477\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3755, "title": "Psychoactive substances in psychotherapy - A vision for the future? - A systematic review on Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances in psychotherapy a vision for the future a systematic review on psilocybin", "authors": "Tetem J, Fischmann T, Möller TJ.", "abstract": "This work is a literature review on the use of psilocybin in psychotherapeutic treatment of mental illnesses. The review answers the question of what opportunities and risks are associated with the use of the psychoactive substance psilocybin. Peer-reviewed studies between 2017 and 2022 were included. Nine studies were found regarding the following indications: tobacco addiction, anxiety and depressive states related to life-threatening cancer, as well as treatment-resistant depression. A rapid clinical improvement of various symptoms was observed. The greatest evidence for the use of psilocybin was found in treating tobacco addiction and anxiety and depression related to life-threatening illnesses. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies. However, current studies have limitations, such as small sample sizes, difficulties with blinding, and a treatment population considered non-representative. The results are not representative but provide indications of effective treatment and are a starting point for further studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ztyxh", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ztyxh", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR688396\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3161, "title": "Psychoactive substances in psychotherapy - A vision for the future? - A systematic review on Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances in psychotherapy a vision for the future a systematic review on psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "This work is a literature review on the use of psilocybin in psychotherapeutic treatment of mental illnesses. The review answers the question of what opportunities and risks are associated with the use of the psychoactive substance psilocybin. Peer-reviewed studies between 2017 and 2022 were included. Nine studies were found regarding the following indications: tobacco addiction, anxiety and depressive states related to life-threatening cancer, as well as treatment-resistant depression. A rapid clinical improvement of various symptoms was observed. The greatest evidence for the use of psilocybin was found in treating tobacco addiction and anxiety and depression related to life-threatening illnesses. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies. However, current studies have limitations, such as small sample sizes, difficulties with blinding, and a treatment population considered non-representative. The results are not representative but provide indications of effective treatment and are a starting point for further studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ztyxh_v1", "keywords": "depression, hallucinogens, mental health, Psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, review, systematic review, Psychiatry, Meta-science, Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Life Sciences, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ztyxh_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1438, "title": "Risk of bias in randomized clinical trials on psychedelic medicine: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "risk of bias in randomized clinical trials on psychedelic medicine a systematic review", "authors": "Hovmand OR, Poulsen ED, Arnfred S, Storebø OJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe classical psychedelics, psilocybin, peyote, ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide are considered promising new treatments for psychiatric illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, their profound and characteristic subjective effects raise concern for distinctive biases in randomized clinical trials.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search to identify all clinical trials on classical psychedelics with patient populations to examine descriptive data and determine the risk of bias. Two independent reviewers searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, and APA PsycNet) and extracted information on study design, study population, use of active or inactive placebo, dropouts, evaluation of blinding of intervention, and reporting of expectancy and therapeutic alliance.ResultsWe included 10 papers reporting on 10 unique trials. The trials generally included populations that were predominantly white and highly educated. The trials had small samples and considerable dropout. Blinding was either unsuccessful or not reported regardless of type of placebo. Few trials published protocols, statistical analysis plans (SAPs), and outcomes relating to psychotherapy fidelity. All trials but one were rated as high risk of bias.ConclusionSuccessful blinding of intervention is a significant challenge in this field. To better accommodate this, we suggest that future trials use a parallel-group design and utilize an active placebo on a psychedelic-naïve population. Future trials should publish trial protocol and SAPs, use clinician-rated outcomes accessed by a blinded rater, evaluate blinding of intervention, and consider measuring expectancy and therapeutic fidelity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231180276", "pubmed_id": "37403379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231180276", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37403379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1439, "title": "Psilocybin's effects on cognition and creativity: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s effects on cognition and creativity a scoping review", "authors": "Bonnieux JN, VanderZwaag B, Premji Z, Garcia-Romeu A, Garcia-Barrera MA.", "abstract": "BackgroundResearch on psilocybin has become increasingly popular during the current psychedelic renaissance, which began in the early 1990s. Psilocybin's effects on mental health are promising and there are ongoing efforts to investigate its clinical implementation and its effects on cognition.AimsThe purpose of this study is to report trends in publications, methods, and findings from research examining the effects of psilocybin on cognition and creativity in adults.MethodsWe conducted an Open Science Framework preregistered scoping review, guided by the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, on literature pertaining to psilocybin's effects on cognition and creativity.Results/outcomesIn the 42 included studies, psilocybin was primarily administered orally (83%) in a bodyweight-adjusted manner (74%) to healthy participants (90%). Of the few studies that explicitly reported safety outcomes (26%), only one reported serious adverse reactions. During the acute phase post-intake (i.e., minutes to hours), macrodoses tended to impair cognitive performance and creativity, whereas microdoses tended toward creative enhancement. The few macrodosing studies that included post-acute measures (i.e., 1-85 days) reported primarily null but some positive effects.Conclusions/interpretationThis scoping review identified a time-based variation of psilocybin macrodosing effects on cognition and creativity, in which impairment may be observed early post-intake but withdraw over time, and some positive effects may emerge afterward. These findings are limited by methodological concerns and inadequate assessment of long-term effects. We therefore recommend that future psilocybin research be conducted according to existing guidelines and include well-validated measures of cognition and creativity at multiple timepoints.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231179801", "pubmed_id": "37395359", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231179801", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Cognition, Adult, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37395359\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1434, "title": "Assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders.", "normalized_title": "assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders", "authors": "Kozak Z, Johnson MW, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere has been increasing interest in the role psilocybin may play in the treatment of depressive disorders. Several clinical trials have shown psilocybin to have efficacy in reducing symptoms of depression.AreascoveredWe discuss the current understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic mechanism of action and review existing clinical data investigating psilocybin as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of depression.Expert opinionThere is still much unknown regarding the risks of psilocybin treatment. When weighing the known risks and benefits of psilocybin treatment against those found in existing standards of care, among patients with depression, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may be the most suitable candidates for psilocybin treatment at this time.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493", "pubmed_id": "37869790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37869790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1394, "title": "Clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs.", "normalized_title": "clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs", "authors": "Scala M, Fanelli G, De Ronchi D, Serretti A, Fabbri C.", "abstract": "Mood disorders are recurrent/chronic diseases with variable clinical remission rates. Available antidepressants are not effective in all patients and often show a relevant response latency, with a range of adverse events, including weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Novel rapid agents were developed with the aim of overcoming at least in part these issues. Novel drugs target glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, orexin, and other receptors, providing a broader range of pharmacodynamic mechanisms, that is, expected to increase the possibility of personalizing treatments on the individual clinical profile. These new drugs were developed with the aim of combining a rapid action, a tolerable profile, and higher effectiveness on specific symptoms, which were relatively poorly targeted by standard antidepressants, such as anhedonia and response to reward, suicidal ideation/behaviours, insomnia, cognitive deficits, and irritability. This review discusses the clinical specificity profile of new antidepressants, namely 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101), dextromethorphan-bupropion, pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (PH-10), pimavanserin, PRAX-114, psilocybin, esmethadone (REL-1017/dextromethadone), seltorexant (JNJ-42847922/MIN-202), and zuranolone (SAGE-217). The main aim is to provide an overview of the efficacy/tolerability of these compounds in patients with mood disorders having different symptom/comorbidity patterns, to help clinicians in the optimization of the risk/benefit ratio when prescribing these drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/yic.0000000000000488", "pubmed_id": "37381161", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000488", "keywords": "Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Bupropion, Antidepressive Agents, Comorbidity, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37381161\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1098, "title": "Psilocybin's Potential Mechanisms in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s potential mechanisms in the treatment of depression a systematic review", "authors": "Lee HJ, Tsang VW, Chai BS, Lin MC, Howard A, Uy C, Elefante JO.", "abstract": "Evidence suggests that psilocybin has therapeutic benefit for treating depression. However, there is little consensus regarding the mechanism by which psilocybin elicits antidepressant effects. This systematic review summarizes existing evidence. Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, psychINFO, and Web of Science were searched, for both human and animal studies, using a combination of MeSH Terms and free-text keywords in September 2021. No other mood disorders or psychiatric diagnoses were included. Original papers in English were included. The PRISMA framework was followed for the screening of papers. Two researchers screened the retrieved articles from the literature search, and a third researcher resolved any conflicts. Of 2,193 papers identified, 49 were selected for full-text review. 14 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Six supported psilocybin's mechanism of antidepressant action via changes to serotonin or glutamate receptor activity and three papers found an increase in synaptogenesis. Thirteen papers investigated changes in non-receptor or pathway-specific brain activity. Five papers found changes in functional connectivity or neurotransmission, most commonly in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Several neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, and brain areas are thought to be involved in psilocybin's ability to mitigate depressive symptoms. Psilocybin appears to alter cerebral blood flow to the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, but the evidence on changes in functional connectivity and specific receptor activity remains sparse. The lack of consensus between studies suggests that psilocybin's mechanism of action may involve a variety of pathways, demonstrating the need for more studies on psilocybin's mechanism of action as an antidepressant.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2223195", "pubmed_id": "37385217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2223195", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37385217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1418, "title": "Molecular mechanisms of rapid-acting antidepressants: New perspectives for developing antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "molecular mechanisms of rapid acting antidepressants new perspectives for developing antidepressants", "authors": "Chen T, Cheng L, Ma J, Yuan J, Pi C, Xiong L, Chen J, Liu H, Tang J, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zuo Y, Shen H, Wei Y, Zhao L.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic relapsing psychiatric disorder. Conventional antidepressants usually require several weeks of continuous administration to exert clinically significant therapeutic effects, while about two-thirds of the patients are prone to relapse of symptoms or are completely ineffective in antidepressant treatment. The recent success of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant has propelled extensive research on the action mechanism of antidepressants, especially in relation to its role in synaptic targets. Studies have revealed that the mechanism of antidepressant action of ketamine is not limited to antagonism of postsynaptic NMDA receptors or GABA interneurons. Ketamine produces powerful and rapid antidepressant effects by affecting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors, adenosine A1 receptors, and the L-type calcium channels, among others in the synapse. More interestingly, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin has demonstrated potential for rapid antidepressant effects in depressed mouse models and clinical studies. This article focuses on a review of new pharmacological target studies of emerging rapid-acting antidepressant drugs such as ketamine and hallucinogens (e.g., psilocybin) and briefly discusses the possible strategies for new targets of antidepressants, with a view to shed light on the direction of future antidepressant research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106837", "pubmed_id": "37379962", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106837", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37379962\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1365, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders: Rationale and potential mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders rationale and potential mechanisms", "authors": "Calder A, Mock S, Friedli N, Pasi P, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Eating disorders are serious illnesses showing high rates of mortality and comorbidity with other mental health problems. Psychedelic-assisted therapy has recently shown potential in the treatment of several common comorbidities of eating disorders, including mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. The theorized therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy suggest that it could be beneficial in the treatment of eating disorders as well. In this review, we summarize preliminary data on the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in people with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, which include studies and case reports of psychedelic-assisted therapy with ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, and ayahuasca. We then discuss the potential therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy in these three eating disorders, including both general therapeutic mechanisms and those which are relatively specific to eating disorders. We find preliminary evidence that psychedelic-assisted therapy may be effective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, with very little data available on binge eating disorder. Regarding mechanisms, psychedelic-assisted therapy may be able to improve beliefs about body image, normalize reward processing, promote cognitive flexibility, and facilitate trauma processing. Just as importantly, it appears to promote general therapeutic factors relevant to both eating disorders and many of their common comorbidities. Lastly, we discuss potential safety concerns which may be associated with these treatments and present recommendations for future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008", "pubmed_id": "37352816", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37352816\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1296, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for eating disorders: a narrative review of preliminary evidence.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for eating disorders a narrative review of preliminary evidence", "authors": "Koning E, Brietzke E.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (ED) are a group of potentially severe mental disorders characterized by abnormal energy balance, cognitive dysfunction, and emotional distress. Cognitive inflexibility is a major challenge to successful ED treatment and dysregulated serotonergic function has been implicated in this symptomatic dimension. Moreover, there are few effective treatment options and long-term remission of ED symptoms is difficult to achieve. There is emerging evidence for the use of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) for a range of mental disorders. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic that has demonstrated therapeutic benefit in a variety of psychiatric illnesses characterized by rigid thought patterns and treatment resistance. The current paper presents a narrative review of the hypothesis that psilocybin may be an effective adjunctive treatment for individuals with EDs, based on biological plausibility, transdiagnostic evidence, and preliminary results. Limitations of the PAP model and proposed future directions for its application to eating behavior are also discussed. Although the literature to date is not sufficient to propose the incorporation of psilocybin in the treatment of disordered eating behaviors, preliminary evidence supports the need for more rigorous clinical trials as an important avenue for future investigation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.47626/2237-6089-2022-0597", "pubmed_id": "37126863", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2022-0597", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychotherapy, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37126863\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4808, "title": "Psilocybin therapy: A novel approach to treating depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy a novel approach to treating depression", "authors": "Tooba Noor, Areej Shakil, Aimen Waqar Khan, Syeda Mahrukh Fatima Zaidi, Hussain Sohail Rangwala, Burhanuddin Sohail Rangwala", "abstract": "The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a surge in depression cases, a pervasive and debilitating mental illness1. This trend is evident in the increased prescriptions for antidepressants. Depression is a chronic condition that affects a significant proportion of the global population, with ~280 million people, or about 3.8%, suffering from it. As a result, it is a significant mental health concern worldwide2. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom recommends medication as the primary treatment for individuals with moderate to severe depression. However, it has limitations and may yield unsatisfactory outcomes. Conversely, research suggests that psychological interventions, social support, and exercise are significant factors in addressing depression3. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which refers to the failure to achieve remission after multiple attempts of first-line antidepressants, is a significant limitation of pharmacotherapy. The Sequenced Therapy Alternatives to Relieve Depression experiment has demonstrated the challenge of treating TRD4. Approximately 30% of individuals receiving treatment for a severe episode of depression experience TRD, which is associated with more severe illness, increased risk of recurrence, prolonged functional impairments, medical comorbidities, and higher rates of suicidal ideation and nonsuicidal deaths5. Depression is one of the primary causes of suicide, with over 700,000 reported deaths from suicide annually. Reports from clinical experience and data from placebo-controlled trials indicate that suicidal thoughts and behaviors may increase during the initial weeks of antidepressant treatment in young adults and adolescents2. Moreover, conventional antidepressants pose challenges such as a delayed onset of action that can take up to 4 weeks or more to manifest, as well as common side effects including sexual dysfunction, loss of libido, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, anxiety, and agitation. Discontinuation of these medications and high rates of relapse are also concerns6. Hence, there is a need to review current treatment approaches and incorporate novel, fast-acting therapies that result in sustained remission. Neuroimaging research has revealed that depression is characterized by abnormal brain functioning, particularly in the default mode network, which is associated with self-awareness and tends to be overactive in depression. Other higher-order brain networks, such as the executive network and salience network, have also been linked to depression. Interestingly, the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor subtype, which is the primary binding site for traditional serotonergic psychedelic drugs like psilocybin, is highly expressed in a cortical region that closely resembles a conjunction map of the default mode network, executive network, and salience network1. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring indoleamine found in mushrooms, which rapidly breaks down in living tissue to form psilocin, the hallucinogenic component that produces psychedelic effects similar to serotonin7. In 1957, Wasson first proposed that serotonergic hallucinogens could be used to treat depression, but research on their therapeutic potential was suspended due to societal and political issues. However, in recent years, with multiple successful studies and advances in neurobiology, research on the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin for depression has been revived8. Over the past 15 years, at least 6 clinical trials have documented significant reductions in depression symptoms with psilocybin therapy9. One of these trials was an open-label study in TRD with pretreatment and post-treatment functional magnetic resonance imaging, which showed a reduction in brain modularity linked to improvements in depressed symptomatology10. Notably, escitalopram, a common SSRI antidepressant, did not cause any changes in modularity, suggesting that this antidepressant activity may be unique to psilocybin therapy11. Psilocybin also induces an altered consciousness or hallucinogenic experience, which is thought to play a crucial role in its therapeutic effects for depression. The psychedelic experience is believed to promote introspection, emotional processing, and insights into one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, leading to increased self-awareness, changes in perception, and shifts in perspective that can result in meaningful and long-lasting changes in mood and behavior12. Psilocybin therapy for depression typically involves a structured and supervised approach, with a trained therapist providing support and guidance throughout the experience. The therapy session may also include preparatory and integrative elements to optimize the therapeutic outcome. Recent clinical trials have shown promising results, with rapid reductions in depressive symptoms observed after just 1 or 2 sessions of psilocybin-assisted therapy and sustained treatment response rates that persist for several weeks or even months after treatment13. One of the unique aspects of psilocybin therapy is its potential for a rapid onset of action, with many patients reporting improvements in mood and well-being within hours or days after a single session. This is in stark contrast to traditional antidepressant medications, which typically take weeks or even months to show significant effects. The rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of psilocybin therapy may be particularly beneficial for individuals with severe depression or TRD, who may not respond adequately to conventional treatments14. Furthermore, psilocybin therapy has been reported to be well-tolerated, with a low risk of addiction and minimal withdrawal symptoms. Unlike some traditional antidepressants, which can cause side effects such as sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal issues, and anxiety, psilocybin therapy is generally considered to be safe and well-tolerated when administered in controlled settings by trained professionals15. Despite the promising results, it is important to note that psilocybin therapy is not without risks. The psychedelic experience induced by psilocybin can be intense and overwhelming and may not be suitable for everyone. It may also cause transient psychological distress, such as anxiety, fear, or confusion during the session. Therefore, it requires careful screening, preparation, and integration to ensure safe and optimal outcomes. In addition, the long-term effects of repeated psilocybin therapy are still unknown, and further research is needed to fully understand its safety and potential risks16. In conclusion, psilocybin therapy has shown promising results as a novel and potentially effective treatment for depression, particularly for individuals with TRD or those who do not respond adequately to traditional antidepressant medications. The rapid onset of action, sustained treatment response rates, and unique psychological effects of psilocybin therapy make it a compelling option for further research and exploration in the field of mental health. However, it is important to approach psilocybin therapy with caution, ensuring proper screening, preparation, and integration, and further research is needed to fully understand its safety, optimal dosages, and long-term effects. Psilocybin therapy may represent a paradigm shift in the treatment of depression, but it should only be administered in controlled settings by trained professionals as part of an integrated treatment approach. Ethical approval Not applicable. Sources of funding None. Author contribution The conceptualization was done by TN and BSR. The literature and drafting of the manuscript were conducted by TN, AS, AWK, SMFZ and HSR. The editing and supervision were performed by BSR. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript. Conflict of interest disclosures The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number (UIN) Not applicable. Guarantor All authors take responsibility for the work, access to data and decision to publish.", "journal": "International Journal of Surgery Global Health", "publication_date": "2023-06-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/gh9.0000000000000175", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gh9.0000000000000175", "keywords": "Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Suicidal ideation, Medicine, Mental health, Antidepressant, Treatment-resistant depression, Medical prescription, Pharmacotherapy, Population, Psychological intervention, Suicide prevention, Poison control, Anxiety, Emergency medicine, Pharmacology, Environmental health, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4379142909\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4379142909\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784340661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990102866\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036992158\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135335789\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201625402\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216164364\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297478109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311908682\",\"https://openalex.org/W6745059603\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027735343\",\"display_name\":\"Tooba Noor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-3014\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108922183\",\"display_name\":\"Areej Shakil\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013027499\",\"display_name\":\"Aimen Waqar Khan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-8328\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086504723\",\"display_name\":\"Syeda Mahrukh Fatima Zaidi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080006814\",\"display_name\":\"Hussain Sohail Rangwala\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2167-3481\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036522565\",\"display_name\":\"Burhanuddin Sohail Rangwala\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5812-9049\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210188486\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Surgery Global Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gh9.0000000000000175\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4379142909" }, { "id": 3373, "title": "Global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus Panaeolus", "normalized_title": "global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus panaeolus", "authors": "Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic fungi have received considerable attention recently due to their promising treatment potential of several psychiatric disorders and medical conditions, both in clinical settings but also as a nutraceutical. Besides research, a growing number of companies are developing capacity to conduct research and clinical trials where these fungi and their products can be used, and to provide these fungi to the public market that are rapidly becoming legal across the world. Whereas Psilocybe species are better known as psychedelic fungi, species in Panaeolus are also reputed to contain the psychedelic compound psilocybin and used recreationally. For the novice, there is no contemporary scientific summary of all the species in this genus that are known to be psychedelic, compared to those that are not. The global distribution and species diversity of these brown to white, often inconspicuous mushrooms are also not summarised, nor is it known to what extent DNA sequence data that are needed for identification have been generated for all of the species in this genus. However, psychedelic Panaeolus species are used and moved across the world. This lack of data makes it difficult to regulate bioexploitation and apply law enforcement of these fungi and the compounds they contain, especially seen in the light of the rapid development of the related markets. The aim of this review is to summarise current scientific data and knowledge on the species biodiversity, geographical distribution, extent of sequence data for identification purposes, and the psychedelic potential of species, based on published results. The review revealed where species are mostly known from, while also indicating areas seriously lacking such biodiversity data. A significant degree of study across the world is still needed to confirm which of these species are truly psychedelic and exactly what compounds they can produce.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND608043020", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND608043020\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3325, "title": "Drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs: a systematic review", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are potent psychoactive substances that have been studied for their physiological and psychological effects. However, our understanding of the potential interactions and outcomes of using these substances are used in combination with other psychoactive drugs is limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and other psychoactive drugs in humans. We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and other sources to supplement our search for relevant studies. A total of 8,487 records were screened, and studies involving human data describing potential interactions (as well as the lack thereof) between classic psychedelics and other psychoactive drugs were included. In total, we identified 50 studies from 34 reports published before April 20, 2023, encompassing 31 studies on LSD, 11 on psilocybin, 4 on mescaline, 3 on DMT and 1 on ayahuasca. These studies provide insights into the interactions between classic psychedelics and a range of drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilisers, recreational drugs and others. The findings revealed various effects when psychedelics were combined with other drugs, including both attenuated and potentiated effects, as well as instances where no changes were observed. Except for a few case reports, no serious adverse drug events were described in the included studies. In-depth discussion of the results is presented, along with an exploration of the potential molecular pathways that underlie the observed effects.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.06.01.23290811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.01.23290811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR668775\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1466, "title": "Examining the Rationale for Studying Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Caregiver Distress.", "normalized_title": "examining the rationale for studying psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of caregiver distress", "authors": "Gold ND, Podrebarac SK, White LA, Marini C, Simon NM, Mittelman MS, Ross S, Bogenschutz MP, Petridis PD", "abstract": "More than 50 million people in the United States serve as uncompensated informal caregivers to chronically ill friends or family members. Providing care to a sick loved one can contribute to personal growth but can also cause significant strain. Caregiver distress refers to a constellation of physiological, psychological, interpersonal, and spiritual impairments that typically result when an individual's own health becomes affected while caring for another. Caregiver distress is highly prevalent, affecting an estimated 30-70% of individuals across various caregiver populations. Although evidence-based treatments for caregiver distress exist, they do not sufficiently address all its components. In recent years, clinical trials have demonstrated that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) may have applications for treating a range of medical and psychiatric conditions that have significant overlap in symptoms to those seen in caregiver distress. While no studies to date have examined PAP for caregiver distress, this article provides a rationale for investigating PAP as a potential novel treatment for this indication. A narrative review on the effects and clinical applications of PAP that significantly overlap with the dimensions of caregiver distress was conducted. Safety considerations, psychedelic selection, and therapeutic structure for studying PAP in the treatment of caregiver distress were also examined. Psychologically, PAP has been shown to treat anxiety, depression, and reduce suicidal ideation. Physiologically, evidence suggests that psychedelics have anti-inflammatory properties, which may aid caregivers suffering from chronic inflammation. Interpersonally, PAP has been demonstrated to enhance feelings of empathy, connectedness, and strengthen social relationships, which can often become strained while caregiving. Spiritually, PAP has been shown to ameliorate existential distress and hopelessness in cancer patients, which may similarly benefit demoralized caregivers. PAP has the potential to comprehensively treat all biopsychosocial-spiritual dimensions of caregiver distress.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0011", "pubmed_id": "40046728", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40046728/", "keywords": "MDMA, biopsychosocial-spiritual, caregiver burden, caregiver distress, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40046728\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1479, "title": "The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic afterglow phenomenon a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Evens R, Schmidt ME, Majić T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the 'psychedelic afterglow', have been suggested to be associated with enhanced effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions in the subacute period.ObjectivesThis systematic review provides an overview of subacute effects of psychedelics.MethodsElectronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for studies that assessed the effects of psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, or ayahuasca) on psychological outcome measures and subacute adverse effects in human adults between 1950 and August 2021, occurring between 1 day and 1 month after drug use.ResultsForty-eight studies including a total number of 1,774 participants were eligible for review. Taken together, the following subacute effects were observed: reductions in different psychopathological symptoms; increases in wellbeing, mood, mindfulness, social measures, spirituality, and positive behavioral changes; mixed changes in personality/values/attitudes, and creativity/flexibility. Subacute adverse effects comprised a wide range of complaints, including headaches, sleep disturbances, and individual cases of increased psychological distress.DiscussionResults support narrative reports of a subacute psychedelic 'afterglow' phenomenon comprising potentially beneficial changes in the perception of self, others, and the environment. Subacute adverse events were mild to severe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Many studies, however, lacked a standardized assessment of adverse effects. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of possible moderator variables and to reveal if and how positive effects from the subacute window may consolidate into long-term mental health benefits.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/20451253231172254", "pubmed_id": "37284524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231172254", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37284524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1374, "title": "Psychedelics: Threshold of a Therapeutic Revolution.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics threshold of a therapeutic revolution", "authors": "Heal DJ, Smith SL, Belouin SJ, Henningfield JE.", "abstract": "This Special Issue of Neuropharmacology on psychedelics provides a timely and comprehensive update on progress following the previous Neuropharmacology Special Issue \"Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions\". Remarkable advances have been made in basic and clinical research on psychedelics in the five years since 2018. It is partly based on the seminar series focused on psilocybin organized by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA from April to June 2021, the \"NIH Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\". Participants were world leading experts, including scientists, medical practitioners, clinical psychologists and oncologists, and attendees from additional disciplines of patient advocacy, law, government science policy and regulatory policy. To provide a global perspective, their contributions are complemented with reviews by some of the world's most eminent scientists in the field. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted two breakthrough therapy designations for psilocybin in treatment resistant depression (TRD) in 2018 and major depressive disorder (MDD) in 2019, as well as for MDMA for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 2017. Clinical trials are in progress to assess the therapeutic value of psilocybin in MDD and TRD, and in other indications such as cancer-related anxiety and depression, anorexia, PTSD, substance use disorders and various types of chronic pain. The contributors' insights should assist basic and applied science for transition of psychedelics from bench to potential mainstream therapies. The implications are global, because FDA approval of these new medicines will increase international interest and efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109610", "pubmed_id": "37247807", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109610", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37247807\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1445, "title": "New Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Bipolar Depression.", "normalized_title": "new pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of bipolar depression", "authors": "Keramatian K, Chakrabarty T, DuBow A, Saraf G, Yatham LN.", "abstract": "Depression is the most commonly experienced mood state over the life span in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and is the primary driver of functional impairment and suicidality in BD. Despite this, there are few effective treatments for BD depression, with only a handful of atypical anti-psychotics and inconsistent evidence for traditional mood stabilizing agents. There have been few major 'breakthroughs' in the treatment of BD depression, and until recently, few agents that work via novel mechanisms of action to exert therapeutic effects. Here, we review treatments for BD depression which are emergent or on the horizon. Included are new atypical anti-psychotics, glutamate modulators (ketamine and cycloserine/lurasidone), neurosteroid modulators (zuranolone), anti-inflammatories and mitochondrial modulators, cannabidiol (CBD) and psilocybin. New atypical anti-psychotics lumateperone and cariprazine have demonstrated efficacy in large-scale, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCT) in treatment of BD depression. Non-racemic amisulpride showed potential therapeutic benefit in one RCT which requires replication. Three small RCTs examined the efficacy of intravenous ketamine in BD depression and showed rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects after a single infusion. Anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial modulators show inconsistent evidence for efficacy. There are currently no adequately powered RCTs of zuranolone, psilocybin or CBD in BD depression to support their use. While there are potentially efficacious, mechanistically novel agents on the horizon, they require further study and validation. Further investigation on how these agents may impact specific subgroups of patients will also advance the field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-023-01872-x", "pubmed_id": "37227597", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01872-x", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37227597\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Mitochondrial Function,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1482, "title": "Therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma: A literature review.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma a literature review", "authors": "Fonseka LN, Woo BK.", "abstract": "With the Food and Drug Administration designation in 2017 of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a breakthrough therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression, psychedelic drugs have continued to garner the attention of researchers and clinicians for their promise of unmatched, rapid improvement in a multitude of psychiatric conditions. Classic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca, as well as non-classic drugs such as MDMA and ketamine, are currently being investigated for a potential therapeutic role in trauma, depressive disorders, and other psychopathologies. However, psilocybin and MDMA each have a functional profile well-suited for integration with psychotherapy. The present review focuses on psilocybin and MDMA in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), as these studies compose most of the literature pool. In this review, we discuss the current and future uses of psychedelic drugs, with an emphasis on the role of MDMA and psilocybin in PAT in the setting of trauma and related comorbidities on the efficacy of psychedelic drugs across multiple psychiatric disorders. The article concludes with thoughts for future research, such as incorporating wearables and standardization of symptom scales, therapy styles, and assessment of adverse drug reactions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.182", "pubmed_id": "37303932", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37303932\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1126, "title": "[Psilocybin-Assisted Treatment of Depression, Anxiety and Substance use Disorders: Neurobiological Basis and Clinical Application].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted treatment of depression anxiety and substance use disorders neurobiological basis and clinical application", "authors": "Lasch A, Schweikert T, Dora E, Kolb T, Schurig HL, Walther A.", "abstract": "Successful therapy of mental disorders is very important in view of the high level of suffering of those affected. Since established pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic approaches do not lead to the desired improvement in all cases, complementary or alternative treatment methods are intensively researched. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy seems particularly promising, and has been approved in the USA for larger clinical trials. Psilocybin belongs to the group of psychedelics and influences psychological experiences. In assisted therapy, psilocybin is administered in controlled doses under medical supervision to patients with different mental disorders. In the studies conducted so far, longer-term positive effects could be shown after just one or a few doses. In order to provide a better understanding of the potential therapeutic mechanisms, this article will first describe neurobiological and psychological effects of psilocybin. To better assess the potential of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for various disorders, clinical studies conducted so far with patients administered psilocybin are reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1055/a-2046-5202", "pubmed_id": "37207669", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2046-5202", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37207669\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1473, "title": "The evolution and ecology of psilocybin in nature.", "normalized_title": "the evolution and ecology of psilocybin in nature", "authors": "Meyer M, Slot J.", "abstract": "Fungi produce diverse metabolites that can have antimicrobial, antifungal, antifeedant, or psychoactive properties. Among these metabolites are the tryptamine-derived compounds psilocybin, its precursors, and natural derivatives (collectively referred to as psiloids), which have played significant roles in human society and culture. The high allocation of nitrogen to psiloids in mushrooms, along with evidence of convergent evolution and horizontal transfer of psilocybin genes, suggest they provide a selective benefit to some fungi. However, no precise ecological roles of psilocybin have been experimentally determined. The structural and functional similarities of psiloids to serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter in animals, suggest that they may enhance the fitness of fungi through interference with serotonergic processes. However, other ecological mechanisms of psiloids have been proposed. Here, we review the literature pertinent to psilocybin ecology and propose potential adaptive advantages psiloids may confer to fungi.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103812", "pubmed_id": "37210028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103812", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Antifungal Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37210028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1472, "title": "Global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus Panaeolus.", "normalized_title": "global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus panaeolus", "authors": "Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic fungi have received considerable attention recently due to their promising treatment potential of several psychiatric disorders and medical conditions, both in clinical settings but also as a nutraceutical. Besides research, a growing number of companies are developing capacity to conduct research and clinical trials where these fungi and their products can be used, and to provide these fungi to the public market that are rapidly becoming legal across the world. Whereas Psilocybe species are better known as psychedelic fungi, species in Panaeolus are also reputed to contain the psychedelic compound psilocybin and used recreationally. For the novice, there is no contemporary scientific summary of all the species in this genus that are known to be psychedelic, compared to those that are not. The global distribution and species diversity of these brown to white, often inconspicuous mushrooms are also not summarised, nor is it known to what extent DNA sequence data that are needed for identification have been generated for all of the species in this genus. However, psychedelic Panaeolus species are used and moved across the world. This lack of data makes it difficult to regulate bioexploitation and apply law enforcement of these fungi and the compounds they contain, especially seen in the light of the rapid development of the related markets. The aim of this review is to summarise current scientific data and knowledge on the species biodiversity, geographical distribution, extent of sequence data for identification purposes, and the psychedelic potential of species, based on published results. The review revealed where species are mostly known from, while also indicating areas seriously lacking such biodiversity data. A significant degree of study across the world is still needed to confirm which of these species are truly psychedelic and exactly what compounds they can produce.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16338", "pubmed_id": "37274634", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16338", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37274634\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1491, "title": "Study protocol of an open-label proof-of-concept trial examining the safety and clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for veterans with PTSD", "normalized_title": "study protocol of an open label proof of concept trial examining the safety and clinical efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for veterans with ptsd", "authors": "Alan K. Davis, Adam W. Levin, Paul Nagib, Stacey B. Armstrong, Rafael Lancelotta", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Psilocybin-assisted therapy has shown significant promise in treating the cluster of mood and anxiety symptoms that comprise post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but has yet to be tested specifically in this condition. Furthermore, current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD are difficult to tolerate and limited in efficacy, especially in the US Military Veteran (USMV) population. This open-label pilot study will examine the safety and efficacy of two psilocybin administration sessions (15 mg and 25 mg), combined with psychotherapy, among USMVs with severe, treatment resistant PTSD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will recruit 15 USMVs with severe, treatment resistant PTSD. Participants will receive one low dose (15 mg) and one moderate/high dose (25 mg) of psilocybin in conjunction with preparatory and post-psilocybin therapy sessions. The primary safety outcome will be the type, severity and frequency of adverse events and suicidal ideation/behaviour, as measured by the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. The primary outcome measure for PTSD will be the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-5. The primary endpoint will be 1 month following the second psilocybin administration session, and the total follow-up time will be 6 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: All participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial has been authorised by the Ohio State University Institutional Review Board (study number: 2022H0280). Dissemination of results will occur via a peer-reviewed publication and other relevant media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05554094.", "journal": "BMJ Open", "publication_date": "2023-04-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068884", "pubmed_id": "37142308", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068884", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Clinical trial, Proof of concept, Psychiatry, Open label, Alternative medicine, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Pathology, Operating system, Psychology, Computer science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4372336620\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4372336620\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1514491136\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970515078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079922358\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107489190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148083007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2395520547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2402965079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412976663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2598895258\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612417324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899448494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985507408\",\"https://openalex.org/W3041518543\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080920519\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169261903\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206228435\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206486089\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213429059\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225311883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237085762\",\"https://openalex.org/W4304118763\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048202842\",\"display_name\":\"Adam W. Levin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-462X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072798102\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Nagib\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8538-3116\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015911875\",\"display_name\":\"Stacey B. Armstrong\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-7511\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056271117\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael Lancelotta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-3463\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S79054089\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068884\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Veterans,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4372336620" }, { "id": 4818, "title": "Psilocybin-Based Breakthroughs in Natural Medicine", "normalized_title": "psilocybin based breakthroughs in natural medicine", "authors": "Dunn Harmony, Freeman Judy, Michael John Dochniak", "abstract": "Nature created a mushroom-based compound known as psilocybin that can biochemically alter perception and affect mental anguish. Medical research shows that psilocybin activates the brain, engendering new cognition and awareness. Although psilocybin usage dates to ancient times, its contemporary medical usefulness is still in its infancy. This review discusses a potential breakthrough in natural medicine; psilocybin-based therapy may be a life-changing experience bringing hope to many suffering from mental anguish based on emotional and physical pain", "journal": "Case Reports and Reviews", "publication_date": "2023-04-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.33425/2693-1516.1021", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.33425/2693-1516.1021", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anguish, Hallucinogen, Perception, Psychology, Natural (archaeology), Cognition, Psychotherapist, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychiatry, Cognitive psychology, History, Epistemology, Philosophy, Archaeology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4384835076\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4384835076\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2039278365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981661484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013947271\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023228010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3042147040\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080361799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118672806\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118826438\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125143320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3140184886\",\"https://openalex.org/W3184845084\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213721934\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206486089\",\"https://openalex.org/W6681909555\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092503553\",\"display_name\":\"Dunn Harmony\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092503554\",\"display_name\":\"Freeman Judy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003423230\",\"display_name\":\"Michael John Dochniak\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210184617\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Reports and Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.33425/2693-1516.1021\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4384835076" }, { "id": 4817, "title": "Psilocybin-based mushrooms and usage", "normalized_title": "psilocybin based mushrooms and usage", "authors": "Dunn Harmony, Freeman Judy, D Michael", "abstract": "Nature created a mushroom-based compound known as psilocybin that can biochemically affect neural processing and alter perception. Although psilocybin usage dates to ancient times, its contemporary usefulness is expanding. Discovering the history and imagining the future of psilocybin is enlightening and fascinating. This review presents research and opinions on the potential benefits and hazards of psilocybin usage.", "journal": "Case Reports and Reviews", "publication_date": "2023-04-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.33425/2693-1516.1022", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.33425/2693-1516.1022", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Perception, Affect (linguistics), Psychology, Cognitive psychology, Computer science, Neuroscience, Communication, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4384835068\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4384835068\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2039278365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156461250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810374266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940999002\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204171992\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211842562\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206882396\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210325795\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234847230\",\"https://openalex.org/W4245888828\",\"https://openalex.org/W6796837004\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092503548\",\"display_name\":\"Dunn Harmony\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092503549\",\"display_name\":\"Freeman Judy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110876449\",\"display_name\":\"D Michael\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6881-9731\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210184617\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Reports and Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.33425/2693-1516.1022\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4384835068" }, { "id": 1499, "title": "Safety, tolerability, and clinical and neural effects of single-dose psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover trial", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability and clinical and neural effects of single dose psilocybin in obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized double blind placebo controlled non crossover trial", "authors": "Terence H. W. Ching, Rachael Grazioplene, Calvin Bohner, Stephen A. Kichuk, Giuliana DePalmer, Elizabeth J. D’Amico, Jeffrey Eilbott, Anastasia Jankovsky, Michelle Burke, Jamila Hokanson, Brad Martins, Chelsea Witherow, Prerana Patel, Lucia Amoroso, Henry Schaer, Christopher Pittenger, Benjamin Kelmendi", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin may help treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To date, only one open-label study of psilocybin for OCD exists, necessitating further investigation with a randomized controlled design. The neural correlates of psilocybin's effects on OCD have also not been studied. Objectives: This first-of-its-kind trial aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, provide preliminary evidence on the effects of psilocybin on OCD symptoms, and elucidate neural mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's effects on OCD. Design: We use a randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover design to examine the clinical and neural effects of either a single dose of oral psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg) or active placebo-control agent (250 mg of niacin) on OCD symptoms. Methods and analysis: We are enrolling 30 adult participants at a single site in Connecticut, USA who have failed at least one trial of standard care treatment (medication/psychotherapy) for OCD. All participants will also receive unstructured, non-directive psychological support during visits. Aside from safety, primary outcomes include OCD symptoms over the past 24 h, assessed by the Acute Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Visual Analog Scale ratings. These are collected by blinded, independent raters at baseline and the primary endpoint of 48 h post-dosing. Total follow-up is 12 weeks post-dosing. Resting state neuroimaging data will be collected at baseline and primary endpoint. Participants randomized to placebo will be offered the chance to return for an open-label dose of 0.25 mg/kg. Ethics statement: All participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial (protocol v. 5.2) was approved by the institutional review board (HIC #2000020355) and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03356483). Discussion: This study may represent an advance in our ability to treat refractory OCD, and pave the way for future studies of neurobiological mechanisms of OCD that may respond to psilocybin.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-04-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529", "pubmed_id": "37181888", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tolerability, Placebo, Randomized controlled trial, Obsessive compulsive, Crossover study, Psychiatry, Psychology, Medicine, Dosing, Clinical endpoint, Hallucinogen, Adverse effect, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":27,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W78677904\",\"https://openalex.org/W122113993\",\"https://openalex.org/W200847362\",\"https://openalex.org/W306343222\",\"https://openalex.org/W568533716\",\"https://openalex.org/W1269562257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498057507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1599004146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1742833546\",\"https://openalex.org/W1790886046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897149844\",\"https://openalex.org/W1934577361\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965281512\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973451278\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993810702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000519244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006001020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006725552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006748124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011329819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014833927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017857669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031040639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035162712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036557604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051355184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060153692\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063305190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069973131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079559446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079984335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082150145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084244487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084290400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088864916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092175415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093106172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100827418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114570941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123822033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139247364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145083290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150547685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151487996\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159186832\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168266150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169348857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401253652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2577533646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792256936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990405759\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090293687\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129125412\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158498065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196904352\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224296821\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234021523\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252855288\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293024119\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296782684\",\"https://openalex.org/W4303187823\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4322744805\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362635236\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399074339\",\"https://openalex.org/W6610802157\",\"https://openalex.org/W6637656337\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038288658\",\"display_name\":\"Terence H. W. Ching\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-2237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071673808\",\"display_name\":\"Rachael Grazioplene\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-4531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072571463\",\"display_name\":\"Calvin Bohner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090942004\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen A. Kichuk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028356592\",\"display_name\":\"Giuliana DePalmer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055980478\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth J. D’Amico\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-7804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112416887\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Eilbott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083774019\",\"display_name\":\"Anastasia Jankovsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-0958\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079717515\",\"display_name\":\"Michelle Burke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058988830\",\"display_name\":\"Jamila Hokanson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085578203\",\"display_name\":\"Brad Martins\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083493446\",\"display_name\":\"Chelsea Witherow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077000472\",\"display_name\":\"Prerana Patel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051611172\",\"display_name\":\"Lucia Amoroso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065974780\",\"display_name\":\"Henry Schaer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001094886\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Pittenger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-9321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110948308\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Kelmendi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-1326\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4366989647" }, { "id": 1593, "title": "Psilocybin in Palliative Care: An Update.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in palliative care an update", "authors": "Whinkin E, Opalka M, Watters C, Jaffe A, Aggarwal S.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review article summarizes clinically and socially relevant developments over the past five years in the therapeutic use of the classical tryptamine psychedelic substance psilocybin, with respect to the common challenges faced by palliative care patients and their care teams. Psilocybin is available in whole fungal and isolated forms but is not yet approved for therapeutic use in the United States. Using targeted database and gray literature searches, and author recall, key sources were identified, reviewed, and synthesized as to the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in palliative care.Recent findingsLife-threatening or life-limiting illnesses and faced by palliative care patients are comorbid with emotional and spiritual distress. Research and field reports reviewed suggest that psilocybin has significant and in some cases, sustained anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and entheogenic effects with a favorable safety profile. Limitations of the research include the risk for selection bias toward healthy, white, financially privileged individuals, and in general, follow-up timelines too short to appropriately evaluate durability of outcomes in psychospiritual benefits and quality of life.SummaryWhile more research is needed for palliative care populations specifically, reasonable inferences can be made regarding the potential for benefit to palliative care patients from psilocybin's demonstrated anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and entheogenic effects. However, major legal, ethical and financial barriers to access exist for the general population; obstacles which are likely worsened for geriatric and palliative care patients. Empiric treatment and large-scale controlled trials of psilocybin should be conducted to further investigate the findings of the smaller studies reviewed here across a variety of populations, for a greater understanding of therapeutic benefit and clinically relevant safety criteria, and to support thoughtful legalization and medical access.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s13670-023-00383-7", "pubmed_id": "37305379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-023-00383-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37305379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Aging,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1506, "title": "Use of Selective Alternative Therapies for Treatment of OCD.", "normalized_title": "use of selective alternative therapies for treatment of ocd", "authors": "Khan I, Jaura TA, Tukruna A, Arif A, Tebha SS, Nasir S, Mukherjee D, Masroor N, Yosufi A.", "abstract": "About 40% of the people with the obsessive-compulsive-disorder do not experience the desired outcome after the existing treatment, and its several side effects were reported. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alternative drugs and assess the possibility of their use as treatment options for obsessive-compulsive-disorder. The Scientific databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Directory of Open Access Journals, MedRxiv and BioRxiv, were searched from inception to March 2022, using appropriate search strategies for each drug and following the Prisma guidelines 2020. Studies were selected according to the already set criteria and assessed for bias. Data were extracted, and descriptive and continuous data were analyzed and presented as frequency/percentage and mean. A total of 16 observational and interventional studies were included for data extraction. The studies focused on four drugs, Psilocybin (n=4), Cannabis (n=7), Nicotine (n=3), and Morphine (n=2), that were used to test out their effect on OCD symptoms. Overall, the majority of the studies showed promising results by documenting a reduction in Y-BOCS scores. However, few subjects, specifically those using nicotine or Cannabis, did not affect their condition or self-reported worsening symptoms. Few side effects were also noticed. This systematic review found that the drugs mostly showed a positive response. All Psilocybin and morphine users, 88.2% and 74.1% of the nicotine and Cannabis users, respectively, reported experiencing the positive effect of these drugs, indicating that these drugs have the potential to be used in the management of OCD. However, further research is required in this arena to thoroughly understand the mechanism of action by which these drugs produce their therapeutic effect. Policies to destigmatize and encourage clinical trials with these drugs are crucial for exploring the use of these drugs as a treatment option for OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s403997", "pubmed_id": "37041856", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s403997", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37041856\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1510, "title": "Systematic Review of Interventions for Demoralization in Patients With Cancer.", "normalized_title": "systematic review of interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer", "authors": "Wang Y, Sun H, Ji Q, Wei J, Zhu P.", "abstract": "AbstractDemoralization as cancer-related mental health needs to be understood and addressed by clinical staff. This review systematically examined the characteristics and outcomes of interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer. Seven databases-PubMed, PsycINFO, Cinahl, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane Library Databases of Systematic Reviews-were systematically searched for relevant literature. We included intervention studies focusing on interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer. We ultimately included 14 studies. Overall, 10 studies had a positive effect on improving demoralization in patients with cancer, including two main types of interventions: psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy and psychological interventions. This review summarizes information on interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer. To provide precise care for demoralization in patients with cancer, future studies should use more rigorous methods to test interventions that may affect demoralization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/nmd.0000000000001615", "pubmed_id": "36975545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001615", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Mental Health, Psychotherapy, Demoralization", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36975545\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1524, "title": "Psychotherapy with Psilocybin for Depression: Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychotherapy with psilocybin for depression systematic review", "authors": "Dawood Hristova JJ, Pérez-Jover V.", "abstract": "Depression is a common mental health issue that affects 280 million people in the world with a high mortality rate, as well as being a leading cause of disability. Psychopharmacological therapies with psychedelics, particularly those with psilocybin, are showing promising potential for the treatment of depression, among other conditions. Some of their benefits include a rapid and exponential improvement in depressive symptoms and an increased sense of well-being that can last for months after the treatment, as well as a greater development of introspective capacity. The aim of this project was to provide experimental evidence about therapeutic procedures along with psilocybin for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The project highlights eight studies that examined this condition. Some of them dealt with treatment-resistant depression while others dealt with depression due to a life-threatening disease such as cancer. These publications affirm the efficiency of the psilocybin therapy for depression, with only one or two doses in conjunction with psychological support during the process.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/bs13040297", "pubmed_id": "37102811", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040297", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37102811\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1451, "title": "The need for establishing best practices and gold standards in psychedelic medicine.", "normalized_title": "the need for establishing best practices and gold standards in psychedelic medicine", "authors": "Feduccia A, Agin-Liebes G, Price CM, Grinsell N, Paradise S, Rabin DM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances are under investigation in several drug development programs. Controlled clinical trials are providing evidence for safe and effective use of psychedelic therapies for treating mental health conditions. With the anticipated FDA approval of MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in 2023 and psilocybin therapy for depression disorders soon after, now is the time for the medical community to become informed on best practices and to actively participate in developing standards of care for these new treatments. Given the emergence of numerous drug sponsors and other companies developing therapeutic modalities for combination with psychedelic medications, it is essential that the medical professional field is at the forefront of communicating unbiased information related to safety and effectiveness. Gold standards have long been a part of medicine and serve to distinguish treatments and assessments as the highest quality by which all others can be compared to. For a treatment to be established as a gold standard, several factors are considered including the quantity and quality of the supporting data, the rigor of trials, and the safety and efficacy compared to other treatments. In this article, we review the origins of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), minimum requirements for safe use of psychedelics, criteria for gold standards in mental health, and the nuances regarding how to establish gold standards in psychedelic medicine and guide clinical decision making.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.083", "pubmed_id": "37003433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.083", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37003433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1494, "title": "[Contribution of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics].", "normalized_title": "contribution of serotonin 5 ht2a receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Ibi D.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder presents a substantial global health burden, and at least 30-40% of patients exhibit treatment resistance to antidepressants. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is used as an anesthetic agent. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved esketamine (the S-enantiomer of ketamine) as a therapeutic agent for treatment-resistant depression; however, this drug has reportedly been associated with serious side effects such as dissociative symptoms, thus limiting its clinical use as an antidepressant. Recently, various clinical studies have reported that psilocybin, the psychoactive substance found in magic mushrooms, has a fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder, including those resistant to conventional treatment. Furthermore, psilocybin is a psychoactive drug that is relatively harmless compared to ketamine and other similar substances. Accordingly, the FDA has designated psilocybin as a \"breakthrough therapy approach\" for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Additionally, serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide show some potential in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction. The increased attention the use of psychedelics has attracted as a psychiatric disorder treatment approach is referred to as the \"psychedelic renaissance\". Pharmacologically, psychedelics cause hallucinations by stimulating cortical serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2A), although whether 5-HT2A is responsible for the manifestation of their therapeutic effects remains unclear. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the hallucinations and \"mystical experience\" that the patients go through because of 5-HT2A activation by psychedelics is essential for the therapeutic effect of these substances. Future research should elucidate the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of psychedelics on psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder in clinical and pre-clinical studies, and discusses the possibility of 5-HT2A as a novel therapeutic target.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1254/fpj.22141", "pubmed_id": "36990794", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.22141", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Serotonin, Ketamine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36990794\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1526, "title": "Psychedelic Targeting of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 and Its Implications for the Treatment of Alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and its implications for the treatment of alcoholism", "authors": "Domanegg K, Sommer WH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "Alcohol abuse is a leading risk factor for the public health burden worldwide. Approved pharmacotherapies have demonstrated limited effectiveness over the last few decades in treating alcohol use disorders (AUD). New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed. Historical and recent clinical trials using psychedelics in conjunction with psychotherapy demonstrated encouraging results in reducing heavy drinking in AUD patients, with psilocybin being the most promising candidate. While psychedelics are known to induce changes in gene expression and neuroplasticity, we still lack crucial information about how this specifically counteracts the alterations that occur in neuronal circuits throughout the course of addiction. This review synthesizes well-established knowledge from addiction research about pathophysiological mechanisms related to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), with findings and theories on how mGlu2 connects to the major signaling pathways induced by psychedelics via serotonin 2A receptors (2AR). We provide literature evidence that mGlu2 and 2AR are able to regulate each other's downstream signaling pathways, either through monovalent crosstalk or through the formation of a 2AR-mGlu2 heteromer, and highlight epigenetic mechanisms by which 2ARs can modulate mGlu2 expression. Lastly, we discuss how these pathways might be targeted therapeutically to restore mGlu2 function in AUD patients, thereby reducing the propensity to relapse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/cells12060963", "pubmed_id": "36980303", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12060963", "keywords": "Neurons, Humans, Alcoholism, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36980303\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1352, "title": "Psychedelic Treatments for Substance Use Disorder and Substance Misuse: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatments for substance use disorder and substance misuse a mixed methods systematic review", "authors": "Sharma R, Batchelor R, Sin J.", "abstract": "Renewed interest in psychedelic substances in the 21st century has seen the exploration of psychedelic treatments for various psychiatric disorders including substance use disorder (SUD). This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of psychedelic treatments for people with SUD and those falling below diagnostic thresholds (i.e. substance misuse). We systematically searched 11 databases, trial registries, and psychedelic organization websites for empirical studies examining adults undergoing psychedelic treatment for SUD or substance misuse, published in the English language, between 2000 and 2021. Seven studies investigating treatment using psilocybin, ibogaine, and ayahuasca, alone or adjunct with psychotherapy reported across 10 papers were included. Measures of abstinence, substance use, psychological and psychosocial outcomes, craving, and withdrawal reported positive results, however, this data was scarce among studies examining a wide range of addictions including opioid, nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and unspecified substance. The qualitative synthesis from three studies described subjective experience of psychedelic-assisted treatments enhanced self-awareness, insight, and confidence. At present, there is no sufficient research evidence to suggest effectiveness of any of the psychedelics on any specific substance use disorder or substance misuse. Further research using rigorous effectiveness evaluation methods with larger sample sizes and longer-term follow-up is required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2190319", "pubmed_id": "36933948", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2190319", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36933948\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1530, "title": "Exploring psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder", "authors": "Brett J, Knock E, Korthuis PT, Liknaitzky P, Murnane KS, Nicholas CR, Patterson JC, Stauffer CS.", "abstract": "Methamphetamine use disorder is a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial mental, physical, and social harms and increasing rates of mortality. Contingency management and psychotherapy interventions are the mainstays of treatment but are modestly effective with high relapse rates, while pharmacological treatments have shown little to no efficacy. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment for a range of difficult-to-treat conditions, including substance use disorders; however, no studies have yet been published looking at psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder. Here we review the rationale for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for this indication, and describe practical considerations based on our early experience designing and implementing four separate clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123424", "pubmed_id": "36998623", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123424", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36998623\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1465, "title": "Preclinical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "preclinical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Wulff AB, Nichols CD, Thompson SM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have shown extraordinary potential in treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin, for example, has now been shown in several clinical trials to induce a rapid (within days) and persistent (3-12 months) improvement in human treatment-resistant depression and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Here we review the preclinical models and experimental approaches that have been used to study the neurobiological actions of psychedelic drugs. We further summarize the insights these studies have provided into the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of their therapeutic actions, including the receptors to which psychedelics bind and the second messenger signaling cascades that they activate. We also discuss potential biological processes that psychedelics may alter to produce the lasting amelioration of symptoms, including improvements in synaptic structure and function and suppression of inflammation. Improved mechanistic understanding of psychedelic drug actions will aid in the advancement of these promising new medicines. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504", "pubmed_id": "36921889", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504", "keywords": "Humans, Inflammation, Hallucinogens, United States, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36921889\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1536, "title": "Inhibition of Microglial GSK3β Activity Is Common to Different Kinds of Antidepressants: A Proposal for an In Vitro Screen to Detect Novel Antidepressant Principles.", "normalized_title": "inhibition of microglial gsk3β activity is common to different kinds of antidepressants a proposal for an in vitro screen to detect novel antidepressant principles", "authors": "Kalkman HO", "abstract": "Depression is a major public health concern. Unfortunately, the present antidepressants often are insufficiently effective, whilst the discovery of more effective antidepressants has been extremely sluggish. The objective of this review was to combine the literature on depression with the pharmacology of antidepressant compounds, in order to formulate a conceivable pathophysiological process, allowing proposals how to accelerate the discovery process. Risk factors for depression initiate an infection-like inflammation in the brain that involves activation microglial Toll-like receptors and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). GSK3β activity alters the balance between two competing transcription factors, the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative transcription factor NFκB and the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative transcription factor NRF2. The antidepressant activity of tricyclic antidepressants is assumed to involve activation of G-coupled microglial receptors, raising intracellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA and similar kinases inhibit the enzyme activity of GSK3β. Experimental antidepressant principles, including cannabinoid receptor-2 activation, opioid μ receptor agonists, 5HT2 agonists, valproate, ketamine and electrical stimulation of the Vagus nerve, all activate microglial pathways that result in GSK3β-inhibition. An in vitro screen for NRF2-activation in microglial cells with TLR-activated GSK3β activity, might therefore lead to the detection of totally novel antidepressant principles with, hopefully, an improved therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": "Biomedicines", "publication_date": "2023-03-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines11030806", "pubmed_id": "36979785", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979785/", "keywords": "5-HT2B, GS-coupled receptor, GSK3β, NRF2, cannabinoid CBR2, depression risk factor, ketamine, microglia, psilocybin, toll-like receptor", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36979785\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1538, "title": "Discovering the Potential Mechanisms of Medicinal Mushrooms Antidepressant Activity: A Review.", "normalized_title": "discovering the potential mechanisms of medicinal mushrooms antidepressant activity a review", "authors": "Lazur J, Hnatyk K, Kała K, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Muszyńska B.", "abstract": "Major Depression Disease is a common mental illness that affects more than 322 million people worldwide and it is one of the leading causes of mental and physical disability. The etiology of depression is a complex interplay of psychological, social, and biological factors. Currently, psychopharmacotherapy is based mainly on the monoamine theory, which states that depression is caused by an insufficient level of monoamines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine. Due to the relatively low efficacy of the typical antidepressant and the high prevalence of treatment-resistant depression (~30%), seeking new ways of prophylaxis, adjuvant therapy, or novel compounds with antidepressant activity, is a priority. According to studies that analyzed mushroom consumption patterns and depression prevalence, it was concluded that mushroom ingestion lowers the odds of depression. Medicinal mushrooms are considered functional foods because of their ability to synthesize and accumulate different types of metabolites, which enhance their health-promoting properties. The review aims to explain the antidepressant activity of edible/medicinal mushrooms by elucidating the mechanism from different perspectives: edible mushrooms as a source of serotonin precursors and psilocybin as a rapid-acting antidepressant. These compounds exhibit anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities that impact neurotrophin expression, the neurogenesis process, and influence on the gut-brain axis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/antiox12030623", "pubmed_id": "36978872", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030623", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36978872\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1537, "title": "The Effectiveness of Microdosed Psilocybin in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease: A Case Study", "normalized_title": "the effectiveness of microdosed psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatric lyme disease a case study", "authors": "Daniel A Kinderlehrer", "abstract": "Lyme disease can result in severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease is associated with autoimmune induced neuroinflammation. This case report describes an immunocompetent male with serologically positive neuropsychiatric Lyme disease who did not tolerate antimicrobial or psychotropic medications and whose symptoms remitted when he began psilocybin in microdosed (sub-hallucinogenic) amounts. A literature review of its therapeutic benefits reveals that psilocybin is both serotonergic and anti-inflammatory and therefore may offer significant therapeutic benefits to patients with mental illness secondary to autoimmune inflammation. The role of microdosed psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease and autoimmune encephalopathies warrants further study.", "journal": "International Medical Case Reports Journal", "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2147/imcrj.s395342", "pubmed_id": "36896410", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/imcrj.s395342", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Lyme disease, Disease, Hallucinogen, Serotonergic, Psychiatry, Immunology, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4323043191\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4323043191\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1566249398\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967267265\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972781789\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976329785\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993369443\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995024953\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022999320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026933300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032527491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039115365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039683255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042071505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051486686\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068088142\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076423355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076721603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085717273\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093072785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119296895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122681831\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153024216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158641372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165194033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284590407\",\"https://openalex.org/W2296909041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313430454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319976392\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325020298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2331031361\",\"https://openalex.org/W2402766225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2406423760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2512963850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2746773235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2774068836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789213216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789514954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888578239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897376838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921906874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938342597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951333628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2957955970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981686921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981836355\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002125030\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004910645\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007673431\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082721315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092438109\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3106554249\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209358220\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211842562\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210913256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251254106\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286889056\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319429759\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059314639\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel A Kinderlehrer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0595-6848\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2738884135\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Medical Case Reports Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2147/imcrj.s395342\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Case Report,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4323043191" }, { "id": 1527, "title": "Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "default mode network modulation by psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Perkins D, Ruffell S, Lawrence AJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Timmermann C, Castle D, Rossell SL, Downey LA, Pagni BA, Galvão-Coelho NL, Nutt D, Sarris J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are a unique class of drug that commonly produce vivid hallucinations as well as profound psychological and mystical experiences. A grouping of interconnected brain regions characterized by increased temporal coherence at rest have been termed the Default Mode Network (DMN). The DMN has been the focus of numerous studies assessing its role in self-referencing, mind wandering, and autobiographical memories. Altered connectivity in the DMN has been associated with a range of neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. To date, several studies have investigated how psychedelics modulate this network, but no comprehensive review, to our knowledge, has critically evaluated how major classical psychedelic agents-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and ayahuasca-modulate the DMN. Here we present a systematic review of the knowledge base. Across psychedelics there is consistent acute disruption in resting state connectivity within the DMN and increased functional connectivity between canonical resting-state networks. Various models have been proposed to explain the cognitive mechanisms of psychedelics, and in one model DMN modulation is a central axiom. Although the DMN is consistently implicated in psychedelic studies, it is unclear how central the DMN is to the therapeutic potential of classical psychedelic agents. This article aims to provide the field with a comprehensive overview that can propel future research in such a way as to elucidate the neurocognitive mechanisms of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyac074", "pubmed_id": "36272145", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac074", "keywords": "Brain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36272145\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1425, "title": "Experiences of psilocybin treatment for clinical conditions: A qualitative meta-synthesis.", "normalized_title": "experiences of psilocybin treatment for clinical conditions a qualitative meta synthesis", "authors": "Crowe M, Manuel J, Carlyle D, Lacey C.", "abstract": "There is increasing clinical interest in the use of psilocybin. There is emerging evidence of the efficacy of psilocybin for the treatment of a range of clinical conditions. Mental health nurses have a unique set of skills for caring for people who are hallucinating. To expand these skills to meet the developing clinical interest in the therapeutic use of psilocybin, it is helpful to understand the experience from the perspective of the person being treated with psilocybin. A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted to examine how those with psilocybin described their experiences to identify whether its effects are similar across different health conditions. Ten studies were included in the review. The health conditions studied were cancer, depression, HIV, substance use disorder, smoking cessation and trauma. The synthesis of findings identified three themes that were common across the studies despite the health condition: acceptance, connection and transformation. The review provides helpful insights into how people experience psilocybin and its effects on their health condition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/inm.13127", "pubmed_id": "36779424", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13127", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Smoking Cessation, Delivery of Health Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36779424\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4848, "title": "The History, Legalization and Potentials of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "the history legalization and potentials of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Jeffery Heilman", "abstract": "The potential benefits and deficits of the chemical compound psilocybin, particularly when paired with psychotherapeutic interventions, have been increasingly apparent top­ics of interest in social, academic, and scientific circles. The unusual nature of psilocybin poses many questions in Western culture. Three of them, which will be discussed in the following review, are (1) What is psilocybin? (2) What is psilocybin-assisted psychother­apy? and (3) What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy? Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is an innovative treatment that has not had the opportunity to be well-studied; as a result, the topic is currently shrouded in controversy and confusion. However, a recent series of clinical trials and research projects involving psilocybin-assisted interventions have yielded significant and beneficial results; indeed, additional trials are under way. The interventions studied include the treatment of end-of-life anxiety, depression, and existential distress in patients with terminal cancer, tobacco addiction, and treatment-resistant major-depressive disorder. Investigation into the known history, uses, relevance, and therapeutic effects of psilocybin-assisted psy­chotherapy require a careful inquiry, as these interventions are making an unavoidable and profound impact on contemporary American psychological culture as well as society in general. The current review attempts to describe psilocybin’s shamanic roots, known history, legal controversy, psychotherapy, and contemporary neuroscience research.", "journal": "Journal of Scientific Exploration", "publication_date": "2023-02-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31275/20222633", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222633", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Psychological intervention, Hallucinogen, Distress, Legalization, Relevance (law), Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Political science, Law, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4320035163\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4320035163\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W60326299\",\"https://openalex.org/W99126694\",\"https://openalex.org/W159648164\",\"https://openalex.org/W1537216698\",\"https://openalex.org/W1573195852\",\"https://openalex.org/W1726268257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990958891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033047816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047924458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054460669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071088516\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093994427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118962074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147546041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2304609394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2309265562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2320330123\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340870745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2681791877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810011425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899405464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2943654841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944337860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951624964\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3037497292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108542386\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118857539\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3199318186\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215511316\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231194915\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234837990\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253016188\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288400169\",\"https://openalex.org/W6800267556\",\"https://openalex.org/W6902956737\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081103705\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffery Heilman\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S42616313\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Scientific Exploration\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222633\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4320035163" }, { "id": 1563, "title": "Therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction a systematic review", "authors": "van der Meer PB, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, Schoones JW, de Waal MM, Goudriaan AE, Kramers K, Schellekens A, Somers M, Bossong MG, Batalla A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy [e.g., with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)] has shown promising results as treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Previous systematic reviews assessing the efficacy of psilocybin in SUDs only included clinical trials conducted in the last 25 years, but they may have missed clinical trials assessing the efficacy of psilocybin that were conducted before the 1980s, given much research has been done with psychedelics in the mid-20th century. In this systematic review, we specifically assessed the efficacy of psilocybin in patients with a SUD or non-substance-related disorder with no publication date restrictions in our search strategy.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines from the earliest published manuscript up to September 2, 2022, in seven electronic databases, including clinical trials in patients with a SUD or non-substance-related disorder evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin.ResultsA total of four studies (six articles, of which two articles were long-term follow-up results from the same trial) were included in this systematic review. Psilocybin-assisted therapy was administered to n = 151 patients in a dose ranging from 6 to 40 mg. Three studies focused on alcohol use disorder, and one study on tobacco use disorder. In a pilot study (n = 10), the percentage of heavy drinking days decreased significantly between baseline and weeks 5-12 (mean difference of 26.0, 95% CI = 8.7-43.2, p = 0.008). In another single-arm study (n = 31), 32% (10/31) became completely abstinent from alcohol (mean duration of follow-up 6 years). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT, n = 95), the percentage of heavy drinking days during the 32-week double-blind period was significantly lower for psilocybin compared to placebo (mean difference of 13.9, 95% CI = 3.0-24.7, p = 0.01). In a pilot study (n = 15), the 7-day point prevalence of smoking abstinence at 26 weeks was 80% (12/15), and at 52 weeks 67% (10/15).ConclusionOnly one RCT and three small clinical trials were identified assessing the efficacy of psilocybin combined with some form of psychotherapy in patients with alcohol and tobacco use disorder. All four clinical trials indicated a beneficial effect of psilocybin-assisted therapy on SUD symptoms. Larger RCTs in patients with SUDs need to evaluate whether psilocybin-assisted therapy is effective in patients with SUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454", "pubmed_id": "36846225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36846225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1564, "title": "Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology?-A Systematic Review of the Main Ergolamines, Simple Tryptamines, and Phenylethylamines.", "normalized_title": "hofmann vs paracelsus do psychedelics defy the basics of toxicology a systematic review of the main ergolamines simple tryptamines and phenylethylamines", "authors": "Henríquez-Hernández LA, Rojas-Hernández J, Quintana-Hernández DJ, Borkel LF.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are experiencing a strong renaissance and will soon be incorporated into clinical practice. However, there is uncertainty about how much harm they can cause at what doses. This review aimed to collect information on the health-hazardous doses of psychedelic substances, to be aware of the risks to which patients may be subjected. We focused on ergolamines, simple tryptamines, and phenylethylamines. We reviewed articles published in major medical and scientific databases. Studies reporting toxic or lethal doses in humans and animals were included. We followed PRISMA criteria for revisions. We identified 3032 manuscripts for inclusion. Of these, 33 were ultimately useful and gave relevant information about effects associated with high psychedelics doses. Despite having different molecular structures and different mechanisms of action, psychedelics are effective at very low doses, are not addictive, and are harmful at extremely high doses. For LSD and psilocybin, no dose has been established above which the lives of users are endangered. In contrast, MDMA appears to be the most dangerous substance, although reports are biased by recreational missuses. It seems that it is not only the dose that makes the poison. In the case of psychedelics, the set and setting make the poison.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/toxics11020148", "pubmed_id": "36851023", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020148", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36851023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1575, "title": "Medications for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence-Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives from a Public Health Perspective.", "normalized_title": "medications for the treatment of alcohol dependence current state of knowledge and future perspectives from a public health perspective", "authors": "Stokłosa I, Więckiewicz G, Stokłosa M, Piegza M, Pudlo R, Gorczyca P.", "abstract": "No single effective therapy for alcohol abuse has been found, despite it being a serious sociological and economic problem for hundreds of years. It seems difficult to find a single drug as a panacea for the alcohol problem due to the complexity of the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. The purpose of this narrative review is to review existing and potentially future pharmaceuticals for the treatment of alcohol dependence in the most affordable way possible. Psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for alcoholism, while few drugs approved by legislators are available in the augmentation of this treatment, such as acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone, approved by the FDA, and nalmefene by the EMA. There are recent reports in the literature on the possibility of using baclofen, topiramate, varenicline, and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Moreover, the results of recent clinical trials using psychoactive substances such as psilocybin and MDMA appear to be a breakthrough in the modern treatment of alcohol abuse. Despite this initial optimism, a lot of scientific effort is still needed before new pharmacological methods supporting the treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome will be widely available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijerph20031870", "pubmed_id": "36767234", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031870", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Disulfiram, Taurine, Alcohol Deterrents, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Public Health, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36767234\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3568, "title": "Pilot Trial of Visual Healing®, a Nature-themed Virtual Immersive Experience, to Optimize Set and Setting in Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "pilot trial of visual healing a nature themed virtual immersive experience to optimize set and setting in psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Keith Heinzerling", "abstract": "Twenty participants, age 18 or older, who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for moderate to severe Alcohol Use Disorder will be randomized to open-label psilocybin (25 mg) therapy with the Visual Healing Set and Setting platform (N=10) versus psilocybin (25 mg) with a standard Set and Setting platform (N=10). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of adding Visual Healing, a nature-themed virtual immersive program, to psilocybin-assisted therapy among participants with alcohol use disorder. The objective of the study is to test a strategy for optimizing Set and Setting for psilocybin-assisted therapy of alcohol use disorder. Psilocybin shows promise in early trials for alcohol use disorder, but initial results suggest that patients with alcohol use disorder may be less likely to achieve a mystical experience with standard doses of psilocybin. Optimizing Set and Setting for the psilocybin experience may improve outcomes without requiring higher drug doses. The current study will complete a pilot randomized clinical trial to assess the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of Visual Healing Set and Setting (N=10) versus standard Set and Setting procedures (N=10) in participants with alcohol use disorder undergoing open-label psilocybin 25 mg therapy. In the Visual Healing condition, participants will view nature-themed video programs during the Prep session and during the Ascent phase of the psilocybin experience. Anecdotal reports and reviews suggest that viewing Visual Healing creates a tranquil and calming environment that fosters a stronger connection between the viewer and nature. Psilocybin increases the users feeling of connection to nature and having an intention to connect with nature during the psychedelic session is associated with better outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapy in initial studies. Reducing pre-dosing anxiety/apprehension and enhancing connections to nature with Visual Healing may improve outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapy without the need for higher psilocybin doses.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-01-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04410913", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin plus Visual Healing Set and Setting, Psilocybin plus Standard Set and Setting, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04410913\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1544, "title": "Utility of preclinical models in the study of psilocybin - A comprehensive review.", "normalized_title": "utility of preclinical models in the study of psilocybin a comprehensive review", "authors": "Pedicini M, Cordner ZA.", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin across a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders is rapidly expanding. Despite promising clinical data and tremendous public enthusiasm, complimentary basic and translational studies - which are critical for advancing our understanding of psilocybin's biological effects and promoting innovation - have been relatively few. As with all work involving the study of complex neuropsychopharmacology, the search for deeper understanding of biological mechanisms, and the need for nuanced behavioral analyses in the context of both normal and diseased states, the roles for preclinical models are clear. A systematic search of the literature identified 57 articles involving the study of psilocybin in preclinical rodent models. A comprehensive review and thematic analysis identified 4 broad areas of investigation - pharmacology, toxicity, effects on disease models, and molecular mechanisms - with pharmacology studies accounting for the majority. Though these papers represent a still remarkably small body of literature, several important conclusions can already be drawn, and several areas of high priority for future work can be identified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105046", "pubmed_id": "36646257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105046", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36646257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1398, "title": "Psychedelics for Patients With Cancer: A Comprehensive Literature Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for patients with cancer a comprehensive literature review", "authors": "White CM, Weisman N, Dalo J.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo assess the role of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety or depression among patients with cancer.Data sourcesPubMed search from inception to March 11, 2022, using the terms anxiety, depression, psychedelics, psilocybin, lysergic acid, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or ayahuasca.Study selection and data extractionStudies assessing patients with cancer receiving psychedelics for the treatment of anxiety or depression.Data synthesisFive unique randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted. Significant reductions were found in 2 trials with 2 anxiety scales (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait) and in 1 trial with 2 additional anxiety scales (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety). Significant reductions were found in 2 trials in 2 depression scales (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, Beck Depression Inventory) and in 1 trial with an additional depression scale (Hamilton Rating Scale-Depression). Two studies assessed for clinically relevant reductions in anxiety and depression scores, and they occurred much more commonly in psychedelic-treated patients than those given placebo.Relevance to patient care and clinical practiceThere is a new potential option for treating patients with anxiety and depression along with cancer, which is important given the generally lackluster benefits with traditional antidepressants. Only a few sessions may also provide benefits extending out for 6 to 12 months and possibly beyond that. However, the studies were small, had many methodological limitations, and there were increases in blood pressure and heart rate.ConclusionsPsychedelics have a unique mechanism of action that might be well suited for treating anxiety and depression associated with cancer. This offers new promise for patients who are not being sufficiently treated with current antianxiety or antidepressant medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10600280221144055", "pubmed_id": "36635883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280221144055", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36635883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1216, "title": "Post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth among cancer survivors: a systematic scoping review of interventions.", "normalized_title": "post traumatic stress symptoms post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth among cancer survivors a systematic scoping review of interventions", "authors": "Capaldi JM, Shabanian J, Finster LB, Asher A, Wertheimer JC, Zebrack BJ, Shirazipour CH.", "abstract": "The detrimental effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the benefits of Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) are well established for cancer survivors. Increased cancer survival rates necessitate an understanding of how these two paradoxical outcomes, PTSS/PTSD and PTG, are targeted through interventions. This systematic scoping review aims to (a) examine existing evidence on interventions targeting PTSS/PTSD and/or PTG among cancer survivors and (b) identify knowledge gaps to inform future research. Following the six steps of a scoping review, 76 articles met the inclusion criteria. Quantitative articles were examined using descriptive analysis. Frequency counts of the collated data were tabulated into summary tables. Qualitative articles were reviewed using meta-synthesis. Most articles were quantitative (n = 52) and targeted PTG (n = 68) through promising intervention approaches such as psychotherapy, mindfulness, physical activity, and psilocybin-assisted therapy. Three key implications for future research and practice were synthesized: (1) mechanistic considerations for intervention design that provide a roadmap for rigorous and theoretically-grounded research; (2) the need for improved representation of cancer survivors in trials; and (3) potential facilitators of intervention efficacy. Together, these findings can direct future research to optimize interventions to reduce PTSS/PTSD and promote PTG achievement among cancer survivors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/17437199.2022.2162947", "pubmed_id": "36632776", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2162947", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Cancer Survivors, Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36632776\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1516, "title": "Are psychedelics the answer to chronic pain: A review of current literature.", "normalized_title": "are psychedelics the answer to chronic pain a review of current literature", "authors": "Kooijman NI, Willegers T, Reuser A, Mulleners WM, Kramers C, Vissers KCP, van der Wal SEI.", "abstract": "AimsWe aim to provide an evidence-based overview of the use of psychedelics in chronic pain, specifically LSD and psilocybin.ContentChronic pain is a common and complex problem, with an unknown etiology. Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, may play a role in the management of chronic pain. Through activation of the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor, several neurophysiological responses result in the disruption of functional connections in brain regions associated with chronic pain. Healthy reconnections can be made through neuroplastic effects, resulting in sustained pain relief. However, this process is not fully understood, and evidence of efficacy is limited and of low quality. In cancer and palliative related pain, the analgesic potential of psychedelics was established decades ago, and the current literature shows promising results on efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related psychological distress. In other areas, patients suffering from severe headache disorders like migraine and cluster headache who have self-medicated with psychedelics report both acute and prophylactic efficacy of LSD and psilocybin. Randomized control trials are now being conducted to study the effects in cluster headache Furthermore, psychedelics have a generally favorable safety profile especially when compared to other analgesics like opioids. In addition, psychedelics do not have the addictive potential of opioids.ImplicationsGiven the current epidemic use of opioids, and that patients are in desperate need of an alternative treatment, it is important that further research is conducted on the efficacy of psychedelics in chronic pain conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/papr.13203", "pubmed_id": "36597700", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13203", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Cluster Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36597700\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1580, "title": "The Bright Side of Psychedelics: Latest Advances and Challenges in Neuropharmacology.", "normalized_title": "the bright side of psychedelics latest advances and challenges in neuropharmacology", "authors": "Mastinu A, Anyanwu M, Carone M, Abate G, Bonini SA, Peron G, Tirelli E, Pucci M, Ribaudo G, Oselladore E, Premoli M, Gianoncelli A, Uberti DL, Memo M.", "abstract": "The need to identify effective therapies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is a particularly important issue in modern societies. In addition, difficulties in finding new drugs have led pharmacologists to review and re-evaluate some past molecules, including psychedelics. For several years there has been growing interest among psychotherapists in psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, of depression, or of post-traumatic stress disorder, although results are not always clear and definitive. In fact, the mechanisms of action of psychedelics are not yet fully understood and some molecular aspects have yet to be well defined. Thus, this review aims to summarize the ethnobotanical uses of the best-known psychedelic plants and the pharmacological mechanisms of the main active ingredients they contain. Furthermore, an up-to-date overview of structural and computational studies performed to evaluate the affinity and binding modes to biologically relevant receptors of ibogaine, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and lysergic acid diethylamide is presented. Finally, the most recent clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of psychedelic molecules in some psychiatric disorders are discussed and compared with drugs already used in therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms24021329", "pubmed_id": "36674849", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021329", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Neuropharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36674849\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1353, "title": "An Integrative Review of Measures of Spirituality in Experimental Studies of Psilocybin in Serious Illness Populations.", "normalized_title": "an integrative review of measures of spirituality in experimental studies of psilocybin in serious illness populations", "authors": "Baker KM, Ulrich CM, Meghani SH.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin-assisted therapies (PAT) are reemerging as a treatment for complex distress often prompting mystical experiences, enhanced meaning, and spiritual wellbeing. We sought to investigate how measures of spirituality are employed in experimental studies of PAT conducted with seriously ill adults. Methods: We included experimental studies of psilocybin conducted with seriously ill adults, which employed measures that contained spirituality and mysticism concepts within their domains or subdomains. Included studies were peer-reviewed and published in English language (up to December 2021). Results: Seven articles met our inclusion criteria. A total of 12 unique instruments were identified. The most frequently used instruments were the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30), the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spirituality (FACIT-Sp-12), and the Demoralization Scale (DS-I/II) (used in four studies each), followed by the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) (used in three studies). Overall, studies did not consistently define and contextualize spirituality domains and subdomains studied. Conclusions: Despite well-recognized significance of spirituality in PAT, there was considerable heterogeneity in number and types of spirituality measures employed across studies. There also seemed a lack of attention to defining and operationalizing spirituality and its domains and subdomains. This is notable as spirituality and overlapping concepts (eg mystical experiences) contributes substantially to this body of research and patients' therapeutic outcomes. Towards developing more rigorous science of spirituality in PAT research, there is a critical need to evaluate and refine measures of spirituality to enhance their utility and replicability, limit participant burden, and better contextualize spirituality-related findings and outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10499091221147700", "pubmed_id": "36604312", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091221147700", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mysticism, Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36604312\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3790, "title": "Et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv/egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "normalized_title": "et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "authors": "Andersen S.", "abstract": "Self or ego dissolution (SED) is a recurring, yet vaguely defined phenomenon often associated with positive therapeutic outcomes within clinical research on classic psychedelic substances. The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deeper understanding and improve terminological clarity of SED in a psychedelic context, here defined as research settings in which moderate to high doses of psilocybin are administered. SED is investigated from two different psychological perspectives to demonstrate how different understandings of the self and ego can contribute differently to the understanding of SED. Firstly, Freud’s theory of the subject constitutes a psychoanalytical perspective, which focuses on intra- and intersubjective processes in the constitution of the subject. Secondly, Rose’s theory of the subject constitutes a postmodern perspective, which focuses on contextual processes in the constitution of the subject. A qualitative systematic review (SR) is conducted to apply these theories analytically to empirical data on SED. The SR consists of 10 studies containing qualitative descriptions of subjects’ experiences with SED in a psilocybin-assisted psychotherapeutic (PAP) context. A thematic analysis of the subjects’ experiences is presented, and synthesized into four meta-themes that describe recurring characteristics of SED. These are 1) a stronger feeling of essence, 2) a greater feeling of connection, 3) a different bodily experience, and 4) a challenging but eventually blissful or meaningful experience. On the basis of the psychoanalytic analysis, it is suggested that SED can be understood as related to changes in the boundaries of the meta-psychological I and regression to primary processes including the fantasy and the skin ego. Additionally, based on the postmodern analysis it is suggested that SED can be understood as influenced by an unusual psy-context. Critical reflections on how the thesis contributes to the understanding of SED are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen theories and empirical data are discussed, specifically regarding interpretation bias, generalizability, data extraction, validity, causality, and eclecticism. It is concluded that the thesis provides insights important to psychological understandings of SED, insights that have potential clinical relevance. However, it is also argued that the investigation highlights that SED is a phenomenon that is difficult to capture and therefore should be investigated further from alternative psychological perspectives.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-01-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/f26ce", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f26ce", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR592790\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3354, "title": "Et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv/egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "normalized_title": "et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "authors": "", "abstract": "Self or ego dissolution (SED) is a recurring, yet vaguely defined phenomenon often associated with positive therapeutic outcomes within clinical research on classic psychedelic substances. The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deeper understanding and improve terminological clarity of SED in a psychedelic context, here defined as research settings in which moderate to high doses of psilocybin are administered. SED is investigated from two different psychological perspectives to demonstrate how different understandings of the self and ego can contribute differently to the understanding of SED. Firstly, Freud’s theory of the subject constitutes a psychoanalytical perspective, which focuses on intra- and intersubjective processes in the constitution of the subject. Secondly, Rose’s theory of the subject constitutes a postmodern perspective, which focuses on contextual processes in the constitution of the subject. A qualitative systematic review (SR) is conducted to apply these theories analytically to empirical data on SED. The SR consists of 10 studies containing qualitative descriptions of subjects’ experiences with SED in a psilocybin-assisted psychotherapeutic (PAP) context. A thematic analysis of the subjects’ experiences is presented, and synthesized into four meta-themes that describe recurring characteristics of SED. These are 1) a stronger feeling of essence, 2) a greater feeling of connection, 3) a different bodily experience, and 4) a challenging but eventually blissful or meaningful experience. On the basis of the psychoanalytic analysis, it is suggested that SED can be understood as related to changes in the boundaries of the meta-psychological I and regression to primary processes including the fantasy and the skin ego. Additionally, based on the postmodern analysis it is suggested that SED can be understood as influenced by an unusual psy-context. Critical reflections on how the thesis contributes to the understanding of SED are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen theories and empirical data are discussed, specifically regarding interpretation bias, generalizability, data extraction, validity, causality, and eclecticism. It is concluded that the thesis provides insights important to psychological understandings of SED, insights that have potential clinical relevance. However, it is also argued that the investigation highlights that SED is a phenomenon that is difficult to capture and therefore should be investigated further from alternative psychological perspectives.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-01-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/f26ce_v1", "keywords": "ego dissolution, postmodern theory, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoanalytic theory, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Intervention Research, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Clinical Neuropsychology, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Social and Personality Psychology, Self and Social Identity, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"f26ce_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1592, "title": "Addressing the Current Knowledge and Gaps in Research Surrounding Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, and Psilocin in Rodent Models.", "normalized_title": "addressing the current knowledge and gaps in research surrounding lysergic acid diethylamide lsd psilocybin and psilocin in rodent models", "authors": "Ezeaka UC, Kim HJJ, Laprairie RB.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid Diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and psilocin are being intensively evaluated as potential therapeutics to treat depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and a host of other psychiatric illnesses. Pre-clinical investigation of these compounds in rodent models forms a key component of their drug development process. In this review, we will summarize the evidence gathered to date surrounding LSD, psilocybin, and psilocin in rodent models of the psychedelic experience, behavioural organization, substance use, alcohol consumption, drug discrimination, anxiety, depression-like behaviour, stress response, and pharmacokinetics. In reviewing these topics, we identify three knowledge gaps as areas of future inquiry: sex differences, oral dosing rather than injection, and chronic dosing regimens. A comprehensive understanding of LSD, psilocybin, and psilocin's in vivo pharmacology may not only lead to their successful clinical implementation but optimize the use of these compounds as controls or references in the development of novel psychedelic therapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.2174/1568026623666230705151922", "pubmed_id": "37409550", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026623666230705151922", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37409550\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1589, "title": "The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research.", "normalized_title": "the resurgence of hallucinogen drugs in clinical research", "authors": "Rivera-García MT, Cruz SL.", "abstract": "Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT2A receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.24875/ric.23000108", "pubmed_id": "37441761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24875/ric.23000108", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Serotonin, Mescaline, Ketamine, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37441761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1515, "title": "Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis.", "normalized_title": "seeking the psilocybiome psychedelics meet the microbiota gut brain axis", "authors": "Kelly JR, Clarke G, Harkin A, Corr SC, Galvin S, Pradeep V, Cryan JF, O'Keane V, Dinan TG", "abstract": "Moving towards a systems psychiatry paradigm embraces the inherent complex interactions across all levels from micro to macro and necessitates an integrated approach to treatment. Cortical 5-HT receptors are key primary targets for the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy are complex and traverse molecular, cellular, and network levels, under the influence of biofeedback signals from the periphery and the environment. At the interface between the individual and the environment, the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the unconscious parallel processing systems regulating host neurophysiology. While psychedelic and microbial signalling systems operate over different timescales, the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, as a convergence hub between multiple biofeedback systems may play a role in the preparatory phase, the acute administration phase, and the integration phase of psychedelic therapy. In keeping with an interconnected systems-based approach, this review will discuss the gut microbiome and mycobiome and pathways of the MGB axis, and then explore the potential interaction between psychedelic therapy and the MGB axis and how this might influence mechanism of action and treatment response. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications for a precision medicine-based psychedelic therapy paradigm.", "journal": "International journal of clinical and health psychology: IJCHP", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349", "pubmed_id": "36605409", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36605409/", "keywords": "Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), hallucinogens, microbiome, microbiota-gut-brain axis, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36605409\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Microbiome", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1509, "title": "The Impact of Psilocybin on Patients Experiencing Psychiatric Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psilocybin on patients experiencing psychiatric symptoms a systematic review of randomized clinical trials", "authors": "IsHak WW, Garcia P, Pearl R, Dang J, William C, Totlani J, Danovitch I.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of psilocybin on patients experiencing psychiatric symptoms, with a focus on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and safety.Method of researchFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched the PubMed database and identified studies published from January 2011 to December 2021 pertaining to the impact of psilocybin on psychiatric symptoms. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on five studies meeting the specific selection criteria. Study bias was addressed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.ResultsThe impact of psilocybin on psychiatric symptoms was examined in five randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four studies administered 1 to 2 doses of psilocybin, with doses ranging from 14mg/70kg to 30mg/70kg, and one study administered a fixed dose of 25mg to all participants. Administration of psilocybin resulted in significant and sustained reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression, enhanced sense of wellbeing, life satisfaction, and positive mood immediately after psilocybin administration and up to six months after conclusion of treatment. All studies included some form of psychotherapy, and none reported serious adverse effects.ConclusionRCTs show the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as improvement in HRQoL, and no serious side effects. However, additional research is necessary to characterize predictors of treatment response, patient screening requirements, effectiveness in broader clinical populations, and guidelines for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "37387703", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37387703", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37387703\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1500, "title": "Mini-review: The neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "mini review the neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics", "authors": "Urban MM, Stingl MR, Meinhardt MW", "abstract": "The potential of psychedelics to persistently treat substance use disorders is known since the 1960s. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic effects have not yet been fully elucidated. While it is known that serotonergic hallucinogens induce changes in gene expression and neuroplasticity, particularly in prefrontal regions, theories on how specifically this counteracts the alterations that occur in neuronal circuitry throughout the course of addiction are largely unknown. This narrative mini-review endeavors to synthesize well-established knowledge from addiction research with findings and theories regarding the neurobiological effects of psychedelics to give an overview of the potential mechanisms that underlie the treatment of substance use disorders with classical hallucinogenic compounds and point out gaps in the current understanding.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1156319", "pubmed_id": "37139521", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37139521/", "keywords": "addiction, dependency, hallucinogen, plasticity, psilocybin, psychedelics, substance, therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37139521\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1461, "title": "Systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder.", "normalized_title": "systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder", "authors": "Phan AN, Terry GE", "abstract": "Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is prevalent in ~2-5% of adults in the United States and is anticipated to increase as restrictions to cannabis decrease and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in cannabis products increase. No FDA-approved medications for CUD are currently available, despite trials of dozens of re-purposed and novel drugs. Psychedelics have garnered interest as a therapeutic class in other substance use disorders, and self-report surveys suggest they may result in positive outcomes for CUD. Herein, we review the existing literature pertaining to psychedelic use in persons with or at risk for CUD and consider the potential rationale underpinning psychedelics as a treatment for CUD. A systematic search was performed in several databases. Inclusion criteria were primary research reporting use of psychedelics or related substances and CUD for treatment in human subjects. Exclusion criteria were results including psychedelics or related substances without changes in cannabis use or risks associated with CUD. Three hundred and five unique results were returned. One article was identified using the non-classical psychedelic ketamine in CUD; three articles were identified as topically relevant based on their secondary data or consideration of mechanism. Additional articles were reviewed for purposes of background, review of safety considerations, and formulating rationale. Limited data and reporting are available on the use of psychedelics in persons with CUD, and more research is needed given the anticipated increase in CUD incidence and increasing interest in psychedelic use. While psychedelics, broadly, have a high therapeutic index with infrequent serious adverse effects, particular adverse effects at risk in the CUD population, such as psychosis and cardiovascular events, should be considered. Possible mechanisms by which psychedelics have therapeutic potential in CUD are explored.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1144276", "pubmed_id": "37435402", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37435402/", "keywords": "MDMA, cannabis use disorder, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37435402\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1402, "title": "Scoping Review of Experiential Measures from Psychedelic Research and Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "scoping review of experiential measures from psychedelic research and clinical trials", "authors": "Herrmann Z, Earleywine M, De Leo J, Slabaugh S, Kenny T, Rush AJ", "abstract": "Subjective responses to psychoactive drugs have served as intriguing windows into consciousness as well as useful predictors. Subjective reactions to psychedelic molecules are particularly interesting given how they covary with subsequent improvements associated with psychedelic-assisted treatments. Although links between subjective reactions and decreases in treatment-resistant clinical depression, end-of-life anxiety, and maladaptive consumption of alcohol and nicotine appear in the empirical literature, the measurement of these subjective responses has proven difficult. Several scales developed over many decades show reasonable internal consistency. Studies suggest that many have a replicable factor structure and other good psychometric properties, but samples are often small and self-selected. We review the psychometric properties of some of the most widely used scales and detail their links to improvement in response to psychedelic-assisted treatments. Generally, assessments of mystical experiences or oceanic boundlessness correlate with improvements. Challenging subjective experiences, psychological insight, and emotional breakthroughs also show considerable promise, though replication would strengthen conclusions. We suggest a collaborative approach where investigators can focus on key responses to ensure that the field will eventually have data from many participants who report their subjective reactions to psychedelic molecules in a therapeutic setting. This may aid in predicting improvement amongst targeted conditions and wellbeing.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2125467", "pubmed_id": "36127639", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127639/", "keywords": "Mystical experience questionnaire, hallucinogens, oceanic boundlessness, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36127639\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1361, "title": "Bedside to bench: the outlook for psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "bedside to bench the outlook for psychedelic research", "authors": "Acero VP, Cribas ES, Browne KD, Rivellini O, Burrell JC, O'Donnell JC, Das S, Cullen DK", "abstract": "There has recently been a resurgence of interest in psychedelic compounds based on studies demonstrating their potential therapeutic applications in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse disorders, and treatment-resistant depression. Despite promising efficacy observed in some clinical trials, the full range of biological effects and mechanism(s) of action of these compounds have yet to be fully established. Indeed, most studies to date have focused on assessing the psychological mechanisms of psychedelics, often neglecting the non-psychological modes of action. However, it is important to understand that psychedelics may mediate their therapeutic effects through multi-faceted mechanisms, such as the modulation of brain network activity, neuronal plasticity, neuroendocrine function, glial cell regulation, epigenetic processes, and the gut-brain axis. This review provides a framework supporting the implementation of a multi-faceted approach, incorporating, and modeling, to aid in the comprehensive understanding of the physiological effects of psychedelics and their potential for clinical application beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We also provide an overview of the literature supporting the potential utility of psychedelics for the treatment of brain injury (e.g., stroke and traumatic brain injury), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases), and gut-brain axis dysfunction associated with psychiatric disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder). To move the field forward, we outline advantageous experimental frameworks to explore these and other novel applications for psychedelics.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1240295", "pubmed_id": "37869749", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869749/", "keywords": "DMT, MDMA, ayahuasca, ketamine, mechanism of action (MOA), psilocybin, psychedelics, salvinorin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37869749\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1351, "title": "\"How Do I Learn More About this?\": Utilization and Trust of Psychedelic Information Sources Among People Naturalistically Using Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "how do i learn more about this utilization and trust of psychedelic information sources among people naturalistically using psychedelics", "authors": "Kruger DJ, Enghoff O, Herberholz M, Barron J, Boehnke KF", "abstract": "There is a surge of interest in psychedelics, including new stakeholders and greater media attention. There is a need to examine the information-seeking behavior of people using psychedelics naturalistically, given the importance of preparation and harm-reduction. We examined sources of information for people using psychedelics naturalistically, and the degree to which they are trusted in a large, anonymous, online survey ( = 1221). The most common source of participants' information on psychedelics was their own experimentation and experiences (79.52%). Most also sought information from Internet websites (61.67%), friends (61.02%), Internet discussion forums (57.08%), books (57%), and articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals (54.55%). Few sought information from their primary health care provider (4.83%). Articles published in scientific journals, psychedelic nonprofits, and researchers based in colleges or universities were the most trusted sources of psychedelic information. Government agencies and pharmaceutical companies were the least trusted. Few participants thought that the popular media accurately stated the benefits and risks of psychedelics and most thought that the popular media failed to distinguish between different types of psychedelics. Our results indicate a high level of information seeking among psychedelic users, with a diverse array of information sources typically outside of mainstream health and medical care systems.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2201263", "pubmed_id": "37078418", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37078418/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, information, media, psilocybin, trust", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37078418\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1256, "title": "Psychedelics, epilepsy, and seizures: a review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics epilepsy and seizures a review", "authors": "Freidel N, Kreuder L, Rabinovitch BS, Chen FY, Huang RST, Lewis EC", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have been utilized by humans for centuries for medicinal, religious, and tribal purposes. Clinical trial data starting from the early 2000s and continuing today indicates that psychedelics are a clinically efficacious treatment for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, all clinical trials examining these substances have excluded any individual with a past or current history of seizures, leaving a large cohort of epilepsy and non-epilepsy chronic seizure disorder patients without anywhere to turn for psychedelic-assisted therapy. These exclusions were made despite any significant evidence that clinically supervised psychedelic use causes or exacerbates seizures in this population. To date, no clinical trial or preclinical seizure model has demonstrated that psychedelics induce seizures. This review highlights several cases of individuals experiencing seizures or seizure remission following psychedelic use, with the overall trend being that psychedelics are safe for use in a controlled, supervised clinical setting. We also suggest future research directions for this field.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1326815", "pubmed_id": "38283836", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38283836/", "keywords": "LSD, MDMA, epilepsy, ketamine, magic mushrooms, psilocybin, psychedelics, seizures", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38283836\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1616, "title": "A Review of Synthetic Access to Therapeutic Compounds Extracted from.", "normalized_title": "a review of synthetic access to therapeutic compounds extracted from", "authors": "Serreau R, Amirouche A, Benyamina A, Berteina-Raboin S", "abstract": "Psychedelics are used for various pathologies of the central nervous system and are currently the subject of much research, some of which relates to the compounds contained in various -type hallucinogenic mushrooms. It is difficult, however, to obtain and purify sufficient quantities of these compounds from fungi to carry out biological studies, hence the need to develop simple and efficient synthetic routes. We review here the various syntheses used to obtain these molecules, focusing first on the classic historical syntheses, then the use of more recent metallo-catalyzed couplings and finally the known biocatalytic methods for obtaining these molecules. Other access routes are certainly possible and should be the subject of future research given the therapeutic interest of these compounds.", "journal": "Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)", "publication_date": "2022-12-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ph16010040", "pubmed_id": "36678537", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678537/", "keywords": "Psilocybe mushrooms, clinical research, psilocin, psilocybin, psychedelics, synthetic access, tryptamines", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36678537\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1596, "title": "Probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin: integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms", "authors": "Meccia J, Lopez J, Bagot RC.", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of serotonergic psychedelic compounds including psilocybin has surged in recent years. While human clinical research suggests psilocybin holds promise as a rapid and long-lasting antidepressant, little is known about how its acute mechanisms of action mediate enduring alterations in cognition and behavior. Human neuroimaging studies point to both acute and sustained modulation of functional connectivity in key cortically dependent brain networks. Emerging evidence in preclinical models highlights the importance of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity and alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Overviewing research in both humans and preclinical models suggests avenues to increase crosstalk between fields. We review how acute modulation of PFC circuits may contribute to long-term structural and functional alterations to mediate antidepressant effects. We highlight the potential for preclinical circuit and behavioral neuroscience approaches to provide basic mechanistic insight into how psilocybin modulates cognitive and affective neural circuits to support further development of psilocybin as a promising new treatment for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06297-0", "pubmed_id": "36564671", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06297-0", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Models, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36564671\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1517, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Psychedelic Science: A Review and Perspective on Opportunities in Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy and psychedelic science a review and perspective on opportunities in neurosurgery and neuro oncology", "authors": "Kelly DF, Kelly DF, Heinzerling K, Sharma A, Gowrinathan S, Sergi K, Mallari RJ.", "abstract": "After a decades-long pause, psychedelics are again being intensely investigated for treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric ailments including depression, anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, anorexia, and chronic pain syndromes. The classic serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide and nonclassic psychedelics 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and ketamine are increasingly appreciated as neuroplastogens given their potential to fundamentally alter mood and behavior well beyond the time window of measurable exposure. Imaging studies with psychedelics are also helping advance our understanding of neural networks and connectomics. This resurgence in psychedelic science and psychedelic-assisted therapy has potential significance for the fields of neurosurgery and neuro-oncology and their diverse and challenging patients, many of whom continue to have mental health issues and poor quality of life despite receiving state-of-the-art care. In this study, we review recent and ongoing clinical trials, the set and setting model of psychedelic-assisted therapy, potential risks and adverse events, proposed mechanisms of action, and provide a perspective on how the safe and evidence-based use of psychedelics could potentially benefit many patients, including those with brain tumors, pain syndromes, ruminative disorders, stroke, SAH, TBI, and movement disorders. By leveraging psychedelics' neuroplastic potential to rehabilitate the mind and brain, novel treatments may be possible for many of these patient populations, in some instances working synergistically with current treatments and in some using subpsychedelic doses that do not require mind-altering effects for efficacy. This review aims to encourage broader multidisciplinary collaboration across the neurosciences to explore and help realize the transdiagnostic healing potential of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1227/neu.0000000000002275", "pubmed_id": "36512813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002275", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neurosurgery, Quality of Life, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36512813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1550, "title": "Update on treatments for anxiety-related disorders.", "normalized_title": "update on treatments for anxiety related disorders", "authors": "Lee HJ, Stein MB.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review examines recent evidence that informs the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.Recent findingsIn addition to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and benzodiazepines, agomelatine has demonstrated efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Other novel products, such as ketamine, psilocybin and cannabidiol, are in the process of gathering evidence in support of the treatment of anxiety disorders. In psychological therapy, various psychological treatments for anxiety disorders, such as mindfulness-based intervention, acceptance and commitment therapy, psychodynamic therapy, emotion-focused therapy and dialectical behavioural therapy, have been tried. Still, most therapies have not proven superior to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). In very preliminary findings: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was effective in GAD; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was effective for social anxiety disorder (SAD) and GAD and augmented exposure therapy for specific fears. Internet and mobile-based interventions have comparable efficacy to face-to-face therapy.SummaryPharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders is expanding to novel products. Despite trying other psychological therapies for anxiety disorders, most therapies were comparable to but not superior to CBT. rTMS and tDCS were also used and show early promise for GAD, but further studies are needed. Most internet or mobile app based psychological therapies were based on CBT, and some can be considered as alternatives to in-person face-to-face therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/yco.0000000000000841", "pubmed_id": "36480651", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000841", "keywords": "Humans, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36480651\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1624, "title": "Lower-dose psycholytic therapy - A neglected approach.", "normalized_title": "lower dose psycholytic therapy a neglected approach", "authors": "Passie T, Guss J, Krähenmann R.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and similar psychoactive drugs have been used in psychotherapy since 1949, when the first clinical study with lower-dose LSD showed therapeutically relevant effects. This caused an intense interest among psychotherapists and researchers, alike, on an international scale. In 1960, the use of serial lower-dose LSD/psilocybin sessions in a psychoanalytical framework, which was dominant at the time, was named \"psycholytic therapy\". Psycholytic therapy was usually conducted in clinical environments, on both an inpatient and outpatient basis. Psycholytic therapy was developed and established over a 15-year period on the European continent, where it was used at 30 clinical treatment centers and by more than 100 outpatient psychotherapists. Psycholytic approaches were employed minimally in North America, where the psychedelic approach (use of one or two high-dose sessions for \"personality-transforming mystical experiences\") became the dominant method in use. The leading figure in psycholytic therapy was Professor Hanscarl Leuner in Germany, who laid the ground with his uniquely fine grained analysis of the LSD reaction in a 1962 monograph. He was central in establishing and distributing psycholytic therapy in Europe and abroad. The article provides comprehensive background information and outlines the essential features of psycholytic therapy. Evidence for the efficacy of psycholytic therapy is reviewed and a case for the inclusion of the psycholytic approach in the field of substance-assisted psychotherapy is made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505", "pubmed_id": "36532196", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36532196\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1627, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for People with Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for people with eating disorders", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Schreyer CC, Griffiths RR, Guarda AS", "abstract": "A growing body of research suggests psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) may be safe and effective for a variety of mental health conditions. Among these, eating disorders have been a recent target of interest. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the potential mechanisms and use of PAT in people diagnosed with eating disorders, with a focus on anorexia nervosa. Classic psychedelics may have transdiagnostic efficacy through several mechanisms relevant to eating disorder pathology. Interest in, and efforts to increase access to PAT are both high. Early clinical trials are focused on establishing the safety and utility of this treatment in eating disorders, and efficacy remains unclear. High-quality published data to support the use of PAT for people with eating disorders remains lacking. Recent studies however suggest PAT has the potential to augment the efficacy of current interventions for these difficult-to-treat conditions.", "journal": "Current psychiatry reports", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01394-5", "pubmed_id": "36374357", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374357/", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36374357\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1625, "title": "Therapeutic use of psilocybin: Practical considerations for dosing and administration.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of psilocybin practical considerations for dosing and administration", "authors": "MacCallum CA, Lo LA, Pistawka CA, Deol JK.", "abstract": "The interest in psilocybin as a therapeutic approach has grown exponentially in recent years. Despite increasing access, there remains a lack of practical guidance on the topic for health care professionals. This is particularly concerning given the medical complexity and vulnerable nature of patients for whom psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy may be considered. This article aims to provide health care professionals with an overview of practical considerations for psilocybin therapy, rooted in a patient safety focus. Within this piece we will review basic psilocybin pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, indications, practical therapeutic strategies (e.g., dosing, administration, monitoring) and safety considerations (e.g., contraindications, adverse events, and drug interactions). With this information, our goal is to increase the knowledge and comfort of health care professionals to discuss and counsel their patients on psilocybin therapy, ultimately improving patient care and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217", "pubmed_id": "36532184", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36532184\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1635, "title": "Psilocybin as a Treatment for Psychiatric Illness: A Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a treatment for psychiatric illness a meta analysis", "authors": "Irizarry R, Winczura A, Dimassi O, Dhillon N, Minhas A, Larice J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is an emerging potential therapy for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Microdosing has been shown to result in an overall improvement in patients with anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. This meta-analysis explores and compiles prior research to make further inferences regarding psilocybin and its use for the treatment of psychiatric illness along with its safety and efficacy. Database searches were conducted to identify peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials and clinical trials mentioning psilocybin use and psychiatric illness. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram was created and analysis was run on the nine articles that met all established inclusion criteria. An event is defined as a participant who showed improvement, in a quantitative method, from baseline after the use of psilocybin. Another analysis was done using depression severity (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 16-Item Self Report, QIDS-SR16) at baseline and after the use of psilocybin. Analyses of the original data and the nine articles showed a great deal of heterogeneity with an I2 value of 73.68%, suggesting that the studies in this meta-analysis cannot be considered to be studies of the same population. The Q value of 30.4 was higher than 15.507, which is the critical value for eight degrees of freedom found in a chi-square distribution. This Q value showed a high degree of variation and lacked significance. The second meta-run on QIDS-SR16 scores from three studies showed a Q value of 1.16 which was lower than 5.991, the critical value for two degrees of freedom found in a chi-square distribution. The I2 statistic for this second meta-analysis was -73% which can be equated to zero. This indicated that the data were homogeneous or that there was no observed heterogeneity. Due to low heterogeneity, the fixed-effects model was used. Based on this meta-analysis, psilocybin seems to show symptom improvement in some psychiatric illnesses. The effectiveness of psilocybin microdosing and the use of psilocybin, in general, need to be studied further to determine the efficacy and safety of potential applications in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.31796", "pubmed_id": "36569662", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31796", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36569662\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1629, "title": "Psilocybin containing mushrooms: a rapidly developing biotechnology industry in the psychiatry, biomedical and nutraceutical fields.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin containing mushrooms a rapidly developing biotechnology industry in the psychiatry biomedical and nutraceutical fields", "authors": "Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M.", "abstract": "Humans have collected and used hallucinogenic mushrooms for ethnic medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes since before recorded history. Currently, the use of these mushrooms is illegal in most countries, but where their use is legal they are applied as self medication. Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive alkaloids, are naturally synthesized by hallucinogenic mushrooms. The chemical structure of these compounds are similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Activation of this system by psilocybin and psilocin may produce temporary changes in the brain that induce hallucinations and feelings of euphoria. Adjustment of the serotonin system in this way can moderate symptoms of related mental disorders. This review summarizes relevant and current information regarding the discovery of hallucinogenic mushrooms and their contained psychoactive compounds, the events that lead to their criminalization and decriminilization, and the state of knowledge of psilocybin, psilocin, and derivatives. Last, research on the psychoactive properties of these mushrooms is placed in perspective to possible applications for human dysfunctions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s13205-022-03355-4", "pubmed_id": "36340802", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03355-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36340802\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1519, "title": "The Missing Piece? A Case for Microglia's Prominent Role in the Therapeutic Action of Anesthetics, Ketamine, and Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the missing piece a case for microglia s prominent role in the therapeutic action of anesthetics ketamine and psychedelics", "authors": "VanderZwaag J, Halvorson T, Dolhan K, Šimončičová E, Ben-Azu B, Tremblay MÈ.", "abstract": "There is much excitement surrounding recent research of promising, mechanistically novel psychotherapeutics - psychedelic, anesthetic, and dissociative agents - as they have demonstrated surprising efficacy in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as mood disorders and addiction. However, the mechanisms by which these drugs provide such profound psychological benefits are still to be fully elucidated. Microglia, the CNS's resident innate immune cells, are emerging as a cellular target for psychiatric disorders because of their critical role in regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory environment of the brain. The following paper is a review of recent literature surrounding these neuropharmacological therapies and their demonstrated or hypothesized interactions with microglia. Through investigating the mechanism of action of psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, and propofol, we demonstrate a largely under-investigated role for microglia in much of the emerging research surrounding these pharmacological agents. Among others, we detail sigma-1 receptors, serotonergic and γ-aminobutyric acid signalling, and tryptophan metabolism as pathways through which these agents modulate microglial phagocytic activity and inflammatory mediator release, inducing their therapeutic effects. The current review includes a discussion on future directions in the field of microglial pharmacology and covers bidirectional implications of microglia and these novel pharmacological agents in aging and age-related disease, glial cell heterogeneity, and state-of-the-art methodologies in microglial research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0", "pubmed_id": "36327017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0", "keywords": "Microglia, Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36327017\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4910, "title": "The psychedelic renaissance: can psilocybin possibly combat depression?", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance can psilocybin possibly combat depression", "authors": "Hamna Raheel, Unaiza Naeem, Asim Shaikh, Omer Ahmed Shaikh", "abstract": "Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are major contributors to the overall global health burden. COVID-19 has further aggravated mental health disorders and also increased substance abuse due to lockdowns1. The Global Burden of Disease reported that the pandemic has led to a 27.6% increase in cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) and a 25.6% increase in cases of anxiety disorders2. An estimated 137.1 (95% UI: 92.5-190.6) additional disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 population for MDD and 116.1 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 79.3-163.80) for anxiety disorders have been incurred, as well, during this period3. Nearly 10%-30% of individuals with MDD have treatment-resistant depression, which has an inadequate response to at least 2 trials of antidepressants. These patients often have adverse behavioral outcomes such as suicide and self-injurious behavior4. With the dynamic nature of SARS-COV-2 that requires measures such as social distancing measures and lockdowns to be placed unexpectedly at different times of the year, interventions that are easily obtainable and can be applied independently by individuals can be immensely useful. Psilocybin, in recent studies, has shown promising results in the remission of depression and if its effectiveness is accurately gauged, could prove to be one such option, giving patients with mental health issues the ability for self-reliant care. Psilocybin, informally known as the magic mushroom, has been employed in a variety of religious rites throughout history and is believed to possess therapeutic properties5. It is a serotonergic hallucinogen with promising benefits in the treatment of mental illness. It has been proven to decrease substance abuse such as smoking and drinking and reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients while also improving their emotional well-being6-8. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy has proven to be more effective than psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy alone. Previous pharmacotherapies, such as ketamine, have demonstrated negative side effects and have low rates of depression remission9. A systematic review of 60 studies on the side effects of ketamine identified psychiatric, psychotomimetic, cardiovascular, and neurological side effects that were most frequently reported in acute dosing of ketamine10. Most commonly reported acute psychiatric side effects were reportedly anxiety, dissociation being the most psychotomimetic effect. Increased heart rate and raised blood pressure are the most frequent cardiovascular outcomes and headache and dizziness are some of the most common neurological side effects of ketamine. Kemp11 highlighted metabolic disorders such as weight gain and sedation and somnolence as one of the most common adverse effects of pharmacotherapy in treating bipolar depression. These side effects reduce adherence to treatment and reduce the clinical response of pharmacotherapies. However, psilocybin has low toxicity and addictive potential5. Although the precise mechanism of action of psilocybin is unknown, a randomized clinical trial found that it had a persistent and fast antidepressant effect when compared with escitalopram, as well as improved global brain integration12. The article by Davis et al6 entitled “Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial” has piqued the interest of the entire psychiatric community. The author highlights a novel finding of significant decreases in or remission of depression in people with MDD with Psilocybin-assisted therapy. A total of 27 participants were recruited, 11 of whom underwent immediate therapy while 13 underwent delayed therapy after 8 weeks. Psilocybin was administered in 2 sessions, with the first session being a moderate dose (20 mg/70 kg) and the second session containing a high dose (30 mg/70 kg). There was a significant decrease in depression in weeks 1 and 4 of follow-up in immediate treatment compared with weeks 5 and 8 of delayed treatment that had not started the therapy. Seventeen participants showed a >50% decrease in depression in weeks 1 and 4; 14 participants in week 1 and 13 participants in week 4 showed complete remission of depression. This study highlights potential breakthrough evidence that is beginning to emerge regarding psilocybin’s use. In January 2022, Rucker et al’s phase 1 trial results delineated that Psilocybin in doses of 10 or 25 mg, respectively, had no short-term or long-term detrimental effects on participants making the case for it being a plausibly relevant and safe alternative to other psychiatric treatments13. However, for nearly 50 years, psychedelics had been prohibited for medical use owing to rigorous drug control policies and strongly held stigmatic beliefs labelling them as illicit recreational drugs only with no potential for medical benefit. Recent studies, on the other hand, have shown that psychedelics can alleviate depression and anxiety, but mental health professionals are still wary of using them for medicinal purposes14. This, in part, is because there was a lack of research regarding their efficacy, which when combined with the extreme scheduling of these drugs by law, has led to its widespread clinical use being, at best, delayed14. While most psychiatrists support its future use, many are concerned about its potential adverse effects. On the other hand, there appears to be a supportive attitude toward psychedelic use for medicinal purposes among the general populace. According to a survey, 63% of Psychedelic mushroom users reported using them for mental well-being but an alarming 19% also reported use after self-diagnosis of a mental disorder15. Nevertheless, there have been some notable shifts in perspective as legal frameworks regarding the use of psychedelics are being revised. Owing to efficacy data suggesting potential therapeutic benefits of these psychedelics, this “psychedelic renaissance” has brought about changes such as the statewide legalization of specific psychedelics, including psilocybin, in Oregon, USA16. Although Davis et al’s6 findings do pave the way for furthering the discussion, especially as there were no adverse events reported with psilocybin use, results can be overstated due to the study’s small sample size. A survey on self-reported side effects of psilocybin showed that 11% of Psilocybin consumers put themselves or another person at harm, 2.6% behaved in a physically aggressive manner and 2.7% had to seek medical help17. These negative reactions have often been seen in trials where induced stressful situations have led to patients leaving the site18. There must be additional large-scale clinical trials undertaken across a spectrum of mental diseases before they can be definitively included in medical practice and guidelines for their use can be established. In addition, psychiatric comorbidities are a pressing concern that also needs to be addressed. To make results more generalizable, the risk of using psilocybin in this group needs to be explored19. In a study evaluating the cost effectiveness of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) associated psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder including 105 subjects of six double blinded phase 2 trials the MDMA saved 103.2 million dollars over a period of a 30 years and decreased 5553 quality adjusted life years compared with the standard practices20. According to a statement given by the author of this paper to multidisciplinary association for psychedelic studies MDMA has a potential to break even the cost of mental health in just over 3 years21. According to a study conducted by John Hopkins to assess the effect of psilocybin in personality changes, a single high dose of psilocybin was enough to bring about a measurable personality change such as increased openness in nearly 60% of the participants22. However researchers are still cautious of professing the cost effectiveness of psychedelic and require more data over a longer period of time to come to a conclusive finding. The usage of psychedelics to alleviate anxiety and depression appears to be more pertinent now than ever. This, however, raises concerns about self-medication with psychedelics and their excessive usage. Ensuring psychedelics are obtained only through prescription and not as over-the-counter drugs can be an effective method to curb the self-medication of psychedelics. Campaigns that sensitize individuals regarding the health repercussions of resorting to self-medication should also be held at a large scale. Provision of health insurance has also shown to reduce the incidence of self-medication23 and encourages patients to seek guidance from health care professionals. In addition satisfaction with health care service and a good doctor patient relationship are important predictors of self-medication24,25. Workshops about the use of psychedelics in medicine and their possible risks and advantages should be conducted for psychologists and psychiatrists to assist in breaking down stigma and assisting them in making educated decisions for their patients. Ethical approval None. Sources of funding None. Author contribution H.R.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. U.N.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. A.S.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. O.A.S.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. Conflict of interest disclosures The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number None. Guarantor Hamna Raheel, Unaiza Naeem, Asim Shaikh, and Omer Ahmed Shaikh.", "journal": "International Journal of Surgery Global Health", "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/gh9.0000000000000089", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gh9.0000000000000089", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Mental health, Depression (economics), Population, Major depressive disorder, Psychological intervention, Medicine, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Mood, Environmental health, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:56", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4318965036\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4318965036\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2005405662\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016292245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104101984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741959390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794653496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906534435\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087025291\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093269897\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197311089\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203310594\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221018864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223461155\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225982601\",\"https://openalex.org/W6801747217\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015840545\",\"display_name\":\"Hamna Raheel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-432X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016462981\",\"display_name\":\"Unaiza Naeem\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0455-7864\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101565927\",\"display_name\":\"Asim Shaikh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6984-9465\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021771375\",\"display_name\":\"Omer Ahmed Shaikh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-390X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210188486\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Surgery Global Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gh9.0000000000000089\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4318965036" }, { "id": 1647, "title": "Classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders: A systematic review of human and animal studies.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders a systematic review of human and animal studies", "authors": "Calleja-Conde J, Morales-García JA, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Giné E, López-Moreno JA.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics refer to substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, ayahuasca, and mescaline, which induce altered states of consciousness by acting mainly on 5-HT2A receptors. Recently, the interest of psychedelics as pharmacological treatment for psychiatric disorders has increased significantly, including their use on problematic use of alcohol. This systematic review is aimed to analyse the last two decades of studies examining the relationship between classic psychedelics and alcohol consumption. We searched PubMed and PsycInfo for human and preclinical studies published between January 2000 to December 2021. The search identified 639 publications. After selection, 27 studies were included. Human studies (n = 20) generally show promising data and seem to indicate that classic psychedelics could help reduce alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, some of these studies present methodological concerns such as low number of participants, lack of control group or difficulty in determining the effect of classic psychedelics in isolation. On the other hand, preclinical studies (n = 7) investigating the effect of these compounds on voluntary alcohol consumption are scarce and show some conflicting data. Among these compounds, psilocybin seems to show the most consistent data indicating that this compound could be a potential candidate to treat alcohol use disorders. In the absence of understanding the biological and/or psychological mechanisms, more studies including methodological quality parameters are needed to finally determine the effects of classic psychedelics on alcohol consumption.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/adb.13229", "pubmed_id": "36301215", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13229", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36301215\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1672, "title": "Culture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: Psychedelics as active super-placebos?", "normalized_title": "culture context and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens psychedelics as active super placebos", "authors": "Dupuis D, Veissière S.", "abstract": "Following decades of prohibition and widespread concern about their mind-altering properties, there is increasing public, scholarly, and clinical interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances. Serotonergic substances in particular (DMT, psilocybin, and LSD) are now being tested as treatments for such ailments as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. This thematic issue of Transcultural Psychiatry presents articles that investigate the cultural assumptions, political dimensions, and clinical and ethical implications that arise from this renewed interest. After reviewing ongoing debates on therapeutic mechanisms of action and the importance of context, we argue that psychedelics can be conceptualized as \"active super-placebos\"-that is, substances that enhance ritual, symbolic, and interpersonal therapeutic processes by increasing suggestibility and the influence of extra-pharmacological, \"non-specific\" factors. Rather than simply freeing up habitual constraints on perception, the articles in this issue support the claim that psychedelic encounters typically entail processes of sense-making, crystallization of meaning, and enculturation into contextually mediated assumptive worlds (or ideologies) and behaviours that necessarily install novel constraints with potentially maladaptive consequences. We highlight the importance of clinical and epistemic integrity in the framing of psychedelic therapies. The importance of structuring and providing oversight for the therapeutic context raises difficult questions about the search for appropriate forms of epistemic authority that are at once respectful of the plural cultural origins of psychedelic rituals and mindful of best practices and standards in clinical care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221131465", "pubmed_id": "36263513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221131465", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36263513\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1659, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder: protocol for a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial (The QUANTUM Trip Trial).", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder protocol for a randomised double blinded placebo controlled 12 week clinical trial the quantum trip trial", "authors": "Jensen ME, Jensen ME, Stenbæk DS, Juul TS, Fisher PM, Ekstrøm CT, Knudsen GM, Fink-Jensen A.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlcohol use disorder is a difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorder and a major burden on public health. Existing treatment efficacy is moderate, and relapse rates are high. Preliminary findings suggest that psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, can safely and reliably occasion highly meaningful experiences that may spur a positive change in drinking behaviour when administered in a therapeutic context. However, the efficacy of a single psilocybin administration and its potential neurobiological underpinnings still remain unknown.Methods and analysisTo establish efficacy, we will investigate the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy versus placebo in a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial. Ninety treatment-seeking patients, aged 20-70 years, diagnosed with alcohol use disorder will be recruited from the community via advertisement and referrals from general practitioners or specialised treatment units. The psilocybin or placebo will be administered in accordance with a protocol for psychological support before, during and after the dosing. Outcome assessments will be carried out 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postdosing. The primary outcome is reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to follow-up at 12 weeks. Key secondary outcomes are as follows: (1) total alcohol consumption, (2) phosphatidyl-ethanol, an objective biomarker for alcohol, (3) plasma psilocin, the active metabolite, to establish a possible therapeutic range, (4) the acute subjective drug experience as a possible predictor of treatment outcome and (5) neuronal response to alcohol cues and cognitive flexibility within corticostriatal pathways by use of functional MR brain imaging 1-week postdosing.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Committee on Health Research Ethics of the Capital Region of Denmark (H-20043832). All patients will be provided oral and written information about the trial before screening. The study results will be disseminated by peer-review publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberEudraCT 2020-000829-55 and NCT05416229.", "journal": "BMJ Open", "publication_date": "2022-10-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019", "pubmed_id": "36241352", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Ethanol, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Alcohol Drinking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36241352\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4306177192\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4306177192\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":21,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1475474724\",\"https://openalex.org/W1839921965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1882482010\",\"https://openalex.org/W1948002101\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964116811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966524739\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973405277\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980922993\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986717344\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990870960\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017857669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020646491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043779385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048583110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109101971\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110117912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110608362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113750014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120356707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123282949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127662631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133497175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133963272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157156054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166023752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169216780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2283026346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419156332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2480710602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2493522780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2746562707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2770074048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883252198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884912572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892664712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909121609\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921551456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004972885\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018382390\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088404198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134098691\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220686675\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294805044\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309608756\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683364618\",\"https://openalex.org/W6749681613\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102754855\",\"display_name\":\"Mathias Ebbesen Jensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-7459\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027417286\",\"display_name\":\"Tobias Søgaard Juul\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065962810\",\"display_name\":\"Claus Thorn Ekstrøm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1191-373X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001609083\",\"display_name\":\"Anders Fink-Jensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7143-1236\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S79054089\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4306177192" }, { "id": 1605, "title": "Mescaline: The forgotten psychedelic.", "normalized_title": "mescaline the forgotten psychedelic", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Narine KAD, Campbell I, Dyck JRB, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionMescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is one of the oldest hallucinogens, with evidence of use dating back 5700 years. Mescaline is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in cacti, mainly in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) and in the cacti of the Echinopsis genus. Since the prohibition of psychoactive substances in the early 70s, research on mescaline and other classical psychedelics has been limited.ObjectivesThis article aims to review the pharmacology and behavioural effects of mescaline, focusing on preclinical and clinical research.FindingsMescaline is a serotonin 5HT2A/2C receptor agonist, with its main hallucinogenic effects being mediated via its 5HT2A receptor agonist action. It also exerts effects via agonist binding at α1A/2A noradrenaline and D1/2/3 dopamine receptors. Overall, mescaline has anxiolytic-like effects in animals and increases prosocial behaviour, locomotion, and response reactivity. In humans, mescaline can induce euphoria, hallucinations, improvements in well-being and mental health conditions, and psychotomimetic effects in a naturalistic or religious setting.ConclusionThe pharmacological mechanisms of mescaline are similar to those of other classical psychedelics, like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Mescaline appears to be safe to consume, with most intoxications being mild and easily treatable. Improvement in mental well-being and its ability to overcome alcoholism render mescaline potentially beneficial in clinical settings. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Psilocybin Research'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294", "pubmed_id": "36252614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Memory Disorders, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36252614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1660, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Goel DB, Zilate S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a plant alkaloid that is derived from precursors of tryptamine and is present in many different types of mushrooms. It has been utilized by indigenous peoples of Central and South America for centuries in a ceremonial setting to promote spiritual experiences. Indigenous societies have long employed psilocybin and other 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelics in their rites. They were a focus in psychiatry in the middle of the 20th century as both experimental medicines and tools for studying brain function. Due to the fact that traditional psychedelics were being used for purposes other than medical research and in connection with the burgeoning counterculture by the late 1960s and early 1970s, these scientific investigations fell out of favor. However, thanks to a number of encouraging studies that validated the earlier research, interest in traditional psychedelics has surged among scientists in the 21st century. In this review, we examine therapeutic studies on psilocybin, the traditional psychedelic that has received the lion's share of recent attention. According to three controlled studies, psilocybin may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychological discomfort for at least six months after a single acute treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. Three months after two acute doses, individuals in a small, open-label study with treatment-resistant depression reported fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms. Small, open-label pilot studies on addiction have demonstrated encouraging success rates for alcohol and cigarette addiction. The review also briefly discusses the synthesis, mechanism of action, effects, molecular pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.30214", "pubmed_id": "36381758", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30214", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36381758\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Contraindications", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1572, "title": "Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Ko K, Kopra EI, Cleare AJ, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic therapy shows promise for Major Depressive Disorder, especially when treatment-resistant, as well as life-threatening illness distress. The objective of this systematic review, inclusive of meta-analysis, is to examine recent clinical research on the therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics on depressive symptoms.MethodsFourteen psychedelic therapy studies, utilising psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD, were systematically reviewed. For the meta-analysis, standardised mean differences were calculated for seven randomised controlled trials.ResultsThe systematic review indicated significant short- and long-term reduction of depressive symptoms in all conditions studied after administration of psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD, with psychological support. In the meta-analysis, symptom reduction was significantly indicated in three timepoints out of four, including 1-day, 1-week, and 3-5 weeks, supporting the results of the systematic review, with the exception of the 6-8 weeks follow-up point which was less conclusive.LimitationsThe absence of required data for 2 studies necessitated the less precise use of graphical extraction and imputation. The small sample size in all but one study negatively affected the statistical power. None of the studies had long-term follow-up without also utilising the cross-over method, which did not allow for long-term results to be included in the meta-review.ConclusionsThis review indicates an association between psychedelic therapy and significant reduction of depressive symptoms at several time points. However, the small number of studies, and low sample sizes, calls for careful interpretation of results. This suggests the need for more randomised clinical trials of psychedelic therapy, with larger and more diverse samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168", "pubmed_id": "36209780", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36209780\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1665, "title": "Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review.", "normalized_title": "chinese cordyceps bioactive components antitumor effects and underlying mechanism a review", "authors": "Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW", "abstract": "Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.", "journal": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", "publication_date": "2022-10-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/molecules27196576", "pubmed_id": "36235111", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36235111/", "keywords": "Chinese Cordyceps, antitumor, bioactive components, immunomodulatory, mechanism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:13", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36235111\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1667, "title": "3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and psychedelics: From recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs.", "normalized_title": "3 4 methylenedioxy methamphetamine synthetic cathinones and psychedelics from recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs", "authors": "López-Arnau R, Camarasa J, Carbó ML, Nadal-Gratacós N, Puigseslloses P, Espinosa-Velasco M, Urquizu E, Escubedo E, Pubill D.", "abstract": "The utility of classical drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics) is often limited by issues of lack of efficacy, delayed onset of action or side effects. Psychoactive substances have a long history of being used as tools to alter consciousness and as a gateway to approach the unknown and the divinities. These substances were initially obtained from plants and animals and more recently by chemical synthesis, and its consumption evolved toward a more recreational use, leading to drug abuse-related disorders, trafficking, and subsequent banning by the authorities. However, these substances, by modulation of certain neurochemical pathways, have been proven to have a beneficial effect on some psychiatric disorders. This evidence obtained under medically controlled conditions and often associated with psychotherapy, makes these substances an alternative to conventional medicines, to which in many cases the patient does not respond properly. Such disorders include post-traumatic stress disease and treatment-resistant depression, for which classical drugs such as MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin and LSD, among others, have already been clinically tested, reporting successful outcomes. The irruption of new psychoactive substances (NPS), especially during the last decade and despite their recreational and illicit uses, has enlarged the library of substances with potential utility on these disorders. In fact, many of them were synthetized with therapeutic purposes and were withdrawn for concrete reasons (e.g., adverse effects, improper pharmacological profile). In this review we focus on the basis, existing evidence and possible use of synthetic cathinones and psychedelics (specially tryptamines) for the treatment of mental illnesses and the properties that should be found in NPS to obtain new therapeutic compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405", "pubmed_id": "36262632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36262632\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1649, "title": "A Critical Appraisal of Evidence on the Efficacy and Safety of Serotonergic Psychedelic Drugs as Emerging Antidepressants: Mind the Evidence Gap.", "normalized_title": "a critical appraisal of evidence on the efficacy and safety of serotonergic psychedelic drugs as emerging antidepressants mind the evidence gap", "authors": "Ledwos N, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Castle DJ, McIntyre RS, Mulsant BH, Husain MI.", "abstract": "Purpose/backgroundThere has been resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of serotonergic (\"classic\") psychedelics in major depressive disorder (MDD) and end-of-life distress. This commentary offers a critical appraisal of current evidence for antidepressant effects of classic psychedelics from contemporary clinical trials and highlights pitfalls that should be addressed before clinical translation.Methods/proceduresA narrative review was conducted to identify clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelics for the treatment of MDD and end-of-life distress. Trials published between January 1990 and May 2022 were identified on PubMed using combinations of search terms.Findings/resultsPsilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca have clinical trials to evaluate antidepressant effects. Two studies showed preliminary positive effects of single-dose ayahuasca for treatment-resistant depression. Similar results were seen in lysergic acid diethylamide for end-of-life distress. Small randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of psilocybin combined with psychotherapy showed superiority to waitlist controls and comparable efficacy and safety to an active comparator in MDD, with additional RCTs showing efficacy in end-of-life distress. Adverse events associated with psychedelics were reported as mild and transient. Small homogenous samples, expectancy bias, functional unblinding, and lack of consensus and standardization of psychotherapy are major limitations of all studies.Implications/conclusionsGiven the methodological limitations of published RCTs, the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for depression is currently of low level. Future research should assess the role of expectancy and psychedelic effects in moderating and mediating treatment response. Innovative trial designs are needed to overcome functional unblinding. For now, psychedelics should remain experimental interventions used within clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000001608", "pubmed_id": "36193898", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001608", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36193898\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1683, "title": "New investigational agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "new investigational agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Pochwat B, Krupa AJ, Siwek M, Szewczyk B", "abstract": "Pharmacotherapy of depression is characterized by the delayed onset of action, chronic treatment requirements, and insufficient effectiveness. Ketamine, with its rapid action and long-lasting effects, represents a breakthrough in the modern pharmacotherapy of depression. The current review summarizes the latest findings on the mechanism of the antidepressant action of ketamine and its enantiomers and metabolites. Furthermore, the antidepressant potential of psychedelics, non-hallucinogenic serotonergic modulators, and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands was discussed. Recent data indicated that to achieve fast and long-acting antidepressant-like effects, compounds must induce durable effects on the architecture and density of dendritic spines in brain regions engaged in mood regulation. Such mechanisms underlie the actions of ketamine and psychedelics. These compounds trigger hallucinations; however, it is thought that these effects might be essential for their antidepressant action. Behavioral studies with serotonergic modulators affecting 5-HT1A (biased agonists), 5-HT4 (agonists), and 5-HT-7 (antagonists) receptors exert rapid antidepressant-like activity, but they seem to be devoid of these effects. Another way to avoid psychomimetic effects and achieve the desired rapid antidepressant-like effects is combined therapy. In this respect, ligands of metabotropic receptors show some potential.", "journal": "Expert opinion on investigational drugs", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2022.2113376", "pubmed_id": "35975761", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35975761/", "keywords": "NMDA, Rapid-acting antidepressant, depression, ketamine, psilocybin, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35975761\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1673, "title": "Animal Behavior in Psychedelic Research.", "normalized_title": "animal behavior in psychedelic research", "authors": "Odland AU, Kristensen JL, Andreasen JT.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy holds great promise in the treatment of mental health disorders. Research into 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist psychedelic compounds has increased dramatically over the past two decades. In humans, these compounds produce drastic effects on consciousness, and their therapeutic potential relates to changes in the processing of emotional, social, and self-referential information. The use of animal behavior to study psychedelics is under debate, and this review provides a critical perspective on the translational value of animal behavior studies in psychedelic research. Acute activation of 5-HT2ARs produces head twitches and unique discriminative cues, disrupts sensorimotor gating, and stimulates motor activity while inhibiting exploration in rodents. The acute treatment with psychedelics shows discrepant results in conventional rodent tests of depression-like behaviors but generally induces anxiolytic-like effects and inhibits repetitive behavior in rodents. Psychedelics impair waiting impulsivity but show discrepant effects in other tests of cognitive function. Tests of social interaction also show conflicting results. Effects on measures of time perception depend on the experimental schedule. Lasting or delayed effects of psychedelics in rodent tests related to different behavioral domains appear to be rather sensitive to changes in experimental protocols. Studying the effects of psychedelics on animal behaviors of relevance to effects on psychiatric symptoms in humans, assessing lasting effects, publishing negative findings, and relating behaviors in rodents and humans to other more translatable readouts, such as neuroplastic changes, will improve the translational value of animal behavioral studies in psychedelic research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin have received immense interest as potential new treatments of psychiatric disorders. Psychedelics change high-order consciousness in humans, and there is debate about the use of animal behavior studies to investigate these compounds. This review provides an overview of the behavioral effects of 5-HT2AR agonist psychedelics in laboratory animals and discusses the translatability of the effects in animals to effects in humans. Possible ways to improve the utility of animal behavior in psychedelic research are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1124/pharmrev.122.000590", "pubmed_id": "36180111", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.122.000590", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36180111\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1655, "title": "The Efficacy of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Managing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A New Frontier?", "normalized_title": "the efficacy of psychedelic assisted therapy in managing post traumatic stress disorder ptsd a new frontier", "authors": "Mohamed A, Touheed S, Ahmed M, Hor M, Fatima S", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health concern for which existing therapies are only marginally effective. Indisputably, the primary line of treatment for PTSD is psychotherapy, according to current treatment guidelines. However, PTSD continues to be a chronic condition even after psychotherapy, with high psychiatric and medical illness rates. There is a dire need to search for new compounds and approaches for managing PTSD. The usage of psychedelic substances is a potential new method. This article reviews the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in treating PTSD and improving patient outcomes. It will examine current research on the topic and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of different therapies. The current evidence for the use of four different types of psychedelics (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, classical psychedelics, and cannabis) in the treatment of PTSD will be reviewed. It will also include an overview of the therapeutic justification, context of use, and level of evidence available for each drug. Several questions are formulated that could be studied in future research in order to gain a better understanding of the topic.", "journal": "Cureus", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.30919", "pubmed_id": "36465766", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36465766/", "keywords": "cannabinoids, dmt, hallucinogens, ketamine, lsd, mdma, post traumatic stress disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, ptsd", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36465766\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1691, "title": "Esketamine and Psilocybin-The Comparison of Two Mind-Altering Agents in Depression Treatment: Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "esketamine and psilocybin the comparison of two mind altering agents in depression treatment systematic review", "authors": "Psiuk D, Nowak EM, Dycha N, Łopuszańska U, Kurzepa J, Samardakiewicz M.", "abstract": "This publication discusses two compounds belonging to the psychoactive substances group which are studied in the context of depression treatment-psilocybin and esketamine. The former is a naturally occurring psychedelic. The latter was invented in the laboratory exactly 60 years ago. Although the substances were controversial in the past, recent studies indicate the potential of those substances as novel antidepressant agents. The PubMed/MEDLINE database was used to identify articles for systematic review, using the following search terms: (depression) AND (psilocybin) OR (ketamine). From 617 items, only 12 articles were obtained in the final analyses. Three articles were devoted to psilocybin in depression treatment and nine to esketamine. In most studies, esketamine showed a significant reduction in both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation shortly after intake and after a month of treatment compared to baseline and to standard-of-care antidepressant agents. Psilocybin's antidepressive effects occurred one day after intake and after 6-7 weeks of treatment and were maintained for up to 6 or 8 months of follow-up. One study indicated that psilocybin's effects are comparable with and may be superior to escitalopram treatment. Both esketamine and psilocybin demonstrated rapid and long-term effects in reducing depression symptoms and, after overcoming some limitations, may be considered as novel antidepressant agents in future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms231911450", "pubmed_id": "36232748", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911450", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36232748\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1674, "title": "The Emerging Field of Psychedelic Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "the emerging field of psychedelic psychotherapy", "authors": "Barber GS, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewFew treatments are available for patients with mood disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have already failed multiple interventions. After several decades when research into psychedelics was effectively halted by federal legislation, the past several years have shown the re-emergence of thoughtful investigations studying the utility of compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin.Recent findingsSeveral studies have coupled the safe administration of psychedelic compounds in a controlled environment after several hours of preparation of study participants and followed by multiple sessions to integrate the psychedelic experience. The improvement participants experience appear related to the often profound perspective changes experienced and seem unlike the improvements seen in the currently available care paradigms. Studies cited include treatment resistant depression, end of life despair, and PTSD. Psychedelic psychotherapy, a unique remarriage of biological therapy and psychotherapy, has the potential to transform mental health care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01363-y", "pubmed_id": "36129571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01363-y", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36129571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1607, "title": "Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "towards an understanding of psychedelic induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and the DMT-containing beverage ayahuasca, show some potential to treat depression, anxiety, and addiction. Importantly, clinical improvements can last for months or years after treatment. It has been theorized that these long-term improvements arise because psychedelics rapidly and lastingly stimulate neuroplasticity. The focus of this review is on answering specific questions about the effects of psychedelics on neuroplasticity. Firstly, we review the evidence that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of different psychedelics on different aspects of neuroplasticity, including dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and expression of plasticity-related genes (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor and immediate early genes). We then examine where in the brain psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, particularly discussing the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We also examine what doses are required to produce this effect (e.g., hallucinogenic doses vs. \"microdoses\"), and how long purported changes in neuroplasticity last. Finally, we discuss the likely consequences of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity for both patients and healthy people, and we identify important research questions that would further scientific understanding of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity and its potential clinical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z", "pubmed_id": "36123427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36123427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1675, "title": "A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-Guided Dashboard to Review Psilocybin Target Domains: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "a research domain criteria rdoc guided dashboard to review psilocybin target domains a systematic review", "authors": "Pouyan N, Halvaei Khankahdani Z, Younesi Sisi F, Lee Y, Rosenblat JD, Teopiz KM, Lui LMW, Subramaniapillai M, Lin K, Nasri F, Rodrigues N, Gill H, Lipsitz O, Cao B, Ho R, Castle D, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPreliminary results from randomized controlled studies as well as identified molecular, cellular, and circuit targets of select psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin) suggest that their effects are transdiagnostic. In this review, we exploit the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) transdiagnostic framework, to synthesize extant literature on psilocybin.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify RDoC-based effects of psilocybin and vistas for future mechanistic and interventional research.MethodsA systematic search in electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) performed in January and February 2021 identified English articles published between 1990 and 2020 reporting the effects of psilocybin on mental health measures. Data from included articles were retrieved and organized according to the RDoC bio-behavioral matrix and its constituent six main domains, namely: positive valence systems, negative valence systems, cognitive systems, social processes, sensorimotor systems, and arousal and regulatory systems.ResultsThe preponderance of research with psilocybin has differentially reported beneficial effects on positive valence systems, negative valence system, and social process domains. The data from the included studies support both short-term (23 assessments) and long-term (15 assessments) beneficial effects of psilocybin on the positive valence systems. While 12 of the extracted outcome measures suggest that psilocybin use is associated with increases in the \"fear\" construct of the negative valence systems domain, 19 findings show no significant effects on this construct, and seven parameters show lowered levels of the \"sustained threat\" construct in the long term. Thirty-four outcome measures revealed short-term alterations in the social systems' construct namely, \"perception and understanding of self,\" and \"social communications\" as well as enhancements in \"perception and understanding of others\" and \"affiliation and attachment\". The majority of findings related to the cognitive systems' domain reported dyscognitive effects. There have been relatively few studies reporting outcomes of psilocybin on the remaining RDoC domains. Moreover, seven of the included studies suggest the transdiagnostic effects of psilocybin. The dashboard characterization of RDoC outcomes with psilocybin suggests beneficial effects in the measures of reward, threat, and arousal, as well as general social systems.ConclusionsPsilocybin possesses a multi-domain effectiveness. The field would benefit from highly rigorous proof-of-mechanism research to assess the effects of psilocybin using the RDoC framework. The combined effect of psilocybin with psychosocial interventions with RDoC-based outcomes is a priority therapeutic vista.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-022-00944-y", "pubmed_id": "36097251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00944-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36097251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3383, "title": "Therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychedelic substances in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychedelic substances in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Rodrigues J, Nombora O, Ribeiro L.", "abstract": "Introduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder associated with suffering and disability. The serotoninergic system is implicated in the neurobiological processes of OCD and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are the first-line treatment. However, clinical improvement after starting SRIs can take long and patients may not fully recover. Meanwhile, recent data suggests that activation of 5-HT receptors may exert a therapeutic action in obsessional symptoms. Some psychedelics are strong 5-HT2 receptor agonists and there is a growing research interest as they can be a promising therapeutic approach to OCD. Objectives We aim to provide an overview on the current evidence on the therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychoactive substances in the treatment of OCD. Methods Non-systematic review. Literature search in the PubMed database using the terms psychedelics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results Although research is currently limited to a few small studies, the ones conducted so far showed clinically meaningful acute reduction of OCD symptoms after treatment with serotoninergic psychoactive drugs, as well as possible longer-lasting benefits, particularly with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Furthermore, substance-assisted psychotherapy with psychedelics has been showing promising results, being suitable for OCD treatment. It is important to add that, to date, studies have indicated relatively good tolerability to these drugs. Conclusions These promising early findings highlight the role of psychedelics in OCD treatment and the need for further research into efficacy, therapeutic mechanisms and safety, in order to determine whether these drugs may be worthy options for OCD treatment in the future. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9567436", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9567436\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3377, "title": "Psychopathological descriptive model of hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs effect in the treatment of depression and addictions", "normalized_title": "psychopathological descriptive model of hallucinogenic psychedelic drugs effect in the treatment of depression and addictions", "authors": "Girala N.", "abstract": "Introduction There is a growing and renewed interest in the use of hallucinogenic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially since the FDA approval of ketamine treatment for resistant depression. The response to hallucinogenic psychedelic substances (ayahuasca, psilocybin, LSD, ketamine) in the treatment of depression and addictions calls for a theoretical explanatory model. Objectives Provide a descriptive / explanatory psychopathological model of the response to treatment with hallucinogenic drugs based on the descriptions of the subjects and the comparison with other extreme life experiences. Methods Relevant published literature on subjective experiences in treatment with hallucinogenic drugs for depression and addictions is reviewed. It is compared with subjective experiences in life changing experiences. Results Intense emotional states, mystical-type experiences including feelings of oneness, transcendence, ineffability, and the complex emotion of awe seem to be consistently presented as psychic elements related to the efficacy of these treatments. The genetic and cultural (memetic) evolutionary value of these emotions in the cohesiveness of human groups and the genesis of affective symptoms, and in the recalibration of cognitions and emotions, is discussed. Conclusions The efficacy of hallucinogenic drugs used in the treatment of depression and addictions is accompanied by complex and varied emotions but with common psychopathological elements that could mediate their action. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9567945", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9567945\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3267, "title": "A Review of Aeruginascin and Potential Entourage Effect in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "a review of aeruginascin and potential entourage effect in hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Chue P, Andreiev A, Bucuci E, Els C, Chue J.", "abstract": "Introduction The 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelic, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a tryptophan, indole-based alkaloid present in up to 2% of certain hallucinogenic “magic” mushroom species; typically Psilocybe azurescens, semilanceata, and cyanescens,. In addition, mushrooms may contain psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine). Both are indolylalkylamines (tryptamines); other naturally occurring tryptamine compounds include norbaeocystin, baeocystin, norpsilocin, and aeruginascin. A putative synergistic contribution of these compounds has been referred to as the “entourage” effect. Aeruginascin (N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine) is found naturally in Inocybe aeruginascens and Pholiotina cyanopus mushroom species and ingestion reportedly invokes elevation in mood without accompanying hallucinogenic effects: Objectives To review the pharmacology of aeruginascin and putative entourage effect. Methods The extant literature on aeruginascin was reviewed and discussed. Results Methylation of aeruginascin results in an active metabolite, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine (4-HO-TMT) which has been shown to bind at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B receptors with Inhibition Constants (Ki) of 4400, 670, and 120 nM respectively; compared with psilocybin’s binding of 567.4, 107.2 and 4.6 nM respectively. Further, 4-HO-TMT does not bind at the 5-HT3 receptor, and as a quaternary trimethylammonium compound it is less likely to be able to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Conclusions There are very limited data with respect to the pharmacology of aeruginascin. Its activity at serotonin receptors is less by several orders of magnitude than psilocybin and it has potentially less brain penetrance. Given that it is found in different mushrooms species the data would suggest that its direct contribution to any entourage effect is limited. Further research in needed into other naturally occurring tryptamine compounds. Disclosure PC is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Zylorion. AA, EB, JC, CE have no disclosures to report.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9568164", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9568164\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1702, "title": "[The use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression].", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Johannesdottir A, Sigurdsson E.", "abstract": "The hallucinogen psilocybin is a potential novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on psilocybin and its efficacy in TRD. Literature searches were done on PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, references reviewed in identified articles and other articles found on the website of COMPASS Pathways. Psilocybin treatment consists usually of a single oral administration of 25 mg of psilocybin along with psychological support for 5-8 hours during the ensuing hallucinogenic trip. Common side-effects include headache, nausea, fatigue and insomnia. A systematic review has demonstrated significant antidepressant efficacy in certain groups and a double-blind randomized study found antidepressant efficacy of psilocybin comparable to the SSRI escitalopram. In the phase 2 study of COMPASS Pathways, the psilocybin-COMP360 treatment led to a rapid response and remission as early as three weeks following the treatment for around one third of participants. Recent studies have shown that psilocybin significantly decreases the severity of depressive symptoms and is generally well tolerated. Further research will reveal whether it will be granted a license to treat treatment-resistant depression in the near future. There remains an urgent need for novel treatments for those who do not respond to current antidepressant therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.17992/lbl.2022.09.706", "pubmed_id": "36040772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2022.09.706", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36040772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1521, "title": "To treat or not to treat? High-potency benzodiazepine use in a case of comorbid hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "to treat or not to treat high potency benzodiazepine use in a case of comorbid hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Christensen JA, Fipps DC, Bostwick JM.", "abstract": "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is characterized by visual disturbances that resemble psychedelic intoxication and linger after use has ceased. The most common substances precipitating HPPD, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, are posited to do so via damage to serotonergic neurons involved in vision. Mr. N is a 37-year-old with a history of alcohol, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, and nicotine use disorders who described visual distortions that resolved when he drank heavily or received benzodiazepines for withdrawal. He did not appear psychotic. Over 20 years after his last LSD use, he continued to experience illusions of halos around objects, moving walls, and figures appearing cartoonish. He understood that his perceptual disturbances were not reality based. During hospitalization for suicidal ideation, laboratory tests, head computed tomography (CT), and electroencephalogram (EEG) studies offered no explanation for his visual disturbances other than HPPD. The visual distortions remitted with scheduled clonazepam treatment, although chemical dependency treatment programs were hesitant to accept him while on a benzodiazepine. This case emphasizes the importance of diagnostic clarification when patients present with perceptual disturbances that do not fit typical psychotic presentations. Our discussion will distinguish misperceptions from hallucinations and review the pathophysiology of HPPD. Last, we will discuss management strategies for patients with co-occurring HPPD and substance use disorders. It is necessary to discern the correct cause of visual disturbances in order to provide proper treatment. The risks and benefits of long-term benzodiazepine use must be weighed when deciding whether to prescribe them for patients with comorbid HPPD and alcohol use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": "Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1037/pha0000597", "pubmed_id": "36048112", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000597", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Benzodiazepines, Hallucinogens, Perception, Adult, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36048112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4294127245\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4294127245\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100727983\",\"display_name\":\"Julie A. Christensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-0835\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068524532\",\"display_name\":\"David C. Fipps\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-704X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017175583\",\"display_name\":\"J Michael Bostwick\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S357931\",\"source_display_name\":\"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000597\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4294127245" }, { "id": 1680, "title": "Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review.", "normalized_title": "adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and mdma a mixed methods systematic review", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "IntroductionSmall-scale clinical studies with psychedelic drugs have shown promising results for the treatment of several mental disorders. Before psychedelics become registered medicines, it is important to know the full range of adverse events (AEs) for making balanced treatment decisions.ObjectiveTo systematically review the presence of AEs during and after administration of serotonergic psychedelics and 3,4-methyenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in clinical studies.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for clinical trials with psychedelics since 2000 describing the results of quantitative and qualitative studies.ResultsWe included 44 articles (34 quantitative + 10 qualitative), describing treatments with MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca) in 598 unique patients. In many studies, AEs were not systematically assessed. Despite this limitation, treatments seemed to be overall well tolerated. Nausea, headaches, and anxiety were commonly reported acute AEs across diagnoses and compounds. Late AEs included headaches (psilocybin, MDMA), fatigue, low mood, and anxiety (MDMA). One serious AE occurred during MDMA administration (increase in premature ventricular contractions requiring brief hospitalization); no other AEs required medical intervention. Qualitative studies suggested that psychologically challenging experiences may also be therapeutically beneficial. Except for ayahuasca, a large proportion of patients had prior experience with psychedelic drugs before entering studies.ConclusionsAEs are poorly defined in the context of psychedelic treatments and are probably underreported in the literature due to study design (lack of systematic assessment of AEs) and sample selection. Acute challenging experiences may be therapeutically meaningful, but a better understanding of AEs in the context of psychedelic treatments requires systematic and detailed reporting.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221116926", "pubmed_id": "36017784", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221116926", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Headache, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36017784\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1608, "title": "The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Report: Serotonergic Psychedelic Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "the canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments canmat task force report serotonergic psychedelic treatments for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Rosenblat JD, Husain MI, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Castle D, Offman H, Parikh SV, Frey BN, Schaffer A, Greenway KT, Garel N, Beaulieu S, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Milev R, Ravindran AV, Tourjman V, Ameringen MV, Yatham LN, Taylor V.", "abstract": "ObjectiveSerotonergic psychedelics are re-emerging as potential novel treatments for several psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) convened a task force to review the evidence and provide a consensus recommendation for the clinical use of psychedelic treatments for major depressive disorder.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify contemporary clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder and cancer-related depression. Studies published between January 1990 and July 2021 were identified using combinations of search terms, inspection of bibliographies and review of other psychedelic reviews and consensus statements. The levels of evidence for efficacy were graded according to the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments criteria.ResultsOnly psilocybin and ayahuasca have contemporary clinical trials evaluating antidepressant effects. Two pilot studies showed preliminary positive effects of single-dose ayahuasca for treatment-resistant depression (Level 3 evidence). Small randomized controlled trials of psilocybin combined with psychotherapy showed superiority to waitlist controls and comparable efficacy and safety to an active comparator (escitalopram with supportive psychotherapy) in major depressive disorder, with additional randomized controlled trials showing efficacy specifically in cancer-related depression (Level 3 evidence). There was only one open-label trial of psilocybin in treatment-resistant unipolar depression (Level 4 evidence). Small sample sizes and functional unblinding were major limitations in all studies. Adverse events associated with psychedelics, including psychological (e.g., psychotomimetic effects) and physical (e.g., nausea, emesis and headaches) effects, were generally transient.ConclusionsThere is currently only low-level evidence to support the efficacy and safety of psychedelics for major depressive disorder. In Canada, as of 2022, psilocybin remains an experimental option that is only available through clinical trials or the special access program. As such, Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments considers psilocybin an experimental treatment and recommends its use primarily within clinical trials, or, less commonly, through the special access program in rare, special circumstances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/07067437221111371", "pubmed_id": "35975555", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221111371", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Canada, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35975555\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1639, "title": "Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines.", "normalized_title": "policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible accountable safe and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines", "authors": "Belouin SJ, Averill LA, Henningfield JE, Xenakis SN, Donato I, Grob CS, Berger A, Magar V, Danforth AL, Anderson BT.", "abstract": "There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214", "pubmed_id": "35973601", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Policy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35973601\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1686, "title": "Psilocybin Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Major Depressive Disorder: a Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin efficacy and mechanisms of action in major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "Prouzeau D, Conejero I, Voyvodic PL, Becamel C, Abbar M, Lopez-Castroman J.", "abstract": "Purpose of the reviewWe aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of depression, as well as its mechanisms of action.Recent findingsPsilocybin has a large, rapid, and persistent clinical effect in the treatment of resistant or end-of-life depression. Tolerance is good, with mild side effects limited to a few hours after dosing. The studies conducted to date have had small sample sizes. One clinical trial has been conducted against a reference treatment (escitalopram) without showing a significant superiority of psilocybin in the main outcome. The neurobiological mechanisms, mostly unknown, differ from those of SSRI antidepressants. Psilocybin represents a promising alternative in the treatment of depression. Further research with larger sample sizes, particularly against reference treatments, is needed to better understand the neurobiological factors of its effects and to investigate its potential for use in everyday practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01361-0", "pubmed_id": "35953638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01361-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35953638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4946, "title": "Med Check: Psilocybin for OCD, Nuplazid Vote, and More", "normalized_title": "med check psilocybin for ocd nuplazid vote and more", "authors": "Terri D’Arrigo", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMed Check: Psilocybin for OCD, Nuplazid Vote, and MoreTerri D’ArrigoTerri D’ArrigoSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:4 Aug 2022https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2AD109 Fast Tracked for Obstructive Sleep ApneaThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given fast track status to AD109, an investigational oral medication for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, Apnimed announced in June. The FDA fast track is a process designed to facilitate the development of drugs that treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need and to expedite their review.AD109 contains the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine and the selective antimuscarinic aroxybutynin. AD109 targets key neurological pathways that cause upper airway obstruction during sleep by activating the upper airway dilator muscles and maintaining an open airway during sleep.In a phase 2 trial of 32 adults with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea, patients who took AD109 experienced less hypoxic burden compared with patients who took placebo. Hypoxic burden is a measure of the total amount of respiratory event-related hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen during sleep. Patients who took AD109 also had fewer episodes of apnea and hypopnea per hour of sleep compared with patients who took placebo. Ceruvia to Begin Phase 2 Trial of Psilocybin for OCDThe FDA has accepted Ceruvia Lifesciences’ Investigational New Drug application for a phase 2 clinical trial to determine the efficacy and safety of SYNP-101 (synthetic psilocybin) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the company announced in June.In the trial, 105 patients with OCD will receive 25 mg of SYNP-101 or the active placebo niacin. The primary endpoint of the trial will be to determine the reduction in OCD symptoms for up to 12 weeks after a single dose of SYNP-101. Researchers will determine the drug’s efficacy using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. FDA Advisory Committee Votes Down Nuplazid for Alzheimer’s PsychosisIn June the FDA Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee voted 9 to 3 that available evidence does not support Nuplazid (pimavanserin) for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Alzheimer’s disease psychosis, Acadia Pharmaceuticals announced. The drug is currently approved for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease psychosis.The company submitted the application in 2020 after the phase 3 HARMONY trial suggested that pimavanserin may reduce the risk of psychosis relapse in patients with common subtypes of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders. However, the advisory committee noted that study’s conclusions about the primary endpoint-the effect of pimavanserin on time to relapse of psychosis-appeared to spring mostly from the results in patients with psychosis from Parkinson’s disease, not Alzheimer’s disease.The advisory committee also questioned the findings of a phase 2 trial of pimavanserin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The committee said the trial was not well controlled and that more than half of the patients in both the treatment and placebo groups deviated from the trial’s protocol.The FDA does not have to act on the advisory committee’s recommendations, although the agency will consider them in making a decision on whether to approve pimavanserin for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Alzheimer’s disease psychosis. The target date for FDA action is August 4, 2022. AbbVie Submits Supplemental NDA for Qulipta for Migraine PreventionIn June AbbVie announced that it has submitted a supplemental New Drug Application to the FDA to expand the labeling for Qulipta (atogepant) to include prevention of chronic migraine in adults. The drug is currently approved for the preventive treatment of episodic, not chronic, migraine in adults.The submission includes data from the phase 3 PROGRESS trial in patients with chronic migraine, which found that adults with chronic migraine who took the drug experienced fewer monthly migraine days over the course of 12 weeks compared with those who took placebo.In the trial, more than 750 patients with at least a one-year history of chronic migraine were randomized to receive 60 mg of atogepant once a day, 30 mg of atogepant twice a day, or placebo for 12 weeks. All patients had at least 15 headache days with at least eight migraine days in the 28 days before randomization. The trial consisted of two analyses based on regulatory agency feedback in the United States and European Union.The U.S. analysis revealed that patients in the 60 mg and 30 mg atogepant arms experienced a decrease of 6.88 and 7.46 monthly migraine days, respectively, compared with patients in the placebo arm, who experienced a decrease of 5.05 monthly migraine days. The European Union analysis revealed that patients in the 60 mg and 30 mg atogepant arms experienced a decrease of 6.75 and 7.33 monthly migraine days, respectively, compared with patients in the placebo arm, who experienced a decrease of 5.09 monthly migraine days. Zuranolone Promising for Postpartum DepressionZuranolone may reduce symptoms of postpartum depression, the phase 3 SKYLARK Study has found. The results of the study were announced by Sage Therapeutics and Biogen in June.In the trial, 195 women with postpartum depression were randomized to take either 50 mg of zuranolone or placebo once per night for 14 days. On Day 15, scores on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression dropped a mean of 15.6 points among women who took zuranolone compared with a mean decrease in score of 11.6 points among women who took placebo. Women who took zuranolone also experienced greater improvement in their depressive symptoms as measured by the Clinical Global Depression Severity Scale than those who took placebo. ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Placebo, Atomoxetine, Obstructive sleep apnea, Anesthesia, Apnea, Clinical trial, Internal medicine, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Methylphenidate, Hallucinogen, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:57", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4289781881\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4289781881\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056763663\",\"display_name\":\"Terri D’Arrigo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4289781881" }, { "id": 1725, "title": "The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955-2021) and recommendations for the field.", "normalized_title": "the emerging science of microdosing a systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics 1955 2021 and recommendations for the field", "authors": "Polito V, Liknaitzky P", "abstract": "The use of low doses of psychedelic substances (microdosing) is attracting increasing interest. This systematic review summarises all empirical microdosing research to date, including a set of infrequently cited studies that took place prior to prohibition. Specifically, we reviewed 44 studies published between 1955 and 2021, and summarised reported effects across six categories: mood and mental health; wellbeing and attitude; cognition and creativity; personality; changes in conscious state; and neurobiology and physiology. Studies showed a wide range in risk of bias, depending on design, age, and other study characteristics. Laboratory studies found changes in pain perception, time perception, conscious state, and neurophysiology. Self-report studies found changes in cognitive processing and mental health. We review data related to expectation and placebo effects, but argue that claims that microdosing effects are largely due to expectancy are premature and possibly wrong. In addition, we attempt to clarify definitional inconsistencies in the microdosing literature by providing suggested dose ranges across different substances. Finally, we provide specific design suggestions to facilitate more rigorous future research.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706", "pubmed_id": "35609684", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35609684/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, LSD, Low dose, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Systematic review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35609684\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1736, "title": "Psychedelics, Mystical Experience, and Therapeutic Efficacy: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics mystical experience and therapeutic efficacy a systematic review", "authors": "Ko K, Knight G, Rucker JJ, Cleare AJ.", "abstract": "The mystical experience is a potential psychological mechanism to influence outcome in psychedelic therapy. It includes features such as oceanic boundlessness, ego dissolution, and universal interconnectedness, which have been closely linked to both symptom reduction and improved quality of life. In this review, 12 studies of psychedelic therapy utilizing psilocybin, ayahuasca, or ketamine were analyzed for association between mystical experience and symptom reduction, in areas as diverse as cancer-related distress, substance use disorder, and depressive disorders to include treatment-resistant. Ten of the twelve established a significant association of correlation, mediation, and/or prediction. A majority of the studies are limited, however, by their small sample size and lack of diversity (gender, ethnic, racial, educational, and socioeconomic), common in this newly re-emerging field. Further, 6 out of 12 studies were open-label in design and therefore susceptible to bias. Future studies of this nature should consider a larger sample size with greater diversity and thus representation by use of randomized design. More in-depth exploration into the nature of mystical experience is needed, including predictors of intensity, in order to maximize its positive effects on treatment outcome benefits and minimize concomitant anxiety. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021261752.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199", "pubmed_id": "35923458", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35923458\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1426, "title": "Psilocybin in neuropsychiatry: a review of its pharmacology, safety, and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in neuropsychiatry a review of its pharmacology safety and efficacy", "authors": "Dodd S, Norman TR, Eyre HA, Stahl SM, Phillips A, Carvalho AF, Berk M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a tryptamine alkaloid found in some mushrooms, especially those of the genus Psilocybe. Psilocybin has four metabolites including the pharmacologically active primary metabolite psilocin, which readily enters the systemic circulation. The psychoactive effects of psilocin are believed to arise due to the partial agonist effects at the 5HT2A receptor. Psilocin also binds to various other receptor subtypes although the actions of psilocin at other receptors are not fully explored. Psilocybin administered at doses sufficient to cause hallucinogenic experiences has been trialed for addictive disorders, anxiety and depression. This review investigates studies of psilocybin and psilocin and assesses the potential for use of psilocybin and a treatment agent in neuropsychiatry. The potential for harm is also assessed, which may limit the use of psilocybin as a pharmacotherapy. Careful evaluation of the number needed to harm vs the number needed to treat will ultimately justify the potential clinical use of psilocybin. This field needs a responsible pathway forward.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852922000888", "pubmed_id": "35811423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000888", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35811423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1738, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression", "authors": "Bosch OG, Halm S, Seifritz E.", "abstract": "This is a narrative review about the role of classic and two atypical psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Since the 1990s, psychedelics experience a renaissance in biomedical research. The so-called classic psychedelics include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline and ayahuasca. Characteristic effects like alterations in sensory perception, as well as emotion- and self-processing are induced by stimulation of serotonin 2A receptors in cortical areas. The new paradigm of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy suggests a therapeutic framework in which a safely conducted psychedelic experience is integrated into a continuous psychotherapeutic process. First randomized, controlled trials with psilocybin show promising efficacy, tolerability, and adherence in the treatment of unipolar depression. On the other hand, classic psychedelics seem to be associated with the induction of mania, which is an important issue to consider for the design of research and clinical protocols. So called atypical psychedelics are a heterogeneous group with overlapping subjective effects but different neurobiological mechanisms. Two examples of therapeutic value in psychiatry are 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine. Since 2020 the ketamine enantiomer esketamine has been granted international approval for treatment-resistant unipolar depression, and also first evidence exists for the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine in bipolar depression. Whether psychedelics will fulfil current expectations and find their way into broader clinical use will depend on future rigorous clinical trials with larger sample sizes. A well-considered therapeutic and legal framework will be crucial for these substances to create new treatment settings and a potential paradigm shift.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1186/s40345-022-00265-5", "pubmed_id": "35788817", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-022-00265-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35788817\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3731, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: A review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss MK, Carhart-Harris RL, Rosas FE, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Preller KH, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Müller F, Fisher PM", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelics is expanding rapidly, showing promising efficacy across myriad disorders. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a commonly used strategy to identify psychedelic-induced changes in neural pathways in clinical and healthy populations. Here we, a large group of psychedelic imaging researchers, review the 42 research articles published to date, based on the 17 unique studies evaluating psychedelic effects on rs-fMRI, focusing on methodological variation. Prominently, we observe that nearly all studies vary in data processing and analysis methodology, two datasets are the foundation of over half of the published literature, and there is lexical ambiguity in common outcome metric terminology. We offer guidelines for future studies that encourage coherence in the field. Psychedelic rs-fMRI will benefit from the development of novel methods that expand our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating its intriguing effects; yet, this field is at a crossroads where we must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104689", "pubmed_id": "35588933", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588933/", "keywords": "Ayahausca, Clinical, DMT, Entheogen, FMRI, Hallucinogen, Human, LSD, Neuroimaging, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Replication, Resting-state, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35588933\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3653, "title": "Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Assessing the Efficacy of Micro-dosed Psilocybin in Reducing Anxiety and or Depression Levels in Adults", "normalized_title": "randomized double blind placebo controlled assessing the efficacy of micro dosed psilocybin in reducing anxiety and or depression levels in adults", "authors": "Wake Network, Inc.", "abstract": "To investigate the efficacy of a 16 week treatment with PSIL428 patient reported anxiety levels in otherwise healthy individuals suffering from depression and or anxiety symptoms. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy of micro-dosed psilocybin on reducing anxiety and/or depression levels in adults Study summary: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation reported that Anxiety disorders currently affect an estimated 275 million people worldwide, about one in 13 people (7.3 percent). COVID-19 has accelerated the rate of new anxiety diagnoses and exacerbated pre-existing diagnoses of anxiety in individuals worldwide. The effectiveness of full dose psilocybin for treatment of anxiety and depression has been shown in a number of clinical trials. While there is a significant evidence of clinical efficacy of full dose psilocybin, acute effects of the dose result in a significant impairment - perceptual and sensory distortions incapacitating the patient for the duration of drug activity. Recent work suggests while not producing perceptual changes, micro-dosing may indeed be associated with improved mood and enhanced well-being. The practice of micro-dosing is gaining popularity in the general population, while clinical data on its safety and efficacy is lacking. This will be a novel randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed at establishment of safety and anxiolytic efficacy of psilocybin PSIL428 administered in a micro-dosing regimen (2-5% of a full therapeutic dose) to adults suffering from depression or anxiety. The primary outcome of this study is the change in anxiety and/or depression levels from screening to week 16. Participant anxiety levels will be monitored through Beck Anxiety inventory, depression levels - through Beck Depression Inventory forms on a bi-weekly basis across the course of the study. Study Drug PSIL428 is an experimental intervention and the active ingredient psilocybin is botanically derived. Similar interventions are currently undergoing Phase IIb/III clinical trials in international jurisdictions. It is being assessed for treatment of depressive disorders. Typically psilocybin used in full therapeutic doses associated with significant acute adverse effects. The proposed trial would utilize psilocybin in different dosing regimen - as micro-dosing - ingesting of sub-perceptual doses of the drug equal to 2-10% of the full dose. The micro-dosing practice is gaining significant popularity world-wide, however evidence-based data around it is minimal. Risks and benefits associated with the trial are not definitively established, however existing pre-clinical and clinical data around full-dose use of the drug carries a favorable risk-benefit potential. The trial will be conducted in accordance with the most recently acceptable version of the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, and applicable Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The trial will be conducted under a protocol reviewed and approved by an IRB; the trial will be conducted by scientifically and medically qualified persons; the benefits of the study are in proportion to the risks; the rights and welfare of the subjects will be respected; each subject will give his or her written informed consent before any protocol-driven tests or evaluations are performed. The investigators are responsible for obtaining informed consent in adherence to GCP and according to applicable regulations prior to entering the subject into the trial. A positive change in Beck Anxiety and/or Beck Depression numeric levels between PSIL428 and placebo groups will mark our primary outcome achievement of confirming beneficial effects of micro-dose-administered psilocybin on study participants' overall anxiety and/or depression levels", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-06-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04989972", "keywords": "Anxiety and Depression, PSIL428, Oyster mushroom, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04989972\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1754, "title": "Three Naturally-Occurring Psychedelics and Their Significance in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders.", "normalized_title": "three naturally occurring psychedelics and their significance in the treatment of mental health disorders", "authors": "Vorobyeva N, Kozlova AA.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics represent a family of psychoactive substances with structural similarities to serotonin and affinity for serotonin receptors. A growing number of studies have found that psychedelics can be effective in treating various psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Mental health disorders are extremely prevalent in the general population constituting a major problem for the public health. There are a wide variety of interventions for mental health disorders, including pharmacological therapies and psychotherapies, however, treatment resistance still remains a particular challenge in this field, and relapse rates are also quite high. In recent years, psychedelics have become one of the promising new tools for the treatment of mental health disorders. In this review, we will discuss the three classic serotonergic naturally occurring psychedelics, psilocybin, ibogaine, and N, N-dimethyltryptamine, focusing on their pharmacological properties and clinical potential. The purpose of this article is to provide a focused review of the most relevant research into the therapeutic potential of these substances and their possible integration as alternative or adjuvant options to existing pharmacological and psychological therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.927984", "pubmed_id": "35837277", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.927984", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35837277\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1753, "title": "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Assisted Therapy in Hawaii: A Brief Review.", "normalized_title": "3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma assisted therapy in hawaii a brief review", "authors": "Inouye A, Wolfgang A.", "abstract": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy status to 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) in 2017 due to preliminary evidence supporting its efficacy and safety in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A series of six phase-II clinical trials studying MDMA-AT for treatment-resistant PTSD found that 54% of MDMA-AT full-dose participants no longer met the diagnosis of PTSD after two MDMA sessions, compared to 23% in the control group. In the first phase-III clinical trial, 67% no longer met the criteria for PTSD after three sessions. The effects are durable, with 67% no longer diagnosable after one year and 74% at nearly four years. The MDMA-AT is being fast-tracked for potential FDA approval by 2023. In 2021, Hawaii's Senate Bill 738 unsuccessfully proposed that psilocybin be removed from the Schedule I controlled substances list due to its clinical efficacy for major depressive disorder. Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine is also a Schedule I controlled substance and has proven to be a treatment option that could potentially benefit the people of Hawaii.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.26402", "pubmed_id": "35915689", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26402", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35915689\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1721, "title": "Self-Reported Efficacy of Treatments in Cluster Headache: a Systematic Review of Survey Studies.", "normalized_title": "self reported efficacy of treatments in cluster headache a systematic review of survey studies", "authors": "Rusanen SS, De S, Schindler EAD, Artto VA, Storvik M.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThe use and efficacy of various substances in the treatment of CH have been studied in several retrospective surveys. The aim of the study is to systematically review published survey studies to evaluate the reported efficacies of both established and unconventional substances in abortive and prophylactic treatment of both episodic and chronic CH, specifically assessing the consistency of the results.Recent findingsNo systematic review have been conducted of these studies previously. A systematic literature search with a set of search terms was conducted on PubMed. Retrospective surveys that quantified the self-reported efficacy of two or more CH treatments, published in English during 2000-2020, were included. Several key characteristics and results of the studies were extracted. A total of 994 articles were identified of which 9 were found to be eligible based on the selection criteria. In total, 5419 respondents were included. Oxygen and subcutaneous triptan injections were most reported as effective abortive treatments, while psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide were most commonly reported as effective prophylactic treatments. The reported efficacy of most substances was consistent across different studies, and there were marked differences in the reported efficacies of different substances. The reported order of efficacy is generally in agreement with clinical studies. The findings suggest that retrospective surveys can be used to obtain supporting information on the effects of various substances used in the treatment of CH and to form hypotheses about novel treatment methods. The consistently reported efficacy of psilocybin and LSD in prophylactic treatment indicates need for clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-022-01063-5", "pubmed_id": "35759175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-022-01063-5", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Retrospective Studies, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35759175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1609, "title": "Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans.", "normalized_title": "sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans", "authors": "Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "The serotonergic classical psychedelics include compounds that primarily activate the brain's serotonin 2 A receptor (5-HT2AR), such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT (ayahuasca). The acute effects of these compounds are well-known as are their ability to increase the emotional state both in healthy people and in those with neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular psilocybin, the psychoactive constituent in \"magic mushrooms\", has shown great potential for treatment of anxiety and depression. A unique and compelling feature of psychedelics is that intake of just a single psychedelic dose is associated with long-lasting effects. This includes effects on personality, e.g., higher openness, and amelioration of depressive symptoms. This review focuses on these stunning effects and summarizes our current knowledge on which behavioral, biochemical, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological data support that the intriguing effects of psychedelics on the human brain and mind are based on neural plasticity. The review also points to so far understudied areas and suggests research questions to be addressed in future studies which potentially can help to understand the intriguing long-term effects after intake of a single (or a few) psychedelic doses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-022-01361-x", "pubmed_id": "35729252", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01361-x", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Personality, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35729252\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1703, "title": "Psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "The effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders have been reported for several decades, and now controlled studies are emerging. The existing evidence supports a lasting therapeutic benefit after limited dosing, a unique feature of the drug class that distinguishes it from conventional treatment. This commentary summarizes these reports of preventive effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders. The recently published controlled trial of psilocybin in migraine is reviewed, including its limitations. Several neurobiological targets of psychedelics that are related to headache and chronic pain are highlighted, though a clear separation of acute and lasting effects is key in uncovering the unique clinical effects of this drug class. Considerable investigation is required before the effects, safety, and mechanism of action of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders can be known.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166", "pubmed_id": "35718005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35718005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1722, "title": "Don't be afraid, try to meditate- potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "don t be afraid try to meditate potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin assisted mindfulness based intervention for social anxiety disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Felsch CL, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "BackgroundCurrent first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, is limited in its efficacy. Hence, novel treatment approaches are urgently needed. The current review suggests a combination of meditation-based interventions and the administration of a psychedelic as a future alternative treatment approach. While both separate treatments show promise in the treatment of (other) clinical conditions, their combination has not yet been investigated in the treatment of psychopathologies.AimWith a systematic literature review, we aim to identify the potential mechanisms by which combined psilocybin and mindfulness treatment could adjust anomalous neural activity underlying SAD and exert therapeutic effects.ResultsThirty experimental studies investigating the neural effects of meditation or psilocybin treatment in healthy and patient samples were included. Findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted meditation interventions might change cognitive processes like biased attention to threat linked to SAD by modulating connectivity of the salience network, balancing the activity and connectivity of cortical-midline structures, and increasing frontoparietal control over amygdala reactivity.ConclusionsFuture studies should investigate whether psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention can provide therapeutic benefits to SAD patients who are do not remit following conventional therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724", "pubmed_id": "35679988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724", "keywords": "Humans, Meditation, Fear, Mindfulness, Psilocybin, Phobia, Social", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35679988\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1723, "title": "Phosphate moiety in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs.", "normalized_title": "phosphate moiety in fda approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs", "authors": "Fulmali A, Bharate SS.", "abstract": "The salification and prodrug approaches modulate the physicochemical properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters of drugs and lead candidates. The \"phosphate\" is one of the key counterions/promoiety used in the salt formation and prodrug synthesis. Salification with phosphoric acid enhances the aqueous solubility and thereby facilitates the administration of a drug by the parenteral route. Phosphate moiety in prodrug synthesis mainly improves permeability by lipophilic substitution. Histamine phosphate is the first phosphate salt, and hydrocortisone phosphate was the first prodrug approved by FDA in 1939 and 1952, respectively. The orange book enlists 12 phosphate salts and 17 phosphate prodrugs. Phosphate prodrugs, namely combretastatin A-4 diphosphate, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, lufotrelvir, TP-1287, pyridoxal phosphate, riboflavin phosphate, and psilocybin are clinical candidates. This review focuses on the FDA-approved phosphate salts and prodrugs from 1939 to 2021. The biopharmaceutical advantage of phosphate salts and prodrugs over the parent molecule is also deliberated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/ddr.21953", "pubmed_id": "35656613", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21953", "keywords": "Phosphates, Salts, Pyrrolidinones, Indoles, Leucine, Prodrugs, Solubility", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35656613\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4961, "title": "Neuropharmacological analysis of the anti-addictive and therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "neuropharmacological analysis of the anti addictive and therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Anthony Principe", "abstract": "This review presents a general background of psilocybin pharmacology and discusses its uses in treating various mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. A summary of preliminary clinical trials utilizing psilocybin in each disorder is presented, along with an analysis of the neurobiological mechanisms that could explain the results. The purpose of this review is to collect and analyze neuropharmacological data and form an understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying psilocybin’s long-term positive effects in those suffering from various mental health disorders. Psilocybin may be a crucial tool in altering the neurofunctional anatomy that is the pathological core of various mental health disorders. A ‘reset’ of these neurological connections could be the basis of psilocybin treatment and may perhaps inspire a novel foundation of neurological medical intervention in mental health disorders.", "journal": "SURG Journal", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21083/surg.v14i1.6870", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21083/surg.v14i1.6870", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Addiction, Anxiety, Psychology, Psychiatry, Mental health, Obsessive compulsive, Intervention (counseling), Psychotherapist, Medicine, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:57", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4281736251\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4281736251\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W64958025\",\"https://openalex.org/W1846321575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969125125\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978891587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989757811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001484935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011245371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061730652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081150698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086236919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092674780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129253531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132624405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137664913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161050830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2177154801\",\"https://openalex.org/W2179754385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2235823035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2471155830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2491859250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581084710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757437757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2943435823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995066639\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025954068\",\"https://openalex.org/W3029566839\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093676138\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3143773781\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210615564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238995000\",\"https://openalex.org/W4246897216\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054287524\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony Principe\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764695670\",\"source_display_name\":\"SURG Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.21083/surg.v14i1.6870\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4281736251" }, { "id": 1776, "title": "Serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Malcolm B, Thomas K", "abstract": "In recent years, psychedelic substances with serotonergic mechanisms have accumulated substantial evidence that they may provide therapeutic benefits for people suffering with psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric disorders targeted by these psychedelic-assisted therapies are managed with serotonergic drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the current standard of care, so it is important to evaluate the potential risks of drug-drug interactions and serotonin toxicity (ST) between these agents. A critical evaluation of the scientific literature is necessary to delineate the risks of ST when combining psychedelics with available serotonergic pharmacotherapy options. This review article describes signs and symptoms of ST, characterizes mechanisms of ST risk, summarizes what is known about serotonergic psychedelic drug interactions, and outlines potential management strategies. True ST typically occurs with a serotonergic drug overdose or in combinations in which a drug that can increase intrasynaptic serotonin is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Serotonergic psychotropics that do not contain MAOIs are low risk in combination with psychedelics that also do not contain MAOIs. Signs and symptoms warranting immediate medical attention include myoclonus, extreme and fluctuating vital signs, agitation or comatose mental state, muscle rigidity, pronounced hyperthermia (fever), and/or seizure activity. Serotonin-related adverse reactions exist along a spectrum with serotonin syndrome being the most severe manifestations of ST. Due to varying serotonergic mechanisms of psychedelics and psychotropics, with varying propensities to increase intrasynaptic serotonin, some combinations may present a significant risk for serotonin toxicity (ST) while others are likely benign.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05876-x", "pubmed_id": "34251464", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251464/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, MDMA, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Serotonin syndrome, Serotonin toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34251464\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1742, "title": "Neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin's therapeutic potential - the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology.", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin s therapeutic potential the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology", "authors": "Smausz R, Neill J, Gigg J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with profound perception-, emotion- and cognition-altering properties and great potential for treating brain disorders. However, the neural mechanisms mediating its effects require in-depth investigation as there is still much to learn about how psychedelic drugs produce their profound and long-lasting effects. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the neurophysiology of psilocybin's psychoactive properties, highlighting the need for additional preclinical studies to determine its effect on neural network dynamics. We first describe how psilocybin's effect on brain regions associated with the default-mode network (DMN), particularly the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, likely plays a key role in mediating its consciousness-altering properties. We then outline the specific receptor and cell types involved and discuss contradictory evidence from neuroimaging studies regarding psilocybin's net effect on activity within these regions. We go on to argue that in vivo electrophysiology is ideally suited to provide a more holistic, neural network analysis approach to understand psilocybin's mode of action. Thus, we integrate information about the neural bases for oscillatory activity generation with the accumulating evidence about psychedelic drug effects on neural synchrony within DMN-associated areas. This approach will help to generate important questions for future preclinical and clinical studies. Answers to these questions are vital for determining the neural mechanisms mediating psilocybin's psychotherapeutic potential, which promises to improve outcomes for patients with severe depression and other difficulty to treat conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221092508", "pubmed_id": "35638159", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221092508", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Electrophysiology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35638159\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1724, "title": "Postpartum depression: A role for psychedelics?", "normalized_title": "postpartum depression a role for psychedelics", "authors": "Jairaj C, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health concern and has, at its core, a sense of maternal 'disconnection' - from the self, the infant, and the support system. While PPD bears similarities with MDD, there is increasing evidence for its distinct nature, especially with the unique aspect of the mother-infant relationship. Current treatment modalities for PPD, largely based on those used in major depressive disorder (MDD), have low remission rates with emerging evidence for treatment resistance. It is, therefore, necessary to explore alternative avenues of treatment for PPD.ObjectiveIn this narrative review, we outline the potential therapeutic rationale for serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of PPD, and highlight safety and pragmatic considerations for the use of psychedelics in the postpartum period.MethodsWe examined the available evidence for the treatment of PPD and the evidence for psychedelics in the treatment of MDD. We explored safety considerations in the use of psychedelics in the postpartum period.ResultsThere is increasing evidence for safety, and encouraging signals for efficacy, of psilocybin in the treatment of MDD. Psilocybin has been shown to catalyse a sense of 'reconnection' in participants with MDD. This effect in PPD, by fostering a sense of 'reconnection' for the mother, may allow for improved mood and maternal sensitivity towards the infant, which can positively impact maternal role gratification and the mother-infant relationship.ConclusionPsychedelic assisted therapy in PPD may have a positive effect on the mother-infant dyad and warrants further examination.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221093793", "pubmed_id": "35638179", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221093793", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Postpartum, Hallucinogens, Mothers, Female, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35638179\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1713, "title": "Review of potential psychedelic treatments for PTSD.", "normalized_title": "review of potential psychedelic treatments for ptsd", "authors": "Henner RL, Keshavan MS, Hill KP.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental illness with limited treatment options and a high treatment dropout rate. Psychedelics, often in combination with psychotherapy, are now under investigation as a potential treatment option for a variety of psychiatric conditions including PTSD. This paper reviews the proposed mechanism of action for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and classical psychedelics such as psilocybin in treating PTSD, along with available clinical evidence, safety and side effects. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is in FDA phase III clinical trials for PTSD and is purported to work by way of increased empathy and decreased amygdala activation during the therapeutic encounter and trauma processing. Classical psychedelics may create change by a subjective transformative experience along with an observable process of brain network alterations, though these substances have not been clinically studied in the context PTSD. In recent human-subject studies MDMA-assisted therapy resulted in significant improvement in PTSD symptoms with a good safety and side effect profile. There is not yet direct clinical evidence for classical psychedelics in treating PTSD, but the evidence supports such a trial. The studies to date have been relatively small, and participants are wellscreened for potential co-morbidities which could increase the risks of psychedelic treatment. Nonetheless, the data is promising for psychedelic-assisted treatment to become a much-needed treatment option for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302", "pubmed_id": "35700643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35700643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1780, "title": "Unraveling the Mysteries of Mental Illness With Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "unraveling the mysteries of mental illness with psilocybin", "authors": "Sotille R, Singh H, Weisman A, Vida T.", "abstract": "Current medications have not been effective in reducing the prevalence of mental illness worldwide. The prevalence of illnesses such as treatment-resistant depression has increased despite the widespread use of a broad set of psychopharmaceuticals. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine therapy are making great strides in improving treatment-resistant depression outcomes but they have limitations. New psychotherapeutics are required that specifically target the underlying cellular pathologies leading to neuronal atrophy. This neuronal atrophy model is supplanting the long-held neurotransmitter deficit hypothesis to explain mental illness. Interest in psychedelics as therapeutic molecules to treat mental illness is experiencing a 21st-century reawakening that is on the cusp of a transformation. Psilocybin is a pro-drug, found in various naturally occurring mushrooms, that is dephosphorylated to produce psilocin, a classic tryptamine psychedelic functional as a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist. We have focused this review to include studies in the last two years that suggest psilocybin promotes neuronal plasticity, which may lead to changes in brain network connectivity. Recent advancements in clinical trials using pure psilocybin in therapy suggest that it may effectively relieve the symptoms of depression in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Sophisticated cellular and molecular experiments at the systems level have produced evidence that demonstrates psilocybin promotes neuritogenesis in the mouse brain - a mechanism that may address the root cause of depression at the cellular level. Finally, studies with psilocybin therapy for major depressive disorder suggest that this ancient molecule can promote functionally connected intrinsic networks in the human brain, resulting in durable improvements in the severity of depressive symptoms. Although further research is necessary, the prospect of using psilocybin for the treatment of mental illness is an enticing possibility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.25414", "pubmed_id": "35769681", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25414", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35769681\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3398, "title": "Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory", "normalized_title": "unique effects of sedatives dissociatives psychedelics stimulants and cannabinoids on episodic memory a review and reanalysis of acute drug effects on recollection familiarity and metamemory", "authors": "Doss MK, Samaha J, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, de Wit H, Gallo DA, Koen JD.", "abstract": "Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from one’s past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or déjà vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology. Public significance statement This systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR496762\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4966, "title": "An Overview on the Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus and Gymnopilus", "normalized_title": "an overview on the taxonomy phylogenetics and ecology of the psychedelic genera psilocybe panaeolus pluteus and gymnopilus", "authors": "Dominique Strauss, Soumya Ghosh, Zurika Murray, Marieka Gryzenhout", "abstract": "Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in “magic mushrooms,” have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders without the addictiveness and overdose risks found in other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines and alcohol. Psychedelic mushrooms occur naturally, are wide distributed and easily accessible. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus. This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA sequence data and psychedelic species in Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, as well as similar looking genera that could be harmful.", "journal": "Frontiers in Forests and Global Change", "publication_date": "2022-05-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/ffgc.2022.813998", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2022.813998", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Taxonomy (biology), Biology, Zoology, Hallucinogen, Ecology, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Fungal Biology and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:57", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": 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Strauss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074963478\",\"display_name\":\"Soumya Ghosh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-3516\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010272892\",\"display_name\":\"Zurika Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1836-3040\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008558699\",\"display_name\":\"Marieka Gryzenhout\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-4277\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210178346\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2022.813998\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4281296724" }, { "id": 1786, "title": "Alternative Options for Complex, Recurrent Pain States Using Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, and Ketamine: A Narrative Review of Clinical Evidence.", "normalized_title": "alternative options for complex recurrent pain states using cannabinoids psilocybin and ketamine a narrative review of clinical evidence", "authors": "Edinoff AN, Fort JM, Singh C, Wagner SE, Rodriguez JR, Johnson CA, Cornett EM, Murnane KS, Kaye AM, Kaye AD.", "abstract": "With emerging information about the potential for morbidity and reduced life expectancy with long-term use of opioids, it is logical to evaluate nonopioid analgesic treatments to manage pain states. Combinations of drugs can provide additive and/or synergistic effects that can benefit the management of pain states. In this regard, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) modulate nociceptive signals and have been studied for chronic pain treatment. Psilocybin, commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\", works at the serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A. Psilocybin has been found in current studies to help with migraines since it has a tryptamine structure and works similarly to triptans. Psilocybin also has the potential for use in chronic pain treatment. However, the studies that have looked at alternative plant-based medications such as THC, CBD, and psilocybin have been small in terms of their sample size and may not consider the demographic or genetic differences in the population because of their small sample sizes. At present, it is unclear whether the effects reported in these studies translate to the general population or even are significant. In summary, additional studies are warranted to evaluate chronic pain management with alternative and combinations of medications in the treatment of chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-17", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/neurolint14020035", "pubmed_id": "35645354", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14020035", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35645354\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1789, "title": "The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol.", "normalized_title": "the psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression a systematic review protocol", "authors": "Johansen L, Liknaitzky P, Nedeljkovic M, Mastin-Purcell L, Murray G", "abstract": "There is currently renewed interest in the use of psychedelic therapy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression. The proposed systematic review will aim to identify, evaluate and summarise the psychological processes of change underlying psychedelic therapy for depression in the current literature and consider the implications these processes may have on the psychotherapy component of treatment. Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science databases will be searched using relevant terms. Studies will be included if they discuss the use of a classic psychedelic to treat depression symptomology in an adult population and report or propose psychological processes responsible for depression symptom change. Two authors will independently screen articles, complete quality assessment tools and conduct data extraction. Empirical and non-empirical research will be extracted and synthesised separately. A narrative synthesis approach will be used to report psychological processes identified in the literature. This systematic review will be the first to collate available evidence on the psychological processes associated with psychedelic therapy for depression. The preliminary nature of this research field is expected to result in the review having several limitations, namely heterogeneity between studies and the inclusion of limited empirical research. We intend for this review to present the current state of the literature, identify gaps and generate candidate variables that warrant further investigation. PROSPERO CRD42020197202.", "journal": "Systematic reviews", "publication_date": "2022-05-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1186/s13643-022-01930-7", "pubmed_id": "35513876", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35513876/", "keywords": "Depression, LSD, Narrative synthesis, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychological processes, Systematic review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35513876\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1790, "title": "The Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Psychedelic Medicines Within Midwifery Practice.", "normalized_title": "the pharmacology and clinical applications of psychedelic medicines within midwifery practice", "authors": "Stein CA, Penn A, Van Hope S, Dorsen CG, Mangini M", "abstract": "The research and use of psychedelic medicines to treat common mental health disorders has increased substantially in the past 2 decades. At the same time, knowledge is relatively uncommon among midwives regarding (1) the relative benefits of psychedelic-assisted therapy, (2) best practices associated with the delivery of psychedelic-assisted therapy, and (3) responsible integration of this potentially useful intervention into mental health treatment plans. The purpose of this review is to describe current applications of psychedelic medicines to treat common mental health disorders, to describe the current legal status of these medicines used in this context, and to explore the potential for midwifery practice in this area with further training. This article also addresses the disparities regarding LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC populations in relation to this topic and their historical exclusion from research and treatment access in this field.", "journal": "Journal of midwifery & women's health", "publication_date": "2022-04-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/jmwh.13371", "pubmed_id": "35522087", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35522087/", "keywords": "MDMA, PTSD, depression, ketamine, midwives, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35522087\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3659, "title": "Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Single Center Study of Psilocybin Efficacy in Major Depression", "normalized_title": "phase ii randomized double blind placebo controlled parallel group single center study of psilocybin efficacy in major depression", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation by psilocybin on mood and emotion processing in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the world's greatest contributor to the global burden of disease and MDD affects around 17% of the Swiss population (Tomonaga et al. 2013). It is a chronic condition and can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at school and in the family. More than 1'000 suicides were recorded in Switzerland in 2014, about 90% of these fatalities were related to depression or other psychiatric problems. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in individuals 15-24 years of age (Insel \\& Charney 2003). Current pharmacotherapies, including monoaminergic-acting antidepressants, require prolonged administration (weeks if not months) for clinical improvement. This lag time, as well as a high non-response rate, emphasizes the need for better and faster-acting antidepressant medications. However, psychopharmacological research has largely failed to produce novel and more efficacious treatment options for MDD since decades. Advanced pharmaceutical antidepressants should ideally facilitate the psychotherapeutic process for patients, reduce the time onset of antidepressant efficacy, and prime neuroplastic adaptations relevant to symptom improvement. Such novel therapeutics are much needed and would address this detrimental public health problem, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Early clinical studies using the psychotropic compound psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) as an adjunct in psychotherapy reported a significant improvement of clinical symptoms in depression and anxiety disorder (Leuner 1961, 1981). Psilocybin is the main psychoactive principle of the group of hallucinogenic fungi (Hofmann 1968), commonly known as magic mushrooms, and acts as partial agonist at cortical and sub-cortical serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors. At moderate doses, psilocybin produces a dream-like state of consciousness (Kraehenmann et al. 2016) characterized by perceptual alterations, enhanced mood, facilitated autobiographic memory recollection, and a change of perspective on the self (Leuner 1981; Studerus et al. 2011). Recent clinical studies applying placebo-controlled designs support and extend these early findings by showing that a single dose of psilocybin leads to a fast and sustained reduction in anxiety and depression as well as an improvement of quality of life in advanced cancer patients (Griffiths 2015, Grob et al. 2011). Furthermore, a recent open-label feasibility study showed rapid-onset, sustained symptom improvements over 3 weeks in a small sample of treatment-resistant depressed patients following two psilocybin treatment sessions (Carhart-Harris et al. 2016). Accumulating evidence from pharmacological and neuroimaging studies suggests that psilocybin may produce its antidepressant effects via activation of 5-HT2A receptors located in prefrontal-limbic structures that are also implicated in the pathophysiology of depression (Kraehenmann \\& Vollenweider et al. 2015; Vollenweider und Kometer 2010; Disner et al. 2011). In addition, molecular studies suggest that the enduring symptom improvement after a single dose of psilocybin may be mediated through downstream effects on the glutamate system and a subsequent activation of neuroplastic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Catlow et al. 2013, Barre et al. 2016). The present clinical trial aims at investigating the putative antidepressant effects of a single moderate dose of psilocybin (0.215 mg/kg) in patients suffering from MDD by applying a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The specific aims of this project are: 1. To investigate whether psilocybin in combination with short-term focused psychotherapy will reduce core symptoms in patients with MDD. 2. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to longitudinally assess whether a single dose of psilocybin will post-acutely change the negative emotion processing bias in patients with MDD and whether the change in emotion processing bias will predict subsequent symptom improvement. In addition, the investigators will analyze whether psilocybin will lead to sustained changes in functional neuronal network connectivity (FC), e.g. in amygdala-prefrontal FC. 3. To investigate whether psilocybin will increase BDNF plasma concentration and whether the change in BDNF is related to changes in fMRI markers and the subsequent mood improvement. Recent reviews indicate that impaired neuroplasticity is at the core of the pathophysiology moods and stress-related disorders. Current available antidepressants have been developed with the aim of providing symptom relief rather than targeting neuroplastic impairments. In contrast to this, the present proposal builds on promising new findings that single dose of psilocybin, presumably via a 5-HT2A receptor driven glutamatergic mechanism, leads to a rapid enhancement in neuronal resilience and a to a change in the function of neuronal networks underlying depressive symptoms and behavior. Targeting neuroplasticity with such novel approaches appears to be important for reversing cognitive schemata and emotion processing biases, fostering enduring improvements in mood and cognitive flexibility (Krystal et al. 2009). Expected value: this is the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) of psilocybin treatment in MDD. Using state-of-the art behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuroplasticity methodology, the results of this study will help elucidate urgently needed new treatment mechanisms in MDD. Should it turn out that a single moderate dose of psilocybin vs. placebo in conjunction with psychotherapy may rapidly and sustainedly reduce depressive symptoms, this will be a major breakthrough in finding a novel and fast acting treatment strategy in depressed patients. Therefore, the results of this study will have high impact on the field of pharmacological research into novel antidepressant medication.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-04-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03715127", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybine oral capsule, Placebo oral capsule, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03715127\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1744, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder and the General Population: Findings from Neuroimaging Studies.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin in adults with major depressive disorder and the general population findings from neuroimaging studies", "authors": "Gill H, Puramat P, Patel P, Gill B, Marks CA, Rodrigues NB, Castle D, Cha DS, Mansur RB, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "The use of psilocybin as treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has been examined as a promising alternative to traditional first-line options. We reviewed existing literature to provide a synthesis of the extant neuroimaging observations with psilocybin, and to identify putative therapeutic targets for target engagement studies with psilocybin, and potentially other psychedelics. We assessed neuroimaging observations with psilocybin among participants with MDD and healthy populations. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINFO from database inception to November 17th, 2021. The study quality (i.e., risk of bias) was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. A total of ten studies evaluated psilocybin in healthy populations and three studies assessed psilocybin in MDD participants using neuroimaging techniques. Following psilocybin administration, a decrease in amygdala activity and a reduction in depressive symptoms was observed in two studies. Changes in functional connectivity and activation of prefrontal limbic structures, specifically the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, was seen in healthy populations. There was high heterogeneity in methodology (e.g., dosing schedule and imaging methods) amongst included studies. Longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate psilocybin treatment for MDD, its long-term effects and the possibility of sustained therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114577", "pubmed_id": "35580433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114577", "keywords": "Amygdala, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Adult, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35580433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1792, "title": "Will psilocybin lose its magic in the clinical setting?", "normalized_title": "will psilocybin lose its magic in the clinical setting", "authors": "Hayes C, Wahba M, Watson S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin as a novel treatment for depression is garnering a lot of attention from both the mainstream media and the academic community. Although phase 3 trials are only just beginning, we feel that it is important for clinicians to consider what psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy might look like in the clinical setting. In this narrative review article we have considered the difficulties that may arise as psilocybin emerges from the research setting, which may hamper its progress towards becoming a licenced medication. Psilocybin has its own unique challenges: the expectation patients come to dosing with having read overwhelmingly positive media; patient suggestibility under the influence of psilocybin and requirement for specialised therapists to name a few. We have also made some recommendations for measures that should be taken in both the phase 3 trials and with clinicians to try and minimise some of the issues raised. In doing so our hope is that psilocybin will continue towards becoming a licenced medication that suitable patients are able to access with relative ease. Practicing psychiatrists need to have an awareness of the potential pitfalls of psilocybin as they will be responsible for prescribing it in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/20451253221090822", "pubmed_id": "35480296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253221090822", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35480296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1428, "title": "Is PTSD an Evolutionary Survival Adaptation Initiated by Unrestrained Cytokine Signaling and Maintained by Epigenetic Change?", "normalized_title": "is ptsd an evolutionary survival adaptation initiated by unrestrained cytokine signaling and maintained by epigenetic change", "authors": "Rudzki S.", "abstract": "IntroductionTreatment outcomes for PTSD with current psychological therapies are poor, with very few patients achieving sustained symptom remission. A number of authors have identified physiological and immune disturbances in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, but there is no unifying hypothesis that explains the myriad features of the disorder.Materials and methodsThe medical literature was reviewed over a 6-year period primarily using the medical database PUBMED.ResultsThe literature contains numerous papers that have identified a range of physiological and immune dysfunction in association with PTSD. This paper proposes that unrestrained cytokine signaling induces epigenetic changes that promote an evolutionary survival adaptation, which maintains a defensive PTSD phenotype. The brain can associate immune signaling with past threat and initiate a defensive behavioral response. The sympathetic nervous system is pro-inflammatory, while the parasympathetic nervous system is anti-inflammatory. Prolonged cholinergic withdrawal will promote a chronic inflammatory state. The innate immune cytokine IL-1β has pleiotropic properties and can regulate autonomic, glucocorticoid, and glutamate receptor functions, sleep, memory, and epigenetic enzymes. Changes in epigenetic enzyme activity can potentially alter phenotype and induce an adaptation. Levels of IL-1β correlate with severity and duration of PTSD and PTSD can be prevented by bolus administration of hydrocortisone in acute sepsis, consistent with unrestrained inflammation being a risk factor for PTSD. The nervous and immune systems engage in crosstalk, governed by common receptors. The benefits of currently used psychiatric medication may arise from immune, as well as synaptic, modulation. The psychedelic drugs (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ketamine) have potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects on the adaptive immune system, which may contribute to their reported benefit in PTSD. There may be distinct PTSD phenotypes induced by innate and adaptive cytokine signaling.ConclusionIn order for an organism to survive, it must adapt to its environment. Cytokines signal danger to the brain and can induce epigenetic changes that result in a persistent defensive phenotype. PTSD may be the price individuals pay for the genomic flexibility that promotes adaptation and survival.", "journal": "Military Medicine", "publication_date": "2022-04-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usac095", "pubmed_id": "35446412", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac095", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35446412\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Rudzki\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207859457\",\"source_display_name\":\"Military Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac095\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Review Article,Safety,Genomics,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4224232624" }, { "id": 1795, "title": "Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics alternative and potential therapeutic options for treating mood and anxiety disorders", "authors": "Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Grant J, Ali A, Gordon L, Ngwa W.", "abstract": "The word \"psychedelic\" (psyche (i.e., the mind or soul) and delos (i.e., to show)) has Greek origin and was first coined by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond in 1956, who had been conducting research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at the time. Psychedelic drugs such as N,N-DMT/DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine), 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and psilocybin have had significant value as an entheogen in spiritual, religious (shamanic) and sociocultural rituals in Central and South American cultures for thousands of years. In the 1960s, the globalization of these drugs and their subsequent spread outside of their indigenous, old-world cultures, led to the subsequent implementation of strict drug control laws in many Western countries. Even today, psychedelics are still classified as Schedule I drugs, resulting in a still lingering negative stigmatization/perception, vilification, and ultimate criminalization of psychedelics. This controversy still lingers and still limits scientific research and full medical acceptance. For many years up until recently, the spiritual, religious and medicinal value of these drugs could not be explored in a scientific context. More recently, a second wave of psychedelic research is now focusing on psychedelics as neuropharmaceuticals to treat alcohol and tobacco addiction, general mood and anxiety disorders and cancer-related depression. There is now a vast array of promising evidence-based data to confirm the years of anecdotal evidence of the medicinal values of psychedelics. Natural therapeutic alternatives such as psychedelic drugs may provide a safe and efficacious alternate to conventional drugs used to treat mood and anxiety disorders. In a Western context in particular, psychedelic drugs as therapeutic agents for mood and anxiety disorders are becoming increasingly of interest amidst increasing rates of such disorders globally, changing social constructions, the implementation of government regulations and increasing investment opportunities, that ultimately allow for the scientific study to generate evidenced-based data. Alternative psychotherapeutic interventions are gaining interest also, because of their low physiological toxicity, relatively low abuse potential, safe psychological effects, and no associated persisting adverse physiological or psychological effects during and after use. On the other hand, conventional psychotic drugs and anti-depressants are becoming less favorable because of their adverse side effects. Psychedelic neuropharmaceutical interventions may with medical oversight be the solution to conventional psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and an alternative to conventional psychiatric treatment options. This paper will review the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs as alternative therapeutic options for mood and anxiety disorders in a controlled, clinical setting, where the chances of adverse psychological episodes occurring are mitigated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/molecules27082520", "pubmed_id": "35458717", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082520", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35458717\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Spirituality,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1552, "title": "A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the effect of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine on mental, behavioural or developmental disorders.", "normalized_title": "a systematic literature review and meta analysis of the effect of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine on mental behavioural or developmental disorders", "authors": "Kisely S, Connor M, Somogyi AA, Siskind D.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThere is an increasing interest in combining psilocybin or methylenedioxymethamphetamine with psychological support in treating psychiatric disorders. Although there have been several recent systematic reviews, study and participant numbers have been limited, and the field is rapidly evolving with the publication of more studies. We therefore conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and CINAHL for randomised controlled trials of methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin with either inactive or active controls.MethodsOutcomes were psychiatric symptoms measured by standardised, validated and internationally recognised instruments at least 2 weeks following drug administration, Quality was independently assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework.ResultsThere were eight studies on methylenedioxymethamphetamine and six on psilocybin. Diagnoses included post-traumatic stress disorder, long-standing/treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety in adults with autism, and anxiety or depression in life-threatening disease. The most information and strongest association was for the change in methylenedioxymethamphetamine scores compared to active controls in post-traumatic stress disorder (k = 4; standardised mean difference = -0.86; 95% confidence interval = [-1.23, -0.50]; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/00048674221083868", "pubmed_id": "35285280", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221083868", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Anxiety Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Adult, Child, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35285280\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1809, "title": "Mycotherapy: Potential of Fungal Bioactives for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders and Morbidities of Chronic Pain.", "normalized_title": "mycotherapy potential of fungal bioactives for the treatment of mental health disorders and morbidities of chronic pain", "authors": "Meade E, Hehir S, Rowan N, Garvey M.", "abstract": "Mushrooms have been used as traditional medicine for millennia, fungi are the main natural source of psychedelic compounds. There is now increasing interest in using fungal active compounds such as psychedelics for alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders including major depressive disorder, anxiety, and addiction. The anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-addictive effect of these compounds has raised awareness stimulating neuropharmacological investigations. Micro-dosing or acute dosing with psychedelics including Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin may offer patients treatment options which are unmet by current therapeutic options. Studies suggest that either dosing regimen produces a rapid and long-lasting effect on the patient post administration with a good safety profile. Psychedelics can also modulate immune systems including pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting a potential in the treatment of auto-immune and other chronic pain conditions. This literature review aims to explore recent evidence relating to the application of fungal bioactives in treating chronic mental health and chronic pain morbidities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jof8030290", "pubmed_id": "35330292", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030290", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35330292\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1766, "title": "Drug-drug interactions between psychiatric medications and MDMA or psilocybin: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions between psychiatric medications and mdma or psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Sarparast A, Thomas K, Malcolm B, Stauffer CS.", "abstract": "Rationale & objectives ± 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin are currently moving through the US Food and Drug Administration's phased drug development process for psychiatric treatment indications: posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, respectively. The current standard of care for these disorders involves treatment with psychiatric medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), so it will be important to understand drug-drug interactions between MDMA or psilocybin and psychiatric medications.MethodsIn accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we queried the MEDLINE database via PubMed for publications of human studies in English spanning between the first synthesis of psilocybin (1958) and December 2020. We used 163 search terms containing 22 psychiatric medication classes, 135 specific psychiatric medications, and 6 terms describing MDMA or psilocybin.ResultsForty publications were included in our systematic review: 26 reporting outcomes from randomized controlled studies with healthy adults, 3 epidemiologic studies, and 11 case reports. Publications of studies describe interactions between MDMA (N = 24) or psilocybin (N = 5) and medications from several psychiatric drug classes: adrenergic agents, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, NMDA antagonists, psychostimulants, and several classes of antidepressants. We focus our results on pharmacodynamic, physiological, and subjective outcomes of drug-drug interactions.ConclusionsAs MDMA and psilocybin continue to move through the FDA drug development process, this systematic review offers a compilation of existing research on psychiatric drug-drug interactions with MDMA or psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06083-y", "pubmed_id": "35253070", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06083-y", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Drug Interactions, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35253070\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1769, "title": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "van Amsterdam J, van den Brink W.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic drugs were used quite extensively before their prohibition in 1968 which delayed research. However, since the 1990s, studies on the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics have rapidly increased.Areas coveredThis systematic review provides an overview of the clinical effects of psilocybin in the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. Only (randomized) clinical trials were selected. A total of 11 studies (15 publications) were selected, including seven randomized controlled trials (eight publications) and four single arm open-label studies (seven publications). In total, 488 patients were included in the selected studies: 333 patients treated with psilocybin and 155 patients treated with (active) placebo. In nine studies, psychotherapeutic support was provided as an integral part of the psilocybin treatment. The findings of these studies collectively show that psilocybin has a positive benefit-risk balance in the treatment of various mental disorders with an immediate and prolonged effect following 1-3 doses of psilocybin and a few (serious) adverse events.Expert opinionPsilocybin - mostly combined with psychotherapy or psychotherapeutic support - shows a promise as a treatment for various (treatment-resistant) mental disorders. Larger double-blind RCTs with objective (long-term) outcomes are needed to confirm these findings before standard clinical use of psilocybin can be considered.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2022.2047929", "pubmed_id": "35225143", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2047929", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35225143\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1815, "title": "Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science.", "normalized_title": "adverse effects of psychedelics from anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science", "authors": "Schlag AK, Aday J, Salam I, Neill JC, Nutt DJ", "abstract": "Despite an increasing body of research highlighting their efficacy to treat a broad range of medical conditions, psychedelic drugs remain a controversial issue among the public and politicians, tainted by previous stigmatisation and perceptions of risk and danger. This narrative review examines the evidence for potential harms of the classic psychedelics by separating anecdotes and misinformation from systematic research. Taking a high-level perspective, we address both psychological and psychiatric risks, such as abuse liability and potential for dependence, as well as medical harms, including toxicity and overdose. We explore the evidence base for these adverse effects to elucidate which of these harms are based largely on anecdotes versus those that stand up to current scientific scrutiny. Our review shows that medical risks are often minimal, and that many - albeit not all - of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence, with the majority of reported adverse effects not being observed in a regulated and/or medical context. This highlights the importance for clinicians and therapists to keep to the highest safety and ethical standards. It is imperative not to be overzealous and to ensure balanced media reporting to avoid future controversies, so that much needed research can continue.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2022-02-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211069100", "pubmed_id": "35107059", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35107059/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, abuse liability/dependence, ayahuasca, d-lysergic acid diethylamide, dimethyltryptamine, hallucinogen persistent perception disorder, hypertension, mescaline, toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35107059\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1611, "title": "The Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders with Attention to Relative Safety Profile: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders with attention to relative safety profile a systematic review", "authors": "Hodge AT, Sukpraprut-Braaten S, Narlesky M, Strayhan RC.", "abstract": "There has been a reemergence of research into the use of substances such as LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This increase in consideration toward the medicinal use of these compounds has been termed the \"Psychedelic Renaissance.\" This article specifically explores the background of psilocybin, a psychoactive compound that is naturally derived from certain species of fungi. Pubmed was searched by one doctoral-level researcher using specific Boolean operator terms. The results were filtered by title and abstract and 76 articles were screened and analyzed in full detail. Oral psilocybin is showing itself to be clinically efficacious by producing statistically significant reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms over time versus control in multiple clinical trials. It has also been shown to reduce cigarettes per day and drinks per day in patients with substance use disorders. Thus far, there have been no significant adverse clinical events from psilocybin and there also have been no verifiable recorded deaths reported. Larger studies need to be performed before the drug can potentially become approved for use in the general population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2044096", "pubmed_id": "35225726", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2044096", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35225726\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1822, "title": "Trajectory of Antidepressant Effects after Single- or Two-Dose Administration of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "trajectory of antidepressant effects after single or two dose administration of psilocybin a systematic review and multivariate meta analysis", "authors": "Yu CL, Liang CS, Yang FC, Tu YK, Hsu CW, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, Thompson T, Tsai CK, Yeh TC, Yang SN, Shin JI, Chu CS, Tseng PT, Su KP.", "abstract": "We examined the cardiovascular safety, acceptability, and trajectory of the antidepressant effects of psilocybin after single- or two-dose administration. Four major electronic databases were systematically searched. Data were pooled using a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. Primary outcomes were changes in depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes were cardiovascular safety and acceptability. Ten studies were included. The estimated effect sizes (standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals) for psilocybin were -0.75 (-1.15 to -0.35) on day 1, -1.74 (-2.15 to -1.32) at 1 week, -1.35 (-1.77 to -0.93) at 1 month, -0.91 (-1.31 to -0.51) at 3 months, and -1.12 (-1.56 to -0.68) at 6 months. Higher doses and two sessions of psilocybin treatment were significantly associated with superior antidepressant effects. The all-cause discontinuation and heart rate after psilocybin administration were comparable to placebo; meanwhile, psilocybin increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 19.00 mmHg and 8.66 mmHg, respectively. There were no significant differences between SMD derived from placebo-controlled trials compared to those from pre-post changes and SMD in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared to those in non-RCTs. The present study demonstrates that single- or two-dose psilocybin administration has rapid and sustained antidepressant effects for up to 6 months, with favorable cardiovascular safety and acceptability.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jcm11040938", "pubmed_id": "35207210", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040938", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35207210\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1799, "title": "Diversity, biology, and history of psilocybin-containing fungi: Suggestions for research and technological development.", "normalized_title": "diversity biology and history of psilocybin containing fungi suggestions for research and technological development", "authors": "Van Court RC, Wiseman MS, Meyer KW, Ballhorn DJ, Amses KR, Slot JC, Dentinger BTM, Garibay-Orijel R, Uehling JK.", "abstract": "Therapeutic use of psilocybin has become a focus of recent international research, with preliminary data showing promise to address a range of treatment-resistant mental health conditions. However, use of psilocybin as a healing entheogen has a long history through traditional consumption of mushrooms from the genus Psilocybe. The forthcoming adoption of new psilocybin-assisted therapeutic practices necessitates identification of preferred sources of psilocybin; consequently, comprehensive understanding of psilocybin-containing fungi is fundamental to consumer safety. Here we examine psilocybin producing fungi, discuss their biology, diversity, and ethnomycological uses. We also review recent work focused on elucidation of psilocybin biosynthetic production pathways, especially those from the genus Psilocybe, and their evolutionary history. Current research on psilocybin therapies is discussed, and recommendations for necessary future mycological research are outlined.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003", "pubmed_id": "35314062", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003", "keywords": "Agaricales, Biology, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35314062\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1770, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic-assisted Therapies for Symptom Control in Patients Diagnosed With Serious Illness: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelic assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness a systematic review", "authors": "Maia LO, Beaussant Y, Garcia ACM.", "abstract": "ContextPeople affected by serious illness usually experience suffering in its various dimensions, not only in the physical but also in the psychosocial and spiritual aspects. The interest in psychedelic-assisted therapies as a potential new therapeutic modality has increased since evidence suggests a significant impact of their use on the outcomes of patients with serious illness.ObjectivesTo systematically review the available evidence on the effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness.MethodsThe protocol of this systematic review has been prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. This review included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. A comprehensive search for studies was carried out in the main scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE. There were no limitations regarding the year or language of publication.ResultsThe sample was composed of 20 studies. The results suggest positive effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness, with considerable safety of use. Most studies have been conducted with lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dipropyltryptamine in cancer patients. The adverse effects reported were of physical and/or psychological nature and of mild to moderate intensity, transient, and self-resolutive.ConclusionThe evaluated evidence suggests positive effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness, especially regarding symptoms of psychological and spiritual nature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024", "pubmed_id": "35157985", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35157985\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1825, "title": "Analysis of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Medicine: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin assisted therapy in medicine a narrative review", "authors": "Ziff S, Stern B, Lewis G, Majeed M, Gorantla VR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been consumed by various cultures in many different parts of the world for thousands of years. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, contains unique psychoactive properties and has been incorporated into religious ceremonies and investigated for its medicinal value. In the mid-20th century, psilocybin, along with most other classic psychedelics (5HT-2A agonists), was classified as a Schedule I substance, bringing a halt to research on its medicinal utility. The resurgence of clinical trials involving psilocybin in the 21st century has produced promising results concerning the treatment of addiction, depression, and end-of-life mood disorders. Results from these trials have shown significant reductions in depression and anxiety when compared with a placebo, and one trial found no significant difference when compared to a routinely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Studies conducted with patients with advanced-stage cancer have demonstrated that psilocybin may also be beneficial at reducing depression and anxiety associated with psychological crises due to a terminal diagnosis. Psilocybin therapy in the treatment of addiction, which is notoriously difficult to treat, has shown encouraging results. Due to its low toxicity and low risk of overuse, psilocybin has the potential to have a significant influence in the field of addiction medicine. Psilocybin addiction research has been primarily focused on nicotine and alcohol and, in a few small, open-label trials, has shown superiority over traditional therapies. Psilocybin has a relatively unique and incompletely understood mechanism of action, which allows it to be given at several isolated periods. This infrequent dosing regimen has been shown to produce durable effects with minimal toxicity. This review analyzes the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of addiction, depression, and end-of-life mood disorders. In addition, it will discuss the difficulties involved with conducting scientific research on psychedelic compounds, adverse effects, and the therapeutic measures that are necessary to accompany the safe and effective administration of these psychoactive chemicals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.21944", "pubmed_id": "35273885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21944", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35273885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1832, "title": "Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the potential use of serotonergic psychedelics in autism spectrum disorder", "authors": "Markopoulos A, Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Recent clinical and preclinical evidence points towards empathogenic and prosocial effects elicited by psychedelic compounds, notably the serotonin 5-HT2A agonists lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and their derivatives. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for some of the behavioural traits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by atypical social behaviour. In this review, we highlight evidence suggesting that psychedelics may potentially ameliorate some of the behavioural atypicalities of ASD, including reduced social behaviour and highly co-occurring anxiety and depression. Next, we discuss dysregulated neurobiological systems in ASD and how they may underlie or potentially limit the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. These phenomena include: 1) synaptic function, 2) serotonergic signaling, 3) prefrontal cortex activity, and 4) thalamocortical signaling. Lastly, we discuss clinical studies from the 1960s and 70s that assessed the use of psychedelics in the treatment of children with ASD. We highlight the positive behavioural outcomes of these studies, including enhanced mood and social behaviour, as well as the adverse effects of these trials, including increases in aggressive behaviour and dissociative and psychotic states. Despite preliminary evidence, further studies are needed to determine whether the benefits of psychedelic treatment in ASD outweigh the risks associated with the use of these compounds in this population, and if the 5-HT2A receptor may represent a target for social-behavioural disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.749068", "pubmed_id": "35177979", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.749068", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35177979\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1706, "title": "Comment and Response: (Lugo-Radillo & Cortez-Lopez, 2020) Long-Term Amelioration of OCD Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Consumption of Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "comment and response lugo radillo cortez lopez 2020 long term amelioration of ocd symptoms in a patient with chronic consumption of psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Fitzpatrick CM, Anderson BT, Agin-Liebes G, Guydish J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1983673", "pubmed_id": "35083957", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1983673", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Review Literature as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35083957\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1746, "title": "Novel Antidepressants in the Pipeline (Phase II and III): A Systematic Review of the US Clinical Trials Registry.", "normalized_title": "novel antidepressants in the pipeline phase ii and iii a systematic review of the us clinical trials registry", "authors": "Sakurai H, Yonezawa K, Tani H, Mimura M, Bauer M, Uchida H.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere is an imminent need for faster-acting and more effective antidepressants beyond the monoaminergic hypothesis.MethodsWe systematically searched the US Clinical Trials registry for antidepressant compounds with completed phase II and III trials. Compounds that demonstrated significant superiority over placebo in the primary outcome measure in the latest phase of phase II and III trials were identified. The collateral information was gathered via a PubMed search and press releases.ResultsNine compounds were identified. AXS-05 (a combination of dextromethorphan and bupropion) and ansofaxine hydrochloride showed a positive result over placebo in a phase III study for major depressive disorder or treatment-resistant depression. MIJ821, nitrous oxide, psilocybin, ayahuasca, facial injection of botulinum toxin A, prasterone, and casopitant demonstrated at least one positive result in phase II trials. Ayahuasca showed a greater response rate than placebo at week one, indicating the rapid antidepressant effect.DiscussionThese new compounds with novel mechanisms of action are expected to provide a greater variety of treatment options for depression if preliminary positive results are confirmed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1055/a-1714-9097", "pubmed_id": "35045580", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1714-9097", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Registries, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35045580\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1773, "title": "Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: a clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "assessing the risk benefit profile of classical psychedelics a clinical review of second wave psychedelic research", "authors": "Bender D, Hellerstein DJ.", "abstract": "RationaleA broad reassessment of the potential benefits of psychedelic drugs has led to the initiation of multiple major clinical trials in an effort to advance their status to become FDA-approved medications, as well as local legislative efforts to legalize or decriminalize their use.ObjectivesTo use recently published data to assess potential risks and benefits of psychedelic drugs as therapeutics, as well as to synthesize what is currently known in order to generate fruitful future research directions.MethodsA review of studies conducted since 1991 identified 14 clinical trials of classical psychedelics, including 11 of psilocybin (N = 257 participants), 1 of lysergic acid diethylamide (N = 12 participants), and 2 of ayahuasca (N = 46 participants). Other published studies (e.g., of healthy volunteers, survey studies, case reports, neuroimaging) were also considered for review.ResultsPublished studies since 1991 largely support the hypothesis that small numbers of treatments with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can offer significant and sustained alleviation to symptoms of multiple psychiatric conditions. No serious adverse events attributed to psychedelic therapy have been reported. Existing studies have several limitations, including small sample sizes, inherent difficulty in blinding, relatively limited follow-up, and highly screened treatment populations.ConclusionsSubstantial data have been gathered in the past 30 years suggesting that psychedelics are a potent treatment for a variety of common psychiatric conditions, though the ideal means of employing these substances to minimize adverse events and maximize therapeutic effects remains controversial. Unique factors related to study design are vital for clinical researchers in the field to address.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6", "pubmed_id": "35022823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Risk Assessment, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35022823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5012, "title": "Exploratory review of psilocybin usage and awareness amongst college students and potential consumer goods tradeoffs resulting from increased usage", "normalized_title": "exploratory review of psilocybin usage and awareness amongst college students and potential consumer goods tradeoffs resulting from increased usage", "authors": "Russell J. Zwanka", "abstract": "As the consumers push towards use of natural substances for whole body health increases, and as the dependence upon prescription drugs shows no abatement, substances such as psilocybin (magic mushrooms) have emerged as acceptable methods to treat ailments previously addressed by prescription drugs. In addition to medical solutions provided naturally, many of these substances (primarily Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and psilocybin) have intoxicating effects, which opens an alternate usage avenue, especially amongst college students. Combining natural remedies with possible additional intoxicants, psilocybin could be primed to impact both over-the-counter and prescription drugs, plus consumers products used today for intoxicating impacts: beer, wine, spirits, and seltzers. This study asked college students about awareness, usage, preferences, and tradeoffs, regarding psilocybin. Survey results showed some surprising uses and consumption traits, and the exploratory review ultimately comes to conclusions and potential growth of psilocybin in society.", "journal": "International Journal of Research in Marketing Management and Sales", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.33545/26633329.2022.v4.i1a.88", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33545/26633329.2022.v4.i1a.88", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medical prescription, Hallucinogen, Exploratory research, Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Sociology, Social science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:58", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293218261\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293218261\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W100628994\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117522474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926665170\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113176984\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154999065\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062976901\",\"display_name\":\"Russell J. Zwanka\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210236038\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Research in Marketing Management and Sales\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.33545/26633329.2022.v4.i1a.88\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4293218261" }, { "id": 1861, "title": "Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as novel therapeutics in alzheimer s disease rationale and potential mechanisms", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Darcy S, Jackson H, White T, Rosenberg P", "abstract": "Serotonin 2A receptor (5-HTR) agonist \"classic psychedelics\" are drawing increasing interest as potential mental health treatments. Recent work suggests psychedelics can exert persisting anxiolytic and antidepressant effects lasting up to several months after a single administration. Data indicate acute subjective drug effects as important psychological factors involved in observed therapeutic benefits. Additionally, animal models have shown an important role for 5-HTR agonists in modulating learning and memory function with relevance for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related dementias. A number of biological mechanisms of action are under investigation to elucidate 5-HTR agonists' therapeutic potential, including enhanced neuroplasticity, anti-inflammatory effects, and alterations in brain functional connectivity. These diverse lines of research are reviewed here along with a discussion of AD pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric symptoms to highlight classic psychedelics as potential novel pharmacotherapies for patients with AD. Human clinical research suggests a possible role for high-dose psychedelic administration in symptomatic treatment of depressed mood and anxiety in early-stage AD. Preclinical data indicate a potential for low- or high-dose psychedelic treatment regimens to slow or reverse brain atrophy, enhance cognitive function, and slow progression of AD. In conclusion, rationale and potential approaches for preliminary research with psychedelics in patients with AD are presented, and ramifications of this line of investigation for development of novel AD treatments are discussed.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_267", "pubmed_id": "34734390", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734390/", "keywords": "Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Hallucinogen, Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34734390\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1859, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders", "authors": "Ehrmann K, Allen JJB, Moreno FA.", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and disabling condition for which currently available treatments are insufficiently effective and alternatives merit priority attention. Psilocybin may represent a safe and effective avenue for treatment of individuals affected by this condition. In this chapter we briefly introduce OCD symptoms, epidemiology, as well as relevant hypotheses on the mechanism of disease that may inform treatment interventions. We briefly describe currently available treatments, mechanisms of action, and efficacy limitations, as preamble to the potential use of psilocybin and perhaps similar compounds in the treatment of OCD and related conditions. Although much is reviewed throughout this book about the mechanisms of action of psychedelic agents, a focused discussion of psilocybin effects as they pertain to OCD is also included. Our experience with incidental observation, prospective research, and current explorations of psilocybin in OCD are also described.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_279", "pubmed_id": "34784024", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_279", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34784024\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1857, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Depression: A Promising New Pharmacotherapy Approach.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of depression a promising new pharmacotherapy approach", "authors": "Agin-Liebes G, Davis AK.", "abstract": "Depression is highly prevalent and represents the leading cause of global disability and primary contributor to overall global burden of disease. Several lines of evidence from early-phase experimental trials suggest that serotonergic psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, with therapeutic support show great promise in the treatment of depression with large effect sizes. Neuroimaging data have also revealed the dynamic effects of psilocybin on functional activity within and between neural regions. This chapter reviews the methods and findings from three small human laboratory clinical trials examining the effects of psilocybin therapy for patients with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Insights from functional magnetic resonance imaging and qualitative analyses are also presented, as well as a discussion of study limitations and future directions for the research.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_282", "pubmed_id": "34811715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_282", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34811715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3216485471\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3216485471\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":16,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W496281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1531503374\",\"https://openalex.org/W1577917850\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987450364\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995473199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017435851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018957682\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036735145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039056175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053011811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055862036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095852687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097572674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107786290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169442707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172121068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411701272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553734262\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2737966001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789034326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889525702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112172827\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134897339\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193146023\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193440797\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231328231\",\"https://openalex.org/W4360754754\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041698353\",\"display_name\":\"Gabrielle Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-229X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2754447418\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_282\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3216485471" }, { "id": 1855, "title": "Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New Pharmacological Targets.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and hallucinogens in psychiatry finding new pharmacological targets", "authors": "Sousa TR, Rema J, Machado S, Novais F.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe therapeutic options for neurobehavioral disorders are still limited, and in many cases, they lack a satisfactory balance between efficacy and side effects.ObjectivesThis work aims to review current evidence regarding the potential contribution of psychedelics and hallucinogens to the discovery of new drugs for treating different psychiatric disorders.DiscussionAyahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin have evidence supporting their use in depression, and psilocybin and ayahuasca have also shown good results in treatment-resistant depression. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with anxious patients, there were symptomatic improvements with psilocybin and LSD. Psilocybin diminished Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores in a small obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) sample. The evidence is less robust regarding substance use disorders, but it suggests a possible role for LSD and psilocybin in alcohol use disorders and for psilocybin in tobacco addiction. In a clinical setting, these substances seem to be safe and well-tolerated. Their mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated, but there seems to be a preponderant role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 2A agonism, as well as connectivity changes within the default mode network (DMN) and amygdala and some other molecular modifications.ConclusionThe studies underlying the conclusions have small samples and are heterogeneous in their methods. However, the results suggest that the use of psychedelics and hallucinogens could be considered in some disorders. More studies are needed to reinforce their evidence as potential new drugs.", "journal": "Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.2174/1568026621666211201145800", "pubmed_id": "34852736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211201145800", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34852736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3215301772\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3215301772\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1523962342\",\"https://openalex.org/W1649318184\",\"https://openalex.org/W1797327965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965303778\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994495174\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010391271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015666695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021752411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070089962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080308963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103583518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107376791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116715079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123179625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130516627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163858520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169412710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325558246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413873059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2479476071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589381868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757295924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790481213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801728504\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887140173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990240756\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3119139278\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127623726\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133450788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230408374\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057142460\",\"display_name\":\"Teresa Reynolds de Sousa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-4841\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088942401\",\"display_name\":\"João Rema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-5175\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044288506\",\"display_name\":\"Sérgio Machado\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-8467\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078808651\",\"display_name\":\"Filipa Novais\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9379-1734\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S107732428\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211201145800\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3215301772" }, { "id": 1854, "title": "Psychedelic medicines for mood disorders: current evidence and clinical considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines for mood disorders current evidence and clinical considerations", "authors": "Sarris J, Pinzon Rubiano D, Day K, Galvão-Coelho NL, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewDespite advances in treatment modalities for mood disorders over recent decades, further therapeutic options are still required. Increased research is occurring, with the pursuit of psychedelic-based pharmacotherapies for a range of mood disorders and other conditions.Recent findingsSerotonergic psychedelics have been found to modulate brain networks underlying various psychiatric disorders, as well promoting neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Randomized placebo-controlled trials have found psilocybin with psychological support effective at treating depression, including treatment-resistant depression; with emergent research also signalling N,N-dimethyltryptamine/ayahuasca also as a potential option for the treatment of depression. Lysergic acid diethylamide has been found to have anxiolytic effects, whereas 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been used effectively to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with Phase III clinical trial evidence. Microdosing of psychedelics is a growing phenomenon that has shown benefits in some preclinical data; however, a recent self-directed controlled trial reported no evidence of improved mood.SummaryCurrent research with medicinal psychedelics, usually as an adjunct to psychotherapy, has shown encouraging results in treating mood disorders. However, there are challenges regarding blinding and sample sizes remain small, and there have been no definitive Phase III studies (aside from MDMA for PTSD). Further work exploring novel formulations, interface with pharmacogenomics and the microbiome, and inflammatory pathways can be advised.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1097/yco.0000000000000759", "pubmed_id": "34855694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000759", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34855694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3214407741\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3214407741\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1810864195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007549333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011428797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018957682\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019379291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025961724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052800296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099601730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127654449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133416128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2218174899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413573456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588080892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788130744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792164490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801130428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889525702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892030583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912970239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923355729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926665170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942451714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945519735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948924404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949943874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953280092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2978567744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981779913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023636576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3034423620\",\"https://openalex.org/W3040046088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092438109\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093375227\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111293057\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127961940\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132728164\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160765419\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165684389\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185477803\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683883610\",\"https://openalex.org/W6734128243\",\"https://openalex.org/W6758612838\",\"https://openalex.org/W6762583173\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013936218\",\"display_name\":\"Jerome Sarris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-8854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019305066\",\"display_name\":\"Diego Pinzon Rubiano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103254095\",\"display_name\":\"Kimberley Day\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-3602\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041005999\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4887-8635\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049230775\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Perkins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-1649\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855694\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Genomics,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3214407741" }, { "id": 1851, "title": "The Potential of Psychedelics for End of Life and Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "the potential of psychedelics for end of life and palliative care", "authors": "Yaden DB, Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Anderson BT, Griffiths RR", "abstract": "End of life and palliative care has improved in recent decades but the psychopharmacological options available to clinicians and patients in these contexts remain limited. In particular, psychological factors such as depression, existential distress, and well-being remain challenging to address with current medications. Here, we review recent research on the use of psychedelics in clinical settings with a particular focus on patients with life-threatening diagnoses. We propose that psychedelics may provide clinicians with an additional psychopharmacological treatment in the context of end of life and palliative care.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_278", "pubmed_id": "34958455", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34958455/", "keywords": "End of Life, Palliative care, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34958455\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1844, "title": "Psilocybin Conspectus: Status, Production Methods, and Considerations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin conspectus status production methods and considerations", "authors": "Plotnik L, Gibbs G, Graham T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychoactive alkaloid that is produced naturally by approximately 200 species of mushrooms. The potential medical use of this molecule for the treatment of mental illness is gaining renewed momentum. As demand grows and clinical trials progress, appropriate methods for producing a quality pharmaceutical product are needed. This review highlights the methods currently available, such as the prominent synthetic method and its biosynthetic alternatives, as well as others on the near horizon. This article further seeks to discuss the rapid and evolving nature of the psilocybin industry in the 21st century.", "journal": "International journal of medicinal mushrooms", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2021041921", "pubmed_id": "35442591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2021041921", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35442591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3214903520\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3214903520\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1882482010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015086459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775417640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810374266\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092151265\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682579402\",\"https://openalex.org/W6739316299\",\"https://openalex.org/W6753353868\",\"https://openalex.org/W6755427838\",\"https://openalex.org/W6768045174\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Lauren Plotnik\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Grace Gibbs\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Thomas Graham\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S79925788\",\"source_display_name\":\"International journal of medicinal mushrooms\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2021041921\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3214903520" }, { "id": 1843, "title": "Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache and Chronic Pain Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of headache and chronic pain disorders", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "The therapeutic potential of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders is documented over decades of anecdotal and early investigational reports, which have paved the way for the first controlled studies of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in these disorders. The reported lasting clinical effects after limited dosing with psychedelics present a novel means for disease management, but considerable further study will be required to address disease-specific treatments, uncover mechanism(s) of action, and verify safety. In this chapter, these topics are reviewed with particular attention to the neurobiological systems that offer potential sources of psychedelics' unique clinical effects in headache and pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_365", "pubmed_id": "35546382", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_365", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35546382\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1842, "title": "Psychedelics and Anti-inflammatory Activity in Animal Models.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and anti inflammatory activity in animal models", "authors": "Flanagan TW, Nichols CD", "abstract": "The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2A receptor is most well known as the common target for classic psychedelic compounds. Interestingly, the 5-HT receptor is the most widely expressed mammalian serotonin receptor and is found in nearly every examined tissue type including neural, endocrine, endothelial, immune, and muscle, suggesting it could be a novel and pharmacological target for several types of disorders. Despite this, the bulk of research on the 5-HT receptor is focused on its role in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, activation of 5-HT receptors has emerged as a new anti-inflammatory strategy. This review will describe recent findings regarding psychedelics as anti-inflammatory compounds, as well as parse out differences in functional selectivity and immune regulation that exist between a number of well-known hallucinogenic compounds.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_367", "pubmed_id": "35546383", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35546383/", "keywords": "(R)-DOI, Anti-inflammatory, Asthma, Enhanced pause, IL-6, Psilocybin, Psychedellic, Whole-body plethysmography", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35546383\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1841, "title": "Classic Psychedelics in Addiction Treatment: The Case for Psilocybin in Tobacco Smoking Cessation.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in addiction treatment the case for psilocybin in tobacco smoking cessation", "authors": "Johnson MW.", "abstract": "This manuscript reviews research suggesting that classic psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists) are effective in treating addictions including tobacco use disorder. I review historical research from the 1950s to 1970s suggesting that classic psychedelics are associated with addiction recovery across pharmacologically distinct drugs of addiction. I then review anthropological reports about ceremonial use of classic psychedelics and epidemiological studies that are consistent with anti-addiction efficacy. I review modern research using psilocybin in the treatment of alcohol use disorder and tobacco use disorder. Both lines of research show high success rates in preliminary studies. General anti-addiction efficacy across a variety of classes of addictive drugs is consistent with the notion that the persisting positive behavior change prompted by psychedelic therapy is due to amplification of psychotherapeutic processes. Future research should examine classic psychedelic treatment of additional substance use disorders including for opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, and cannabis, and other disorders broadly characterized as addictions (e.g., obesity, problem gambling, hypersexual disorder). Future research should also explore addiction treatments with other classic psychedelics including LSD, mescaline, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and yet-to-be-discovered compounds. Experimental research is also needed to test different protocols for the delivery of classic psychedelic therapy for addictions. Given the staggering society costs of substance use disorders, including the mortality caused by tobacco smoking, it is critical that public funding be made available for scientists to follow up on promising early findings of classic psychedelics in addiction treatment. The costs and risks of not conducting such research are too great.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_327", "pubmed_id": "35704271", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_327", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Tobacco Use Disorder, Hallucinogens, Smoking Cessation, Psilocybin, Nicotiana", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35704271\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1716, "title": "Neuroimaging Correlates of Treatment Response with Psychedelics in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging correlates of treatment response with psychedelics in major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Kuburi S, Di Passa AM, Tassone VK, Mahmood R, Lalovic A, Ladha KS, Dunlop K, Rizvi S, Demchenko I, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Preliminary evidence supports the use of psychedelics for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, less attention has been given to the neural mechanisms behind their effects. We conducted a systematic review examining the neuroimaging correlates of antidepressant response following psychedelic interventions for MDD. Through MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycINFO, 187 records were identified and 42 articles were screened. Six published studies and one conference abstract were included. Five ongoing trials were included from subjective outcomesTrials.gov. Our search covered several psychedelics, though included studies were specific to psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide. Three psilocybin studies noted amygdala activity and functional connectivity (FC) alterations that correlated with treatment response. Two psilocybin studies reported that FC changes in the medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices correlated with treatment response. Two trials from a single study reported global decreases in brain network modularity which correlated with antidepressant response. One ayahuasca study reported increased activity in the limbic regions following treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests that the default mode and limbic networks may be a target for future research on the neural mechanisms of psychedelics. More data is required to corroborate these initial findings as the evidence summarized in this review is based on four datasets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/24705470221115342", "pubmed_id": "35936944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221115342", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35936944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1561, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: What do we know about neurobiological mechanisms of action?", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for depression what do we know about neurobiological mechanisms of action", "authors": "Husain MI, Ledwos N, Fellows E, Baer J, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Castle DJ", "abstract": "Current treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) have limited efficacy and are associated with adverse effects. Recent studies investigating the antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics-also known as classic psychedelics-have promising preliminary results with large effect sizes. In this context, we conducted a review of the putative neurobiological underpinnings of the mechanism of antidepressant action of these drugs. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed to identify published articles evaluating the antidepressant mechanism of action of serotonergic psychedelics. Serotonergic psychedelics have serotonin (5HT)2A agonist or partial agonist effects. Their rapid antidepressant effects may be mediated-in part-by their potent 5HT2A agonism, leading to rapid receptor downregulation. In addition, these psychedelics impact brain derived neurotrophic factor and immunomodulatory responses, both of which may play a role in their antidepressant effect. Several neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies evaluating mechanistic change from a network perspective can help us to further understand their mechanism of action. Some, but not all, data suggest that psychedelics may exert their effects, in part, by disrupting the activity of the default mode network, which is involved in both introspection and self-referential thinking and is over-active in MDD. The mechanisms of action underlying the antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics remains an active area of research. Several competing theories are being evaluated and more research is needed to determine which ones are supported by the most robust evidence.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1076459", "pubmed_id": "36844032", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36844032/", "keywords": "LSD, ayahuasca, connectivity, depression, hallucinogen, neurobiology, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36844032\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1747, "title": "A systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine.", "normalized_title": "a systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine", "authors": "Köck P, Froelich K, Walter M, Lang U, Dürsteler KM.", "abstract": "BackgroundIboga and its primary alkaloids, ibogaine and noribogaine, have been of interest to researchers and practitioners, mainly due to their putative efficacy in treating substance use disorders (SUDs). For many SUDs, still no effective pharmacotherapies exist. Distinct psychoactive and somatic effects of the iboga alkaloids set them apart from classic hallucinogens like LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin.AimsThe study team performed this systematic review focusing on clinical data and therapeutic interventions involving ibogaine and noribogaine.MethodsThe team conducted a search for all publications up to December 7, 2020, using PubMed and Embase following PRISMA guidelines.ResultsIn total, we identified 743 records. In this review, we consider 24 studies, which included 705 individuals receiving ibogaine or noribogaine. This review includes two randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials, one double-blind controlled clinical trial, 17 open-label studies or case series (including observational or retrospective studies), three case reports, and one retrospective survey. The published data suggest that ibogaine is an effective therapeutic intervention within the context of SUDs, reducing withdrawal symptoms and craving. Data also point toward a beneficial impact on depressive and trauma-related psychological symptoms. However, studies have reported severe medical complications and deaths, which seem to be associated with neuro- and cardiotoxic effects of ibogaine. Two of these fatalities were described in the 24 studies included in this review.ConclusionTreatment of SUDs and persisting comorbidities requires innovative treatment approaches. Rapid-onset therapies such as the application of ibogaine may offer novel treatment opportunities for specific individuals. Rigorous study designs within medical settings are necessary to warrant safe application, monitoring, and, possibly, medical intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717", "pubmed_id": "35012793", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Alkaloids, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Observational Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35012793\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1817, "title": "Beating pain with psychedelics: Matter over mind?", "normalized_title": "beating pain with psychedelics matter over mind", "authors": "Elman I, Pustilnik A, Borsook D.", "abstract": "Basic pain research has shed light on key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nociceptive and phenomenological aspects of pain. Despite these advances, we still yearn for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to address the unmet needs of about 70 % of chronic neuropathic pain patients whose pain fails to respond to opioids as well as to other conventional analgesic agents. Importantly, a substantial body of clinical observations over the past decade cumulatively suggests that the psychedelic class of drugs may possess heuristic value for understanding and treating chronic pain conditions. The present review presents a theoretical framework for hitherto insufficiently understood neuroscience-based mechanisms of psychedelics' potential analgesic effects. To that end, searches of PubMed-indexed journals were performed using the following Medical Subject Headings' terms: pain, analgesia, inflammatory, brain connectivity, ketamine, psilocybin, functional imaging, and dendrites. Recursive sets of scientific and clinical evidence extracted from this literature review were summarized within the following key areas: (1) studies employing psychedelics for alleviation of physical and emotional pain; (2) potential neuro-restorative effects of psychedelics to remediate the impaired connectivity underlying the dissociation between pain-related conscious states/cognitions and the subcortical activity/function leading to the eventual chronicity through immediate and long-term effects on dentritic plasticity; (3) anti-neuroinflammatory and pro-immunomodulatory actions of psychedelics as the may pertain to the role of these factors in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain; (4) safety, legal, and ethical consideration inherent in psychedelics' pharmacotherapy. In addition to direct beneficial effects in terms of reduction of pain and suffering, psychedelics' inclusion in the analgesic armamentarium will contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights not only into pain syndromes but also into frequently comorbid psychiatric condition associated with emotional pain, e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders. Further inquiry is clearly warranted into the above areas that have potential to evolve into further elucidate the mechanisms of chronic pain and affective disorders, and lead to the development of innovative, safe, and more efficacious neurobiologically-based therapeutic approaches.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005", "pubmed_id": "34922987", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005", "keywords": "Humans, Analgesics, Analgesics, Opioid, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34922987\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1808, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression: Emerging research on a psychedelic compound with a rich history.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression emerging research on a psychedelic compound with a rich history", "authors": "Pearson C, Siegel J, Gold JA.", "abstract": "There is a serious need for novel therapies that treat individuals with depression, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). An emerging body of research has demonstrated that psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, combined with supportive psychotherapy, exert rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. The use of psychedelics is not new: they have a rich history with evidence of their use in ritual and medical settings. However, due to political, social, and cultural pressures, their use was limited until modern clinical trials began to emerge in the 2010s. This review provides a comprehensive look at the potential use of psilocybin in the treatment of depression and TRD. It includes an overview of the history, pharmacology, and proposed mechanism of psilocybin, and describes several published studies in the last decade which have provided evidence of the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for individuals with depression. It also includes a discussion of the limitations and barriers of current research on psychedelics. The results of these studies are contextualized within the current treatment landscape through an overview of the pathophysiology of depression and the treatments currently in use, as well as the clinical needs these novel therapies have the promise to fulfill.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2021.120096", "pubmed_id": "34942586", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.120096", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34942586\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1873, "title": "1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Future Approach to the Metabolic Profiling of Psychedelics in Human Biofluids?", "normalized_title": "1h nuclear magnetic resonance a future approach to the metabolic profiling of psychedelics in human biofluids", "authors": "Vilca-Melendez S, Uthaug MV, Griffin JL.", "abstract": "While psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for treating mental health disorders such as depression, further research is needed to better understand their biological effects and mechanisms of action when considering the development of future novel therapy approaches. Psychedelic research could potentially benefit from the integration of metabonomics by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy which is an analytical chemistry-based approach that can measure the breakdown of drugs into their metabolites and their metabolic consequences from various biofluids. We have performed a systematic review with the primary aim of exploring published literature where 1H NMR analysed psychedelic substances including psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), LSD derivatives, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and bufotenin. The second aim was to assess the benefits and limitations of 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics as a tool in psychedelic research and the final aim was to explore potential future directions. We found that the most current use of 1H NMR in psychedelic research has been for the structural elucidation and analytical characterisation of psychedelic molecules and that no papers used 1H NMR in the metabolic profiling of biofluids, thus exposing a current research gap and the underuse of 1H NMR. The efficacy of 1H NMR spectroscopy was also compared to mass spectrometry, where both metabonomics techniques have previously shown to be appropriate for biofluid analysis in other applications. Additionally, potential future directions for psychedelic research were identified as real-time NMR, in vivo 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 1H NMR studies of the gut microbiome. Further psychedelic studies need to be conducted that incorporate the use of 1H NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of metabolites both in the peripheral biofluids and in vivo to determine whether it will be an effective future approach for clinical and naturalistic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742856", "pubmed_id": "34966300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742856", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34966300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Metabolomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1874, "title": "A Spectrum of Selves Reinforced in Multilevel Coherence: A Contextual Behavioural Response to the Challenges of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Development.", "normalized_title": "a spectrum of selves reinforced in multilevel coherence a contextual behavioural response to the challenges of psychedelic assisted therapy development", "authors": "Whitfield HJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy research for depression and PTSD has been fast tracked in the United States with the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) granting breakthrough designations for MDMA (post-traumatic stress disorder) and psilocybin (major depressive disorder). The psychotherapeutic treatments accompanying these psychedelics have not been well-studied and remain controversial. This article reviews the challenges unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy and introduces a newly optimised psychological flexibility model that adapts Contextual Behavioural Science (CBS)/Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to those multiple challenges, including ego inflation, traumatic memories, and the perceived presence of entities. A methodology aligned with biological mechanisms, psychological processes and therapeutic contexts may be advantageous for improving outcomes. This model expands ACT by integrating practices and data from psychedelic-assisted therapy research into a Contextual Behavioural Science framework, allowing both fields to inform each other. Psychological flexibility processes are questioned and adapted to a psychedelic context, and interventions that operationalise these processes are considered. The principle through-line of the paper is to consider varied constructs of Self, as understood by these fields, and integrates respective elements of varied self-models, interventions and data into a Spectrum of Selves model for psychedelic-assisted therapy. Secondly the paper examines how to select and retain new self-perspectives and their corresponding behaviours systemically, drawing from evolutionary science principles. A case example of such behavioural reinforcement is provided, as well as a psychedelic integration checklist to guide the practical implementation of such an approach. This method can enable a coherent therapeutic framework with clear operational relationships between (1) problematic behaviour patterns that an individual wishes to address (2) the guided psychedelic experiences of that individual, and (3) the barriers to maintaining any changes, thus increasing theoretical-practical coherence, broadening treatment benefits and reducing relapse in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Research questions for further developing a CBS-consistent psychedelic-assisted therapy are offered.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572", "pubmed_id": "34950063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34950063\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200524305\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200524305\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":26,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W40126493\",\"https://openalex.org/W41739160\",\"https://openalex.org/W596458130\",\"https://openalex.org/W620866414\",\"https://openalex.org/W1579245897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002842229\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011197371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030680811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033047816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041656200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044880034\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056324512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072975230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078935007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095622390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097917677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109705747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113795688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121266378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127345956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169270823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313382114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2437324972\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2500843677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2514108040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2525190545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618615166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760068487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768561902\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790248870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794376646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796179442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801198981\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887016029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2920559226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921561928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944263526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985188679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999728538\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003368154\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014277121\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018943978\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025361548\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084039345\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100714436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139397908\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177511739\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193503966\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207814356\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213373621\",\"https://openalex.org/W4233475842\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4250467785\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297677430\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386218079\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388055659\",\"https://openalex.org/W6601615983\",\"https://openalex.org/W6698631054\",\"https://openalex.org/W6804083353\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109831612\",\"display_name\":\"Henry J. Whitfield\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4200524305" }, { "id": 5032, "title": "P.0729 Highlights of psychedelic history and current research on psilocybin application for treatment of depression - a comprehensive literature review", "normalized_title": "p 0729 highlights of psychedelic history and current research on psilocybin application for treatment of depression a comprehensive literature review", "authors": "Sara Penedos, Caio Freitas Ramos, María José López Miguel, Márcio José Martins Alves, Luciana Campos Paulino, Adriano Valério S. Azevêdo, M. Magalhães, L. Moreno, N. Ribeiro, Inês Fonseca, Ana Margarida Romão Franco, Luís Madruga, A. Gamito", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.797", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.797", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Anorexia nervosa, Psychology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Eating disorders, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:58", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200007802\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200007802\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083222535\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Penedos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110579190\",\"display_name\":\"Caio Freitas Ramos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110827741\",\"display_name\":\"María José López Miguel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042484784\",\"display_name\":\"Márcio José Martins Alves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-4338\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030060528\",\"display_name\":\"Luciana Campos Paulino\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-5236\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112719935\",\"display_name\":\"Adriano Valério S. Azevêdo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081163504\",\"display_name\":\"M. Magalhães\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2218-8493\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111421995\",\"display_name\":\"L. Moreno\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070677892\",\"display_name\":\"N. Ribeiro\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-498X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040643475\",\"display_name\":\"Inês Fonseca\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6777-069X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083355508\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Margarida Romão Franco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-0599\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110752961\",\"display_name\":\"Luís Madruga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107932784\",\"display_name\":\"A. Gamito\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.797\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4200007802" }, { "id": 1875, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder (PsiDeR): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder psider protocol for a randomised placebo controlled feasibility trial", "authors": "Rucker J, Jafari H, Mantingh T, Bird C, Modlin NL, Knight G, Reinholdt F, Day C, Carter B, Young A.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin-assisted therapy may be a new treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), with encouraging data from pilot trials. In this trial (short name: PsiDeR) we aimed to test the feasibility of a parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled design. The primary outcomes in this trial are measures of feasibility: recruitment rates, dropout rates and the variance of the primary outcome measure of depression.Methods and analysisWe are recruiting up to 60 participants at a single centre in London, UK who are unresponsive to, or intolerant of, at least two evidence-based treatments for MDD. Participants are randomised to receive a single dosing session of 25 mg psilocybin or a placebo. All participants receive a package of psychological therapy. The primary outcome measure for depression is the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale collected by blinded, independent raters. The primary endpoint is at 3 weeks, and the total follow-up is 6 weeks. With further informed consent, this study collects neuroimaging and omics data for mechanism and biomarker analyses and offers participants an open label extension consisting of a further, open label dose of 25 mg of psilocybin.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial has been authorised by the National Research Ethics Committee (20-LO/0206), Health Research Authority (252750) and Medicine's and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (CTA14523/0284/001-0001) in the UK. Dissemination of results will occur via a peer-reviewed publication and other relevant media.Trial registration numbersEUDRACT2018-003573-97; NCT04959253.", "journal": "BMJ Open", "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056091", "pubmed_id": "34853114", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056091", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34853114\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3215511316\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3215511316\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":23,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987450364\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990166011\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026718830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043705607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069138677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096230543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100494938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114613490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129576675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170036462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312475727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W6606356782\",\"https://openalex.org/W6647103571\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103008102\",\"display_name\":\"Hassan Jafari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-6419\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005981632\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Mantingh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-6388\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033191459\",\"display_name\":\"Catherine Bird\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-6931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037169539\",\"display_name\":\"Nadav Liam Modlin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-4354\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015494091\",\"display_name\":\"Gemma Knight\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082252502\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick Reinholdt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109366794\",\"display_name\":\"Camilla Day\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046465972\",\"display_name\":\"Ben Carter\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-8865\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058414502\",\"display_name\":\"Allan H. Young\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-6952\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S79054089\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056091\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3215511316" }, { "id": 1749, "title": "Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action.", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into psychedelic drug action", "authors": "Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Roth BL.", "abstract": "A confluence of factors has renewed interest in the scientific understanding and translational potential of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin: the desire for additional approaches to mental health care, incremental progress in basic and clinical research, and the reconsideration and relaxation of existing drug policies. With the United States Food and Drug Administration's designation of psilocybin as a \"Breakthrough Therapy\" for treatment-resistant depression, a new path has been forged for the conveyance of psychedelics to the clinic. Essential to the further development of such applications, however, is a clearer understanding of how these drugs exert their effects at the molecular level. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the molecular details of psychedelic drug actions and suggest that these discoveries can facilitate new insights into their hallucinogenic and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15540", "pubmed_id": "34797943", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15540", "keywords": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34797943\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1882, "title": "Psilocybin, a Naturally Occurring Indoleamine Compound, Could Be Useful to Prevent Suicidal Behaviors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a naturally occurring indoleamine compound could be useful to prevent suicidal behaviors", "authors": "Strumila R, Nobile B, Korsakova L, Lengvenyte A, Olie E, Lopez-Castroman J, Guillaume S, Courtet P.", "abstract": "The available interventions for people who are at risk of suicide have limited efficacy. Recently, research on new mental health treatments has started to consider psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin, a molecule with a few thousand years of history of use in human societies. The possible effects of psilocybin on suicidal ideation and behaviors have not been specifically studied yet; however, the current knowledge on the suicidal process and the available data on es/ketamine suggest that psylocibin could be used to modulate the thoughts and behavioral patterns in individuals who are at risk of suicidal behaviors. Here, we summarize the available evidence on the possible mechanisms underlying psilocybin positive effects on suicide risk. Major pathways related to suicidal behaviors that might be modulated by psylocibin include serotonin receptors. Specifically, psylocibin directly stimulates the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2A), targeting the inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and leading to a rapid increase in brain plasticity and inflammation suppression and increases in cognitive flexibility, spirituality, and empathy. We also present preliminary epidemiological data and provide a rationale for studying psilocybin in individuals with suicidal ideation or who are at risk of suicidal behaviors. This review presents a framework to understand the basis for psilocybin use in individuals who are at risk of suicidal behaviors and calls for clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14121213", "pubmed_id": "34959614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121213", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34959614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1856, "title": "Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for the treatment of depression anxiety and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness a systematic review", "authors": "Schimmers N, Breeksema JJ, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart J, van den Brink W, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "BackgroundTerminally ill patients may experience existential distress, depression, or anxiety, limiting quality of life in the final stage. Existing psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions have (time) limited efficacy. Psychedelic treatment may be a safe and effective alternative treatment option.AimSystematically review studies on psychedelic treatment with and without psychotherapy for existential distress, depression, and anxiety in terminally ill patients.MethodsMedline, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched for original-data studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress with classical or a-typical psychedelics in patients with a terminal illness, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsA total of 1850 records were screened, and 33 articles were included in this review: 14 studies on classical psychedelics (DPT, LSD, and psilocybin) and 19 studies on atypical psychedelics (MDMA and ketamine). Results of early pre-post studies are promising but have serious methodological flaws. Recent (controlled) trials with LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are of higher methodological quality and indicate positive effects on existential and spiritual well-being, quality of life, acceptance, and reduction of anxiety and depression with few adverse and no serious adverse effects.ConclusionsBoth classical and a-typical psychedelics are promising treatment options in patients with terminal illness. To draw final conclusions on effectiveness and safety of psychedelics, we need larger high-quality studies for classical psychedelics and MDMA. Ketamine studies should pay more attention to existential dimensions of well-being and the psychotherapeutic context of the treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y", "pubmed_id": "34812901", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34812901\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1858, "title": "Molecular Mechanisms of Psilocybin and Implications for the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "molecular mechanisms of psilocybin and implications for the treatment of depression", "authors": "Ling S, Ceban F, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Teopiz KM, Rodrigues NB, Lipsitz O, Gill H, Subramaniapillai M, Mansur RB, Lin K, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, Castle D, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "Therapeutic deficiencies with monoaminergic antidepressants invites the need to identify and develop novel rapid-acting antidepressants. Hitherto, ketamine and esketamine are identified as safe, well-tolerated rapid-acting antidepressants in adults with treatment-resistant depression, and also mitigate measures of suicidality. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid and non-selective agonist at many serotonin receptors, especially at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, and is found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. Preliminary studies with psilocybin have shown therapeutic promise across diverse populations including major depressive disorder. The pharmacodynamic mechanisms mediating the antidepressant and psychedelic effects of psilocybin are currently unknown but are thought to involve the modulation of the serotonergic system, primarily through agonism at the 5-HT2A receptors and downstream changes in gene expression. It is also established that indirect effects on dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are contributory, as well as effects at other lower affinity targets. Along with the direct effects on neurochemical systems, psilocybin alters neural circuitry and key brain regions previously implicated in depression, including the default mode network and amygdala. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current understanding of the receptor pharmacology and neuronal mechanisms underlying the psychedelic and putative antidepressant properties of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y", "pubmed_id": "34791625", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34791625\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1750, "title": "From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.", "normalized_title": "from psychiatry to neurology psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders", "authors": "Kozlowska U, Nichols C, Wiatr K, Figiel M.", "abstract": "The studies of psychedelics, especially psychedelic tryptamines like psilocybin, are rapidly gaining interest in neuroscience research. Much of this interest stems from recent clinical studies demonstrating that they have a unique ability to improve the debilitating symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) long-term after only a single treatment. Indeed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently designated two Phase III clinical trials studying the ability of psilocybin to treat forms of MDD with \"Breakthrough Therapy\" status. If successful, the use of psychedelics to treat psychiatric diseases like depression would be revolutionary. As more evidence appears in the scientific literature to support their use in psychiatry to treat MDD on and substance use disorders (SUD), recent studies with rodents revealed that their therapeutic effects might extend beyond treating MDD and SUD. For example, psychedelics may have efficacy in the treatment and prevention of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Preclinical work has highlighted psychedelics' ability to induce neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. Psychedelics may also act as immunomodulators by reducing levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Their exact molecular mechanisms, and induction of cellular interactions, especially between neural and glial cells, leading to therapeutic efficacy, remain to be determined. In this review, we discuss recent findings and information on how psychedelics may act therapeutically on cells within the central nervous system (CNS) during brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15509", "pubmed_id": "34519052", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15509", "keywords": "Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Neurology, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34519052\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3806, "title": "Psychedelics and Mindfulness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mindfulness a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Radakovic C, Radakovic R, Peryer G, Geere J.", "abstract": "Background and Aims: The benefits of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) are becoming more widely known with the resurgence in research in the past decade. Furthermore, the benefits of mindfulness are well documented. However, no systematic reviews have examined linkage of mindfulness and psychedelics use. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the link between psychedelics and characteristics of mindfulness. Methods: We conducted a systematic search across multiple databases, inclusive of grey literature and backwards/forward-citation tracking, on the 18 January 2021. The search strategy included terms relating to mindfulness and psychedelics, with no restriction on clinical or non-clinical conditions. Study quality was assessed. An exploratory random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on pre-post mindfulness data relative to psychedelic ingestion. Results: Of 1805 studies screened, 13 were included in the systematic review. There was substantial variability in participant characteristics, psychedelic administration method and measurement of mindfulness. The ingestion of psychedelics is associated with an increase in mindfulness, specifically relating to domains of acceptance, which encompasses non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity. The meta-analysis of a subset of studies (N=6) showed small effects overall relative to ayahuasca ingestion, increasing mindfulness facets of non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity, as well as acting with awareness. Conclusions: Further methodologically robust research is needed to elucidate the relationship between psychedelics and mindfulness. However, mindfulness and specific facets relating to acceptance have been shown to increase following ingestion of psychedelics in a number of studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-10-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/yu7jf", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yu7jf", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR406297\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3394, "title": "Psychedelics and Mindfulness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mindfulness a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Aims: The benefits of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) are becoming more widely known with the resurgence in research in the past decade. Furthermore, the benefits of mindfulness are well documented. However, no systematic reviews have examined linkage of mindfulness and psychedelics use. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the link between psychedelics and characteristics of mindfulness. Methods: We conducted a systematic search across multiple databases, inclusive of grey literature and backwards/forward-citation tracking, on the 18 January 2021. The search strategy included terms relating to mindfulness and psychedelics, with no restriction on clinical or non-clinical conditions. Study quality was assessed. An exploratory random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on pre-post mindfulness data relative to psychedelic ingestion. Results: Of 1805 studies screened, 13 were included in the systematic review. There was substantial variability in participant characteristics, psychedelic administration method and measurement of mindfulness. The ingestion of psychedelics is associated with an increase in mindfulness, specifically relating to domains of acceptance, which encompasses non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity. The meta-analysis of a subset of studies (N=6) showed small effects overall relative to ayahuasca ingestion, increasing mindfulness facets of non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity, as well as acting with awareness. Conclusions: Further methodologically robust research is needed to elucidate the relationship between psychedelics and mindfulness. However, mindfulness and specific facets relating to acceptance have been shown to increase following ingestion of psychedelics in a number of studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-10-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yu7jf_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, meta-analysis, mindfulness, psychedelics, systematic review, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology, other, Clinical Psychology, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"yu7jf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1899, "title": "Psilocybin for End-of-Life Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for end of life anxiety symptoms a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yu CL, Yang FC, Yang SN, Tseng PT, Stubbs B, Yeh TC, Hsu CW, Li DJ, Liang CS.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo systematically examine the effectiveness and tolerability of psilocybin for treating end-of-life anxiety symptoms.MethodsThe Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO databases were searched up to November 25, 2020. We enrolled clinical trials investigating psilocybin for treating end-of-life anxiety symptoms. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model.ResultsOverall, five studies were included, revealing that psilocybin was superior to the placebo in treating state anxiety at 1 day (Hedges' g, -0.70; 95% confidence interval, -1.01 to -0.39) and 2 weeks (-1.03; -1.47 to -0.60) after treatment. Psilocybin was more effective than placebo in treating trait anxiety at 1 day (-0.71; -1.15 to -0.26), 2 weeks (-1.08; -1.80 to -0.36), and 6 months (-0.84; -1.37 to -0.30) after treatment. Psilocybin was associated with transient elevation in systolic (19.00; 13.58-24.41 mm Hg) and diastolic (8.66; 5.18-12.15 mm Hg) blood pressure compared with placebo. The differences between psilocybin and placebo groups with regard to allcause discontinuation, serious adverse events, and heart rates were nonsignificant.ConclusionPsilocybin-assisted therapy could ameliorate end-of-life anxiety symptoms without serious adverse events. Because of the small sample sizes of the included studies and high heterogeneity on long-term outcomes, future randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes are needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.30773/pi.2021.0209", "pubmed_id": "34619818", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0209", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34619818\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1862, "title": "United States National Institutes of Health grant funding for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials from 2006-2020.", "normalized_title": "united states national institutes of health grant funding for psychedelic assisted therapy clinical trials from 2006 2020", "authors": "Barnett BS, Parker SE, Weleff J.", "abstract": "BackgroundMedicine is currently experiencing a \"psychedelic renaissance\", said by many to have commenced in 2006. Since then, clinical trials have consistently demonstrated promising findings for psychedelic-assisted therapies in the treatment of various mental health conditions and addictions. While most of this work has been privately funded, governmental biomedical research funding bodies in countries such as Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom have begun supporting it. Given that the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest public funder of biomedical research in the world, it is important to understand the degree to which the organization is supporting clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies. We are unaware of existing literature quantifying direct NIH grant support for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials, so we sought to answer this important question by searching all NIH grants awarded since the beginning of the psychedelic renaissance.MethodsWe queried NIH RePORTER, NIH's grant database, for grants awarded from 2006-2020 mentioning the psychedelics 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, lysergic acid (LSD), mescaline, peyote, and psilocybin. We manually reviewed resulting grants to determine whether they directly funded psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials.ResultsWe identified zero NIH grants directly funding psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials during the study period.ConclusionWhile governmental biomedical research funding bodies in other countries have begun funding clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies during the psychedelic renaissance, NIH has yet to directly fund a single psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trial. Concerns about risks related to psychedelics, a federal law preventing promotion of legalization of Schedule 1 drugs, and prioritization of grants for other types of studies on psychedelics may explain the dearth of NIH funding for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103473", "pubmed_id": "34624734", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103473", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34624734\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3203419443" }, { "id": 1903, "title": "The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies.", "normalized_title": "the effects of tryptamine psychedelics in the brain a meta analysis of functional and review of molecular imaging studies", "authors": "Castelhano J, Lima G, Teixeira M, Soares C, Pais M, Castelo-Branco M.", "abstract": "There is an increasing interest in the neural effects of psychoactive drugs, in particular tryptamine psychedelics, which has been incremented by the proposal that they have potential therapeutic benefits, based on their molecular mimicry of serotonin. It is widely believed that they act mainly through 5HT2A receptors but their effects on neural activation of distinct brain systems are not fully understood. We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of brain imaging studies to investigate the effects of substances within this class (e.g., LSD, Psilocybin, DMT, Ayahuasca) in the brain from a molecular and functional point of view. We investigated the question whether the changes in activation patterns and connectivity map into regions with larger 5HT1A/5HT2A receptor binding, as expected from indolaemine hallucinogens (in spite of the often reported emphasis only on 5HT2AR). We did indeed find that regions with changed connectivity and/or activation patterns match regions with high density of 5HT2A receptors, namely visual BA19, visual fusiform regions in BA37, dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and regions involved in theory of mind such as the surpramarginal gyrus, and temporal cortex (rich in 5HT1A receptors). However, we also found relevant patterns in other brain regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, many of the above-mentioned regions also have a significant density of both 5HT1A/5HT2A receptors, and available PET studies on the effects of psychedelics on receptor occupancy are still quite scarce, precluding a metanalytic approach. Finally, we found a robust neuromodulatory effect in the right amygdala. In sum, the available evidence points towards strong neuromodulatory effects of tryptamine psychedelics in key brain regions involved in mental imagery, theory of mind and affective regulation, pointing to potential therapeutic applications of this class of substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.739053", "pubmed_id": "34658876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.739053", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34658876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1904, "title": "Rediscovering Psilocybin as an Antidepressive Treatment Strategy.", "normalized_title": "rediscovering psilocybin as an antidepressive treatment strategy", "authors": "Zeiss R, Gahr M, Graf H.", "abstract": "There has recently been a renewal of interest in psychedelic research on the use of psilocybin in psychiatric treatment and, in particular, for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Several state-of-the-art studies have provided new insight into the mechanisms of action of psilocybin and its therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered. With this review, we provide an overview of the current state of research on the potential mechanisms of psilocybin, its antidepressant potential, and the associated risks and adverse effects, to provide an update on a controversial topic discussed in psychopharmacology. A database search was conducted in Medline including articles on psilocybin over the period of the last 20 years. Despite the promising progress in understanding the mechanisms of psilocybin, the exact antidepressive mechanism and the role of the psychedelic experience remain elusive. The studies included in this review found high treatment effect sizes for psilocybin as an antidepressant. However, the results must be regarded as preliminary due to several limitations. Although the current studies observed no severe adverse events, several questions regarding safety and utility remain and must be subject of future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14100985", "pubmed_id": "34681209", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14100985", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34681209\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1890, "title": "Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics", "authors": "Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG.", "abstract": "The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting neuroplasticity as a convergent downstream mechanism of action for these novel fast-acting antidepressants. Through their primary glutamate or serotonin receptor targets, ketamine and psychedelics [psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)] induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. These include increased glutamate release, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling, expression of synaptic proteins, and synaptogenesis. Such influences may facilitate adaptive rewiring of pathological neurocircuitry, thus providing a neuroplasticity-focused framework to explain the robust and sustained therapeutic effects of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003", "pubmed_id": "34565579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34565579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1863, "title": "Dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression a preliminary systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Li NX, Hu YR, Chen WN, Zhang B.", "abstract": "BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that psilocybin has antidepressant effects. In the current study, we aim to explore the dose effects of psilocybin on primary (major depression patients) and secondary depression (depressed cancer patients).MethodsPublished studies concerning psilocybin for depression were retrieved. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, 6 databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov 2.3 and WanFang database) were searched for research studies published or still in progress from inception to 30 November, 2020, with language restricted to English and Chinese. Hedges' g of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score changes was calculated as the primary outcome.Results7 articles were finally included, with a total of 136 participants. In terms of efficacy, Hedges' g was 1.289 (95%CI=[1.020, 1.558], heterogeneity I2=50.995%, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.041", "pubmed_id": "34587546", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.041", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34587546\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1906, "title": "Neuropsychological Functioning in Users of Serotonergic Psychedelics - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "neuropsychological functioning in users of serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Basedow LA, Riemer TG, Reiche S, Kreutz R, Majić T.", "abstract": "Background: Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) like LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline are a heterogeneous group of substances that share agonism at 5-HT2a receptors. Besides the ability of these substances to facilitate profoundly altered states of consciousness, persisting psychological effects have been reported after single administrations, which outlast the acute psychedelic effects. In this review and meta-analysis, we investigated if repeated SP use associates with a characteristic neuropsychological profile indicating persisting effects on neuropsychological function. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the neuropsychological performance in SP users, searching studies in Medline, Web of Science, embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EudraCT. Studies were included if they reported at least one neuropsychological measurement in users of SPs. Studies comparing SP users and non-users that reported mean scores and standard deviations were included in an exploratory meta-analysis. Results: 13 studies (N = 539) published between 1969 and 2020 were included in this systematic review. Overall, we found that only three SPs were specifically investigated: ayahuasca (6 studies, n = 343), LSD (5 studies, n = 135), and peyote (1 study, n = 61). However, heterogeneity of the methodological quality was high across studies, with matching problems representing the most important limitation. Across all SPs, no uniform pattern of neuropsychological impairment was identified. Rather, the individual SPs seemed to be associated with distinct neuropsychological profiles. For instance, one study (n = 42) found LSD users to perform worse in trials A and B of the Trail-Making task, whereas meta-analytic assessment (5 studies, n = 352) of eleven individual neuropsychological measures indicated a better performance of ayahuasca users in the Stroop incongruent task (p = 0.03) and no differences in the others (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of the included studies were not completely successful in controlling for confounders such as differences in non-psychedelic substance use between SP-users and non-users. Our analysis suggests that LSD, ayahuasca and peyote may have different neuropsychological consequences associated with their use. While LSD users showed reduced executive functioning and peyote users showed no differences across domains, there is some evidence that ayahuasca use is associated with increased executive functioning.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.739966", "pubmed_id": "34603053", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.739966", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34603053\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1864, "title": "Assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Leger RF, Unterwald EM.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassical psychedelics are a group of drugs which act as agonists on the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Evidence suggests they may have a uniquely rapid and enduring positive effect on mood. However, marked heterogeneity between methodological designs in this emerging field remains a significant concern.AimsTo determine how differences in the type of psychedelic agent used and the number of dosing sessions administered affect subjects' depression and anxiety outcomes and adverse drug reactions (ADR).MethodsThis review collected and screened 1591 records from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for clinical trials reporting objective data on mood for subjects with a known anxiety or depression.ResultsAfter screening, nine clinical trials met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of these studies showed significant, large positive effect sizes for measures of anxiety (Cohen's d = 1.26) and depression (Cohen's d = 1.38) overall. These positive effects were also significant at acute (⩽1 week) and extended (>1 week) time points. No significant differences were observed between trials using different psychedelic agents (psilocybin, ayahuasca or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), however, a significant difference was observed in favour of trials with multiple dosing sessions. No serious ADR were reported.ConclusionPsilocybin, ayahuasca and LSD all appear to be effective and relatively safe agents capable of producing rapid and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression. Moreover, the findings of the present analysis suggest that they may show a greater efficacy when given to patients over multiple sessions as compared to the more common single session used in many of the existing trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-13", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211044688", "pubmed_id": "34519567", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211044688", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34519567\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1908, "title": "Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and neuroplasticity a systematic review unraveling the biological underpinnings of psychedelics", "authors": "de Vos CMH, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Clinical studies suggest the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, DMT, psilocybin, and LSD, in stress-related disorders. These substances induce cognitive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects suggested to arise from biological changes similar to conventional antidepressants or the rapid-acting substance ketamine. The proposed route is by inducing brain neuroplasticity. This review attempts to summarize the evidence that psychedelics induce neuroplasticity by focusing on psychedelics' cellular and molecular neuroplasticity effects after single and repeated administration. When behavioral parameters are encountered in the selected studies, the biological pathways will be linked to the behavioral effects. Additionally, knowledge gaps in the underlying biology of clinical outcomes of psychedelics are highlighted. The literature searched yielded 344 results. Title and abstract screening reduced the sample to 35; eight were included from other sources, and full-text screening resulted in the final selection of 16 preclinical and four clinical studies. Studies (n = 20) show that a single administration of a psychedelic produces rapid changes in plasticity mechanisms on a molecular, neuronal, synaptic, and dendritic level. The expression of plasticity-related genes and proteins, including Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), is changed after a single administration of psychedelics, resulting in changed neuroplasticity. The latter included more dendritic complexity, which outlasted the acute effects of the psychedelic. Repeated administration of a psychedelic directly stimulated neurogenesis and increased BDNF mRNA levels up to a month after treatment. Findings from the current review demonstrate that psychedelics induce molecular and cellular adaptations related to neuroplasticity and suggest those run parallel to the clinical effects of psychedelics, potentially underlying them. Future (pre)clinical research might focus on deciphering the specific cellular mechanism activated by different psychedelics and related to long-term clinical and biological effects to increase our understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606", "pubmed_id": "34566723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34566723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1707, "title": "The Role of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy to Support Patients With Cancer: A Critical Scoping Review of the Research.", "normalized_title": "the role of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy to support patients with cancer a critical scoping review of the research", "authors": "Lehto RH, Miller M, Sender J.", "abstract": "Treatments for addressing psychiatric mental health issues in vulnerable patients with cancer are established. Yet, many patients persist with unrelenting psychological difficulties despite intervention. There is growing interest in the role of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for managing treatment-resistant mental health challenges in patients with cancer. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring compound derived from certain mushroom species that can induce entheogenic experiences or an altered state of consciousness. Reed's Self-Transcendence Theory provides a holistic lens to examine existential concerns and mental health in individuals who perceive their illness as potentially life threatening, such as those with cancer. This scoping literature review used Arksey and O'Malley's template to evaluate research examining psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for patients with cancer. Eight articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria (four quantitative, two mixed methods, and two qualitative). Review findings indicated that the majority of patient experiences were positive, centering on themes of death acceptance, reflection, and broadened spirituality. Although psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is in early stages of clinical testing, it thus shows promise for carefully screened patients with cancer who have persistent existential suffering. It will be critical for investigators to tailor this emerging intervention to select patients and for clinicians to be engaged in assessment of outcomes and efficacy.", "journal": "Journal of Holistic Nursing", "publication_date": "2021-09-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/08980101211039086", "pubmed_id": "34482761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211039086", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Anxiety, Mental Health, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34482761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3196833323\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3196833323\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":16,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2075950485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087067461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095390460\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122501115\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559733313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2576440140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772914282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784340661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796179442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801451373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805842227\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809775049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891378911\",\"https://openalex.org/W2915669688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2947055958\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971571970\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008649055\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046533638\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090986803\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118857539\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146073933\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159796563\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160306775\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077995544\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca H. Lehto\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5091-8408\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074398567\",\"display_name\":\"Megan E. Miller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7345-1687\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037720833\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica Sender\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S112732038\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Holistic Nursing\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211039086\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Consciousness,Aging,Spirituality,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3196833323" }, { "id": 1910, "title": "Treatment-Resistant Depression: Approaches to Treatment.", "normalized_title": "treatment resistant depression approaches to treatment", "authors": "Kverno KS, Mangano E.", "abstract": "Approximately 30% of people treated for a major depressive episode will not achieve remission after two or more treatment trials of first-line antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Because the odds of remission decrease with every subsequent medication trial, it is important for clinicians to understand the characteristics and risk factors for TRD, subtypes of major depressive disorder that are more likely to be less responsive to first-line anti-depressants, and the available treatment options. In the current article, we review the approved treatments for TRD, including esketamine, and the evidence for psilocybin and pramipexole. Although limited in specificity, guidelines to help prescribers identify person-centered treatments for TRD are available. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(9), 7-11.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3928/02793695-20210816-01", "pubmed_id": "34459676", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20210816-01", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Therapy, Combination, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34459676\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1915, "title": "Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy SD, Forsyth A, Lumley T.", "abstract": "Introduction: There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat several mental health disorders, with a growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) being conducted to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics.Areas covered: We review previous literature on expectancy effects and blinding in the context of psychedelic RCTs - literature which strongly suggest that psychedelic RCTs might be confounded by de-blinding and expectancy. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs using Medline, PsychInfo and EMBASE (Jan 1990 - Nov 2020) and show that currently reported psychedelic RCTs have generally not reported pre-trial expectancy, nor the success of blinding procedures.Expert opinion: While psychedelic RCTs have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported, we argue that treatment effect sizes in psychedelic RCTs are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy. We suggest that psychedelic RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy. Careful attention should be paid to clinical trial design and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be reduced, estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-25", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434", "pubmed_id": "34038314", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34038314\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2128, "title": "Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and Opportunities.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and consciousness distinctions demarcations and opportunities", "authors": "Yaden DB, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Doss MK, Garcia-Romeu A, Nayak S, Gukasyan N, Mathur BN, Barrett FS", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances produce unusual and compelling changes in conscious experience that have prompted some to propose that psychedelics may provide unique insights explaining the nature of consciousness. At present, psychedelics, like other current scientific tools and methods, seem unlikely to provide information relevant to the so-called \"hard problem of consciousness,\" which involves explaining how first-person experience can emerge. However, psychedelics bear on multiple \"easy problems of consciousness,\" which involve relations between subjectivity, brain function, and behavior. In this review, we discuss common meanings of the term \"consciousness\" when used with regard to psychedelics and consider some models of the effects of psychedelics on the brain that have also been associated with explanatory claims about consciousness. We conclude by calling for epistemic humility regarding the potential for psychedelic research to aid in explaining the hard problem of consciousness while pointing to ways in which psychedelics may advance the study of many specific aspects of consciousness.", "journal": "The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-08-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyab026", "pubmed_id": "33987652", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33987652/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, LSD, consciousness, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33987652\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5070, "title": "Use of alternative therapy with Psilocybin in oncologic patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders - integrative review", "normalized_title": "use of alternative therapy with psilocybin in oncologic patients with depression and or anxiety disorders integrative review", "authors": "Frederico Marques Silveira, Amanda Pereira Mendes, Mayara Rodrigues dos Santos, Júlia Ramos Cerchi, IRIS TIYONO TAVARES UMEDA, Breno Basílio de Melo, Luiza Elena Casaburi, Mateus Nóbrega Oliveira, Douglas Reis Abdalla", "abstract": "Cancer is not limited to the physical dimension, but it also affects the entire biopsychosocial context in which the patient is inserted, making him more susceptible to psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. These often require pharmacological intervention, and the use of psilocybin, a substance found in mushroom species, is one of the alternatives considered today. The present study aims to carry out an integrative review regarding the use of alternative therapies, in this case Psilocybin, in cancer patients suffering from anxiety and / or depression disorders. The type of study carried out was an integrative literature review, which was based on a bibliographic survey of texts published between 2010 and 2021 on the PubMed platform. This survey took place between December 2020 and February 2021, with a review of three articles in total. Studies show a potential new line of alternative treatment for anxiety and depression in cancer patients, the use of psilocybin. The treatment is done quickly, sustained and lasting, in conjunction with psychotherapy there is improvement in a single dose. All the studies analyzed so far have been shown to be effective for the treatment of anxiety and depression in cancer patients. With this, psilocybin can be an alternative therapy for those patients in psychological distress due to cancer, especially for those who did not obtain a satisfactory response with the use of conventional treatment, allowing that in the future the substance may become a definitive therapeutic modality for patients in psychological distress due to cancer.", "journal": "Research Society and Development", "publication_date": "2021-08-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19297", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19297", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anxiety, Context (archaeology), Distress, Biopsychosocial model, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Psychotherapist, Medicine, Cancer, Clinical psychology, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Biology, Paleontology, Economics, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Psychology and Mental Health, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3194848852\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3194848852\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1592279624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038128888\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041463522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042255925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056028845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113373290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122350434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336678555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567872373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2614248382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2800292783\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232276401\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391891557\",\"https://openalex.org/W6637505585\",\"https://openalex.org/W6677121699\",\"https://openalex.org/W6739316299\",\"https://openalex.org/W6751091382\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082988482\",\"display_name\":\"Frederico Marques Silveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-6677\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089339506\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Pereira Mendes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-1928\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006257671\",\"display_name\":\"Mayara Rodrigues dos Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-7302\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080203780\",\"display_name\":\"Júlia Ramos Cerchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-6008\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031727940\",\"display_name\":\"IRIS TIYONO TAVARES UMEDA\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-8890\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036552890\",\"display_name\":\"Breno Basílio de Melo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-2760\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018563811\",\"display_name\":\"Luiza Elena Casaburi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8722-1372\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083154800\",\"display_name\":\"Mateus Nóbrega Oliveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6765-3167\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031557327\",\"display_name\":\"Douglas Reis Abdalla\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-1201\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2739064124\",\"source_display_name\":\"Research Society and Development\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19297\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Review Article,Observational Study,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3194848852" }, { "id": 3395, "title": "Therapeutic interventions for PTSD - current evidence on the the role of psychedelics", "normalized_title": "therapeutic interventions for ptsd current evidence on the the role of psychedelics", "authors": "Figueiredo I, Viegas F, Ferreira F, Santos A, Ramos J, Miranda J.", "abstract": "Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the existence of evidence-based treatment options. Psychotherapy is the designated first line treatment for PTSD, although high rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidity are observed among patients who have undergone treatment. The psychoactive properties of psychedelics may be of particular interest within a substance-assisted psychotherapy approach, offering new treatment opportunities for this debilitating disorder. Objectives Review current evidence, therapeutic context, and possible mechanisms of action of different types of psychedelics in the treatment of PTSD. Methods Literature review using Medline database. Results 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy appears to be a potentially safe, effective, and durable treatment for individuals with treatment-refractory PTSD. Based on a small number of studies, ketamine administration appears to result in temporary symptom relief and may, in combination with psychotherapy, lead to lasting reductions in PTSD symptoms. Although these have not yet been investigated in controlled studies, it is known that psilocybin and LSD induce psychoactive effects that could as well contribute to the psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD. Conclusions The use of psychedelic compounds within a substance-assisted psychotherapy framework offers a novel method for pharmacotherapy-psychotherapy integration, although there is still much to learn from both a clinical and neurobiological perspective. It is necessary to generate more data regarding the safety and efficacy of psychedelics, in addition to research on cost-effectiveness, its use in mental health care infrastructure and also regarding the training of specialized therapists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9475922", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9475922\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3371, "title": "Psychedelics and psychiatric disorders: A emerging role", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and psychiatric disorders a emerging role", "authors": "Peixoto C, Santos F, Rego D, Medeiros H.", "abstract": "Introduction Recently there has been renewal in interest of psychedelic research. Classic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and mescaline act pharmacologically as agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor. The entactogens like methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), acts as a serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline agonist. All of these drugs are potential candidates in the treatment of multiple psychiatric illnesses. Objectives The authors intend to review the literature on the clinical application of psychedelic drugs in psychiatric disorders. Methods Non-systematic review of the literature. Results In recent clinical trial the psychedelic is given with psychotherapeutic input. In a supportive setting, psychedelics produced immediate and significant anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects that were endured for several months. Randomized clinical trials support the efficace of psilocybin in the treatment of depression and those with anxiety and depression symptoms provoked by life-threatening cancer. There have also been studies showing efficacy in both alcohol and tobacco dependence. When administered safely LSD can reduce anxiety and have anti-addictive property. Randomized clinical trials support the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of PTSD. Psychedelics were well-tolerated, few adverse effects have been reported. The most common adverse effects were transient anxiety, short-lived headaches, nausea and mild increases in heart rate and blood pressure, with no persisting adverse effects. Serious adverse events, such as persistent psychosis and suicidality, have not been demonstrated. Conclusions Psychedelics appear to be effective in multiple psychiatric disorders and are well-tolerated, although further evidence is required, to better see they therapeutic potential. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9470409", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9470409\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3346, "title": "Treating addiction with psychedelics - are we waking up?", "normalized_title": "treating addiction with psychedelics are we waking up", "authors": "Miranda J, Barbosa M, Figueiredo I, Mota P, Tarelho A.", "abstract": "Introduction Classic psychedelics have been administered in sacramental contexts since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s to 1960s, but the association between classic psychedelics and the emerging counterculture put an end to their research. Modern research with classic psychedelics has reinitiated interest in the treatment of both cancer-related distress and addiction, with really promising results. Objectives We aim to provide a review about history and new insights regarding research with psychedelics specially as treatment of addictive disorders. Methods A framing analysis of articles, searched on Pubmed (articles between 2010-2020) with the key words: “ psychedelics”, “psilocybin”, “substance use disorder”, “addiction”. Results Classic psychedelics are 5HT2AR agonists such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. They were shown to occasion mystical experiences, which are experiences reported throughout different cultures and religions involving a strong sense of unity. These experiences are scientifically important because they appear to cause abrupt and sustained changes in behavior and perception, that can be very useful in the substance use disorder field. From this analysis is possible to understand that the use of psychadelics in the treatment of some addictions is currently at an early stage of research. However, they show interesting results with no clinically significant adverse events when risk individuals are excluded. Conclusions In comparison to psychedelic research about cancer-related psychological distress, studies with addictions are less developed, but if they continue to suggest safety and efficacy, may be the use of psilocybin for the treatment of specific addiction can happen in a close future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9480123", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9480123\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3339, "title": "Psychedelics: A new era of treatment?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics a new era of treatment", "authors": "Torres S.", "abstract": "Introduction Psychedelics - including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin, DMT (N, N-dimethyltryptamine), ayahuasca and mescaline - have an ancient history across various civilizations. In 1950, after LSD’s discovery by Hofmann, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychiatry, before prohibitive legislature emerging in response to the recreational use in the mid-1960s. However, the last decade has witnessed a renewed scientific interest in psychedelics - a phenomenon referred to as the ‘Psychedelic Renaissance’. Objectives Review the pharmacology of psychedelic drugs and the latest evidence of its therapeutic potentials in anxiety, mood and addictive disorders. Methods Literature review performed on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords “psychedelics”, “hallucinogens”, “d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)”, “psilocybin”, “ayahuasca”, “mescaline”, “DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)”. Results The psychedelics or “classic hallucinogens” can be subdivided into three sub-classes: the plant-derived tryptamines (psilocybin and ibogaine) and phenethylamines (mescaline), and the semisynthetic ergolines (LSD). The therapeutic potentials are mediated by an agonist action on 5-HT2A receptors expressed in frontal and paralimbic structures involved in mood and emotion regulation, introspection, interoception and self-consciousness. Stimulation of 5-HT2ARincreases the glutamatergic tone and neuroplasticity and is accompanied by reduced amygdala activity, reducing anxiety. Experimental, open-label, and RCTs showed anxiolytic, antidepressive, and antiaddictive effects with psychedelics. As examples, psilocybin and LSD reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients and symptoms of alcohol and tobacco dependence, and ayahuasca reduced depression in treatment-resistant depression. Conclusions Despite the promising effects of psychedelics on anxiety, depression and addiction, the evidence is still preliminary, waiting for long-term studies with bigger samples. Conflict of interest No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9475866", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9475866\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3211, "title": "Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin assisted therapy on treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Fraga A, Esteves-Sousa D, Facucho-Oliveira J, Albuquerque M, Costa M, Dos Santos P, Moura N, Moutinho A.", "abstract": "Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with MDD fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel antidepressants with rapid and sustained effects on mood and cognition could represent a breakthrough in the TRD and may potentially improve or save lives. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, more commonly found in the Psilocybe mushrooms has a combined serotonergic and glutamatergic action. The preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy indicates the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a novel antidepressant intervention. Objectives The authors elaborate a narrative literature review about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. Methods PubMed database searched using the terms “Treatment-Resistant Depression AND Psilocybin” and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with TRD and showed that two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support significantly reduces depressive symptoms. All patients presented some reduction in symptoms from baseline to one week after the second dose and reproduced immediate and substantial improvements in depression that ultimately could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusions Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin’s mechanisms of actions and effects. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9480034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9480034\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3156, "title": "Psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do we know so far?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder what do we know so far", "authors": "Descalço N, Medeiros A, Santos C, Borges G.", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is a naturally occurring plant alkaloid in mushrooms and a prodrug of psilocin. It is a serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) agonist and known psychedelic, with similar hallucinatory properties to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It has been identified as a safe and effective option in treatment-resistant depression. Literature focus mainly on its use on depressive but its interest in other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has grown. Objectives To review the clinical evidence for the use of hallucinogens such as psilocybin in OCD. Methods Non-systematic review of literature found on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using the keywords “obsessive-compulsive disorder”, “psilocybin” and “hallucinogens”. Articles may include clinical trials, case report or case series. Articles found were admitted according to their relevance for the topic in review; only articles in English were included. Ongoing research trials on this topic were checked on ClinicalTrials.gov. Results So far, only one open-label non-randomized study directly assessed the effects of psilocybin on OCD patients that found acute reductions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Case reports of patients improving with off-label use of psilocybin are reported. There are two ongoing phase I research trials, aiming to explore the effect of the substance on symptomatology, hypothesizing that psilocybin will normalize cerebral connectivity and thus correlate with clinical improvement. Conclusions More research to establish the usefulness of psilocybin in OCD patients is needed; the collected data is encouraging are there may be a role for its use on this disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9476072", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9476072\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2132, "title": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin and Dimethyltryptamine in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine in depression treatment a systematic review", "authors": "Więckiewicz G, Stokłosa I, Piegza M, Gorczyca P, Pudlo R.", "abstract": "Despite many different kinds of substances available for depression treatment, depression itself still appears to be a clinical challenge. Recently, formerly illicit substances came to scientists' attention, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Some studies suggest that these substances might be effective in depression treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of LSD, psilocybin and DMT in depression treatment in the light of current medical literature. The authors followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for this systematic review. The authors searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant publications. Finally, 10 papers were included. Most of the selected studies showed significant correlation between psilocybin and DMT use and reduction in depression symptom intensity. By analyzing qualified studies, it can be concluded that psilocybin and DMT could be useful in depression treatment, but further observations are still required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-11", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14080793", "pubmed_id": "34451890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080793", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34451890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2136, "title": "Pharmacologic Similarities and Differences Among Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "pharmacologic similarities and differences among hallucinogens", "authors": "Waters K.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens constitute a unique class of substances that cause changes in the user's thoughts, perceptions, and mood through various mechanisms of action. Although the serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine have been termed the classical hallucinogens, many hallucinogens elicit their actions through other mechanisms such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism, opioid receptor agonism, or inhibition of the reuptake of monoamines including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The aim of this article is to compare the pharmacologic similarities and differences among substances within the hallucinogen class and their impact on physical and psychiatric effects. Potential toxicities, including life-threatening and long-term effects, will be reviewed.", "journal": "The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-07-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/jcph.1917", "pubmed_id": "34396556", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1917", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Biogenic Monoamines, Tryptamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Opioid, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34396556\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Waters\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-1018\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S146237847\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1917\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3195506672" }, { "id": 2139, "title": "The Potential Role of Serotonergic Hallucinogens in Depression Treatment.", "normalized_title": "the potential role of serotonergic hallucinogens in depression treatment", "authors": "Psiuk D, Nowak E, Cholewa K, Łopuszańska U, Samardakiewicz M.", "abstract": "Due to an increasing number of depression diagnoses and limited effective treatments, researchers continue to explore novel therapeutic strategies for this disorder. Recently, interest has revolved around the use of serotonergic psychedelics to reduce the symptoms of depression. In this systematic review, we summarize the currently available knowledge on the safety and efficacy of psychedelic substances for the treatment of depression. A literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database identified 14 clinical trials from the last 10 years that examined the use of psilocybin, MDMA, DMT, or LSD for the treatment of depression symptoms. Some psychedelics, especially psilocybin, demonstrated an ability to reduce depressive symptoms as measured by several psychological scales, which was often sustained for months after the last psychedelic session. Moreover, one study revealed that psilocybin has comparable efficacy to escitalopram in the treatment of depression. None of the studies reported any serious adverse events associated with psychedelic administration. The reviewed studies suggest that psychedelics have great potential in depression therapy and, after addressing and overcoming the current study limitations, may be used as a novel method of treating depression in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/life11080765", "pubmed_id": "34440508", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080765", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34440508\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1878, "title": "Classic psychedelics in the treatment of substance use disorder: Potential synergies with twelve-step programs.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in the treatment of substance use disorder potential synergies with twelve step programs", "authors": "Yaden DB, Berghella AP, Regier PS, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson MW, Hendricks PS.", "abstract": "Several pilot studies have provided evidence supporting the potential of classic psychedelics like psilocybin in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). If larger trials confirm efficacy, classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may eventually be integrated into existing addiction treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, and medication-assisted therapies. Many individuals seeking treatment for SUDs also join twelve-step facilitation (TSF) programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which are among the most widely available and accessed treatments for alcohol use disorder worldwide. For such individuals, engaging in classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy could be seen as controversial, as members of AA/TSF programs have historically rejected medication-assisted treatments in favor of a pharmacotherapy-free approach. We argue that classic psychedelics and the subjective experiences they elicit may represent a special, more compatible case than conventional medications. In support of this claim, we describe Bill Wilson's (the founder of AA) little known experiences with psychedelics and on this basis, we argue that aspects of classic psychedelic treatments could complement AA/TSF programs. We provide a review of clinical trials evaluating psychedelics in the context of SUDs and discuss their potential large-scale impact should they be ultimately integrated into AA/TSF.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103380", "pubmed_id": "34329952", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103380", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34329952\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1879, "title": "Systematized Review of Psychotherapeutic Components of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "systematized review of psychotherapeutic components of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Horton DM, Morrison B, Schmidt J.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis systematized review sought to fill a gap in psilocybin research by investigating the structure and format of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), with a focus on the counseling components of the treatment.MethodsA systematized review of PAP was conducted by using the PubMed and PsycInfo databases to search for peer-reviewed studies of human clinical trials, published within the past 25 years, in which psilocybin was administered with psychological support in a clinical setting.ResultsEleven articles matched the criteria necessary for inclusion in this review. PAP was found to consist of three stages: pretreatment sessions to prepare participants for psilocybin, treatment sessions in which psilocybin was administered, and posttreatment sessions to integrate the experience with daily life. Conventional psychotherapy was primarily seen in the pre- and posttreatment sessions. Psychotherapies included in PAP differed among studies, but most often included music therapy and a nondirective supportive approach to treatment.ConclusionsThis systematized review found important commonalities among clinical trials of PAP published within the past 25 years and revealed key differences among studies in psychotherapy's incorporation into PAP. Additional research is needed to identify the unique effect of psychotherapy in PAP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200055", "pubmed_id": "34293927", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200055", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34293927\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3786, "title": "Psychedelic Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "McCartney A, McGovern H, De Foe A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effects on mood and cognition. The current body of psychedelic research has focused on administration and treatment within a psychiatric context. Here, instead, we put to the test the contention that it is necessary to evaluate the current state of this literature from a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Examining these arguably neglected social and psychological aspects of psychedelic treatment can provide a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the interconnected domains. This review of six major clinical trials applies a biopsychosocial model to evaluate the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine assisted therapy. We conclude that combination psychedelic treatment and psychotherapy facilitate more enduring and profound antidepressant effects than produced by ketamine or psilocybin alone. Emphasising the advantages of therapeutic intervention will encourage those who may attempt to self-medicate with psychedelics to instead seek a framework of psychological support, minimising associated risks of unregulated use.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/9kuhs", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9kuhs", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR363034\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3336, "title": "Psychedelic Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effects on mood and cognition. The current body of psychedelic research has focused on administration and treatment within a psychiatric context. Here, instead, we put to the test the contention that it is necessary to evaluate the current state of this literature from a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Examining these arguably neglected social and psychological aspects of psychedelic treatment can provide a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the interconnected domains. This review of six major clinical trials applies a biopsychosocial model to evaluate the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine assisted therapy. We conclude that combination psychedelic treatment and psychotherapy facilitate more enduring and profound antidepressant effects than produced by ketamine or psilocybin alone. Emphasising the advantages of therapeutic intervention will encourage those who may attempt to self-medicate with psychedelics to instead seek a framework of psychological support, minimising associated risks of unregulated use.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/9kuhs_v1", "keywords": "depression, ketamine, major depressive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Intervention Research, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"9kuhs_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3208, "title": "Psilocybin: the magic medicine for depression?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin the magic medicine for depression", "authors": "Corrigan A, Burchill E, Pelton L, Marrocu A, Mazzoleni A, Shackshaft L.", "abstract": "Aims Depression is the single largest contributor to global disability. However, effective treatments are currently lacking, resulting in a significant burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, found as the active compound in 'magic mushrooms', has been proposed as a novel therapeutic avenue for TRD. We aimed to evaluate the future feasibility and implications of psilocybin as a new antidepressant therapy. Method We reviewed and critically analysed the available literature on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin as a treatment for depression, and the potential pharmacological and psychological mechanisms of the therapeutic benefit. We discussed the relative contributions to this therapeutic effect of the pharmacological drug treatment, placebo effects, and the context and parameters of the psychotherapeutic experience. We reviewed legal, social, and economic barriers to primary research and clinical implementation. Result Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy has been shown to be safe and effective in TRD. Its mechanism of action in TRD has not been fully elucidated, however reviewing functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated disparate short and long-term modifications of default mode network connectivity, suggested to represent a ‘reset’ mechanism of acute modular disintegration and subsequent reintegration which restores normal function, reviving emotional responsiveness. Research suggests psychedelic treatment induces lasting personality, belief and attitude changes. The psychedelic drug itself, the context of the psychotherapeutic experience, and the post-drug integration therapy all appear to have a significant role. Preparation prior to treatment, the environment, context and support during the psychedelic experience itself, and the following long-term integration and support process must be considered. Despite novel findings Psilocybin is a Schedule I drug; this imposes a persisting ethical barrier to clinical use. Prohibition of psilocybin results in high costs of drug supply, and potential for harmful drug-seeking behaviours. Therefore, complex socio-political factors currently limit wider implementation. Conclusion Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy is safe and effective in TRD. The interacting and elusive therapeutic mechanisms have implications for clinical implementation. Preparation prior to treatment, the physical and social environment in which the psychedelic experience takes place, and long-term integration and support are considered to play a significant role. Optimisation of these parameters and cost-benefit analyses are required prior to this being feasible as a widely available therapy. Systemic legislative, political and social change will also be key to enable widespread clinical use. The promise of this therapy on a background of inadequate current antidepressant treatments indicates these must be a priority.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8770735", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC8770735\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3400, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss M, Deco G, Carhart-Harris R, Rosas F, Preller K, Ramaekers J, Mason N, Müller F, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR355494\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1743, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/64kyg_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, DMT, entropy, fMRI, LSD, neuroimaging, neuroscience, psilocybin, psychedelic, replication, resting-state, review, Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"64kyg_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5087, "title": "Psilocybin: the magic medicine for depression?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin the magic medicine for depression", "authors": "Amber Elyse Corrigan, Ella Burchill, Lucy Pelton, Alessia Marrocu, Adele Mazzoleni, Lydia Shackshaft", "abstract": "Aims Depression is the single largest contributor to global disability. However, effective treatments are currently lacking, resulting in a significant burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, found as the active compound in 'magic mushrooms', has been proposed as a novel therapeutic avenue for TRD. We aimed to evaluate the future feasibility and implications of psilocybin as a new antidepressant therapy. Method We reviewed and critically analysed the available literature on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin as a treatment for depression, and the potential pharmacological and psychological mechanisms of the therapeutic benefit. We discussed the relative contributions to this therapeutic effect of the pharmacological drug treatment, placebo effects, and the context and parameters of the psychotherapeutic experience. We reviewed legal, social, and economic barriers to primary research and clinical implementation. Result Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy has been shown to be safe and effective in TRD. Its mechanism of action in TRD has not been fully elucidated, however reviewing functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated disparate short and long-term modifications of default mode network connectivity, suggested to represent a ‘reset’ mechanism of acute modular disintegration and subsequent reintegration which restores normal function, reviving emotional responsiveness. Research suggests psychedelic treatment induces lasting personality, belief and attitude changes. The psychedelic drug itself, the context of the psychotherapeutic experience, and the post-drug integration therapy all appear to have a significant role. Preparation prior to treatment, the environment, context and support during the psychedelic experience itself, and the following long-term integration and support process must be considered. Despite novel findings Psilocybin is a Schedule I drug; this imposes a persisting ethical barrier to clinical use. Prohibition of psilocybin results in high costs of drug supply, and potential for harmful drug-seeking behaviours. Therefore, complex socio-political factors currently limit wider implementation. Conclusion Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy is safe and effective in TRD. The interacting and elusive therapeutic mechanisms have implications for clinical implementation. Preparation prior to treatment, the physical and social environment in which the psychedelic experience takes place, and long-term integration and support are considered to play a significant role. Optimisation of these parameters and cost-benefit analyses are required prior to this being feasible as a widely available therapy. Systemic legislative, political and social change will also be key to enable widespread clinical use. The promise of this therapy on a background of inadequate current antidepressant treatments indicates these must be a priority.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2021-05-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2021.456", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.456", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Context (archaeology), Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Paleontology, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3173209673\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3173209673\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031805082\",\"display_name\":\"Amber Elyse Corrigan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0636-0114\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004172567\",\"display_name\":\"Ella Burchill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-8844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007359388\",\"display_name\":\"Lucy Pelton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023201944\",\"display_name\":\"Alessia Marrocu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-4870\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015600435\",\"display_name\":\"Adele Mazzoleni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-105X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033009428\",\"display_name\":\"Lydia Shackshaft\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-0488\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.456\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3173209673" }, { "id": 3385, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, or Substance Use Disorders", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder anxiety disorders mood disorders or substance use disorders", "authors": "Chao YS, Horton J.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens include many different drugs, which are often called “psychedelic” drugs. The US National Institute on Drug Abuse categorizes these drugs into 2 categories: classic hallucinogens and dissociative drugs. Both types of psychedelics can lead to hallucinations - sensations and images that seem real although they are imaginary. In addition, an individual using dissociative drugs can feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Classic serotonergic psychedelics act primarily by a complete or partial agonist action on brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors. Examples of classic psychedelics are LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and ayahuasca (also identified as N,N- dimethyltryptamine [DMT]). Examples of dissociative drugs are phencyclidine, ketamine, dextromethorphan, and Salvia (Salvia divinorum). Psychedelics were tested for clinical use prior to the 1960s. However, methodological issues in clinical trials and political concerns have prevented the use of psychedelics in mainstream medicine. In 2010, it was reported that psychedelics were used by more than 30 million consumers in the US. Clinically, researchers acknowledge psychedelics as a potential effective drug for mental health conditions. Researchers and clinicians are testing the clinical effectiveness of psychedelics for mental illness treatment due to the improvement in research methods that reduce ethical and methodological concerns toward psychedelic trials. The wider application of psychedelics has also been motivated by a perceived lack of innovation in mental illness treatment. The number of new molecular entities for psychiatric conditions approved by the US FDA decreased from 13 in 1996 to 1 in 2016. One example of the psychedelics adopted for treatment is ketamine (not used in combination with psychotherapies) that has been used for the treatment of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as reviewed in 2 CADTH reports. Other psychedelics, such as psilocybin and ayahuasca are increasingly being tested for their efficacy in treating mental illnesses. In addition to their use as stand-alone agents, psychedelics can be used in combination with psychotherapy (i.e., psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy). There are a wide variety of psychotherapies that may be used for the treatment of mental health conditions, including guided support that helps patients focus inward on their thoughts and better facilitate participant introspection and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) that combines different types of cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is often led by licensed professionals with training in administering psychedelics and monitoring their use. Psychedelics may work by altering a patient’s consciousness. They may also affect a patient’s subjective perspectives and approaches to processing thoughts, emotions, and behaviours, thereby providing an alternative therapeutic experience to psychotherapy alone. While psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has been recently tried in patients with anxiety, depression, substance use disorder, and PTSD, some researchers consider the treatment response to be unsatisfactory in patients with mood disorder. This report aims to summarize the clinical effectiveness and safety of psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, or substance use disorders, in addition to clinical guidelines for the use of psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": "Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa (ON)", "publication_date": "2021-05-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "36170470", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36170470", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36170470\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa (ON)\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2152, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin", "authors": "Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Valentine H, Grant J, Ali A, Ngwa W, Gordon L.", "abstract": "The psychedelic effects of some plants and fungi have been known and deliberately exploited by humans for thousands of years. Fungi, particularly mushrooms, are the principal source of naturally occurring psychedelics. The mushroom extract, psilocybin has historically been used as a psychedelic agent for religious and spiritual ceremonies, as well as a therapeutic option for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelic use was largely associated with the \"hippie\" counterculture movement, which, in turn, resulted in a growing, and still lingering, negative stigmatization for psychedelics. As a result, in 1970, the U.S. government rescheduled psychedelics as Schedule 1 drugs, ultimately ending scientific research on psychedelics. This prohibition on psychedelic drug research significantly delayed advances in medical knowledge on the therapeutic uses of agents such as psilocybin. A2004 pilot study from the University of California, Los Angeles, exploring the potential of psilocybin treatment in patients with advanced-stage cancer managed to reignite interest and significantly renewed efforts in psilocybin research, heralding a new age in exploration for psychedelic therapy. Since then, significant advances have been made in characterizing the chemical properties of psilocybin as well as its therapeutic uses. This review will explore the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatry-related conditions, examining recent advances as well as current research. This is not a systematic review.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/molecules26102948", "pubmed_id": "34063505", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102948", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Molecular Structure, Biomedical Research, Clinical Studies as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34063505\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3805, "title": "New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: an integrative review", "normalized_title": "new insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances an integrative review", "authors": "Forstmann M, Sagioglou C.", "abstract": "After decades of stagnancy, research on psychedelic substances (such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short and long term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological wellbeing as well as changes in personality, nature relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics, and conclude with a brief summary and outlook.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2489x", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2489x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR336905\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3393, "title": "New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: an integrative review", "normalized_title": "new insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances an integrative review", "authors": "", "abstract": "After decades of stagnancy, research on psychedelic substances (such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short and long term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological wellbeing as well as changes in personality, nature relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics, and conclude with a brief summary and outlook.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2489x_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, clinical application, DMT, drugs, LSD, mental health, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoactive substances, psychopharmacology, review, social health, well-being, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Social and Personality Psychology, Psychology, other, Health Psychology, Social health, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"2489x_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5093, "title": "A utilização terapêutica da psilocibina como coadjuvante no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior: uma revisão narrativa de literatura / The therapeutic use of psilocybin as an adjunct in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a narrative literature review", "normalized_title": "a utilização terapêutica da psilocibina como coadjuvante no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior uma revisão narrativa de literatura the therapeutic use of psilocybin as an adjunct in the treatment of major depressive disorder a narrative literature review", "authors": "Fabiana Venancio Santana Silva, Alexandre Libanio Silva Reis, Amanda Prazeres Costa, Maria Carolaine Souza da Silva, Rafaela da Conceição de Lemos, Elisângela Marcionilo Da Conceição, Joyce Kelly Soares da Silva, Carlos Alberto Tiburcio Valeriano, David Filipe de Santana", "abstract": "Dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) informam que a depressão circunda entre as doenças mais incapacitantes do mundo, estimando-se que mais de 300 milhões de pessoas sofram com esta patologia. A psilocibina é um princípio ativo extraído do cogumelo do gênero Psilocybe de natureza química semelhante ao neurotransmissor serotonina (5- hidroxitriptamina) e a sua ação fisiológica em humanos deve-se à sua ligação primária aos receptores serotonérgicos cerebrais de maneira agonista, promovendo maior absorção de serotonina na fenda sináptica, sendo o receptor 5-HT2A o de maior afinidade. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão narrativa de literatura (RNL) e possui como objetivo promover o conhecimento científico acerca da psilocibina tendo em vista o seu potencial terapêutico sobre o transtorno depressivo maior, pois a depressão também está relacionada ao hipofuncionamento bioquímico da atividade de neurotransmissores entre eles a noradrenalina, dopamina e serotonina (5-hidroxitriptamina) e quando uma ou mais destas substâncias não se encontram em quantidade suficiente na fenda sináptica, os hormônios causadores de emoções como alegria, euforia e bem estar não são produzidos pelo sistema nervoso, podendo assim se iniciar os sinais e sintomas da depressão. Logo, a importância de programas como este em faculdades e universidades faz-se necessário para que mais pesquisas sejam desenvolvidas e estimuladas nesta área.", "journal": "Brazilian Journal of Health Review", "publication_date": "2021-05-02", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.34119/bjhrv4n3-012", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n3-012", "keywords": "Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Psychology and Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3164004836\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3164004836\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049808073\",\"display_name\":\"Fabiana Venancio Santana Silva\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084240116\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandre Libanio Silva Reis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-2311\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005118266\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Prazeres Costa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005968220\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Carolaine Souza da Silva\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025226599\",\"display_name\":\"Rafaela da Conceição de Lemos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034763912\",\"display_name\":\"Elisângela Marcionilo Da Conceição\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019390566\",\"display_name\":\"Joyce Kelly Soares da Silva\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012495725\",\"display_name\":\"Carlos Alberto Tiburcio Valeriano\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-3372\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071810090\",\"display_name\":\"David Filipe de Santana\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210177346\",\"source_display_name\":\"Brazilian Journal of Health Review\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n3-012\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3164004836" }, { "id": 2157, "title": "Clinical and biological predictors of psychedelic response in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "clinical and biological predictors of psychedelic response in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Romeo B, Hermand M, Pétillion A, Karila L, Benyamina A", "abstract": "The use of psychedelic treatments has shown very promising results in some psychiatric and addictive disorders, but not all patients achieved a response. The aim of this review is to explore the clinical and biological factors which could predict the response to psychedelics in psychiatric and addictive disorders. A systematic research was performed on MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of science, and Scopus databases from January 1990 to May 2020. All studies investigating the predictive factors of response to psychedelics regardless of psychiatric or addictive disorders, were included. Twenty studies investigating addictive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with life-threatening cancer were included in this review. We found that, in all indications, the main predictive factor of response to psychedelics is the intensity of the acute psychedelic experience. Indeed, we found this factor for alcohol and tobacco use disorders, treatment-resistant depression, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with life-threatening cancer, but not for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The intensity of the acute psychedelic experience was the main predicting factor of response. The action mechanism of this experience was not clear, but some hypotheses could be made, such as a modulation of serotoninergic system by 5-HT2A receptors agonism, a modulation of the default mode network (DMN) with an acute modular disintegration of the DMN followed by a re-integration of this network with a normal functioning, or an anti-inflammatory effect of this treatment.", "journal": "Journal of psychiatric research", "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.002", "pubmed_id": "33730602", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33730602/", "keywords": "Addictive disorders, Ayahuasca, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychiatric disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33730602\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2154, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma for the treatment of trauma related psychopathology", "authors": "Bird CIV, Modlin NL, Rucker JJH.", "abstract": "This review examines the role of trauma in psychiatric morbidity and analogous psychoneurobiological changes. Trauma is a necessary criterion for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), however, trauma history is highly correlated with a variety of psychiatric conditions. Some evidence suggests that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric condition that arises following trauma. Approximately 50% of PTSD cases present with co-morbid MDD. Overlapping symptomatology and neurobiology between these conditions underlie the debate over whether these phenomena result from problematic nosology or whether comorbid MDD + PTSD is a distinct phenotype of trauma-related psychopathology. Regardless, similar treatment approaches have been employed historically, with varying success. The drug-assisted psychotherapy treatment model, which combines pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches, is currently being trialled as a novel treatment approach in psychiatry. Both psilocybin- and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy have received Food and Drug Administration 'breakthrough therapy' designation for the treatment of resistant MDD and PTSD, respectively. This paper reviews the therapeutic rationale of both psilocybin and MDMA for treating both trauma-related MDD and PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062", "pubmed_id": "34121583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Treatment Outcome, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34121583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2163, "title": "Molecular and Functional Imaging Studies of Psychedelic Drug Action in Animals and Humans.", "normalized_title": "molecular and functional imaging studies of psychedelic drug action in animals and humans", "authors": "Cumming P, Scheidegger M, Dornbierer D, Palner M, Quednow BB, Martin-Soelch C.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens are a loosely defined group of compounds including LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamines, mescaline, psilocybin/psilocin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methamphetamine (DOM), which can evoke intense visual and emotional experiences. We are witnessing a renaissance of research interest in hallucinogens, driven by increasing awareness of their psychotherapeutic potential. As such, we now present a narrative review of the literature on hallucinogen binding in vitro and ex vivo, and the various molecular imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). In general, molecular imaging can depict the uptake and binding distribution of labelled hallucinogenic compounds or their congeners in the brain, as was shown in an early PET study with N1-([11C]-methyl)-2-bromo-LSD ([11C]-MBL); displacement with the non-radioactive competitor ketanserin confirmed that the majority of [11C]-MBL specific binding was to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. However, interactions at serotonin 5HT1A and other classes of receptors and pleotropic effects on second messenger pathways may contribute to the particular experiential phenomenologies of LSD and other hallucinogenic compounds. Other salient aspects of hallucinogen action include permeability to the blood-brain barrier, the rates of metabolism and elimination, and the formation of active metabolites. Despite the maturation of radiochemistry and molecular imaging in recent years, there has been only a handful of PET or SPECT studies of radiolabeled hallucinogens, most recently using the 5-HT2A/2C agonist N-(2[11CH3O]-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy- 4-bromophenethylamine ([11C]Cimbi-36). In addition to PET studies of target engagement at neuroreceptors and transporters, there is a small number of studies on the effects of hallucinogenic compounds on cerebral perfusion ([15O]-water) or metabolism ([18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose/FDG). There remains considerable scope for basic imaging research on the sites of interaction of hallucinogens and their cerebrometabolic effects; we expect that hybrid imaging with PET in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) should provide especially useful for the next phase of this research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/molecules26092451", "pubmed_id": "33922330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092451", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Carrier Proteins, Hallucinogens, Positron-Emission Tomography, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Drug Monitoring, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Energy Metabolism, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Molecular Imaging, Biomarkers, Clinical Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33922330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2138, "title": "[Efficacy of psychedelics in psychiatry, a systematic review of the literature].", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psychedelics in psychiatry a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Berkovitch L, Roméo B, Karila L, Gaillard R, Benyamina A.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPsychedelics are powerful psychoactive substances. Natural psychedelics have been used for millennia by human civilizations, in particular in Latin America, while synthetic psychedelics were discovered in the 50s, giving rise to a lot of research before they were prohibited. More recently, their therapeutic properties have been studied especially to help patients with psychiatric conditions, psychological distress or substance use disorders. This article is a systematic review of the literature which aims to provide an overview of all studies that assessed the efficacy of psychedelics, i.e. psilocybin, ayahuasca and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), on psychiatric diseases and addictions.MethodsWe conducted this literature review following the PRISMA recommendations. MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from January 1990 to May 2020 with the following keywords \"(ayahuasca OR psilocybin OR lysergic acid diethylamide) AND (depression OR anxiety OR major depressive disorder OR bipolar disorder OR anxiety disorder OR substance use disorder OR dependence)\".ResultsTwenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Five articles studied psychedelic efficacy in the treatment of life-threatening diseases related to anxiety and depression: four were randomized controlled crossover trials (three with psilocybin for a total of 92 patients, and one with LSD, n=12), and one was a long-term follow-up study. Eleven articles explored the efficacy of psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive episodes: two were open-labeled trials (one with ayahuasca, n=17, one with psilocybin, n=20), one was a randomized controlled trial using ayahuasca against placebo (n=29), and the others were long-term follow-up studies or assessed more precise dimensions of the depressive disorder, such as suicidality, emotion processing or personality traits. Eight articles studied the efficacy of psychedelics in the treatment of addictions: two were open-labeled studies using psilocybin (one in alcohol use disorder, n=10, and one in tobacco use disorder, n=15), and the others were long-term follow-up studies or retrospective observational descriptive studies on alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabis, and psychostimulants. One study explored the efficacy of psilocybin in obsessional-compulsive disorder (n=9). Overall, these studies found a quick and important response after psychedelic administration that lasted for several months, even after a single dose. However most of these studies were descriptive or open-label studies conducted on small size samples. No severe adverse events occurred.ConclusionsPsychedelics are promising treatments for anxiety, depression and addiction, their efficacy is quick and sustainable, and they are well tolerated. These effects need to be confirmed in larger studies and compared to standard care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2020.12.002", "pubmed_id": "33888297", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.12.002", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Psychiatry, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33888297\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3255, "title": "Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Review of the Research Literature and Published Case Studies", "normalized_title": "evaluating the risk of psilocybin for the treatment of bipolar depression a review of the research literature and published case studies", "authors": "Gard DE, Pleet MM, Bradley ER, Penn A, Gallenstein ML, Riley LS, DellaCrosse M, Garfinkle E, Michalak EE, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of depression, leading to recent breakthrough status designation by the FDA and legalization for mental health treatment in some jurisdictions. Depression in bipolar disorder is associated with significant morbidity and has few effective treatments. However, there is little available scientific data on the risk of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder have been excluded from modern clinical trials, out of understandable concerns of activating mania or worsening the illness course. As psilocybin becomes more available, people with these disorders will likely seek psilocybin treatment for depression and have likely already been doing so in unregulated settings. Our goal here is to summarize the known risks of psilocybin use (and similar substances) in bipolar disorder and to systematically evaluate examples of published case history data, in order to critically evaluate the relative risk of psilocybin as a treatment for bipolar depression. We found 17 cases suggesting that there is potential risk for activating a manic episode, thereby warranting caution. Nonetheless, the relative lack of systematic data or common case examples indicating risk appears to show that a cautious trial, using modern trial methods focusing on appropriate ‘set’ and ‘setting’, targeted at those lowest at risk for mania in the bipolar spectrum (e.g., bipolar 2 disorder), is very much needed, especially given the degree to which depression impacts this population.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-04-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.04.02.21254838", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.02.21254838", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR308148\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5113, "title": "Psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do we know so far?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder what do we know so far", "authors": "Nelson Descalço, Ana Beatriz Medeiros, Cátia Fernandes Santos, Guilherme Borges", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is a naturally occurring plant alkaloid in mushrooms and a prodrug of psilocin. It is a serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) agonist and known psychedelic, with similar hallucinatory properties to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It has been identified as a safe and effective option in treatment-resistant depression. Literature focus mainly on its use on depressive but its interest in other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has grown. Objectives To review the clinical evidence for the use of hallucinogens such as psilocybin in OCD. Methods Non-systematic review of literature found on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using the keywords “obsessive-compulsive disorder”, “psilocybin” and “hallucinogens”. Articles may include clinical trials, case report or case series. Articles found were admitted according to their relevance for the topic in review; only articles in English were included. Ongoing research trials on this topic were checked on ClinicalTrials.gov. Results So far, only one open-label non-randomized study directly assessed the effects of psilocybin on OCD patients that found acute reductions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Case reports of patients improving with off-label use of psilocybin are reported. There are two ongoing phase I research trials, aiming to explore the effect of the substance on symptomatology, hypothesizing that psilocybin will normalize cerebral connectivity and thus correlate with clinical improvement. Conclusions More research to establish the usefulness of psilocybin in OCD patients is needed; the collected data is encouraging are there may be a role for its use on this disorder.", "journal": "European Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1114", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1114", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Obsessive compulsive, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4212954018\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4212954018\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041784838\",\"display_name\":\"Nelson Descalço\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-5768\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064152910\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Beatriz Medeiros\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-5611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017783395\",\"display_name\":\"Cátia Fernandes Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0574-0123\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027957855\",\"display_name\":\"Guilherme Borges\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3269-0507\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S87202501\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1114\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4212954018" }, { "id": 5112, "title": "Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin assisted therapy on treatment resistant depression", "authors": "A. Fraga, Daniel Esteves-Sousa, João Facucho-Oliveira, Margarida Albuquerque, M. Costa, Paulo Santos, Nuno Moura, A. Moutinho", "abstract": "Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with MDD fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel antidepressants with rapid and sustained effects on mood and cognition could represent a breakthrough in the TRD and may potentially improve or save lives. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, more commonly found in the Psilocybe mushrooms has a combined serotonergic and glutamatergic action. The preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy indicates the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a novel antidepressant intervention. Objectives The authors elaborate a narrative literature review about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. Methods PubMed database searched using the terms “Treatment-Resistant Depression AND Psilocybin” and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with TRD and showed that two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support significantly reduces depressive symptoms. All patients presented some reduction in symptoms from baseline to one week after the second dose and reproduced immediate and substantial improvements in depression that ultimately could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusions Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin’s mechanisms of actions and effects. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": "European Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Treatment-resistant depression, Hallucinogen, Antidepressant, Depression (economics), Psychology, Psychiatry, Serotonergic, Mood, Obsessive compulsive, Clinical psychology, Major depressive disorder, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Internal medicine, Anxiety, Serotonin, Economics, Macroeconomics, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3212256162\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3212256162\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052285132\",\"display_name\":\"A. Fraga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032989537\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Esteves-Sousa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033862913\",\"display_name\":\"João Facucho-Oliveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-7915\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027164298\",\"display_name\":\"Margarida Albuquerque\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3668-8444\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"M. Costa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075303101\",\"display_name\":\"Paulo Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-3447\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027654106\",\"display_name\":\"Nuno Moura\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6024-7791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113724831\",\"display_name\":\"A. Moutinho\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S87202501\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3212256162" }, { "id": 2173, "title": "On the Relationship between Classic Psychedelics and Suicidality: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "on the relationship between classic psychedelics and suicidality a systematic review", "authors": "Zeifman RJ, Singhal N, Breslow L, Weissman CR.", "abstract": "Use of classic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide) is increasing, and psychedelic therapy is receiving growing attention as a novel mental health intervention. Suicidality remains a potential safety concern associated with classic psychedelics and is, concurrently, a mental health concern that psychedelic therapy may show promise in targeting. Accordingly, further understanding of the relationship between classic psychedelics and suicidality is needed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the relationship between classic psychedelics (both non-clinical psychedelic use and psychedelic therapy) and suicidality. We identified a total of 64 articles, including 41 articles on the association between non-clinical classic psychedelic use and suicidality and 23 articles on the effects of psychedelic therapy on suicidality. Findings on the association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and suicidality were mixed, with studies finding positive, negative, and no significant association. A small number of reports of suicide and decreased suicidality following non-clinical classic psychedelic use were identified. Several cases of suicide in early psychedelic therapy were identified; however, it was unclear whether this was due to psychedelic therapy itself. In recent psychedelic therapy clinical trials, we found no reports of increased suicidality and preliminary evidence for acute and sustained decreases in suicidality following treatment. We identify some remaining questions and provide suggestions for future research on the association between classic psychedelics and suicidality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.1c00024", "pubmed_id": "33860173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00024", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33860173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3804, "title": "Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials", "normalized_title": "blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomised controlled trials", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy S, Forsyth A, Lumley T.", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat a number of mental health disorders. To gain evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics, a number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted using the traditional RCT framework and these trials have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported. However, in this paper we argue that estimation of treatment effect sizes in psychedelic clinical trials are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy generated by RCT trial contingencies. The degree of over-estimation is at present difficult to estimate. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs and show that currently reported RCTs have failed to measure and report expectancy and malicious de-blinding. In order to overcome these confounds we argue that RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy and that careful attention should be paid to the clinical trial design used and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/q2hzm", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q2hzm", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR322173\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3390, "title": "Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials", "normalized_title": "blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomised controlled trials", "authors": "", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat a number of mental health disorders. To gain evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics, a number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted using the traditional RCT framework and these trials have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported. However, in this paper we argue that estimation of treatment effect sizes in psychedelic clinical trials are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy generated by RCT trial contingencies. The degree of over-estimation is at present difficult to estimate. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs and show that currently reported RCTs have failed to measure and report expectancy and malicious de-blinding. In order to overcome these confounds we argue that RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy and that careful attention should be paid to the clinical trial design used and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/q2hzm_v1", "keywords": "blinding, expectancy effects, ketamine, LSD, masking, psilocybin, psychedelics, randomised controlled trials, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"q2hzm_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2196, "title": "Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "chemistry and toxicology of major bioactive substances in inocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Patocka J, Wu R, Nepovimova E, Valis M, Wu W, Kuca K.", "abstract": "Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms22042218", "pubmed_id": "33672330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042218", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Muscarine, Tryptamines, Organophosphorus Compounds, Lectins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33672330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2195, "title": "The Evolved Psychology of Psychedelic Set and Setting: Inferences Regarding the Roles of Shamanism and Entheogenic Ecopsychology.", "normalized_title": "the evolved psychology of psychedelic set and setting inferences regarding the roles of shamanism and entheogenic ecopsychology", "authors": "Winkelman MJ.", "abstract": "This review illustrates the relevance of shamanism and its evolution under effects of psilocybin as a framework for identifying evolved aspects of psychedelic set and setting. Effects of 5HT2 psychedelics on serotonin, stress adaptation, visual systems and personality illustrate adaptive mechanisms through which psychedelics could have enhanced hominin evolution as an environmental factor influencing selection for features of our evolved psychology. Evolutionary psychology perspectives on ritual, shamanism and psychedelics provides bases for inferences regarding psychedelics' likely roles in hominin evolution as exogenous neurotransmitter sources through their effects in selection for innate dispositions for psychedelic set and setting. Psychedelics stimulate ancient brain structures and innate modular thought modules, especially self-awareness, other awareness, \"mind reading,\" spatial and visual intelligences. The integration of these innate modules are also core features of shamanism. Cross-cultural research illustrates shamanism is an empirical phenomenon of foraging societies, with its ancient basis in collective hominid displays, ritual alterations of consciousness, and endogenous healing responses. Shamanic practices employed psychedelics and manipulated extrapharmacological effects through stimulation of serotonin and dopamine systems and augmenting processes of the reptilian and paleomammalian brains. Differences between chimpanzee maximal displays and shamanic rituals reveal a zone of proximal development in hominin evolution. The evolution of the mimetic capacity for enactment, dance, music, and imitation provided central capacities underlying shamanic performances. Other chimp-human differences in ritualized behaviors are directly related to psychedelic effects and their integration of innate modular thought processes. Psychedelics and other ritual alterations of consciousness stimulate these and other innate responses such as soul flight and death-and-rebirth experiences. These findings provided bases for making inferences regarding foundations of our evolved set, setting and psychology. Shamanic setting is eminently communal with singing, drumming, dancing and dramatic displays. Innate modular thought structures are prominent features of the set of shamanism, exemplified in animism, animal identities, perceptions of spirits, and psychological incorporation of spirit others. A shamanic-informed psychedelic therapy includes: a preparatory set with practices such as sexual abstinence, fasting and dream incubation; a set derived from innate modular cognitive capacities and their integration expressed in a relational animistic worldview; a focus on internal imagery manifesting a presentational intelligence; and spirit relations involving incorporation of animals as personal powers. Psychedelic research and treatment can adopt this shamanic biogenetic paradigm to optimize set, setting and ritual frameworks to enhance psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.619890", "pubmed_id": "33732156", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.619890", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33732156\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2180, "title": "Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence.", "normalized_title": "use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence", "authors": "Bates MLS, Trujillo KA.", "abstract": "Adolescence is a period of profound developmental changes, which run the gamut from behavioral and neural to physiological and hormonal. It is also a time at which there is an increased propensity to engage in risk-taking and impulsive behaviors like drug use. This review examines the human and preclinical literature on adolescent drug use and its consequences, with a focus on dissociatives (PCP, ketamine, DXM), classic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin), and MDMA. It is the case for all the substances reviewed here that very little is known about their effects in adolescent populations. An emerging aspect of the literature is that dissociatives and MDMA produce mixed reinforcing and aversive effects and that the balance between reinforcement and aversion may differ between adolescents and adults, with consequences for drug use and addiction. However, many studies have failed to directly compare adults and adolescents, which precludes definitive conclusions about these consequences. Other important areas that are largely unexplored are sex differences during adolescence and the long-term consequences of adolescent use of these substances. We provide suggestions for future work to address the gaps we identified in the literature. Given the widespread use of these drugs among adolescent users, and the potential for therapeutic use, this work will be crucial to understanding abuse potential and consequences of use in this developmental stage.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173129", "pubmed_id": "33515586", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173129", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Dextromethorphan, Phencyclidine, Hallucinogens, Risk-Taking, Age Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33515586\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Animal Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2144, "title": "Psychedelic Psychiatry and the Consult-Liaison Psychiatrist: A Primer.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry and the consult liaison psychiatrist a primer", "authors": "Barnett BS, Greer GR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic compounds such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) share a long and complex history with psychiatry. A half century ago, psychedelics were widely employed by psychiatrists in investigational and clinical settings, with studies demonstrating promising findings for their use in the treatment of mental illness and substance use disorders. However, concerns were also raised about their abuse potential and other adverse effects. Owing to these worries and psychedelics' association with the counterculture movement, psychedelics were largely outlawed in the United States in 1970, bringing research on their therapeutic potential to a halt. However, in recent years, a resurgence of psychedelic research has revealed compelling, though early, evidence for the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy in treating alcohol use disorder, nicotine use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression.ObjectiveHere we provide an overview of psychiatry's complicated relationship with psychedelics, while reviewing contemporary findings on psychedelic-assisted therapy, safety of psychedelic-assisted therapy, and risks of nonmedical use. We also make the case that psychiatry should consider preparing now for the possibility of Food and Drug Administration approval of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the near future. We conclude by discussing how growing societal interest in psychedelics could impact the work of consult-liaison psychiatrists, while also exploring how consult-liaison psychiatrists might contribute to future delivery of psychedelic treatments.MethodsWe reviewed literature on psychedelic-assisted therapies and adverse events resulting from nonmedical psychedelic use.ResultsWe found a small, but rapidly growing literature indicating that psychedelic-assisted therapies may have treatment potential for mental illness and addiction. Our search also revealed a variety of rare adverse events stemming from nonmedical psychedelic use.ConclusionsDespite past concerns about psychedelics, current data indicate psychedelic-assisted therapy may potentially reduce suffering owing to mental illness and addiction if administered thoughtfully and cautiously by trained professionals in medical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.011", "pubmed_id": "34210406", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.011", "keywords": "N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34210406\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3123670341" }, { "id": 2148, "title": "Classical Psychedelics as Therapeutics in Psychiatry - Current Clinical Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms in Substance Use and Mood Disorders.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelics as therapeutics in psychiatry current clinical evidence and potential therapeutic mechanisms in substance use and mood disorders", "authors": "Mertens LJ, Preller KH.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics, primarily psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have been used and extensively studied in Western medicine as part of substance-assisted psychotherapy in the 1950s and 1960s. Modern clinical research is currently gaining momentum and provides new evidence for the safety and efficacy of classical psychedelics (primarily psilocybin, but also LSD and ayahuasca) in the treatment of different psychiatric conditions, including substance use and mood disorders.In this review article, we outline common pathological mechanisms of substance use disorders (SUD) and unipolar depression. Next, the current literature on the effects of psychedelics is summarized in order to generate hypotheses regarding their potential therapeutic mechanisms of action in treating these psychiatric conditions. Finally, we review and discuss clinical trials published since 2011 investigating the effects of psychedelics in SUD and depression.While results from those modern clinical trials are promising, most of them do not meet the methodological requirements to allow firm conclusions on the clinical efficacy of psychedelics. Larger, blinded, randomized controlled trials (RCT) with clearly defined patient groups and well-defined primary endpoints are needed. Additionally, the therapeutic mechanisms of classical psychedelics are currently unknown. This review presents hypotheses derived from preclinical and human studies that need to be tested in future trials to better understand the clinical potential of psychedelic substances in modern psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1055/a-1341-1907", "pubmed_id": "33472250", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1341-1907", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33472250\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2200, "title": "Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms a meta analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants", "authors": "Galvão-Coelho NL, Marx W, Gonzalez M, Sinclair J, de Manincor M, Perkins D, Sarris J.", "abstract": "RationaleMajor depressive disorder is one of the leading global causes of disability, for which the classic serotonergic psychedelics have recently reemerged as a potential therapeutic treatment option.ObjectiveWe present the first meta-analytic review evaluating the clinical effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics vs placebo for mood state and symptoms of depression in both healthy and clinical populations (separately).ResultsOur search revealed 12 eligible studies (n = 257; 124 healthy participants, and 133 patients with mood disorders), with data from randomized controlled trials involving psilocybin (n = 8), lysergic acid diethylamide ([LSD]; n = 3), and ayahuasca (n = 1). The meta-analyses of acute mood outcomes (3 h to 1 day after treatment) for healthy volunteers and patients revealed improvements with moderate significant effect sizes in favor of psychedelics, as well as for the longer-term (16 to 60 days after treatments) mood state of patients. For patients with mood disorder, significant effect sizes were detected on the acute, medium (2-7 days after treatment), and longer-term outcomes favoring psychedelics on the reduction of depressive symptoms.ConclusionDespite the concerns over unblinding and expectancy, the strength of the effect sizes, fast onset, and enduring therapeutic effects of these psychotherapeutic agents encourage further double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials assessing them for management of negative mood and depressive symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1", "pubmed_id": "33427944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Affect, Mood Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33427944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2193, "title": "The acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans.", "normalized_title": "the acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans", "authors": "Healy CJ.", "abstract": "RationaleMemory plays a central role in the psychedelic experience. The spontaneous recall and immersive reliving of autobiographical memories has frequently been noted by researchers and clinicians as a salient phenomenon in the profile of subjective effects of classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca. The ability for psychedelics to provoke vivid memories has been considered important to their clinical efficacy.ObjectiveThis review aims to examine and aggregate the findings from experimental, observational, and qualitative studies on the acute modulation of memory by classic psychedelics in humans.MethodA literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsycInfo as well as manual review of references from eligible studies. Publications reporting quantitative and/or qualitative findings were included; animal studies and case reports were excluded.ResultsClassic psychedelics produce dose-dependently increasing impairments in memory task performance, such that low doses produce no impairment and higher doses produce increasing levels of impairment. This pattern has been observed in tasks assessing spatial and verbal working memory, semantic memory, and non-autobiographical episodic memory. Such impairments may be less pronounced among experienced psychedelic users. Classic psychedelics also increase the vividness of autobiographical memories and frequently stimulate the recall and/or re-experiencing of autobiographical memories, often memories that are affectively intense (positively or negatively valenced) and that had been avoided and/or forgotten prior to the experience.ConclusionsClassic psychedelics dose-dependently impair memory task performance but may enhance autobiographical memory. These findings are relevant to the understanding of psychological mechanisms of action of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-08", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w", "pubmed_id": "33420592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Memory Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Psychotherapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Memory, Episodic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33420592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5150, "title": "Referee report. For: Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]", "normalized_title": "referee report for development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic pbpk model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans version 1 peer review 1 not approved", "authors": "Michael W. Dzierlenga", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5256/f1000research.31120.r81816", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.31120.r81816", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacokinetics, Chemistry, Mushroom, Pharmacology, Traditional medicine, Metabolite, Agaricales, MAGIC (telescope), Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416624308\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416624308\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021936943\",\"display_name\":\"Michael W. Dzierlenga\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-6191\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.31120.r81816\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416624308" }, { "id": 5149, "title": "Referee report. For: Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]", "normalized_title": "referee report for development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic pbpk model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans version 1 peer review 1 approved with reservations 1 not approved", "authors": "Quoc Ba Tran", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5256/f1000research.31120.r81474", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.31120.r81474", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacokinetics, Chemistry, Mushroom, Pharmacology, Traditional medicine, Metabolite, Agaricales, Drug, Animal model, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416618184\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416618184\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068323101\",\"display_name\":\"Quoc Ba Tran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-501X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.31120.r81474\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416618184" }, { "id": 5148, "title": "Referee report. For: A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production. [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]", "normalized_title": "referee report for a whole genome atlas of 81 psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production version 1 peer review 1 not approved", "authors": "Bryn T. M. Dentinger, Alexander J. Bradshaw", "abstract": "", "journal": "Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5256/f1000research.58864.r95528", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58864.r95528", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Genome, Biology, Resource (disambiguation), Computational biology, Atlas (anatomy), Genomics, Genetics, Evolutionary biology, Computer science, Whole genome sequencing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Identification and Quantification in Food", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416607013\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416607013\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":8,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062156514\",\"display_name\":\"Bryn T. M. Dentinger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7965-4389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070810971\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander J. Bradshaw\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-621X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407050752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58864.r95528\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity,Genomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416607013" }, { "id": 5147, "title": "Exploring moral bio-enhancement through psilocybin facilitated prosocial effects", "normalized_title": "exploring moral bio enhancement through psilocybin facilitated prosocial effects", "authors": "Victor Lange, Marie, Sidsel", "abstract": "The idea of moral bio-enhancement has received considerable philosophical attention in the last 10 years. Yet, it has been extremely difficult to come up with plausible and feasible procedures for how to perform such enhancement. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the psychedelic compound psilocybin, due to its prosocial effects, can be used for moral bio-enhancement. The first part of the paper is conceptual. This part investigates the term ‘prosociality’, relates it to philosophical discussions of moral bio-enhancement, and presents a set of necessary conditions for when increases in prosociality can count as moral enhancement. The second part of the paper reviews the empirical literature on the prosocial effects of psilocybin. This part proposes that the prosocial effects of psilocybin likely satisfy the above-mentioned set of six necessary conditions. The paper hereby suggests that we have reason to be tentatively and moderately optimistic about using psilocybin for moral bio-enhancement and that this use of psilocybin is worth future research attention. Nonetheless, the paper ends by stressing that both further philosophical and empirical research is crucial for making stronger conclusions on this matter. The last section of the paper suggests a set of important research questions that should be targeted in such future research.", "journal": "Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/f4c6737a-15ce-4a92-a7c5-ce5345cc1cff", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Prosocial behavior, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications, Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412253619\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412253619\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5105159291\",\"display_name\":\"Victor Lange\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-1125\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Marie, Sidsel\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401983\",\"source_display_name\":\"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/f4c6737a-15ce-4a92-a7c5-ce5345cc1cff\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412253619" }, { "id": 5141, "title": "Unmet need in depression: Psilocybin, a breakthrough treatment option", "normalized_title": "unmet need in depression psilocybin a breakthrough treatment option", "authors": "Yogesh Kumar Chahar", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) has become a health crisis of epidemic proportions in the modern world. One in six individuals in the world is experiencing an episode of major depression in his or her lifetime, and it is estimated that major depression will rank second after cardiac disease as a cause of international medical morbidity by the year 2020. Depression is associated with greater disability than are most other chronic illnesses and is a risk factor for mortality. Additionally, depression predicts the later development of a number of medical conditions, including cardiac and cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dementia, and cancer. Unfortunately, most patients with depression do not experience a complete resolution of symptoms with antidepressant treatment. Partial-but incomplete-response to antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of full symptomatic relapse (even when on therapy) and a worse long-term disease course. Combined with the high prevalence and significant disability associated with MDD, the fact that currently available treatments are not fully adequate highlights the tremendous need to identify novel treatment strategies. In this review, we have compiled the information available about the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of MDD. This is recently called as breakthrough treatment by FDA. We have presented recent clinical study data to support the notion. This will surely help all health care practitioners to consider this drug in future for the treatment of their patients suffering with MDD.", "journal": "International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.22271/27069567.2021.v3.i1f.159", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22271/27069567.2021.v3.i1f.159", "keywords": "Depression (economics), Medicine, Major depressive disorder, Disease, Psychiatry, Dementia, Antidepressant, Intensive care medicine, Anxiety, Internal medicine, Economics, Cognition, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics, Digital Mental Health Interventions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3164081616\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3164081616\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1965925823\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014296006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027225968\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051153602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072016770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144290629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161296293\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080361799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5096799053\",\"display_name\":\"Yogesh Kumar Chahar\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226113\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.22271/27069567.2021.v3.i1f.159\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3164081616" }, { "id": 2214, "title": "Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in psychiatry neuroplastic immunomodulatory and neurotransmitter mechanisms", "authors": "Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056", "pubmed_id": "33328244", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Humans, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, United States, Immunomodulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33328244\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2197, "title": "What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "what is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Castro Santos H, Gama Marques J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a predominant agonist of 5HT1A and 5HT2A/C receptors and was first isolated in 1958, shortly before it became a controlled substance. Research on the potential therapeutic effects of this compound has recently re-emerged alongside what is being addressed as a psychedelic renaissance.MethodsIn this paper we performed a systematic review of the clinical trials conducted so far regarding the therapeutic effects of psilocybin on psychiatric disorders. The eligibility criteria included clinical trials that assessed psilocybin's potential therapeutic effects on patients with psychiatric disorders. Nine hundred seven articles were found and screened in regard to the title, from which 94 were screened through abstract and 9 met the eligibility criteria and were included.ResultsThe papers published focused on 3 disorders: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (namely tobacco and alcohol). Psilocybin has shown a relatively safe profile and very promising results, with reductions found on most of the psychiatric rating scales' scores. Research on depression showed the most solid evidence, supported by 3 randomized controlled trials. Studies on OCD and substance use disorder showed more limitations due to their open-label design.ConclusionsAltogether, the results from the studies reviewed in this paper suggest a substantial therapeutic potential. This calls for further research to confirm the results observed so far and further explain the underlying mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128", "pubmed_id": "33884324", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33884324\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1872, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy s transdiagnostic effects a research domain criteria rdoc perspective", "authors": "Kelly JR, Gillan CM, Prenderville J, Kelly C, Harkin A, Clarke G, O'Keane V", "abstract": "Accumulating clinical evidence shows that psychedelic therapy, by synergistically combining psychopharmacology and psychological support, offers a promising transdiagnostic treatment strategy for a range of disorders with restricted and/or maladaptive habitual patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior, notably, depression (MDD), treatment resistant depression (TRD) and addiction disorders, but perhaps also anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders. Despite the emergent transdiagnostic evidence, the specific clinical dimensions that psychedelics are efficacious for, and associated underlying neurobiological pathways, remain to be well-characterized. To this end, this review focuses on pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the acute and sustained therapeutic potential of psychedelic therapy in the context of a transdiagnostic dimensional systems framework. Focusing on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as a template, we will describe the multimodal mechanisms underlying the transdiagnostic therapeutic effects of psychedelic therapy, traversing molecular, cellular and network levels. These levels will be mapped to the RDoC constructs of negative and positive valence systems, arousal regulation, social processing, cognitive and sensorimotor systems. In summarizing this literature and framing it transdiagnostically, we hope we can assist the field in moving toward a mechanistic understanding of how psychedelics work for patients and eventually toward a precise-personalized psychedelic therapy paradigm.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072", "pubmed_id": "34975593", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34975593/", "keywords": "dimethyltryptamine (DMT), hallucinogens, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatry, research domain criteria (RDoC)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34975593\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2230, "title": "Historic psychedelic drug trials and the treatment of anxiety disorders.", "normalized_title": "historic psychedelic drug trials and the treatment of anxiety disorders", "authors": "Weston NM, Gibbs D, Bird CIV, Daniel A, Jelen LA, Knight G, Goldsmith D, Young AH, Rucker JJ", "abstract": "In this paper, we systematically review literature from 1940 to 2000 relating to the combined use of psychological therapies and psychedelic drugs in the treatment of ICD-10 anxiety disorders. The databases Ovid MEDLINE(R), PsycINFO, and Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) were searched for case reports and trials involving humans in the treatment of ICD-10 anxiety and related disorders. Twenty-four studies are described; four describe anxiety symptoms in diverse patient groups, 14 studies describe historic diagnoses that usefully correspond with ICD-10 anxiety disorders, six studies pooled results or failed to detail results specific to contemporary ICD-10 anxiety disorders. Two of the 24 studies reported are individual case reports while two of them were inadequate in terms of the reporting of outcome measures. Thus 20 studies were ultimately included in the summary analysis. Three of the 20 studies reviewed described improvements in anxiety by standardized measures (p The majority of studies indicate that a combination of psychedelic drug administration and psychological therapy was most beneficial. We found no study suggesting that the pharmacological action of psychedelic drugs in isolation is sufficient.", "journal": "Depression and anxiety", "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/da.23065", "pubmed_id": "32627308", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32627308/", "keywords": "LSD, anxiety, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32627308\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2201, "title": "Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review of modern era clinical studies", "authors": "Andersen KAA, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of modern-era (post-millennium) clinical studies assessing the therapeutic effects of serotonergic psychedelics drugs for mental health conditions. Although the main focus was on efficacy and safety, study characteristics, duration of antidepressants effects across studies, and the role of the subjective drug experiences were also reviewed and presented.MethodA systematic literature search (1 Jan 2000 to 1 May 2020) was conducted in PubMed and PsychINFO for studies of patients undergoing treatment with a serotonergic psychedelic.ResultsData from 16 papers, representing 10 independent psychedelic-assisted therapy trials (psilocybin = 7, ayahuasca = 2, LSD = 1), were extracted, presented in figures and tables, and narratively synthesized and discussed. Across these studies, a total of 188 patients suffering either cancer- or illness-related anxiety and depression disorders (C/I-RADD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or substance use disorder (SUD) were included. The reviewed studies established feasibility and evidence of safety, alongside promising early data of efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, OCD, and tobacco and alcohol use disorders. For a majority of patients, the therapeutic effects appeared to be long-lasting (weeks-months) after only 1 to 3 treatment session(s). All studies were conducted in line with guidelines for the safe conduct of psychedelic therapy, and no severe adverse events were reported.ConclusionThe resurrection of clinical psychedelic research provides early evidence for treatment efficacy and safety for a range of psychiatric conditions, and constitutes an exciting new treatment avenue in a health area with major unmet needs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1111/acps.13249", "pubmed_id": "33125716", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13249", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33125716\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2199, "title": "Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens in mental health preclinical and clinical studies on lsd psilocybin mdma and ketamine", "authors": "De Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, Heifets BD, Hibicke M, Mitchell J, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "A revamped interest in the study of hallucinogens has recently emerged, especially with regard to their potential application in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the last decade, a plethora of preclinical and clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of depression. More recently, emerging evidence has pointed out the potential therapeutic properties of psilocybin and LSD, as well as their ability to modulate functional brain connectivity. Moreover, MDMA, a compound belonging to the family of entactogens, has been demonstrated to be useful to treat post-traumatic stress disorders. In this review, the pharmacology of hallucinogenic compounds is summarized by underscoring the differences between psychedelic and nonpsychedelic hallucinogens as well as entactogens, and their behavioral effects in both animals and humans are described. Together, these data substantiate the potentials of these compounds in treating mental diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020", "pubmed_id": "33257322", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33257322\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2216, "title": "Taking Different Roads: l-Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products.", "normalized_title": "taking different roads l tryptophan as the origin of psilocybe natural products", "authors": "Lenz C, Sherwood A, Kargbo R, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe, colloquially referred to as \"magic mushrooms\", are best known for their l-tryptophan-derived major natural product, psilocybin. Yet, recent research has revealed a more diverse secondary metabolism that originates from this amino acid. In this minireview, the focus is laid on l-tryptophan and the various Psilocybe natural products and their metabolic routes are highlighted. Psilocybin and its congeners, the heterogeneous blue-colored psilocyl oligomers, alongside β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyl-l-tryptophan, are presented as well as current knowledge on their biosynthesis is provided. The multidisciplinary character of natural product research is demonstrated, and pharmacological, medicinal, ecological, biochemical, and evolutionary aspects are included.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-24", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/cplu.202000581", "pubmed_id": "33237633", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202000581", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33237633\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3397, "title": "Snapshot of narcotic drugs and psychoactive substances in Kuwait: a qualitative analysis of illicit drugs and their associated mortality in Kuwait from 2015 to 2018", "normalized_title": "snapshot of narcotic drugs and psychoactive substances in kuwait a qualitative analysis of illicit drugs and their associated mortality in kuwait from 2015 to 2018", "authors": "Al-Matrouk A, Al-Hasan M, Naqi HA, Al-Abkal N, Mohammed H, Haider M, Al-Shammeri D, Bojbarah H.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: The misuse of illicit substances is associated with increased morbidity and mortality; thus, substance abuse is a global health concern. However, a lack of laboratory-based research has limited the scientific assessment of drug misuse in the Arabian Gulf region. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to assess the problem of illicit drugs in Kuwait using laboratory-based analyses. Methods: We investigated the type and quantity of detained narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances from 2015 to 2018, number of abusers, and mortality among abusers. In total, 6220 cases from the Narcotic and Psychotropic Laboratory and 17,755 cases from the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory were reviewed and analyzed. Substances were identified and documented using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Cannabis, including marijuana, was the most seized substance, followed by heroin, opium, and cocaine. Amphetamines, including methamphetamine, in the form of powder or pills, were seized in larger quantities than other psychoactive substances. Benzodiazepines, tramadol, Khat, synthetic cannabinoids, and psilocin were also seized. The most consumed substances were, in order, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), benzodiazepines, cannabis, and heroin. Drug misuse was considerably higher among men than among women. We report the death rate associated with the abuse of various illegal drugs according to sex. The mortality rate associated with single-drug use was the highest among abusers of heroin, benzodiazepines, and methamphetamine. The mortality rate asscoaited with multiple-drug use was the highest among abusers of heroin-benzodiazepines, cannabis-benzodiazepines, and cannabis-amphetamines. Conclusions: Our study shows the changing trends in quantity and variety of substances illegally abused and marketed in Kuwait. Additionally, we report a direct gender-based association between mortality and consumption of certain substances. These findings suggest that there is a growing need to conduct larger scale studies to implement new strategies, policies, and interventions in populations affected by illicit drugs.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2020-11-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-33143/v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33143/v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR239651\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2225, "title": "Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "post acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Goldberg SB, Shechet B, Nicholas CR, Ng CW, Deole G, Chen Z, Raison CL.", "abstract": "BackgroundScientific interest in the therapeutic effects of classical psychedelics has increased in the past two decades. The psychological effects of these substances outside the period of acute intoxication have not been fully characterized. This study aimed to: (1) quantify the effects of psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on psychological outcomes in the post-acute period; (2) test moderators of these effects; and (3) evaluate adverse effects and risk of bias.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies (single-group pre-post or randomized controlled trials) that involved administration of psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD to clinical or non-clinical samples and assessed psychological outcomes ⩾24 h post-administration. Effects were summarized by study design, timepoint, and outcome domain.ResultsA total of 34 studies (24 unique samples, n = 549, mean longest follow-up = 55.34 weeks) were included. Classical psychedelics showed significant within-group pre-post and between-group placebo-controlled effects on a range of outcomes including targeted symptoms within psychiatric samples, negative and positive affect-related measures, social outcomes, and existential/spiritual outcomes, with large between-group effect in these domains (Hedges' gs = 0.84 to 1.08). Moderator tests suggest some effects may be larger in clinical samples. Evidence of effects on big five personality traits and mindfulness was weak. There was no evidence of post-acute adverse effects.ConclusionsHigh risk of bias in several domains, heterogeneity across studies, and indications of publication bias for some models highlight the need for careful, large-scale, placebo-controlled randomized trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1017/s003329172000389x", "pubmed_id": "33143790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172000389x", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Practice, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33143790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3429, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Anxiety and Psychosocial Distress in Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on anxiety and psychosocial distress in cancer patients", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The primary objective of this double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study is to assess the efficacy of psilocybin administration (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a serotonergic psychoactive agent, on psychosocial distress, with the specific primary outcome variable being anxiety associated with cancer. Secondary outcome measures will look at the effect of psilocybin on symptoms of pain perception, depression, existential/psychospiritual distress, attitudes towards disease progression and death, quality of life, and spiritual/mystical states of consciousness. In addition, a secondary objective of the study is to determine the feasibility of administering psilocybin to this patient population, with regards to the following issues: safety, patient recruitment, consent for treatment, and retention. The duration of the proposed investigation will be long enough to administer the drug one time to each of thirty-two patients and to conduct follow-up assessments. This study is separate but similar to a recently completed study at the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, run by a psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Grob. Although the outcomes measures would be similar to those used as in the Grob study, the proposed dose of psilocybin is higher at 0.3mg/kg and the total subjects for the study would be 32 instead of 12. The study utilizes a cross-over design at 7 weeks and includes prospective follow-up of 6 months duration. This study has been approved by the Bellevue Psychiatry Research Committee, the NYU Oncology PRMC Committee, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the issuance of an IND (77,138), the New York University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (NYU IRB), the Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC)-New York University (NYU) Clinical Translational Science Institute (CTSI), the NYU Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) through the issuance of a schedule I license. It is hypothesized that a one time experience with psilocybin will occasion dramatic shifts in consciousness and awareness that will lead to short-term (ie hours to days) and long-term (up to 6 months in this study, following the administration of the second dosing, either psilocybin or placebo) improvement in anxiety, depression, and pain associated with advanced cancer. The exact mechanism of action is unclear but based on studies done in the 60's using serotonergic hallucinogens in patients with advanced cancer, improvements in anxiety levels, mood and pain were reported. However, a treatment model developed by the famous British psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond, offers one possibility. In this model, serotonergic hallucinogens' therapeutic mechanism lies in their ability to allow the individual to access novel dimensions of consciousness and their efficacy or lack thereof relies on whether a transcendent and mystical state of awareness is attained. Another possible mechanism relates to what Dobkin de Rios and Grob have described as 'managed altered states of consciousness,' where the power of suggestibility, occurring in a safe setting, allows one to transcend a particular state of consciousness (i.e. anxiety and depression associated with advanced illness) as a means to facilitate emotional discharge and to manage irreconcilable conflict.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-10-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00957359", "keywords": "Cancer, Psilocybin, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Niacin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00957359\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2227, "title": "Potential safety, benefits, and influence of the placebo effect in microdosing psychedelic drugs: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "potential safety benefits and influence of the placebo effect in microdosing psychedelic drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Ona G, Bouso JC.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelic drugs-that is, taking sub-behavioral doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin-is a growing practice in Western societies. Taken mainly for creative or mood-enhancing purposes, thousands of users are increasingly being exposed to (micro)doses of psychedelic drugs. In this systematic review, we searched the available evidence from human studies, focusing our results in terms of three main axes: efficacy, safety, and the influence of the placebo effect in microdosing practices. While the available evidence has some strengths (e.g. large sample sizes, robust methodologies) there are also remarkable limitations (e.g. gender bias, heterogeneity of dosing schedules and drugs used). Highly contradictory results have been found, showing both the benefits and detriments of microdosing in terms of mood, creative processes, and energy, among other regards. This review provides a general overview of the methods and approaches used, which could be useful for improving future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-10-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.035", "pubmed_id": "33031815", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.035", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Placebo Effect, Female, Male, Sexism, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33031815\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2237, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted group therapy: A new hope for demoralization", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group therapy a new hope for demoralization", "authors": "Peter S. Hendricks", "abstract": "Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] open-label pilot study of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization among older long-term AIDS survivor (OLTAS) men is innovative and courageous. It is innovative in applying a group therapy paradigm not previously used in contemporary clinical studies of classic psychedelics. This is important because psilocybin- and other classic psychedelic-assisted treatments are typically time-intensive, involving several lengthy individual pre-drug preparatory sessions and post-drug integration sessions, raising concerns about scalability in real-world settings. The use of group therapy with classic psychedelics, though uncommon, is consistent with the anthropology of these compounds [[2]Schultes R.E. Hallucinogens of plant origin.Science. 1969; 163: 245-254Crossref PubMed Google Scholar], and may well increase the likelihood of implementing such interventions in clinical practice should they continue to prove safe and effective. Furthermore, considering the unique and ineffable nature of transcendent experiences occasioned by classic psychedelics [[3]Hendricks P.S. Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018; 30: 331-342Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar,[4]Johnson M.W. Hendricks P.S. Barrett F.S. Griffiths R.R. Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 197: 83-102Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar], group therapy may provide an optimal outlet for making meaning of such experiences, and critically, translating them to adaptive changes in behavior. Though comparing the effectiveness of group vs. individual therapy in this context is an objective for future research, it is nonetheless made possible by Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] trailblazing work. Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] study is courageous in its focus on OLTAS men, a marginalized population diagnosed with HIV/AIDS at a time when HIV/AIDS was considered a terminal diagnosis. OLTAS men endured unprecedented and devastating loss of loved ones, and consequently, demoralization-a sense of helplessness, hopelessness, and a loss of meaning in life-is a pervasive clinical concern. Anderson et al. [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] thus targeted a significant and difficult-to-treat problem with current demoralization-focused psychotherapies demonstrating limited effectiveness. Moreover, 50% of their sample met criteria for a comorbid mental health condition including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and borderline personality disorder. As psilocybin can produce acute anxiety/fear/panic, dysphoria, and confusion [[4]Johnson M.W. Hendricks P.S. Barrett F.S. Griffiths R.R. Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 197: 83-102Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar], the administration of psilocybin to a group of individuals predisposed to these difficult experiences undoubtedly presented many challenges. These challenges were unquestionably amplified by the Schedule I status of psilocybin and the heightened political lens surrounding its clinical application. Still, despite these challenges, Anderson et al. [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for an underserved and vulnerable population. Of course, as with any open-label pilot study, Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] findings are not conclusive. Future randomized placebo-controlled trials with larger samples are required to more definitively inform the safety and effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for OLTAS men. Nevertheless, Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] findings open the door to future investigations testing psilocybin-assisted group therapy in other populations confronted with demoralization, including those with chronic pain, obesity, substance use disorders, and the elderly, among others [5Robinson S. Kissane D.W. Brooker J. Burney S. A review of the construct of demoralization: history, definitions, and future directions for palliative care.Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2016; 33: 93-101Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 6Tecuta L. Tomba E. Grandi S. Fava G.A. Demoralization: a systematic review on its clinical characterization.Psychol Med. 2015; 45: 673-691Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar, 7Hendricks P.S. Grob C.S. Classic psychedelics and rational suicide in the elderly: exploring the potential utility of a reemerging treatment paradigm.in: McCue R. Balasubramaniam M. Rational suicide in the elderly. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland2017Crossref Google Scholar]. PSH is on the scientific advisory board of Bright Minds Biosciences Ltd. and Silo Pharma Inc. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot studyWe demonstrated the feasibility, relative safety, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization in OLTAS. Groups may be an effective and efficient means of delivering psychotherapy pre- and post-psilocybin to patients with complex medical and psychiatric needs. Full-Text PDF Open Access", "journal": "EClinicalMedicine", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100557", "pubmed_id": "33073220", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100557", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Psychological intervention, Group psychotherapy, Scopus, Psychology, Psychiatry, MEDLINE, Political science, Law, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089864945\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089864945\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2016371428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028459761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031114136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2541133093\",\"https://openalex.org/W2541159474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894541203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W6729145433\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004506349\",\"display_name\":\"Peter S. Hendricks\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898347799\",\"source_display_name\":\"EClinicalMedicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100557\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3089864945" }, { "id": 2228, "title": "The emerging role of psilocybin and MDMA in the treatment of mental illness.", "normalized_title": "the emerging role of psilocybin and mdma in the treatment of mental illness", "authors": "Gill H, Gill B, Chen-Li D, El-Halabi S, Rodrigues NB, Cha DS, Lipsitz O, Lee Y, Rosenblat JD, Majeed A, Mansur RB, Nasri F, Ho R, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "IntroductionMental illness has a chronic course of illness with a number of clinical manifestations. Affected individuals experience significant functional, emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral impairments. The growing prevalence of mental illness has been associated with significant social and economic costs. Indeed, the economic burden of mental illness is estimated to exceed $1.8 trillion USD over the next 30 years. A significant number of individuals affected by mental illness fail to respond to first-line treatment options. Therefore, there remains an unmet need for rapidly attenuating therapeutic options for mental health disorders with minimal social and economic burden.Areas coveredThe paucity of novel treatment options warrants a renewed investigation of psychedelic-based psychotherapy. Herein, the authors will evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional psychedelics, psilocybin, and MDMA, in the treatment of mental illness with a narrative review of available literature.Expert opinionPsychedelics, such as psilocybin and MDMA, offer an alternative avenue of therapy for many mental health disorders. Available evidence indicates that psychedelics may offer a single-dose, rapid effect model that have robust effects with treatment-resistant mental disorders and a unique advantage as a possible monotherapy for mental illness. Novel clinical trials that evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy in clinically representative populations are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2020.1826931", "pubmed_id": "32954860", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1826931", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32954860\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2219, "title": "Efficacy of Psychoactive Drugs for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of MDMA, Ketamine, LSD and Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psychoactive drugs for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder a systematic review of mdma ketamine lsd and psilocybin", "authors": "Varker T, Watson L, Gibson K, Forbes D, O'Donnell ML.", "abstract": "The aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of MDMA, ketamine, LSD, and psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A search of four databases for English language, peer-reviewed literature published from inception to 18th October 2019 yielded 2,959 records, 34 of which were screened on full-text. Observational studies and RCTs which tested the efficacy of MDMA, ketamine, LSD, or psilocybin for reducing PTSD symptoms in adults, and reported changes to PTSD diagnosis or symptomatology, were included. Nine trials (five ketamine and four MDMA) met inclusion criteria. Trials were rated on a quality and bias checklist and GRADE was used to rank the evidence. The evidence for ketamine as a stand-alone treatment for comorbid PTSD and depression was ranked \"very low\", and the evidence for ketamine in combination with psychotherapy as a PTSD treatment was ranked \"low\". The evidence for MDMA in combination with psychotherapy as a PTSD treatment was ranked \"moderate\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-14", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1817639", "pubmed_id": "32931403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1817639", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psychotropic Drugs, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32931403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2246, "title": "Total Recall: Lateral Habenula and Psychedelics in the Study of Depression and Comorbid Brain Disorders.", "normalized_title": "total recall lateral habenula and psychedelics in the study of depression and comorbid brain disorders", "authors": "Vitkauskas M, Mathuru AS.", "abstract": "Depression impacts the lives and daily activities of millions globally. Research into the neurobiology of lateral habenula circuitry and the use of psychedelics for treating depressive states has emerged in the last decade as new directions to devise interventional strategies and therapies. Several clinical trials using deep brain stimulation of the habenula, or using ketamine, and psychedelics that target the serotonergic system such as psilocybin are also underway. The promising early results in these fields require cautious optimism as further evidence from experiments conducted in animal systems in ecologically relevant settings, and a larger number of human studies with improved spatiotemporal neuroimaging, accumulates. Designing optimal methods of intervention will also be aided by an improvement in our understanding of the common genetic and molecular factors underlying disorders comorbid with depression, as well as the characterization of psychedelic-induced changes at a molecular level. Advances in the use of cerebral organoids offers a new approach for rapid progress towards these goals. Here, we review developments in these fast-moving areas of research and discuss potential future directions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/ijms21186525", "pubmed_id": "32906643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186525", "keywords": "Habenula, Humans, Brain Diseases, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Comorbidity, Serotonergic Neurons, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32906643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2247, "title": "Psilocybin as a New Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety in the Context of Life-Threatening Diseases-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a new approach to treat depression and anxiety in the context of life threatening diseases a systematic review and meta analysis of clinical trials", "authors": "Vargas AS, Luís Â, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Pereira L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring tryptamine known for its psychedelic properties. Recent research indicates that psilocybin may constitute a valid approach to treat depression and anxiety associated to life-threatening diseases. The aim of this work was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of clinical trials to assess the therapeutic effects and safety of psilocybin on those medical conditions. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure the effects in depression and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure the effects in anxiety. For BDI, 11 effect sizes were considered (92 patients) and the intervention group was significantly favored (WMD = -4.589; 95% CI = -4.207 to -0.971; p-value = 0.002). For STAI-Trait, 11 effect sizes were considered (92 patients), being the intervention group significantly favored when compared to the control group (WMD = -5.906; 95% CI = -7.852 to -3.960; p-value ˂ 0.001). For STAI-State, 9 effect sizes were considered (41 patients) and the intervention group was significantly favored (WMD = -6.032; 95% CI = -8.900 to -3.164; p-value ˂ 0.001). The obtained results are promising and emphasize the importance of psilocybin translational research in the management of symptoms of depression and anxiety, since the compound may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in conditions that are either resistant to conventional pharmacotherapy or for which pharmacologic treatment is not yet approved. Moreover, it may be also relevant for first-line treatment, given its safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines8090331", "pubmed_id": "32899469", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8090331", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32899469\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2254, "title": "Compassionate use of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "compassionate use of psychedelics", "authors": "Greif A, Šurkala M.", "abstract": "In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z", "pubmed_id": "32468195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Compassionate Use Trials, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32468195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2249, "title": "Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatments for psychiatric disorders a systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient experiences in qualitative studies", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Niemeijer AR, Krediet E, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "IntroductionInterest in the use of psychedelic substances for the treatment of mental disorders is increasing. Processes that may affect therapeutic change are not yet fully understood. Qualitative research methods are increasingly used to examine patient accounts; however, currently, no systematic review exists that synthesizes these findings in relation to the use of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders.ObjectiveTo provide an overview of salient themes in patient experiences of psychedelic treatments for mental disorders, presenting both common and diverging elements in patients' accounts, and elucidating how these affect the treatment process.MethodsWe systematically searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase databases for English-language qualitative literature without time limitations. Inclusion criteria were qualitative research design; peer-reviewed studies; based on verbalized patient utterances; and a level of abstraction or analysis of the results. Thematic synthesis was used to analyze and synthesize results across studies. A critical appraisal of study quality and methodological rigor was conducted using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).ResultsFifteen research articles, comprising 178 patient experiences, were included. Studies exhibited a broad heterogeneity in terms of substance, mental disorder, treatment context, and qualitative methodology. Substances included psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ibogaine, ayahuasca, ketamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Disorders included anxiety, depression, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. While the included compounds were heterogeneous in pharmacology and treatment contexts, patients reported largely comparable experiences across disorders, which included phenomenological analogous effects, perspectives on the intervention, therapeutic processes and treatment outcomes. Comparable therapeutic processes included insights, altered self-perception, increased connectedness, transcendental experiences, and an expanded emotional spectrum, which patients reported contributed to clinically and personally relevant responses.ConclusionsThis review demonstrates how qualitative research of psychedelic treatments can contribute to distinguishing specific features of specific substances, and carry otherwise undiscovered implications for the treatment of specific psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-020-00748-y", "pubmed_id": "32803732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00748-y", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Patient Outcome Assessment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32803732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2257, "title": "The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression", "authors": "Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics is the repeated use of small doses of, for example, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, typically for a few weeks. Despite the popular and scientific attention in recent years, and claims by users that it has therapeutic value in affective disorders like depression, little scientific knowledge is available to back this. The purpose of this review was to investigate whether there are scientific grounds to state that this practice could be helpful in the treatment of affective disorders, and safe to use repeatedly. To that end, the literature (PubMed, MedLine) was searched, looking for (controlled) experimental studies with low doses of LSD and/or psilocybin, in healthy volunteers and patient samples. After a selection process and the addition of relevant articles, 14 experimental studies entered this review. Findings show that both LSD (10-20 mcg) and psilocybin (", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-26", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/2045125320950567", "pubmed_id": "32922736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320950567", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32922736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2258, "title": "Psychedelics as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a treatment for alzheimer s disease dementia", "authors": "Vann Jones SA, O'Kelly A.", "abstract": "Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or any other dementia subtype. The renaissance in psychedelic research in recent years, in particular studies involving psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), coupled with anecdotal reports of cognitive benefits from micro-dosing, suggests that they may have a therapeutic role in a range of psychiatric and neurological conditions due to their potential to stimulate neurogenesis, provoke neuroplastic changes and reduce neuroinflammation. This inevitably makes them interesting candidates for therapeutics in dementia. This mini-review will look at the basic science and current clinical evidence for the role of psychedelics in treating dementia, especially early AD, with a particular focus on micro-dosing of the classical psychedelics LSD and psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00034", "pubmed_id": "32973482", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32973482\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neurogenesis,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2260, "title": "Management of overdoses of salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms: a literature review.", "normalized_title": "management of overdoses of salvia kratom and psilocybin mushrooms a literature review", "authors": "Reinert JP, Colunga K, Etuk A, Richardson V, Dunn RL.", "abstract": "IntroductionDespite the relative reduction in opioid and other illicit substance overdoses in the past few years, clinicians must remain vigilant in keeping up to date on emerging trends with regard to potential substances of abuse. As overdoses of traditional drugs of abuse decrease in light of legislative and de-prescribing initiatives, it stands to reason that alternative agents, including natural products, have increased. Toxicities associated with these agents have been contributing to emergency department visits across the globe.Areas coveredThis evaluation covers salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms, and was accomplished through a comprehensive review of PubMed, SCOPUS, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Dissertations, and CINAHL. Thirty-one pieces of literature are included in this evaluation. The objective of this review is to provide clinicians with the information necessary to provide bedside care for overdoses of salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms.Expert opinionSalvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms may not be an initial consideration when healthcare practitioners are triaging an overdose scenario; however, data from around the world demonstrate an increased use of these agents. While not typically fatal, clinicians must be prepared to assess these as a potential etiology of overdoses and provide appropriate supportive care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-07-24", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2020.1794811", "pubmed_id": "32648791", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1794811", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Salvia, Mitragyna, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Drug Overdose, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32648791\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Aging,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2262, "title": "Experience of Music Used With Psychedelic Therapy: A Rapid Review and Implications.", "normalized_title": "experience of music used with psychedelic therapy a rapid review and implications", "authors": "O'Callaghan C, Hubik DJ, Dwyer J, Williams M, Ross M.", "abstract": "Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music emerged following discontinuation of psychedelic therapy research in the early 1970s, but psychedelic therapy research has since revived. Music remains a vital component. This study examined participants' experiences of music in psychedelic therapy research. A rapid review of qualitative and quantitative journal articles in four major databases was conducted in February to April, 2019, using the terms hallucinogens, psychedelic, \"lysergic acid diethylamide,\" psilocybin, ayahuasca, music, and/or \"music therapy.\" Of 406 articles retrieved, 10 were included (n = 180; 18-69 years old). Participants had varied backgrounds. Music was widely considered integral for meaningful emotional and imagery experiences and self-exploration during psychedelic therapy. Music transformed through its elicitation of anthropomorphic, transportive, synesthetic, and material sensations. Music could convey love, carry listeners to other realms, be something to \"hold,\" inspire, and elicit a deep sense of embodied transformation. Therapeutic influence was especially evident in music's dichotomous elicitations: Music could simultaneously anchor and propel. Participant openness to music and provision of participant-centered music were associated with optimal immediate and longer-term outcomes. Many studies reported scarce details about the music used and incidental findings of music experienced. Further understanding of participants' idiosyncratic and shared responses to music during drug therapy phases will inform optimal development of flexible music protocols which enhance psychedelic therapy. Music therapists could be involved in the psychedelic therapy research renaissance through assisting with research to optimize music-based protocols used. If psychedelics become approved medicines, music therapists may be involved in offering psychedelic therapy as part of therapeutic teams.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-06-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/jmt/thaa006", "pubmed_id": "32227084", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thaa006", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Music Therapy, Emotions, Auditory Perception, Psychotherapy, Music, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Imagery, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32227084\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2251, "title": "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experiences", "authors": "James E, Robertshaw TL, Hoskins M, Sessa B.", "abstract": "ObjectiveResearch into psychedelic therapy models has shown promise for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin have been correlated with therapeutic benefits and long-term improvements in positive mental outlook and attitudes. This article aims to provide an overview of the topic, highlight strengths and weaknesses in current research, generate novel perspectives and discussion, and consider future avenues for research.DesignThis narrative review was designed to summarise and assess the state of research on psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences and applications for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions.ResultsContemporary methods on the quantification of mystical-type experiences and their acute subjective effects are discussed. Recent studies provide some understanding of the pharmacological actions of psychedelics although the neurological similarities and differences between spontaneous and psychedelic mystical-type experiences are not well described. Applicability to modern clinical settings is assessed. Potential novel therapeutic applications include use in positive psychology interventions in healthy individuals.ConclusionsSince 2006 significant advancements in understanding the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy have been made; however, more work is required to understand the neuromechanistic processes and applicability in modern clinical settings. Despite promising results in recent studies, funding issues for clinical trials, legal concerns and socio-cultural resistance provide a counterpoint to experimental evidence.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-06-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/hup.2742", "pubmed_id": "32573835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2742", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Research Design, Mysticism, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32573835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3278, "title": "How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans", "normalized_title": "how does it feel to be on psilocybin dose response relationships of subjective experiences in humans", "authors": "Hirschfeld T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the active component of magic mushrooms and is well known for its psychoactive properties. Different questionnaires have been developed to systematically quantify altered states of consciousness induced by psychoactive drugs. The aim of this study was to obtain the dose-response relationships of the subjective experiences induced by psilocybin in healthy study participants. For this purpose, we applied a linear meta-regression approach on questionnaire ratings after oral administration of psilocybin in a controlled setting. Data was obtained from The Altered States Database, which contains psychometric data extracted from peer-reviewed articles published in MEDLINE-listed journals that used standardized and validated questionnaires. Our meta-analysis included data of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30), and the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS). We used the Robust Variance Estimation Framework to obtain linear dose-response relationship estimates for each dimension of the given questionnaires. Ratings on most dimensions and subscales of the included questionnaires correlated positively with dose. Since subjective experiences are not only determined by dose, but also by individual differences and environmental factors, our results do not necessarily generalize to recreational use, as our analyses are based on data from controlled laboratory experiments. The paper at hand could serve as a general literature citation for the use of psilocybin in experimental and clinical research, especially for the comparison of expected and observed subjective drug experiences.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-06-10", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.06.09.142802", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.142802", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR174204\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3846, "title": "A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder", "normalized_title": "a potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Edward Jacobs", "abstract": "Abstract The recent revivification of interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelics has had a particular focus on mood disorders and addiction, although there is reason to think these drugs may be effective more widely. After outlining pertinent aspects of psilocybin and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the current review summarizes the evidence indicating that there may be a role for psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, as well as highlighting a range of potential therapeutic mechanisms that reflect the action of psilocybin on brain function. Although the current evidence is limited, that multiple signals point in directions consistent with treatment potential, alongside the psychological and physiological safety of clinically administered psilocybin, support the expansion of research, both in animal models and in further randomized controlled trials, to properly investigate this potential.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2020.00128", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00128", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Obsessive compulsive, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Mood, Psychotherapist, Addiction, Psychiatry, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": 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,\"https://openalex.org/W3217097423\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386315766\",\"https://openalex.org/W6649587555\",\"https://openalex.org/W6748386387\",\"https://openalex.org/W6755698176\",\"https://openalex.org/W6819150864\",\"https://openalex.org/W6821717516\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014864277\",\"display_name\":\"Edward Jacobs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-7233\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00128\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3048223422" }, { "id": 2269, "title": "Integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments.", "normalized_title": "integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology psychedelic assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments", "authors": "Greenway KT, Garel N, Jerome L, Feduccia AA", "abstract": "Combinations of psychotherapy with antidepressants are gold-standard psychiatric treatments. They operate through complex and interactional mechanisms, not unlike the reemergent paradigm of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which promising research suggests may also be highly effective in even challenging populations. We review the therapeutic mechanisms behind both conventional and psychedelic paradigms, including the evolution of this knowledge and the associated explanatory frameworks. We explore how psychedelics have provided insights about psychiatric illnesses and treatments over the past decades. We discuss limitations to early explanatory models while highlighting and comparing the psychological and biological mechanisms underlying many psychiatric treatments. A narrative review was conducted based on a search in Medline/Pubmed up to January 1, 2020, and iterative retrieval of references from recent reviews and clinical trials. The contextual model of the common factors of psychotherapy provides a powerful perspective on psychotherapy, antidepressants, and psychedelics, as well as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine. It aligns well with key tenets of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Conventional antidepressants and especially psychedelics may improve the efficacy of psychotherapy via neurochemical changes and increased environmental sensitivity. Combined treatments hold significant promise for advancing the knowledge and treatment of many forms of psychopathology.", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2020.1772054", "pubmed_id": "32478631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32478631/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, antidepressants, ketamine, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, lsd, mdma, mdma-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychiatry, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32478631\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2268, "title": "Reviewing the Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of PTSD.", "normalized_title": "reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of ptsd", "authors": "Krediet E, Bostoen T, Breeksema J, van Schagen A, Passie T, Vermetten E.", "abstract": "There are few medications with demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment guidelines have unequivocally designated psychotherapy as a first line treatment for PTSD. Yet, even after psychotherapy, PTSD often remains a chronic illness, with high rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Meanwhile, the search for and development of drugs with new mechanisms of action has stalled. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore not just novel compounds but novel approaches for the treatment of PTSD. A promising new approach involves the use of psychedelic drugs. Within the past few years, 2 psychedelics have received breakthrough designations for psychiatric indications from the US Food and Drug Administration, and several psychedelics are currently being investigated for the treatment of PTSD. This review discusses 4 types of compounds: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, classical psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide), and cannabinoids. We describe the therapeutic rationale, the setting in which they are being administered, and their current state of evidence in the treatment of PTSD. Each compound provides unique qualities for the treatment of PTSD, from their use to rapidly target symptoms to their use as adjuncts to facilitate psychotherapeutic treatments. Several questions are formulated that outline an agenda for future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018", "pubmed_id": "32170326", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32170326\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3852, "title": "Scoping Review Protocol: Mapping Psilocybin Animal Research", "normalized_title": "scoping review protocol mapping psilocybin animal research", "authors": "Ron Shore, Nigel Barnim, Katrina Dobson, Sandra McKeown, Éric C. Dumont, Craig Goldie", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/27834", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Computer science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3038815947\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3038815947\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016788534\",\"display_name\":\"Ron Shore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-0764\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074248846\",\"display_name\":\"Nigel Barnim\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080490127\",\"display_name\":\"Katrina Dobson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043286711\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra McKeown\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-6702\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077445985\",\"display_name\":\"Éric C. Dumont\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-2123\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049400432\",\"display_name\":\"Craig Goldie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5327-6340\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/27834\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3038815947" }, { "id": 3851, "title": "Scoping Review Protocol: Mapping Psilocybin Therapy Research", "normalized_title": "scoping review protocol mapping psilocybin therapy research", "authors": "Ron Shore, Paul Ioudovski, Sandra McKeown, Éric C. Dumont, Craig Goldie", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/jspui/handle/1974/27833", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Computer science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3035195363\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3035195363\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016788534\",\"display_name\":\"Ron Shore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-0764\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016890997\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Ioudovski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043286711\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra McKeown\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-6702\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077445985\",\"display_name\":\"Éric C. Dumont\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-2123\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049400432\",\"display_name\":\"Craig Goldie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5327-6340\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/jspui/handle/1974/27833\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3035195363" }, { "id": 2276, "title": "Psychedelic treatment of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatment of functional neurological disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Butler M, Seynaeve M, Nicholson TR, Pick S, Kanaan RA, Lees A, Young AH, Rucker J.", "abstract": "Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly known as conversion disorder, causes a high burden of disability and distress, and is amongst the most commonly encountered conditions in neurology clinics and neuropsychiatric services, yet the therapeutic evidence base is somewhat limited. There has been recent interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and in recent studies psychedelics have shown promise in treating a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. Modification of neural circuits associated with self-representation is thought to underlie some of this effect, and as some contemporary theories of FND focus on aberrant somatic self-representation, psychedelics may therefore represent an unexplored treatment option for FND. We systematically reviewed studies involving the use of psychedelics in FND. Nine studies published between 1954 and 1967, with a total of 26 patients, were identified. Due to restriction of licencing of psychedelic drugs since this period, no modern studies were identified. In most cases, patients received a course of psychotherapy with variable adjunctive administration of psychedelics (in a combination known as 'psycholytic therapy'), with protocols varying between studies. Of those treated, 69% (n = 18) were found to have made at least some recovery on heterogeneous and subjective clinician-rated criteria. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient; however, at least one patient terminated the study due to distressing effects. All included studies were of low quality, often lacking control groups and valid outcome measures. Although no conclusions on efficacy may be drawn from these data, further research may help to determine whether psychedelics offer a feasible, safe and effective treatment for FND.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-10", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/2045125320912125", "pubmed_id": "32435447", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320912125", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32435447\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2288, "title": "Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review.", "normalized_title": "depression mindfulness and psilocybin possible complementary effects of mindfulness meditation and psilocybin in the treatment of depression a review", "authors": "Heuschkel K, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 4.4% of the global population. Since conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies are only partially effective, as demonstrated by the number of patients failing to achieve remission, alternative treatments are needed. Mindfulness meditation (MM) and psilocybin represent two promising novel treatments that might even have complementary therapeutic effects when combined. Since the current literature is limited to theoretical and empirical underpinnings of either treatment alone, the present review aimed to identify possible complementary effects that may be relevant to the treatment of depression. To that end, the individual effects of MM and psilocybin, and their underlying working mechanisms, were compared on a non-exhaustive selection of six prominent psychological and biological processes that are well known to show impairments in patients suffering from major depression disorder, that is mood, executive functioning, social skills, neuroplasticity, core neural networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmunological levels. Based on predefined search strings used in two online databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) 1129 articles were identified. After screening title and abstract for relevance related to the question, 82 articles were retained and 11 were added after reference list search, resulting in 93 articles included in the review. Findings show that MM and psilocybin exert similar effects on mood, social skills, and neuroplasticity; different effects were found on executive functioning, neural core networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune system markers. Potential mechanisms of MM's effects are enhanced affective self-regulation through mental strategies, optimization of stress reactivity, and structural and functional adjustments of prefrontal and limbic areas; psilocybin's effects might be established via attenuation of cognitive associations through deep personal insights, cognitive disinhibition, and global neural network disintegration. It is suggested that, when used in combination, MM and psilocybin could exert complementary effects by potentiating or prolonging mutual positive effects, for example, MM potentially facilitating psilocybin-induced peak experiences. Future placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trials focusing on psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based therapy will provide knowledge about whether the proposed combination of therapies maximizes their efficacy in the treatment of depression or depressive symptomatology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224", "pubmed_id": "32296353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32296353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2271, "title": "Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "long term effects of psychedelic drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Aday JS, Mitzkovitz CM, Bloesch EK, Davoli CC, Davis AK.", "abstract": "Research into the basic effects and therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs has grown considerably in recent years. Yet, pressing questions remain regarding the substances' lasting effects. Although individual studies have begun monitoring sustained changes, no study to-date has synthesized this information. Therefore, this systematic review aims to fill this important gap in the literature by synthesizing results from 34 contemporary experimental studies which included classic psychedelics, human subjects, and follow-up latencies of at least two weeks. The bulk of this work was published in the last five years, with psilocybin being the most frequently administered drug. Enduring changes in personality/attitudes, depression, spirituality, anxiety, wellbeing, substance misuse, meditative practices, and mindfulness were documented. Mystical experiences, connectedness, emotional breakthrough, and increased neural entropy were related to these long-term changes in psychological functioning. Finally, with proper screening, preparation, supervision, and integration, limited aversive side effects were noted by study participants. Future researchers should focus on including larger and more diverse samples, lengthier longitudinal designs, stronger control conditions, and standardized dosages.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017", "pubmed_id": "32194129", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Emotions, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32194129\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2209, "title": "Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Kalin NH, McDonald WM, the Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments, a Division of the American Psychiatric Association Council of Research.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe authors provide an evidenced-based summary of the literature on the clinical application of psychedelic drugs in psychiatric disorders.MethodsSearches of PubMed and PsycINFO via Ovid were conducted for articles in English, in peer-reviewed journals, reporting on \"psilocybin,\" \"lysergic acid diethylamide,\" \"LSD,\" \"ayahuasca,\" \"3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,\" and \"MDMA,\" in human subjects, published between 2007 and July 1, 2019. A total of 1,603 articles were identified and screened. Articles that did not contain the terms \"clinical trial,\" \"therapy,\" or \"imaging\" in the title or abstract were filtered out. The 161 remaining articles were reviewed by two or more authors. The authors identified 14 articles reporting on well-designed clinical trials investigating the efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ayahuasca for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, trauma and stress-related disorders, and substance-related and addictive disorders as well as in end-of-life care.ResultsThe most significant database exists for MDMA and psilocybin, which have been designated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as \"breakthrough therapies\" for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression, respectively. The research on LSD and ayahuasca is observational, but available evidence suggests that these agents may have therapeutic effects in specific psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsRandomized clinical trials support the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of PTSD and psilocybin in the treatment of depression and cancer-related anxiety. The research to support the use of LSD and ayahuasca in the treatment of psychiatric disorders is preliminary, although promising. Overall, the database is insufficient for FDA approval of any psychedelic compound for routine clinical use in psychiatric disorders at this time, but continued research on the efficacy of psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is warranted.", "journal": "Diseño interior", "publication_date": "2020-02-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Evidence-Based Practice, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32098487\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W32098487\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W32098487\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104093896\",\"display_name\":\"Pilar Gómez Rodríguez\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306508135\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diseño interior\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2955419\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W32098487" }, { "id": 2282, "title": "A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses.", "normalized_title": "a review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses", "authors": "Chi T, Gold JA.", "abstract": "Though there was initial interest in the use of psychedelic drugs for psychiatric treatment, bad outcomes and subsequent passage of the Substance Act of 1970, which placed psychedelic drugs in the Schedule I category, significantly limited potential progress. More recently, however, there has been renewal in interest and promise of psychedelic research. The purpose of this review is to highlight contemporary human studies on the use of select psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD, MDMA and ayahuasca, in the treatment of various psychiatric illnesses, including but not limited to treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and substance use disorders. The safety and efficacy as reported from human and animal studies will also be discussed. Accumulated research to date has suggested the potential for psychedelics to emerge as breakthrough therapies for psychiatric conditions refractory to conventional treatments. However, given the unique history and high potential for misuse with popular distribution, special care and considerations must be undertaken to safeguard their use as viable medical treatments rather than drugs of abuse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-01-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2020.116715", "pubmed_id": "32044687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116715", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32044687\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3897, "title": "Is Psilocybin an Effective Treatment to Reduce Depression and Anxiety in Cancer Patients with a Diagnosis of an Anxiety Disorder, Mood Disorder, And/Or Stress Disorder?", "normalized_title": "is psilocybin an effective treatment to reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients with a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder mood disorder and or stress disorder", "authors": "Brooke Reichenbach", "abstract": "Objective: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not psilocybin is an effective treatment to reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients with a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, mood disorder, and/or stress disorder. Study design: Systematic review of three cross-over randomized placebo-controlled trials published in peer reviewed journals between 2010-2016. Data sources: All articles were published in English and were selected from Cochrane Collaboration and PubMed based on if they were relevant to my clinical question and included patient-oriented outcomes (POEMs). Outcomes measured: Outcomes measured included self-reported anxiety and depression via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. Results: Grob et al. (Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(1):71-78. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry. 2010.116) found that controlled use of psilocybin when compared with placebo improved selfreported anxiety (p", "journal": "Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews/531", "keywords": "Anxiety, Mood, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Psilocybin, Clinical psychology, Cancer, Psychology, Anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychology and Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3137131474\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3137131474\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088665805\",\"display_name\":\"Brooke Reichenbach\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196547\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews/531\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3137131474" }, { "id": 3893, "title": "Psilocybin and LSD in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and lsd in the treatment of depression and anxiety", "authors": "Marcus Allgulin", "abstract": "Psychiatry is in a crisis. Mental health disorders are on the rise worldwide and there are currently not enough efficient treatment methods that would meet the patients’ needs. Hence, the societal and economic costs of mental health problems are enormous, as well as the suffering of individuals afflicted by mental health problems. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are substances that create an altered state of consciousness characterized by altered sensory perception and on some occasions, ego-dissolution, and mystical experiences. In recent studies, LSD and psilocybin have been shown to carry significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in conjunction with psychotherapy. The therapeutic effects of LSD and psilocybin have also been shown to persist for between 3-12 months post-treatment. LSD and psilocybin, like other classical hallucinogens, increase serotonin availability, which has been suggested to attenuate symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, LSD and psilocybin alter the activity of the default mode network, which has been suggested to be overly active in depressed and anxious patients. This essay is a literature review of the neural mechanisms of LSD and psilocybin, their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, and how insights about said neural mechanisms may be useful in understanding the possible application of psychedelics in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. In sum, recent studies have provided converging and convincing evidence on therapeutic potential of LSD and psilocybin. Yet, few conclusions on the exact neural mechanisms of how LSD and psilocybin alleviate depressive and anxiety symptoms can be made. Although the future of this research field looks promising, archaic national- and international regulations continue to be a hindrance to research into psychedelic drugs. Yet, due to the psychiatric crisis and the promising results so far, more studies in this field are warranted.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Mental health, Depression (economics), Psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093826296\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093826296\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078099219\",\"display_name\":\"Marcus Allgulin\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3093826296" }, { "id": 3891, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the Treatment of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the treatment of depression and post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Sofia Gyllvik", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin and the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are being scientifically studied again after a long hiatus, and especially for their potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Their profound effect on cognitive, perceptual, and affective processes have led to several clinical studies during the last decade that have forced the reconsideration of the utility of these substances. The research includes clinical trials with psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms, and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results have shown a significant reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and in PTSD symptoms in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, with acceptable adverse effects. Moreover, the reductions in symptoms have been shown to be sustained several years later. Given the results indicate short- and long-term safety and efficacy, even for treatment resistant conditions, this suggest that these substances administered with psychotherapy are promising and deserve to be taken seriously as a therapeutic tool. The present thesis provides an overview of the latest clinical studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and PTSD with psilocybin and MDMA, respectively, as well as reviews the history, mechanisms of action, the therapeutic process used with psilocybin and MDMA, and any adverse physiological and psychological effects of both substances.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Traumatic stress, Depression (economics), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, MDMA, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3083741926\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3083741926\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075217865\",\"display_name\":\"Sofia Gyllvik\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3083741926" }, { "id": 2314, "title": "Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics", "authors": "Moreton SG, Szalla L, Menzies RE, Arena AF", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapies can engender enduring improvements in psychological well-being. However, relatively little is known about the psychological mechanisms through which the salutary effects of psychedelics emerge. Through integrating extant research on psychedelics with contemporary existential psychology, we present a novel hypothesis that reduced death anxiety may be a key mechanism underpinning the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. In developing this hypothesis, we also provide a complementary review of mechanisms through which psychedelics may reduce death anxiety. We conclude that an awareness of the role of death anxiety in psychopathology has the potential to guide future research into psychedelic therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-019-05391-0", "pubmed_id": "31784805", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784805/", "keywords": "DMT, Death anxiety, Fear of death, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic therapy, Psychedelics, Transdiagnostic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31784805\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2207, "title": "Investigational and Experimental Drugs to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "investigational and experimental drugs to treat obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Grassi G, Cecchelli C, Vignozzi L, Pacini S.", "abstract": "Treatment-resistance is a frequent condition for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Over the past decades, a lot of effort has been made to address this issue, and several augmentation strategies of serotonergic drugs have been investigated. Antidopaminergic drugs are considered the first choice as augmentation strategy for treatment-resistant OCD patients, but they seem to work only for a subset of patients, and none of them have been officially approved for OCD. Recently, the role of glutamate and inflammation in OCD pathophysiology clearly emerged, and this has led to several investigations on glutamatergic and anti-inflammatory agents. Results seem promising but still inconclusive. Probiotic interventions (considered to modulate the immune systems and the brain activity) are gaining attention in several psychiatric fields but are still at their early stages in the OCD field. Research on new treatment approaches for OCD is moving forward, and more than one hundred interventional trials are ongoing around the world. While the vast majority of these trials involve neuromodulation and psychotherapeutic approaches, only a small proportion (around 20%) involve the investigation of new pharmacological approaches (tolcapone, nabilone, psilocybin, troriluzole, nitrous oxide, rituximab, naproxen, and immunoglobulins). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of investigational and experimental drugs to treat OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.2147/jep.s255375", "pubmed_id": "33447096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/jep.s255375", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33447096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2291, "title": "The relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Mathai DS, Meyer MJ, Storch EA, Kosten TR.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe relationship between ketamine's hallucinogenic- and dissociative-type effects and antidepressant mechanism of action is poorly understood. This paper reviewed the correlation between subjective effects defined by various psychometric scales and observed clinical outcomes in the treatment of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).MethodsBased on PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed the dissociative and psychotomimetic mental state induced with ketamine during MDD treatment. Our selected studies correlated depression rating with validated scales collected at regular intervals throughout the study period such as the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC). We excluded studies with bipolar depression or with repeated dosing and no single-dose phase. We included 8 of 556 screened reports.ResultsTwo of five CADSS studies found significant negative correlations between increases in CADSS scores and depression scores. One of six BPRS studies demonstrated correlations between BPRS scores and depression scores. The 5D-ASC's one study found no correlation with the MADRS.ConclusionsKetamine's dissociative and psychotomimetic effects were correlated with depression changes in 37.5% of studies, but most studies did not examine this relationship and future studies should consider this association since it appears important for MDMA and psilocybin therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023", "pubmed_id": "32056741", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Dissociative Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32056741\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3285, "title": "Mapping Psilocybin-Assisted Therapies: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "mapping psilocybin assisted therapies a scoping review", "authors": "Shore R, Ioudovski P, Goldie C, McKeown S, Dumont E, Queen’s University, Kingston On.", "abstract": "We conducted a scoping review on psilocybin-assisted therapy for addiction, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin is a naturally-occurring tryptophan derivative found in species of mushroom with psycho-active properties. From 2022 records identified by database searching, 40 publications were included in the qualitative synthesis from which we identified 9 clinical trials with a total of 169 participants. Trials used a peak-psychedelic model of therapy, emphasizing inward journey through the use of eyeshades, set musical scores and with medium to high doses of psilocybin. No serious adverse effects were reported; mild adverse effects included transient anxiety, nausea and post-treatment headaches. Overall, the 9 trials all demonstrated safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy in the treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorder, treatment-resistant unipolar depression, anxiety or depression in patients with life-threatening cancer and demoralization among long-term AIDS survivors.The literature was found to be early and exploratory, with several limitations: only 5 were randomized controlled trials, small and homogenous patient sample size, difficulties in blinding, and the confounding influence of psychological supports provided. Further research is indicated to establish effectiveness for these and other indications, with a more diverse range of patients, and with differing program and dosing modalities.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-12-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR105649\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2362, "title": "[Neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy].", "normalized_title": "neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Corne R, Mongeau R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, often referred to as hallucinogens, are quite distinct from other classes of psychotropic drugs. Although the subjective and behavioral effects they induce are quite dramatic, they possess little addictive potential when compared to nicotine, alcohol or opiates. Since the discovery of ketamine antidepressant effects, there has been growing interest for these molecules. Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are gaining attention as potential treatments for depression and addiction, similarly to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and ibogaine for addiction. Although they possess distinct pharmacological profiles, their kinetics of action are quite similar: the therapeutic effects are felt within the hours following administration, and last well beyond drug elimination by the organism. This strongly suggests the induction of neurogenic and plastic mechanisms, including the involvement of trophic factors. This review will explore the literature dealing with the effects of psychedelics on neurotrophins, as well as the plastic adaptations that they induce, in an attempt to understand their surprising therapeutic potential. We will show that although ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics have affinity for very different receptors (NMDA, 5-HT2A), they ultimately initiate similar plastic adaptations in the prefrontal cortex through the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We will see that although MDMA uses the same receptors as serotonergic psychedelics to alleviate PTSD symptoms, its effect on BDNF levels seem paradoxical and quite different. Finally, we show how ibogaine could exert its anti-addictive properties through a completely different neurotrophic factor than other psychedelic drugs, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). While the current literature concerning the psychiatric applications of psychedelic therapy is encouraging, it remains to be determined whether their benefits could be obtained without their psychotomimetic effects, or concerns over potential toxicity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1051/jbio/2019015", "pubmed_id": "31829932", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019015", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Ketamine, Ibogaine, Nerve Growth Factors, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31829932\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2313, "title": "Therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens: A review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens a review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Serotoninergic hallucinogens include drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Recent trials with single/few doses of these compounds show that they induce rapid and sustained antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects. These effects are also observed in religious groups using the DMT-containing brew ayahuasca. The agonist action of these substances on 5-HT2A receptors expressed in frontal and limbic areas increase glutamatergic transmission and neuroplasticity. These neurochemical effects are associated with acute alterations on self-perception and increases in introspection and positive mood, and with subacute and long-term decreases in psychiatric symptoms, increases in some personality traits such as openness, improvements in emotional processing, and increases in empathy. These are preliminary but promising results that should be further explored in controlled trials with larger sample sizes, especially considering that these compounds could be beneficial in the treatment of treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-02", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001", "pubmed_id": "31809772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001", "keywords": "Limbic System, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Hallucinogens, Exploratory Behavior, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Social Cognition", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31809772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2224, "title": "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: NBOMes.", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience nbomes", "authors": "Poulie CBM, Jensen AA, Halberstadt AL, Kristensen JL.", "abstract": "N-Benzylphenethylamines, commonly known as NBOMes, are synthetic psychedelic compounds derived from the phenethylamine class of psychedelics (2C-X compounds), which originally have been derived from the naturally occurring alkaloid mescaline. Analogously to their parent compounds and other classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), NBOMes are believed to exert their main pharmacological effects through activation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. Since their introduction as New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) in 2010, NBOMes have been widely used for recreational purposes; this has resulted in numerous cases of acute toxicity, sometimes with lethal outcomes, leading to the classification of several NBOMes as Schedule I substances in 2013. However, in addition to their recreational use, the NBOMe class has yielded several important biochemical tools, including [11C]Cimbi-36, which is now being used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the mammalian brain, and 25CN-NBOH, one of the most selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists developed to date. In this Review, the history, chemistry, structure-activity relationships, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties, and safety profiles of NBOMes will be outlined and discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-11-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528", "pubmed_id": "31657895", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31657895\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2322, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics could be promising treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end-stage cancer.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens psychedelics could be promising treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end stage cancer", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "In a recent issue of the BMC Psychiatry, the evidence of effectiveness of treatments for psychiatric conditions in end-stage cancer patients was reviewed (Johnson, 2018). The review was comprehensive, and included traditional and non-traditional/alternative treatments, including herbal medicines and spirituality. However, evidence showing that classic or serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) could be effective treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end-stage cancer was not included. In this commentary, we expand the information available on the original article by briefly reviewing data from recent placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trials showing evidence that administration of single (or few) doses of LSD and psilocybin was associated with rapid and sustained reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with end-stage cancer and other life-threatening diseases (e.g., Bechterew's disease, Parkinson's disease, Celiac disease). Since these substances seem to produce rapid and sustained therapeutic effects with single (or few) doses and well tolerated, large-scale, prospective, multi-site studies of end-stage cancer and classical/serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics should be performed to improve our understanding of the therapeutic potentials of these drugs and their use on clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-10-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-019-2288-z", "pubmed_id": "31660905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2288-z", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Double-Blind Method, Anxiety Disorders, Needs Assessment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31660905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3920, "title": "Psilocybin for depression: Considerations for clinical trial design", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression considerations for clinical trial design", "authors": "Kelley C. O’Donnell, Sarah E. Mennenga, Michael P. Bogenschutz", "abstract": "Background and aims Given the enormous global burden of depressive illness, there is an urgent need to develop novel and more effective treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent findings have suggested that psychedelic drugs may have a role in the treatment of depressive symptoms, and a number of groups are in the process of developing protocols to study this question systematically. Given the subjective quality of both the psychedelic experience and depressive symptomatology, great care must be taken when designing a protocol to study the clinical efficacy of psychedelic drugs. This study will discuss many factors to consider when designing a clinical trial of psilocybin for MDD. Methods We provide a thorough review of pertinent research into antidepressant clinical trial methodology and review practical considerations that are relevant to the study of psychedelic-assisted treatment for depression. Results We discuss participant selection (including diagnostic accuracy, exclusion criteria, characteristics of the depressive episode, and the use of concurrent medications), study interventions (including dosing regimens, placebo selection, non-pharmacological components of treatment, and the importance of blinding), trial duration, outcome measures, and safety considerations. Conclusions Careful and transparent study design and data analysis will maximize the likelihood of generating meaningful, reproducible results, and identifying a treatment-specific effect. Meeting the highest standards for contemporary trial design may also broaden the acceptance of psychedelic research in the scientific community at large.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2019.026", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.026", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Blinding, Clinical trial, Major depressive disorder, Protocol (science), Psychological intervention, Depression (economics), Antidepressant, Medicine, Clinical study design, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Research design, Alternative medicine, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Cognition, Macroeconomics, Social science, Sociology, Pathology, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2974814938\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2974814938\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1035028816\",\"https://openalex.org/W1730751745\",\"https://openalex.org/W1776258049\",\"https://openalex.org/W1908895882\",\"https://openalex.org/W1924546259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964684482\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978384112\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002554882\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004762037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017854344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018351853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018366064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023081218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023634568\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023687307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032318019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033784736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034669884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049695419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057880023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063900798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066671649\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083644336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083894864\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084152792\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090339413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094608167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101646907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112249597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117522474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120460120\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124295269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128603617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139725402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142133137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146236789\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148083007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148796661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153403353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159011576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169411569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170904543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171340584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2291794699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2296296811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318643681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319165603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2326537158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340399189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2410368260\",\"https://openalex.org/W2428332025\",\"https://openalex.org/W2438144546\",\"https://openalex.org/W2480021183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2590652160\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757390367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807830955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894431596\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897080393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942667518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944263526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240995428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4245499518\",\"https://openalex.org/W6637688905\",\"https://openalex.org/W6696590373\",\"https://openalex.org/W6703672616\",\"https://openalex.org/W6717913965\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042151214\",\"display_name\":\"Kelley C. O’Donnell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-2699\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087382833\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah E. Mennenga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.026\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2974814938" }, { "id": 2330, "title": "Hallucinogens and Their Therapeutic Use: A Literature Review.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and their therapeutic use a literature review", "authors": "Begola MJ, Schillerstrom JE.", "abstract": "The exploration of possible therapeutic benefits of hallucinogenic substances has undergone a revitalization in the past decade. This literature review investigated the published literature regarding the psychotherapeutic uses of hallucinogens in psychiatric disorders. The results showed that a variety of substances have been evaluated in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including ayahuasca, ibogaine, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and psilocybin. The conditions treated ranged from depression to autism, with the largest volume of research dedicated to substance use disorders. The majority of studies that were reviewed demonstrated significant associations with improvement in the conditions investigated. However, it was difficult to draw definitive conclusions as most studies suffered from small sample sizes, inconsistent measures, and poor study design. To properly assess the risks and potential benefits of hallucinogens in psychiatric treatment, there is a need for well designed, standardized studies that demonstrate the impact of hallucinogenic substances on psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1097/pra.0000000000000409", "pubmed_id": "31505518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000409", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Risk Assessment, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31505518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2320, "title": "Classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety a systematic review", "authors": "Muttoni S, Ardissino M, John C.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression and anxiety are prevalent psychiatric disorders that carry significant morbidity. Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are used to manage these conditions, but their efficacy is limited. Recent interest into the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy using ayahuasca, psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may be a promising alternative for patients unresponsive to traditional treatments. This review aims to determine the efficacy and tolerability of psychedelics in the management of resistant depression.MethodsClinical trials investigating psychedelics in patients with depression and/or anxiety were searched via MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO. Efficacy was assessed by measuring symptom improvement from baseline, and tolerability was evaluated by noting the incidence and type of adverse effects reported. Risk of bias was assessed.ResultsSeven studies, with 130 patients, were analysed in this review. Three were conducted in patients with depression, two in patients with anxiety and two in patients with both. In a supportive setting, ayahuasca, psilocybin, and LSD consistently produced immediate and significant anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects that were endured for several months. Psychedelics were well-tolerated. The most common adverse effects were transient anxiety, short-lived headaches, nausea and mild increases in heart rate and blood pressure.LimitationsAt present, the number of studies on this subject is very limited; and the number of participating patients within these is also limited as the treatment under investigations is a relatively novel concept.ConclusionsThough further evidence is required, psychedelics appear to be effective in significantly reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety and are well-tolerated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-07-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.076", "pubmed_id": "31382100", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.076", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Adult, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31382100\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2348, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions: a systematic review of the literature.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Rocha JM, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Bouso JC, Rossi GN, Hallak JEC, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecognition of emotions in facial expressions (REFE) is a key aspect of social cognition. Anxiety and mood disorders are associated with deficits in REFE, and anxiolytics and antidepressants reverse these deficits. Recent studies have shown that serotonergic hallucinogens (i.e. ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], and mescaline) have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, but their effects on REFE are not well understood. The purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic review analyzing the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens on REFE in humans.MethodsStudies published in the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases until 19 October 2018 which analyzed the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens on REFE in humans were included.ResultsOf the 62 studies identified, 8 studies were included. Included studies involved the administration of a single or a few doses of LSD or psilocybin, and most trials were randomized and controlled with placebo. LSD and psilocybin reduced the recognition of negative emotions in most studies and modulated amygdala activity to these stimuli, which was correlated with antidepressive effects in patients. Both drugs were well tolerated.ConclusionsSerotonergic hallucinogens reduced the recognition of negative emotions by modulating amygdala activity. Despite the small sample sizes, results suggest that serotonergic hallucinogens show promising beneficial effects on deficits in REFE.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-04-25", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/2045125319845774", "pubmed_id": "31065350", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125319845774", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31065350\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2352, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Group Therapy: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted group therapy a systematic review", "authors": "Trope A, Anderson BT, Hooker AR, Glick G, Stauffer C, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "Contemporary research with classic psychedelic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin) is indebted to the twentieth-century researchers and clinicians who generated valuable clinical knowledge of these substances through experimentation. Several recent reviews that highlight the contributions of this early literature have focused on psychedelic-assisted individual psychotherapy modalities. None have attempted to systematically identify and compile experimental studies of psychedelic-assisted group therapy. In therapeutic settings, psychedelics were often used to enhance group therapy for a variety of populations and clinical indications. We report on the results of a systematic review of the published literature in English and Spanish on psychedelic-assisted group therapies. Publications are characterized by their clinical approach, experimental method, and clinical outcomes. Given the renewed interest in the clinical use of psychedelic medicines, this review aims to stimulate hypotheses to be tested in future research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, group process, and interpersonal functioning.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-04-04", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559", "pubmed_id": "30950777", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Group, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30950777\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2343, "title": "Pharmacological interventions targeting anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological interventions targeting anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Cao B, Zhu J, Zuckerman H, Rosenblat JD, Brietzke E, Pan Z, Subramanieapillai M, Park C, Lee Y, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "Anhedonia is defined as a diminished ability to experience interest or pleasure, and is a critical psychopathological dimension of major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of the current systematic review is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological treatments on measures of anhedonia in adults with MDD. Electronic databases Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to June 1, 2018 for longitudinal studies utilizing pharmacotherapy for the treatment of anhedonia in patients with MDD. A total of 17 eligible studies were identified (i.e., evaluated the effects of pharmacotherapy on a measure of anhedonia). Among the identified studies, the efficacy of 14 different pharmacotherapies on measures of anhedonia were evaluated, including melatonergic agents (i.e. agomelatine), monoaminergic agents (i.e. moclobemide, clomipramine, bupropion, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, amitifadine and levomilnacipran, escitalopram, and sertraline), glutamatergic agents (i.e., ketamine and riluzole), stimulants (i.e., methylphenidate), and psychedelics (i.e., psilocybin). Based on the available evidence, most antidepressants demonstrated beneficial effects on measures of anhedonia as well as the other depressive symptoms. Only escitalopram/riluzole combination treatment was ineffective in treating symptoms of anhedonia in MDD. Continued research is warranted to further support the efficacy of mechanistically-distinct antidepressants in treating symptoms of anhedonia in MDD. Future research should also aim to parse out the heterogeneous effects of different pharmacotherapies on anhedonic symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-01-02", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.002", "pubmed_id": "30611836", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.002", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Anhedonia, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30611836\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2367, "title": "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of peyote and mescaline clinical and forensic repercussions", "authors": "Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD.", "abstract": "BackgroundMescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood.ObjectivesThis article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response.MethodsMescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed.ResultsAlthough its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported.ConclusionMost reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.2174/1874467211666181010154139", "pubmed_id": "30318013", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Cactaceae, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Forensic Medicine, Tissue Distribution, Intestinal Absorption", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30318013\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Adolescents,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2341, "title": "Unpredictable Behavior Under the Influence of \"Magic Mushrooms\": A Case Report and Review of the Literature.", "normalized_title": "unpredictable behavior under the influence of magic mushrooms a case report and review of the literature", "authors": "Honyiglo E, Franchi A, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Advenier AS, Bévalot F, Fanton L.", "abstract": "Fatalities implicating psychedelic mushrooms are not a common clinical situation in everyday forensic medicine. Despite classification as an illegal drug in many countries, psilocybin mushrooms have the reputation of being safe. We report the case of a young man who jumped from a second story balcony under the influence of psilocybin mushrooms. The psilocin assay was performed by gas chromatography coupled to an electron-impact ionization time-of-flight detector (GC-EI-TOF) after solid-phase extraction. Total psilocin was quantified in peripheral and cardiac blood as 60 and 67 ng/mL, respectively, and in urine (2230 ng/mL), bile (3102 ng/mL), and vitreous humor (57 ng/mL). This case report and review of literature highlights the danger of psilocybin mushrooms. Isolated use of psilocybin mushrooms by a regular consumer without psychiatric history, even under \"safe\" circumstances, can lead to a fatal outcome.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-11", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1111/1556-4029.13982", "pubmed_id": "30548541", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13982", "keywords": "Vitreous Body, Bile, Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Gas, Suicide, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30548541\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Case Report,Adolescents", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2347, "title": "Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics an integrative review of epidemiology therapeutics mystical experience and brain network function", "authors": "Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrative review and offer novel insights regarding human research with classic psychedelics (classic hallucinogens), which are serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Classic psychedelics have been administered as sacraments since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s to 1960s, and during this time contributed to the emergence of the field of molecular neuroscience. Promising results were reported for treatment of both end-of-life psychological distress and addiction, and classic psychedelics served as tools for studying the neurobiological bases of psychological disorders. Moreover, classic psychedelics were shown to occasion mystical experiences, which are subjective experiences reported throughout different cultures and religions involving a strong sense of unity, among other characteristics. However, the recreational use of classic psychedelics and their association with the counterculture prompted an end to human research with classic psychedelics in the early 1970s. We provide the most comprehensive review of epidemiological studies of classic psychedelics to date. Notable among these are a number of studies that have suggested the possibility that nonmedical naturalistic (non-laboratory) use of classic psychedelics is associated with positive mental health and prosocial outcomes, although it is clear that some individuals are harmed by classic psychedelics in non-supervised settings. We then review recent therapeutic studies suggesting efficacy in treating psychological distress associated with life-threatening diseases, treating depression, and treating nicotine and alcohol addictions. We also describe the construct of mystical experience, and provide a comprehensive review of modern studies investigating classic psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences and their consequences. These studies have shown classic psychedelics to fairly reliably occasion mystical experiences. Moreover, classic-psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences are associated with improved psychological outcomes in both healthy volunteer and patient populations. Finally, we review neuroimaging studies that suggest neurobiological mechanisms of classic psychedelics. These studies have also broadened our understanding of the brain, the serotonin system, and the neurobiological basis of consciousness. Overall, these various lines of research suggest that classic psychedelics might hold strong potential as therapeutics, and as tools for experimentally investigating mystical experiences and behavioral-brain function more generally.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "pubmed_id": "30521880", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mysticism, Epidemiological Monitoring", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30521880\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2387, "title": "Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state.", "normalized_title": "dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state", "authors": "Bayne T, Carter O.", "abstract": "It has often been suggested in the popular and academic literature that the psychedelic state qualifies as a higher state of consciousness relative to the state of normal waking awareness. This article subjects this proposal to critical scrutiny, focusing on the question of what it would mean for a state of consciousness to be 'higher'. We begin by considering the contrast between conscious contents and conscious global states. We then review the changes in conscious global state associated with psychedelic drug use, focusing on the effects of two serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide. Limiting our review to findings obtained from lab-based experiments and reported in peer-reviewed journals, we prioritize the more common and reliably induced effects obtained through subjective questionnaires and psychophysical measures. The findings are grouped into three broad categories (sensory perception, cognitive function, and experiences of unity) and demonstrate that although certain aspects of consciousness are improved or enhanced in the psychedelic state, many of the functional capacities that are associated with consciousness are seriously compromised. Psychedelic-induced states of consciousness are indeed remarkable in many ways, but it is inappropriate to regard them as 'higher' states of consciousness. The fact that psychedelics affect different aspects of consciousness in fundamentally different ways provides evidence against the unidimensional (or 'level-based') view of consciousness, and instead provides strong support for a multidimensional conception of conscious states. The final section of the article considers the implications of this analysis for two prominent theories of consciousness: the Global Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory.", "journal": "Neuroscience of Consciousness", "publication_date": "2018-09-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niy008", "pubmed_id": "30254752", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niy008", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30254752\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2889959197\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2889959197\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":153,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W603009725\",\"https://openalex.org/W1490303222\",\"https://openalex.org/W1508653503\",\"https://openalex.org/W1511715654\",\"https://openalex.org/W1583032813\",\"https://openalex.org/W1583209675\",\"https://openalex.org/W1595242066\",\"https://openalex.org/W1597932157\",\"https://openalex.org/W1601428634\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969469858\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972524714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982170313\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990666634\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995045083\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015303758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015390545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058162468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072267104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073113115\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077239925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085132635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087302183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090979638\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095577612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096029767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096610047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102204212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106243645\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125587982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126853995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141746953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144455058\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149945973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150232387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152497784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167955809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168575964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170232314\",\"https://openalex.org/W2212776331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2310217103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336630210\",\"https://openalex.org/W2339840868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2349946775\",\"https://openalex.org/W2394834952\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2467594745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2488452912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2525568280\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560677216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604795661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618615166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726898022\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765392035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765831433\",\"https://openalex.org/W2786230868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938595859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020922932\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241874249\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241992403\",\"https://openalex.org/W4250223652\",\"https://openalex.org/W4256474218\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388254662\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010096301\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Bayne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8591-7907\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060157509\",\"display_name\":\"Olivia Carter\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-6154\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2735251646\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuroscience of Consciousness\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niy008\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2889959197" }, { "id": 2433, "title": "d-Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and other classic hallucinogens: Mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications in mood disorders.", "normalized_title": "d lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and other classic hallucinogens mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications in mood disorders", "authors": "De Gregorio D, Enns JP, Nuñez NA, Posa L, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Depression and anxiety are psychiatric diagnoses commonly associated with low quality of life and low percentage of responsiveness by patients treated with currently available drugs. Thus, research into alternative compounds to treat these disorders is essential to guarantee a patient's remission. The last decade has witnessed a revamped interest for the application of psychedelic medicine for the treatment of mental disorders due to anecdotal reports and clinical studies which show that low doses of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin may have antidepressant effects. LSD and psilocybin have demonstrated mood-modulating properties likely due to their capacity to modulate serotonergic (5-HT), dopaminergic (DA) and glutamatergic systems. LSD, belonging to the category of \"classic halluginogens,\" interacts with the 5-HT system through 5HT1A, and 5HT2A receptors, with the DA system through D2 receptors, and indirectly also the glutamatergic neurotransmission thought the recruitment of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Randomized clinical studies have confirmed its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in humans. Thus, in this chapter, we will review the pharmacology of psychedelic drugs, report the most striking clinical evidence which substantiate the therapeutic potentials of these fascinating compounds in mood disorders, and look into the horizon of where psychedelic medicine is heading.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-30", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008", "pubmed_id": "30471683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30471683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2389, "title": "Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews.", "normalized_title": "efficacy tolerability and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood anxiety and substance use disorders a systematic review of systematic reviews", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Alcázar-Córcoles MÁ, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "IntroductionMood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the population. Although several pharmacological treatments are available, they are not effective for a significant proportion of patients and are associated with several adverse reactions. Therefore, new treatments should be explored. Recent studies suggest that serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics including ayahuasca, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have anxiolytic, antidepressive, and antiaddictive effects. Areas Covered: A systematic review of systematic reviews assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelic was performed using the PubMed data base until 11 April 2018. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were analyzed, but only reviews that described at least one randomized controlled trial (RCT) were included. Expert Commentary: Psilocybin and LSD reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients and symptoms of alcohol and tobacco dependence, and ayahuasca reduced depression symptoms in treatment-resistant depression. Although the results are promising, several studies were open label, and only few were RCTs, and most had small sample sizes and a short duration. Single or few doses of these drugs seem to be well tolerated, but long-term studies are lacking. New RCTs with bigger samples and longer duration are needed to replicate these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-22", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424", "pubmed_id": "30102078", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102078\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2395, "title": "Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as anti inflammatory agents", "authors": "Flanagan TW, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)2A receptor agonists have recently emerged as promising new treatment options for a variety of disorders. The recent success of these agonists, also known as psychedelics, like psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and addiction, has ushered in a renaissance in the way these compounds are perceived in the medical community and populace at large. One emerging therapeutic area that holds significant promise is their use as anti-inflammatory agents. Activation of 5-HT2A receptors produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of human inflammatory disorders at sub-behavioural levels. This review discusses the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in the inflammatory response, as well as highlight studies using the 5-HT2A agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] to treat inflammation in cellular and animal models. It also examines potential mechanisms by which 5-HT2A agonists produce their therapeutic effects. Overall, psychedelics regulate inflammatory pathways via novel mechanisms, and may represent a new and exciting treatment strategy for several inflammatory disorders.", "journal": "International Review of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2018-08-12", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827", "pubmed_id": "30102081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Amphetamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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W. Flanagan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136737876\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Review of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2886249511" }, { "id": 2394, "title": "Therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer related psychiatric distress", "authors": "Ross S.", "abstract": "Cancer is highly prevalent and one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Psychological and existential suffering is common in cancer patients, associated with poor psychiatric and medical outcomes. Promising early-phase clinical research (1960s to early 1970s) suggested a therapeutic signal for serotoninergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD) in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress. After several decades of quiescence, research on psychedelic-assisted therapy to treat psychiatric disorders in cancer patients has resumed within the last 2 decades in the US and Europe. This review article is based on a systematic search of clinical trials from 1960-2018 researching the therapeutic use of psychedelic treatment in patients with serious or terminal illnesses and related psychiatric illness. The search found 10 eligible clinical trials, with a total of 445 participants, with the vast majority of the patients having advanced or terminal cancer diagnoses. Six open label trials, published between 1964 and 1980 (n = 341), suggested that psychedelic therapy (mostly with LSD) may improve cancer-related depression, anxiety, and fear of death. Four RCTs trials were published between 2011 and 2016 (n = 104), mostly with psilocybin treatment (n = 92), and demonstrated that psychedelic-assisted treatment can produce rapid, robust, and sustained improvements in cancer-related psychological and existential distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-12", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1482261", "pubmed_id": "30102082", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1482261", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102082\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2393, "title": "Psychedelics and music: neuroscience and therapeutic implications.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and music neuroscience and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Barrett FS, Preller KH, Kaelen M", "abstract": "From the beginning of therapeutic research with psychedelics, music listening has been consistently used as a method to guide or support therapeutic experiences during the acute effects of psychedelic drugs. Recent findings point to the potential of music to support meaning-making, emotionality, and mental imagery after the administration of psychedelics, and suggest that music plays an important role in facilitating positive clinical outcomes of psychedelic therapy. This review explores the history of, contemporary research on, and future directions regarding the use of music in psychedelic research and therapy, and argues for more detailed and rigorous investigation of the contribution of music to the treatment of psychiatric disorders within the novel framework of psychedelic therapy.", "journal": "International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2018-07-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1484342", "pubmed_id": "30240282", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30240282/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelic, hallucinogen, music, music therapy, neuroscience, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30240282\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2381, "title": "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT).", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience n n dimethyltryptamine dmt", "authors": "Cameron LP, Olson DE.", "abstract": "Though relatively obscure, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an important molecule in psychopharmacology as it is the archetype for all indole-containing serotonergic psychedelics. Its structure can be found embedded within those of better-known molecules such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. Unlike the latter two compounds, DMT is ubiquitous, being produced by a wide variety of plant and animal species. It is one of the principal psychoactive components of ayahuasca, a tisane made from various plant sources that has been used for centuries. Furthermore, DMT is one of the few psychedelic compounds produced endogenously by mammals, and its biological function in human physiology remains a mystery. In this review, we cover the synthesis of DMT as well as its pharmacology, metabolism, adverse effects, and potential use in medicine. Finally, we discuss the history of DMT in chemical neuroscience and why this underappreciated molecule is so important to the field of psychedelic science.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-22", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101", "pubmed_id": "30036036", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Plant Preparations, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30036036\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2382, "title": "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience psilocybin", "authors": "Geiger HA, Wurst MG, Daniels RN.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is found in a family of mushrooms commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\" that have been used throughout history to induce hallucinations. In the late 1950s Albert Hofmann, of Sandoz Laboratories, identified and synthesized the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin which are found in psilocybe mushrooms. Psilocybin was marketed by Sandoz as Indocybin for basic psychopharmacological and therapeutic clinical research. Psilocybin saw a rapid rise in popularity during the 1960s and was classed as a Schedule I drug in 1970. This led to a significant decrease in psilocybin research. Recently, however, preliminary studies with psilocybin have shown promise as potential for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, alcohol addiction, tobacco addiction, and major depressive disorder, and the treatment of depression in terminally ill cancer patients. This review describes in detail the synthesis, metabolism, pharmacology, adverse drug reactions, and importance of psilocybin to neuroscience in the past and present.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-15", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00186", "pubmed_id": "29956917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00186", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, History, Ancient, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29956917\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2399, "title": "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen persisting perception disorder a literature review and three case reports", "authors": "Skryabin VY, Vinnikova M, Nenastieva A, Alekseyuk V.", "abstract": "The paper describes diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation and types of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), as well as current approaches to the treatment of this phenomenon using available scientific sources. Three case reports are also presented to demonstrate different types of this disorder. The first case report describes a 23-year old patient with a previous history of cannabis consumption who reported HPDD type I after the use of psilocybin mushrooms with small amounts of alcohol and hash. A month later, after cannabis use, the same visual and auditory distortions appeared again. During the following year, hallucinations recurred with the consumption of natural cannabinoids but not with alcohol intake. The symptoms have reduced within a year. Surprisingly, both other cases belonging to HPDD type II appeared in patients who consumed ecstasy, although MDMA is generally not considered a hallucinogen and hallucinations are not frequently reported after MDMA consumption. In both cases of HPPD type II after the use of ecstasy, the condition was very stressful and frightening. Both patients sought medical help and received tofisopam, lamotrigine and sertraline. After that, in both cases visual impairments have smoothed, but have not passed completely. Scientific sources suggest that HPPD may affect more than 50% of hallucinogen users and this disorder is often underdiagnosed. Therefore, patients suffering from HPPD can present in various clinical settings, and clinicians should be aware of this condition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-30", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/10550887.2019.1673655", "pubmed_id": "31613183", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2019.1673655", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31613183\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Case Report,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2375, "title": "The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act.", "normalized_title": "the abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.", "abstract": "This review assesses the abuse potential of medically-administered psilocybin, following the structure of the 8 factors of the US Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Research suggests the potential safety and efficacy of psilocybin in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress and substance use disorders, setting the occasion for this review. A more extensive assessment of abuse potential according to an 8-factor analysis would eventually be required to guide appropriate schedule placement. Psilocybin, like other 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelics, has limited reinforcing effects, supporting marginal, transient non-human self-administration. Nonetheless, mushrooms with variable psilocybin content are used illicitly, with a few lifetime use occasions being normative among users. Potential harms include dangerous behavior in unprepared, unsupervised users, and exacerbation of mental illness in those with or predisposed to psychotic disorders. However, scope of use and associated harms are low compared to prototypical abused drugs, and the medical model addresses these concerns with dose control, patient screening, preparation and follow-up, and session supervision in a medical facility. CONCLUSIONS: (1) psilocybin has an abuse potential appropriate for CSA scheduling if approved as medicine; (2) psilocybin can provide therapeutic benefits that may support the development of an approvable New Drug Application (NDA) but further studies are required which this review describes; (3) adverse effects of medical psilocybin are manageable when administered according to risk management approaches; and (4) although further study is required, this review suggests that placement in Schedule IV may be appropriate if a psilocybin-containing medicine is approved. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012", "pubmed_id": "29753748", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Drug and Narcotic Control, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29753748\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2411, "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin for the management of patients with persistent pain: a potential role?", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin for the management of patients with persistent pain a potential role", "authors": "Whelan A, Johnson MI.", "abstract": "Recently, there has been interest in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin for depression, anxiety and fear of death in terminal illness. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential use of LSD and psilocybin for patients with persistent pain. LSD and psilocybin are 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and may interact with nociceptive and antinociceptive processing. Tentative evidence from a systematic review suggests that LSD (7 studies, 323 participants) and psilocybin (3 studies, 92 participants) may be beneficial for depression and anxiety associated with distress in life-threatening diseases. LSD and psilocybin are generally safe if administered by a healthcare professional, although further investigations are needed to assess their utility for patients with persistent pain, especially associated with terminal illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-05-02", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.2217/pmt-2017-0068", "pubmed_id": "29722608", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2017-0068", "keywords": "Humans, Pain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Anxiety, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29722608\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2444, "title": "Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States.", "normalized_title": "phenomenology structure and dynamic of psychedelic states", "authors": "Preller KH, Vollenweider FX", "abstract": "Classic serotonergic hallucinogens or psychedelics produce an altered states of consciousness (ASC) that is characterized by profound alterations in sensory perception, mood, thought including the perception of reality, and the sense of self. Over the past years, there has been considerable progress in the search for invariant and common features of psychedelic states. In the first part of this review, we outline contemporary approaches to characterize the structure of ASCs by means of three primary etiology-independent dimensions including oceanic boundlessness, anxious ego-dissolution, and visionary restructuralization as well as by 11 lower-order factors, all of which can be reliably measured by the altered state of consciousness questionnaire (APZ-OAV). The second part sheds light on the dynamic nature of psychedelic experiences. Frequently, psychedelic subjects progress through different stages over time and levels of changes along a perception-hallucination continuum of increasing arousal and ego-dissolution. We then review in detail the acute effects of psychedelics on sensory perception, emotion, cognition, creativity, and time perception along with possible neural mechanisms underlying them. The next part of this review outlines the influence of non-pharmacological factors (predictors) on the acute psychedelic experience, such as demographics, genetics, personality, mood, and setting, and also discusses some long-term effects succeeding the acute experience. The last part presents some recent concepts and models attempting to understand different facets of psychedelic states of consciousness from a neuroscientific perspective.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_459", "pubmed_id": "28025814", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28025814/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, Hallucinogens, Human, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28025814\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2443, "title": "Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior.", "normalized_title": "effect of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA", "abstract": "Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens has been derived from animal models. However, developing reliable animal models has proven to be a challenging task due to the complexity and variability of hallucinogen effects in humans. This chapter focuses on three animal models that are frequently used to test the effects of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior: head twitch response (HTR), prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), and exploratory behavior. The HTR has demonstrated considerable utility in the neurochemical actions of hallucinogens. However, the latter two models have clearer conceptual bridges to human phenomenology. Consistent with the known mechanism of action of hallucinogens in humans, the behavioral effects of hallucinogens in rodents are mediated primarily by activation of 5-HT receptors. There is evidence, however, that other receptors may play secondary roles. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of hallucinogens are reviewed in relation to each model, with a focus on the HTR in rats and mice.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_466", "pubmed_id": "28224459", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28224459/", "keywords": "1-methylpsilocin, 25CN-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 5-HT2C receptor, DOI, LSD, Lisuride, Locomotor activity, Lysergic acid diethylamide, M100907, Mescaline, Mouse, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Quipazine, Rat, SB-242,084, Wet dog shake", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28224459\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2442, "title": "Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates.", "normalized_title": "classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences phenomenology and neural correlates", "authors": "Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "This chapter begins with a brief review of descriptions and definitions of mystical-type experiences and the historical connection between classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences. The chapter then explores the empirical literature on experiences with classic hallucinogens in which claims about mystical or religious experiences have been made. A psychometrically validated questionnaire is described for the reliable measurement of mystical-type experiences occasioned by classic hallucinogens. Controlled laboratory studies show that under double-blind conditions that provide significant controls for expectancy bias, psilocybin can occasion complete mystical experiences in the majority of people studied. These effects are dose-dependent, specific to psilocybin compared to placebo or a psychoactive control substance, and have enduring impact on the moods, attitudes, and behaviors of participants as assessed by self-report of participants and ratings by community observers. Other studies suggest that enduring personal meaning in healthy volunteers and therapeutic outcomes in patients, including reduction and cessation of substance abuse behaviors and reduction of anxiety and depression in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis, are related to the occurrence of mystical experiences during drug sessions. The final sections of the chapter draw parallels in human neuroscience research between the neural bases of experiences with classic hallucinogens and the neural bases of meditative practices for which claims of mystical-type experience are sometimes made. From these parallels, a functional neural model of mystical experience is proposed, based on changes in the default mode network of the brain that have been observed after the administration of classic hallucinogens and during meditation practices for which mystical-type claims have been made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_474", "pubmed_id": "28401522", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_474", "keywords": "Nervous System, Humans, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Mysticism, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28401522\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Default Mode Network,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2441, "title": "Therapeutic Applications of Classic Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic applications of classic hallucinogens", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Ross S.", "abstract": "This chapter reviews what is known about the therapeutic uses of the serotonergic or classic hallucinogens, i.e., psychoactive drugs such as LSD and psilocybin that exert their effects primarily through agonist activity at serotonin 2A (5HT2A) receptors. Following a review of the history of human use and scientific study of these drugs, the data from clinical research are summarized, including extensive work on the use of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, studies of the use of LSD and psilocybin to relieve distress concerning death, particularly in patients with advanced or terminal cancer, and more limited data concerning the use of classic hallucinogens to treat mood and anxiety disorders. A survey of possible mechanisms of clinically relevant effects is provided. The well-established safety of classic hallucinogens is reviewed. To provide a clinical perspective, case summaries are provided of two individuals who received treatment in recent controlled trials of psilocybin: one being treated for alcoholism, the other suffering from anxiety and depression related to fear of death due to a cancer diagnosis. Although promising early phase research conducted from the 1950s through the early 1970s was discontinued before firm conclusions could be reached concerning the efficacy of any of the classic hallucinogens for any clinical condition, the research that was conducted in that era strongly suggests that classic hallucinogens have clinically relevant effects, particularly in the case of LSD treatment of alcoholism. In the past decade, clinical trials have resumed investigating the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of existential distress in the face of cancer, and in the treatment of addictions including alcoholism and nicotine addiction. The studies that have been completed to date are not sufficient to establish efficacy, but the outcomes have been very encouraging, and larger trials, up to and including phase 3, are now underway or being planned. Although research has elucidated many of the acute neurobiological and psychological effects of classic hallucinogens on humans, animals, and in vitro systems, the mechanisms of clinically relevant persisting effects remain poorly understood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_464", "pubmed_id": "28512684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_464", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28512684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2440, "title": "The Effects of Hallucinogens on Gene Expression.", "normalized_title": "the effects of hallucinogens on gene expression", "authors": "Martin DA, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "The classic serotonergic hallucinogens, or psychedelics, have the ability to profoundly alter perception and behavior. These can include visual distortions, hallucinations, detachment from reality, and mystical experiences. Some psychedelics, like LSD, are able to produce these effects with remarkably low doses of drug. Others, like psilocybin, have recently been demonstrated to have significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction that persist for at least several months after only a single therapeutic session. How does this occur? Much work has recently been published from imaging studies showing that psychedelics alter brain network connectivity. They facilitate a disintegration of the default mode network, producing a hyperconnectivity between brain regions that allow centers that do not normally communicate with each other to do so. The immediate and acute effects on both behaviors and network connectivity are likely mediated by effector pathways downstream of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. These acute molecular processes also influence gene expression changes, which likely influence synaptic plasticity and facilitate more long-term changes in brain neurochemistry ultimately underlying the therapeutic efficacy of a single administration to achieve long-lasting effects. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the molecular genetic responses to psychedelics within the brain and discuss how gene expression changes may contribute to altered cellular physiology and behaviors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_479", "pubmed_id": "28677095", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_479", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28677095\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2439, "title": "Hallucinogens and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and serotonin 5 ht2a receptor mediated signaling pathways", "authors": "López-Giménez JF, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The neuropsychological effects of naturally occurring psychoactive chemicals have been recognized for millennia. Hallucinogens, which include naturally occurring chemicals such as mescaline and psilocybin, as well as synthetic compounds, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), induce profound alterations of human consciousness, emotion, and cognition. The discovery of the hallucinogenic effects of LSD and the observations that LSD and the endogenous ligand serotonin share chemical and pharmacological profiles led to the suggestion that biogenic amines like serotonin were involved in the psychosis of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Although they bind other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, studies indicate that several effects of hallucinogens involve agonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. In this chapter, we review recent advances in understanding hallucinogen drug action through characterization of structure, neuroanatomical location, and function of the 5-HT2A receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_478", "pubmed_id": "28677096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_478", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28677096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2420, "title": "Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects.", "normalized_title": "unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects", "authors": "Swanson LR", "abstract": "How do psychedelic drugs produce their characteristic range of acute effects in perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self? How do these effects relate to the clinical efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies? Efforts to understand psychedelic phenomena date back more than a century in Western science. In this article I review theories of psychedelic drug effects and highlight key concepts which have endured over the last 125 years of psychedelic science. First, I describe the subjective phenomenology of acute psychedelic effects using the best available data. Next, I review late 19th-century and early 20th-century theories-, and -and highlight their shared features. I then briefly review recent findings on the neuropharmacology and neurophysiology of psychedelic drugs in humans. Finally, I describe recent theories of psychedelic drug effects which leverage 21st-century cognitive neuroscience frameworks-, and -and point out key shared features that link back to earlier theories. I identify an abstract principle which cuts across many theories past and present: psychedelic drugs perturb universal brain processes that normally serve to constrain neural systems central to perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self. I conclude that making an explicit effort to investigate the principles and mechanisms of psychedelic drug effects is a uniquely powerful way to iteratively develop and test unifying theories of brain function.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00172", "pubmed_id": "29568270", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29568270/", "keywords": "LSD, cognitive flexibility, ego dissolution, entropic brain theory, integrated information theory, predictive processing, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"29568270\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2365, "title": "Rapid-Acting Antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressants", "authors": "Witkin JM, Knutson DE, Rodriguez GJ, Shi S.", "abstract": "BackgroundConventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogenic amine neurotransmitters (the monoamine hypothesis of depression). These drugs continue to be the primary medicines used in major depressive disorder. Although they have biological effects after acute dosing, full antidepressant response generally takes weeks of daily administration. Lack of rapid onset is a large limitation in antidepressant therapy (e.g., suicide, lack of medication compliance, difficulty switching medications).MethodsThe present review of the literature discusses the preclinical and clinical findings on compounds that can produce immediate symptom relief.ResultsThese compounds include ketamine, scopolamine, and mechanistically-related drugs. Newer additions to the list of potential rapid-acting agents include antagonists of metabotropic (mGlu) 2/3 receptors, negative allosteric modulators of α5-containing GABAA receptors, and psychedelic compounds. An additional benefit of these compounds is that they have demonstrated large effect sizes and, importantly, demonstrated efficacy in patient's refractory to other treatments. A drawback of some of these compounds, to date, is finding ways to expand the duration of clinical efficacy. In addition, for some compounds, the side-effect profile requires management. A primary mechanism by which rapid effects might be produced is through the amplification of excitatory neurotransmission through activation of AMPA receptors. The extracellular efflux of glutamate induced by these drugs has been documented and provides the hypothesized triggering mechanism for AMPA receptor amplification.ConclusionThe preclinical and clinical literature strongly suggests that rapid-acting antidepressants are the current focus of antidepressant drug discovery. Promising clinical findings exist for several compounds including ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists, scopolamine, and psilocybin. Two compounds are in late stage clinical development: GLYX-13 (Rapastinel) and eskekamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.2174/1381612824666180730104707", "pubmed_id": "30058481", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180730104707", "keywords": "Humans, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30058481\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2377, "title": "Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future.", "normalized_title": "psychiatry the psychedelic drugs past present future", "authors": "Rucker JJH, Iliff J, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "The classical psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline, were used extensively in psychiatry before they were placed in Schedule I of the UN Convention on Drugs in 1967. Experimentation and clinical trials undertaken prior to legal sanction suggest that they are not helpful for those with established psychotic disorders and should be avoided in those liable to develop them. However, those with so-called 'psychoneurotic' disorders sometimes benefited considerably from their tendency to 'loosen' otherwise fixed, maladaptive patterns of cognition and behaviour, particularly when given in a supportive, therapeutic setting. Pre-prohibition studies in this area were sub-optimal, although a recent systematic review in unipolar mood disorder and a meta-analysis in alcoholism have both suggested efficacy. The incidence of serious adverse events appears to be low. Since 2006, there have been several pilot trials and randomised controlled trials using psychedelics (mostly psilocybin) in various non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. These have provided encouraging results that provide initial evidence of safety and efficacy, however the regulatory and legal hurdles to licensing psychedelics as medicines are formidable. This paper summarises clinical trials using psychedelics pre and post prohibition, discusses the methodological challenges of performing good quality trials in this area and considers a strategic approach to the legal and regulatory barriers to licensing psychedelics as a treatment in mainstream psychiatry. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-24", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040", "pubmed_id": "29284138", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29284138\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2447, "title": "The \"Endless Trip\" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the endless trip among the nps users psychopathology and psychopharmacology in the hallucinogen persisting perception disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Orsolini L, Papanti GD, De Berardis D, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Schifano F.", "abstract": "Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acute hallucinogen effects. HPPD was associated with a broader range of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)-like substances, cannabis, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, mescaline, and psychostimulants. The recent emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) posed a critical concern regarding the new onset of psychiatric symptoms/syndromes, including cases of HPPD. Symptomatology mainly comprises visual disorders (i.e., geometric pseudo-hallucinations, haloes, flashes of colors/lights, motion-perception deficits, afterimages, micropsia, more acute awareness of floaters, etc.), even though depressive symptoms and thought disorders may be comorbidly present. Although HPPD was first described in 1954, it was just established as a fully syndrome in 2000, with the revised fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). HPPD neural substrates, risk factors, and aetiopathogenesys still largely remain unknown and under investigation, and many questions about its pharmacological targets remain unanswered too. A critical mini review on psychopathological bases, etiological hypothesis, and psychopharmacological approaches toward HPPD, including the association with some novel substances, are provided here, by means of a literature search on PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases without time restrictions, by using a specific set of keywords. Pharmacological and clinical issues are considered, and practical psychopharmacological recommendations and clinical guidelines are suggested.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-19", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240", "pubmed_id": "29209235", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29209235\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2378, "title": "TCB-2 [(7R)-3-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine]: A hallucinogenic drug, a selective 5-HT2A receptor pharmacological tool, or none of the above?", "normalized_title": "tcb 2 7r 3 bromo 2 5 dimethoxy bicyclo 4 2 0 octa 1 3 5 trien 7 yl methanamine a hallucinogenic drug a selective 5 ht2a receptor pharmacological tool or none of the above", "authors": "Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P.", "abstract": "The development of 5-HT2A receptor agonists has been considerably marginalized since the demonstration that the tryptaminergic drugs, LSD and psilocybin, or the phenylakylamine drugs, mescaline and DOI, exert their hallucinogenic properties via the stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors. Nonetheless, the ability of drugs to stimulate 5-HT2A receptors is not necessarily associated with psychedelic experience and the hallucinogenic properties are still not understood. Several studies have increased interest in stimulating 5-HT2A receptors in various CNS diseases. (7R)-3-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine (TCB-2) which was synthetized in 2006 presents a high affinity with human and rat 5-HT2A receptors. Its main feature of interest is that it preferentially stimulates the phospholipase C and not phospholipase A2 pathway, which is at variance with several hallucinogenic drugs. Preference for TCB-2 has increased in preclinical studies and it exhibits subtle differences compared to DOI or LSD in some molecular, cellular and behavioral studies. The purpose of this review is to take a position on the use of TCB-2 as a pharmacological tool. A careful reading of the literature has revealed that the suspected hallucinogenic properties of TCB-2 cannot firmly be ascertained while its pharmacological profile is unknown and likely not selective at 5-HT2A receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-03", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.004", "pubmed_id": "28987938", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.004", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Methylamines, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28987938\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2424, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life-threatening disease: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life threatening disease a systematic review", "authors": "Reiche S, Hermle L, Gutwinski S, Jungaberle H, Gasser P, Majić T.", "abstract": "Anxiety and depression are some of the most common psychiatric symptoms of patients suffering with life-threatening diseases, often associated with a low quality of life and a poor overall prognosis. 5-HT2A-receptor agonists (serotonergic hallucinogens, 'psychedelics') like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin were first investigated as therapeutic agents in the 1960s. Recently, after a long hiatus period of regulatory obstacles, interest in the clinical use of these substances has resumed. The current article provides a systematic review of studies investigating psychedelics in the treatment of symptoms of existential distress in life-threatening diseases across different periods of research, highlighting how underlying concepts have developed over time. A systematic search for clinical trials from 1960 to 2017 revealed 11 eligible clinical trials involving a total number of N=445 participants, of which 7 trials investigated the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (N=323), 3 trials investigated the use of psilocybin (N=92), and one trial investigated the use of dipropyltryptamine (DPT) (N=30). The 4 more recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (N=104) showed a significantly higher methodological quality than studies carried out in the 1960s and 1970s. Evidence supports that patients with life threatening diseases associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety benefit from the anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of serotonergic hallucinogens. Some studies anecdotally reported improvements in patients´ quality of life and reduced fear of death. Moreover, low rates of side effects were reported in studies that adhered to safety guidelines. Further studies are needed to determine how these results can be transferred into clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-09-21", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.012", "pubmed_id": "28947181", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.012", "keywords": "Humans, Critical Illness, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28947181\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2454, "title": "LSD treatment in Scandinavia: emphasizing indications and short-term treatment outcomes of 151 patients in Denmark.", "normalized_title": "lsd treatment in scandinavia emphasizing indications and short term treatment outcomes of 151 patients in denmark", "authors": "Larsen JK.", "abstract": "BackgroundNew research has suggested the clinical use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in selected patient populations. However, concerns about the clinical use of LSD were advanced in a large Danish follow-up study that assessed 151 LSD-treated psychiatric patients approximately 25 years after their treatment in the 1960s.AimsThe purpose of the present study was to give a retrospective account of the short-term outcome of LSD treatment in these 151 Danish psychiatric patients.MethodsThe LSD case material in the Danish State Archives consists of medical case records of 151 LSD-treated patients, who complained and received economic compensation with the LSD Damages Law. The author carefully read and reviewed the LSD case material.ResultsLSD was used to treat a wide spectrum of mental disorders. Independent of diagnoses, 52 patients improved, and 48 patients worsened acutely with the LSD treatment. In a subgroup of 82 neurotic patients, the LSD dose-index (number of treatments multiplied by the maximal LSD dose) indicated the risk of acute worsening. In another subgroup of 19 patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis, five patients later underwent psychosurgery. A small subgroup of 12 patients was treated with psilocybin. The long-term outcome was poor in most of the patients.ConclusionsDespite the significant limitations to a retrospective design, this database warrants caution in mental health patients. The use of LSD and psilocybin in mental health patients may be associated with serious short- and long-term side effects. Until further trials with rigorous designs have cleared these drugs of their potential harms, their clinical utility in these groups of patients has not been fully clarified.", "journal": "Nordic Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2017-07-04", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/08039488.2017.1336251", "pubmed_id": "28678583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1336251", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Risk, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Mental Disorders, Adult, Denmark, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28678583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2727276162\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2727276162\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W645199439\",\"https://openalex.org/W1861585683\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988563049\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989868487\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996512549\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015496389\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039578242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047240314\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075552167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080340712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118403124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140629404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152569564\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181040265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2197468111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2211293807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312475727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337115112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342018515\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418547949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249350513\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074830501\",\"display_name\":\"Jens Knud Larsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-7056\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S63111534\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1336251\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2727276162" }, { "id": 2467, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other 5-hydroxytryptamine2A agonist classic psychedelics have been used for centuries as sacraments within indigenous cultures. In the mid-twentieth century they were a focus within psychiatry as both probes of brain function and experimental therapeutics. By the late 1960s and early 1970s these scientific inquires fell out of favor because classic psychedelics were being used outside of medical research and in association with the emerging counter culture. However, in the twenty-first century, scientific interest in classic psychedelics has returned and grown as a result of several promising studies, validating earlier research. Here, we review therapeutic research on psilocybin, the classic psychedelic that has been the focus of most recent research. For mood and anxiety disorders, three controlled trials have suggested that psilocybin may decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychiatric distress for at least 6 months following a single acute administration. A small, open-label study in patients with treatment-resistant depression showed reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms 3 months after two acute doses. For addiction, small, open-label pilot studies have shown promising success rates for both tobacco and alcohol addiction. Safety data from these various trials, which involve careful screening, preparation, monitoring, and follow-up, indicate the absence of severe drug-related adverse reactions. Modest drug-related adverse effects at the time of medication administration are readily managed. US federal funding has yet to support therapeutic psilocybin research, although such support will be important to thoroughly investigate efficacy, safety, and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "pubmed_id": "28585222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28585222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2465, "title": "New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review.", "normalized_title": "new psychoactive substances of natural origin a brief review", "authors": "Feng LY, Battulga A, Han E, Chung H, Li JH", "abstract": "Plant-based drugs of abuse are as old as recorded human history. Although traditional addictive substances, such as opium, cannabis and coca, have been controlled by the United Nations anti-drug conventions, many, if not most, natural plants with addictive or abuse liability remain elusive. Therefore, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has warned the emerging threat from new psychoactive substances (NPS), which are mostly derived or modified from the constituents of natural origin. For example, synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are derived from the cannabis and khat plant, respectively. In this review, we briefly discussed the chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of five common NPS of natural origin, i.e., khat, kratom, salvia, magic mushroom and mandrake. Through the review, we hope that professionals and general public alike can pay more attention to the potential problems caused by natural NPS, and suitable control measures will be taken.", "journal": "Journal of food and drug analysis", "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.jfda.2017.04.001", "pubmed_id": "28911631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911631/", "keywords": "Khat, Kratom, Magic mushroom, Mandrake, New psychoactive substances (NPS), Salvia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28911631\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2450, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Review of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy a review of a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Thomas K, Malcolm B, Lastra D.", "abstract": "Recent research suggests that functional connectivity changes may be involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Hyperconnectivity in the default mode network has been associated with psychopathology, but psychedelic serotonin agonists like psilocybin may profoundly disrupt these dysfunctional neural network circuits and provide a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders. We have reviewed the current literature to investigate the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. There were seven clinical trials that investigated psilocybin-assisted therapy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders related to anxiety, depression, and substance use. All trials demonstrated reductions in psychiatric rating scale scores or increased response and remission rates. There were large effect sizes related to improved depression and anxiety symptoms. Psilocybin may also potentially reduce alcohol or tobacco use and increase abstinence rates in addiction, but the benefits of these two trials were less clear due to open-label study designs without statistical analysis. Psilocybin-assisted therapy efficacy and safety appear promising, but more robust clinical trials will be required to support FDA approval and identify the potential role in clinical psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-05-07", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2017.1320734", "pubmed_id": "28481178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1320734", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Remission Induction, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28481178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2473, "title": "Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies.", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca dimethyltryptamine and psychosis a systematic review of human studies", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Ayahuasca is a hallucinogen brew traditionally used for ritual and therapeutic purposes in Northwestern Amazon. It is rich in the tryptamine hallucinogens dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which acts as a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist. This mechanism of action is similar to other compounds such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. The controlled use of LSD and psilocybin in experimental settings is associated with a low incidence of psychotic episodes, and population studies corroborate these findings. Both the controlled use of DMT in experimental settings and the use of ayahuasca in experimental and ritual settings are not usually associated with psychotic episodes, but little is known regarding ayahuasca or DMT use outside these controlled contexts. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the published case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca and DMT intake. We found three case series and two case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca intake, and three case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with DMT. Several reports describe subjects with a personal and possibly a family history of psychosis (including schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorders, psychotic mania, psychotic depression), nonpsychotic mania, or concomitant use of other drugs. However, some cases also described psychotic episodes in subjects without these previous characteristics. Overall, the incidence of such episodes appears to be rare in both the ritual and the recreational/noncontrolled settings. Performance of a psychiatric screening before administration of these drugs, and other hallucinogens, in controlled settings seems to significantly reduce the possibility of adverse reactions with psychotic symptomatology. Individuals with a personal or family history of any psychotic illness or nonpsychotic mania should avoid hallucinogen intake.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-02-22", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/2045125316689030", "pubmed_id": "28540034", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316689030", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28540034\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2045, "title": "Metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin: clinical and forensic toxicological relevance.", "normalized_title": "metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin clinical and forensic toxicological relevance", "authors": "Dinis-Oliveira RJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries. These are the two main hallucinogenic compounds of the \"magic mushrooms\" and both act as agonists or partial agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A subtype receptors. During the last few years, psilocybin and psilocin have gained therapeutic relevance but considerable physiological variability between individuals that can influence dose-response and toxicological profile has been reported. This review aims to discuss metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin, by presenting all major and minor psychoactive metabolites. Psilocybin is primarily a pro-drug that is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase to active metabolite psilocin. This last is then further metabolized, psilocin-O-glucuronide being the main urinary metabolite with clinical and forensic relevance in diagnosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-01-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228", "pubmed_id": "28074670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Metabolomics, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28074670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2480, "title": "Dreams and Psychedelics: Neurophenomenological Comparison and Therapeutic Implications.", "normalized_title": "dreams and psychedelics neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Kraehenmann R.", "abstract": "BackgroundA resurgence of neurobiological and clinical research is currently underway into the therapeutic potential of serotonergic or 'classical' psychedelics, such as the prototypical psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,Ndimethyltryptamine), and ayahuasca - a betacarboline- and dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing Amazonian beverage. The aim of this review is to introduce readers to the similarities and dissimilarities between psychedelic states and night dreams, and to draw conclusions related to therapeutic applications of psychedelics in psychiatry.MethodsResearch literature related to psychedelics and dreaming is reviewed, and these two states of consciousness are systematically compared. Relevant conclusions with regard to psychedelicassisted therapy will be provided.ResultsCommon features between psychedelic states and night dreams include perception, mental imagery, emotion activation, fear memory extinction, and sense of self and body. Differences between these two states are related to differential perceptual input from the environment, clarity of consciousness and meta-cognitive abilities. Therefore, psychedelic states are closest to lucid dreaming which is characterized by a mixed state of dreaming and waking consciousness.ConclusionThe broad overlap between dreaming and psychedelic states supports the notion that psychedelics acutely induce dreamlike subjective experiences which may have long-term beneficial effects on psychosocial functioning and well-being. Future clinical studies should examine how therapeutic outcome is related to the acute dreamlike effects of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.2174/1573413713666170619092629", "pubmed_id": "28625125", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413713666170619092629", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Dreams, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28625125\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2419, "title": "Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions.", "normalized_title": "clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions", "authors": "Daniel J, Haberman M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is a chemical produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms worldwide. It has high affinity for several serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C, located in numerous areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and thalamus. With legislation introduced in 1992, more work is being done to further understand the implications of psilocybin use in a number of disease states. Certain mental health disease states and symptoms have been studied, including depressed mood, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and tobacco use disorder. This article provides an in-depth review of the study design and results of psilocybin in each of these conditions and discusses the clinical potential for use.", "journal": "Mental Health Clinician", "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024", "pubmed_id": "29955494", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29955494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":78,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1965925823\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982006269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059175001\",\"display_name\":\"Jeremy Daniel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-410X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090815404\",\"display_name\":\"Margaret Haberman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-2295\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208161\",\"source_display_name\":\"Mental Health Clinician\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2567379065" }, { "id": 5225, "title": "Psilocybin to Manage Cancer-Related Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin to manage cancer related depression", "authors": "Bobby Lazzara", "abstract": "Dr. Bobby Lazzara reviews a small study testing the effects of psilocybin on depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-12-20", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.endocrinologynetwork.com/hormone-related-cancers/psilocybin-manage-cancer-related-depression", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Cancer, Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Economics, Macroeconomics, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2936772948\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2936772948\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072248274\",\"display_name\":\"Bobby Lazzara\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.endocrinologynetwork.com/hormone-related-cancers/psilocybin-manage-cancer-related-depression\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2936772948" }, { "id": 2497, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Rucker JJ, Jelen LA, Flynn S, Frowde KD, Young AH.", "abstract": "Unipolar mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), confer high rates of disability and mortality and a very high socioeconomic burden. Current treatment is suboptimal in most cases and there is little of note in the pharmaceutical development pipeline. The psychedelic drugs, including lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin, were used extensively in the treatment of mood disorders, and other psychiatric conditions, before their prohibition in the late 1960s. They are relatively safe when used in medically controlled environments, with no reported risk of dependence. Here, we present a systematic review of published clinical treatment studies using psychedelics in patients with broadly defined UMD, and consider their place in psychiatry. Whilst all of the included studies have methodological shortcomings, of 423 individuals in 19 studies, 335 (79.2%) showed clinician-judged improvement after treatment with psychedelics. A recently completed pilot study in the UK favours the use of psilocybin with psychological support in treatment resistant depressive disorder. The evidence overall strongly suggests that psychedelics should be re-examined in modern clinical trials for their use in unipolar mood disorders and other non-psychotic mental health conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116679368", "pubmed_id": "27856684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116679368", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Mood Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27856684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2499, "title": "Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies: Hallucinogens and neuroimaging.", "normalized_title": "classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging a systematic review of human studies hallucinogens and neuroimaging", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens produce alterations of perceptions, mood, and cognition, and have anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antiaddictive properties. These drugs act as agonists of frontocortical 5-HT2A receptors, but the neural basis of their effects are not well understood. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of neuroimaging studies analyzing the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens in man. Studies published in the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases until 12 April 2016 were included using the following keywords: \"ayahuasca\", \"DMT\", \"psilocybin\", \"LSD\", \"mescaline\" crossed one by one with the terms \"mri\", \"fmri\", \"pet\", \"spect\", \"imaging\" and \"neuroimaging\". Of 279 studies identified, 25 were included. Acute effects included excitation of frontolateral/frontomedial cortex, medial temporal lobe, and occipital cortex, and inhibition of the default mode network. Long-term use was associated with thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex, thickening of the anterior cingulate cortex, and decreased neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding. Despite the high methodological heterogeneity and the small sample sizes, the results suggest that hallucinogens increase introspection and positive mood by modulating brain activity in the fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital cortex.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-10-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026", "pubmed_id": "27810345", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Male, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27810345\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5227, "title": "Development of a Psychotherapeutic Model for Psilocybin-Assisted Treatment of Alcoholism", "normalized_title": "development of a psychotherapeutic model for psilocybin assisted treatment of alcoholism", "authors": "Michael P. Bogenschutz, Alyssa A. Forcehimes", "abstract": "Research activity on the potential clinical value of classic hallucinogens and other psychedelics has increased markedly in the past two decades, and promises to continue to expand. Experimental study of hallucinogen-assisted treatment, and any future clinical use, requires the development of psychotherapeutic models that are appropriate to the disorder being treated and effectively integrated with the pharmacologic component of the treatment. To provide a framework for thinking about possible treatment models, we provide an overview of the history of psychedelic-assisted treatment, review what is known about the therapeutic mechanisms of these treatments, and consider the various purposes of psychotherapy in the context of both research and clinical use of psychedelic-assisted treatment. We then provide a description of a therapy model we have developed and are currently using in a trial of psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcoholism. Finally, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of a range of alternative models, emphasizing the need for research to determine the most effective treatment models for any indications for which efficacy becomes established.", "journal": "Journal of Humanistic Psychology", "publication_date": "2016-10-15", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0022167816673493", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816673493", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Context (archaeology), Psychology, Clinical trial, Medicine, Psychiatry, Biology, Paleontology, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":96,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W109922458\",\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W621567176\",\"https://openalex.org/W1490424065\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607220101\",\"https://openalex.org/W1797327965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957998952\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963662807\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964116811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968488639\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984534015\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989086727\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000909913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001298144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010129474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011293350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012159028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018267671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024274950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031398681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035068440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056852922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061221064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068852619\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079490870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082206299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082483310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088140721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090179920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093323137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096058212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108556733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116852450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117864279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119144746\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120356707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121345197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129977009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133559478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134107246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139192721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143648030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154766235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315561580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318552418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319975253\",\"https://openalex.org/W2320275590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328159225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333536875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2361945527\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408251447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413044490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419156332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2422079377\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196761093\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231635321\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243284554\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243894589\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248840134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255807345\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255974008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301522671\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075574900\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa A. Forcehimes\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207414187\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816673493\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2537388000" }, { "id": 2462, "title": "[New patterns of substance use and abuse among French adolescents, a knowledge synthesis].", "normalized_title": "new patterns of substance use and abuse among french adolescents a knowledge synthesis", "authors": "Jeanne G, Purper-Ouakil D, Rigole H, Franc N.", "abstract": "AimThere have been significant changes in adolescent consumption habits over the past fifteen years. New molecules have been synthesized, new devices created and a number of products have increased in popularity; and as a result clinicians sometimes lack information. We chose to focus on this population because of its vulnerability, as adolescents show low sensitivity to long-term outcomes of their actions and may be easily influenced by peers as regards experimentation of new drugs. The most consumed products by adolescents in France are tobacco, alcohol and cannabis with the physiological effects and consumption patterns of these drugs well documented. The purpose of this review is to identify and describe other products that are frequently used by adolescents to get high, to increase performance, for purposes of self-medication or because of peer pressure. We summarized the current scientific evidence regarding drug availability, physical and chemical properties, pharmacodynamics and adverse effects.MethodA literature review was conducted from 2000 to 2015 based on Pudmed, Google Scholar and governmental websites, using the following keyword alone or in combination: \"adolescent\", \"new\", \"misuse\", \"abuse\", \"toxicity\", \"pharmacology\" \"cocaine\", \"MDMA\", \"inhalant\", \"poppers\", \"magic mushroom\", \"psilocybin\", \"designer drug\", \"legal high\", \"smart drug\", \"cathinone\", \"mephedrone\", \"cannabinoid\", \"prescription drug\", \"codeine\", \"opioid\", \"methylphenidate\", \"cough syrup\", \"purple drank\".ResultsNew products, including synthetic cannabis, cathinone or purple drank seem to be the most dangerous. They are easily accessible and may lead to short-term severe or lethal complications. Other substances do not pose a major short-term health risk by themselves. However, their consumption may be an indication of other unhealthy risk behaviors, such as prescription drug use, which may be related to psychiatric comorbidity. Unfortunately, we do not have enough data to determine the long-term consequences of the use of these substances. Moreover, these products have a strong addictive potential and may be a risk factor for other addictions. For this reason, increased supervision is justified, both for surveillance and reduction of harm.ConclusionTaking care of an adolescent with substance abuse can be difficult. Updated information regarding these new substances and the particular danger they pose to adolescent health is needed. Informed clinicians can provide up to date and accurate information to the patient and family, assess potential risk factors and comorbidities, and provide appropriate support. Furthermore, because of the high prevalence of substance abuse in the adolescent population, systematic screening of adolescent consumption habit is useful to avoid or anticipate complications. Often, problematic substance consumption behaviors are signs of more complicated psychological or psychiatric issues. Substance abuse behaviors will often disappear over time but they can also become a major problem as the adolescent moves into adulthood. If problems persist, consultation with an addiction specialist may be warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-10-05", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2016.05.012", "pubmed_id": "27720453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2016.05.012", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Designer Drugs, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking, Adolescent, France, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27720453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2478, "title": "Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treating substance use disorders", "authors": "de Veen BT, Schellekens AF, Verheij MM, Homberg JR.", "abstract": "IntroductionEvidence based treatment for Substance use disorders (SUD) includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. However, these are only partially effective. Hallucinogens, such as psilocybin, may represent potential new treatment options for SUD. This review provides a summary of (human) studies on the putative therapeutic effects of psilocybin, and discusses the receptor systems, brain regions and cognitive and emotional processes mediating psilocybin's effects. Psilocybin's chemical structure is similar to that of serotonin. Dysregulations in the serotonin system are associated with alterations in stress hormones, such as cortisol, and mood disorders. After psilocybin administration cortisol levels spike and activate the executive control network, with subsequent increased control over emotional processes, and relief of negative thinking and persistent negative emotions. Preliminary data of ongoing alcohol and smoking addiction studies in humans shows promising effects of psilocybin administration on substance use. Importantly, psilocybin has a low risk of toxicity and dependence and can be used safely under controlled clinical conditions. Areas covered: This paper is a narrative review based on the search terms: psilocybin, substance use disorder, addiction, depression, serotonin. Literature on potential efficacy and mechanisms of action of psilocybin in SUD is discussed. Expert commentary: Recent positive findings with psilocybin need confirmation in well-designed placebo controlled randomized trials employing a large sample size.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-11", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834", "pubmed_id": "27684102", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27684102\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2524, "title": "Treating Addiction: Perspectives from EEG and Imaging Studies on Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "treating addiction perspectives from eeg and imaging studies on psychedelics", "authors": "Tófoli LF, de Araujo DB.", "abstract": "Despite reports of apparent benefits, social and political pressure beginning in the late 1960s effectively banned scientific inquiry into psychedelic substances. Covert examination of psychedelics persisted through the 1990s; the turn of the century and especially the past 10 years, however, has seen a resurgent interest in psychedelic substances (eg, LSD, ayahuasca, psilocybin). This chapter outlines relevant EEG and brain imaging studies evaluating the effects of psychedelics on the brain. This chapter also reviews evidence of the use of psychedelics as adjunct therapy for a number of psychiatric and addictive disorders. In particular, psychedelics appear to have efficacy in treating depression and alcohol-use disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-07-24", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.005", "pubmed_id": "27503452", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.005", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Neuroimaging", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27503452\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2513, "title": "Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years.", "normalized_title": "antidepressive anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide lsd a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JA, Riba J, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE.", "abstract": "To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patients suffering severe and persistent symptoms. Preliminary studies in animals and humans suggest that ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may have antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive properties. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of clinical trials published from 1990 until 2015, assessing these therapeutic properties. Electronic searches were performed using the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Only clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Of these, 151 studies were identified, of which six met the established criteria. Reviewed studies suggest beneficial effects for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety and depression associated with life-threatening diseases, and tobacco and alcohol dependence. All drugs were well tolerated. In conclusion, ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD may be useful pharmacological tools for the treatment of drug dependence, and anxiety and mood disorders, especially in treatment-resistant patients. These drugs may also be useful pharmacological tools to understand psychiatric disorders and to develop new therapeutic agents. However, all studies reviewed had small sample sizes, and half of them were open-label, proof-of-concept studies. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with more patients are needed to replicate these preliminary findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-03-17", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/2045125316638008", "pubmed_id": "27354908", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316638008", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27354908\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2531, "title": "A Case Review of the First Analytically Confirmed 25I-NBOMe-Related Death in Washington State.", "normalized_title": "a case review of the first analytically confirmed 25i nbome related death in washington state", "authors": "Lowe LM, Peterson BL, Couper FJ.", "abstract": "This case was submitted to the Washington State Patrol Toxicology Laboratory in September 2014. A15-year-old male went to a party where he ingested 25I-NBOMe and mushrooms. A short time later, he started to vomit and began seizing until he eventually passed out. Resuscitation efforts were made, but were unsuccessful. He was transported to a local hospital, where he died three days later of multi-system organ failure following cardiopulmonary arrest. The hospital admission samples were negative for ethanol and basic drugs and their metabolites. The hospital serum confirmed positive for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and carboxy-THC at 4.1 and 83 ng/mL, respectively. On the basis of the case history, the hospital blood and urine were sent to NMS Labs for NBOMe and psilocin confirmation. The blood was positive for 25I-NBOMe, and the urine was positive for 25C-, 25H- and 25I-NBOMe, as well as, psilocin. Antemortem and postmortem blood were also sent to AIT Laboratories for NBOMe confirmation. The antemortem blood confirmed positive for 25I-NBOMe with a concentration of 0.76 ng/mL. The manner of death was ruled an accident as a result of combined 25I-NBOMe and psilocin intoxication.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-09-30", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkv092", "pubmed_id": "26378143", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv092", "keywords": "Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Fatal Outcome, Adolescent, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26378143\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2537, "title": "The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review.", "normalized_title": "the hallucinogenic world of tryptamines an updated review", "authors": "Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M.", "abstract": "In the area of psychotropic drugs, tryptamines are known to be a broad class of classical or serotonergic hallucinogens. These drugs are capable of producing profound changes in sensory perception, mood and thought in humans and act primarily as agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor. Well-known tryptamines such as psilocybin contained in Aztec sacred mushrooms and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), present in South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, have been restrictedly used since ancient times in sociocultural and ritual contexts. However, with the discovery of hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mid-1900s, tryptamines began to be used recreationally among young people. More recently, new synthetically produced tryptamine hallucinogens, such as alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), emerged in the recreational drug market, which have been claimed as the next-generation designer drugs to replace LSD ('legal' alternatives to LSD). Tryptamine derivatives are widely accessible over the Internet through companies selling them as 'research chemicals', but can also be sold in 'headshops' and street dealers. Reports of intoxication and deaths related to the use of new tryptamines have been described over the last years, raising international concern over tryptamines. However, the lack of literature pertaining to pharmacological and toxicological properties of new tryptamine hallucinogens hampers the assessment of their actual potential harm to general public health. This review provides a comprehensive update on tryptamine hallucinogens, concerning their historical background, prevalence, patterns of use and legal status, chemistry, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and their physiological and toxicological effects on animals and humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-04-15", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x", "pubmed_id": "25877327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25877327\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2540, "title": "Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances.", "normalized_title": "legal highs staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances", "authors": "Baumeister D, Tojo LM, Tracy DK.", "abstract": "There has been growing clinical, public, and media awareness and concern about the availability and potential harmfulness of so-called 'legal highs', which are more appropriately called new or novel psychoactive substances (NPS). A cat-and-mouse process has emerged wherein unknown chemists and laboratories are producing new, and as yet nonproscribed, compounds for human consumption; and as soon as they are banned, which they inevitably are, slightly modified analogues are produced to circumvent new laws. This rapidly changing environment, 81 new substances were identified in 2013 alone, has led to confusion for clinicians, psychopharmacologists, and the public at large. Our difficulties in keeping up with the process has had a two-fold negative effect: the danger of ignoring what is confusing; and the problem that some of the newer synthesized compounds appear ever more potent. This review aims to circumscribe a quick moving and growing field, and to categorize NPS into five major groups based upon their 'parent' compounds: stimulants similar to cocaine, amphetamines and ecstasy; cannabinoids; benzodiazepine based drugs; dissociatives similar to ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP); and those modelled after classic hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocybin. Pharmacodynamic actions, subjective and physical effects, harmfulness, risk of dependency and, where appropriate, putative clinical potentials are described for each class. Clinicians might encounter NPS in various ways: anecdotal reportage; acute intoxication; as part of a substance misuse profile; and as a precipitant or perpetuating factor for longer-term physical and psychological ill health. Current data are overall limited, and much of our knowledge and treatment strategies are based upon those of the 'parent' compound. There is a critical need for more research in this field, and for professionals to make themselves more aware of this growing issue and how it might affect those we see clinically and try to help: a brave new world of so-called 'psychonauts' consuming NPS will also need informed 'psychotherapeutonauts'. The paper should serve as a primer for clinicians and interested readers, as well as provide a framework into which to place the new substances that will inevitably be synthesized in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314559539", "pubmed_id": "26240749", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125314559539", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26240749\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2523, "title": "Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions.", "normalized_title": "classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Addictive disorders are very common and have devastating individual and social consequences. Currently available treatment is moderately effective at best. After many years of neglect, there is renewed interest in potential clinical uses for classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions and other behavioral health conditions. In this paper we provide a comprehensive review of both historical and recent clinical research on the use of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction, selectively review other relevant research concerning hallucinogens, and suggest directions for future research. Clinical trial data are very limited except for the use of LSD in the treatment of alcoholism, where a meta-analysis of controlled trials has demonstrated a consistent and clinically significant beneficial effect of high-dose LSD. Recent pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted treatment of nicotine and alcohol dependence had strikingly positive outcomes, but controlled trials will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. Although plausible biological mechanisms have been proposed, currently the strongest evidence is for the role of mystical or other meaningful experiences as mediators of therapeutic effects. Classic hallucinogens have an excellent record of safety in the context of clinical research. Given our limited understanding of the clinically relevant effects of classic hallucinogens, there is a wealth of opportunities for research that could contribute important new knowledge and potentially lead to valuable new treatments for addiction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-13", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002", "pubmed_id": "25784600", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Addictive, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25784600\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2543, "title": "Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences?", "normalized_title": "peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Majić T, Schmidt TT, Gallinat J", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances has recently resumed. During an early phase of human psychedelic research, their therapeutic application in different pathologies had been suggested, and the first evidence for efficacy was provided. The range of recent clinical applications of psychedelics spans from cluster headaches and obsessive-compulsive disorder to addiction and the treatment of fear and anxiety in patients suffering from terminal illness, indicating potentially different therapeutic mechanisms. A variety of approaches in psychotherapy emphasize subjective experiences, such as so-called peak experiences or afterglow phenomena, as differentially mediating therapeutic action. This review aims to re-evaluate earlier and recent concepts of how psychedelic substances may exert beneficial effects. After a short outline of neurophenomenological aspects, we discuss different approaches to how psychedelics are used in psychotherapy. Finally, we summarize evidence for the relationship between subjective experiences and therapeutic success. While the distinction between pharmacological and psychological action obviously cannot be clear-cut, they do appear to contribute differently from each other when their effects are compared with regard to pathologies.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2015-02-28", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114568040", "pubmed_id": "25670401", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25670401/", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, LSD, ketamine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, psycholytic therapy, serotonin, substance addiction, substance-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25670401\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2547, "title": "Drug models of schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "drug models of schizophrenia", "authors": "Steeds H, Carhart-Harris RL, Stone JM", "abstract": "Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains. Approximately one third of patients are resistant to currently available medication. New therapeutic targets and a better understanding of the basic biological processes that drive pathogenesis are needed in order to develop therapies that will improve quality of life for these patients. Several drugs that act on neurotransmitter systems in the brain have been suggested to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals and in man. In this paper, we selectively review findings from dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, cannabinoid, GABA, cholinergic and kappa opioid pharmacological drug models to evaluate their similarity to schizophrenia. Understanding the interactions between these different neurotransmitter systems and their relationship with symptoms will be an important step towards building a coherent hypothesis for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2015-01-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314557797", "pubmed_id": "25653831", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25653831/", "keywords": "LSD, PCP, THC, amphetamine, cannabis, drug models, kappa opioid, ketamine, models, psilocybin, psychosis, salvia divinorum, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25653831\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2549, "title": "Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "recreational use analysis and toxicity of tryptamines", "authors": "Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS.", "abstract": "UnlabelledThe definition New psychoactive substances (NPS) refers to emerging drugs whose chemical structures are similar to other psychoactive compounds but not identical, representing a \"legal\" alternative to internationally controlled drugs. There are many categories of NPS, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. Tryptamines are naturally occurring compounds, which can derive from the amino acid tryptophan by several biosynthetic pathways: their structure is a combination of a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, with the addition of a 2-carbon side chain. Tryptamines include serotonin and melatonin as well as other compounds known for their hallucinogenic properties, such as psilocybin in 'Magic mushrooms' and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Ayahuasca brews.AimTo review the scientific literature regarding tryptamines and their derivatives, providing a summary of all the available information about the structure of these compounds, their effects in relationship with the routes of administration, their pharmacology and toxicity, including articles reporting cases of death related to intake of these substances.MethodsA comprehensive review of the published scientific literature was performed, using also non peer-reviewed information sources, such as books, government publications and drug user web fora.ConclusionsInformation from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for specialists facing the emerging NPS threat to public health and public security, including the personnel working in Emergency Department.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-12-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409", "pubmed_id": "26074742", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409", "keywords": "Humans, Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Tryptamines, Psychotropic Drugs, Designer Drugs, Structure-Activity Relationship, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26074742\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2558, "title": "Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles.", "normalized_title": "classical hallucinogens as antidepressants a review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles", "authors": "Baumeister D, Barnes G, Giaroli G, Tracy D", "abstract": "Hallucinogens have been part of spiritual practice for millennia, but controversy surrounding their mind-manifesting effects led to their proscription by the mid-20th century, largely without evidence of harm or toxicity and despite nascent data suggesting therapeutic utility in treating depressive illnesses. This review explores their pharmacodynamic actions and the current limited data on their clinic effectiveness. These drugs appear to exert their psychedelic effects through their agonist or partial agonist activity at the serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor, though they also have affinity for other metabotropic serotonin receptors. Hallucinogen binding affects a wide range of intracellular signalling pathways, the precise nature of which remains incompletely understood. They alter the serotonergic tone of brainstem raphe nuclei that project through the brain; they interact with receptors in the prefrontal cortex altering connectivity patterns and intracellular functioning; and they disrupt inhibitory control of sensory input via the thalamus to the cortex. The serotonergic system has long been implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders, and is a major target of most existing antidepressants. Classical hallucinogens alter the functioning of this system, but not in the same way current medications do: whilst there are identified receptors and neurotransmitter pathways through which hallucinogens could therein produce therapeutic effects, the neurobiology of this remains speculative at this time. There is currently an extremely limited but growing literature on hallucinogen safety and clinical application. The drugs appear well tolerated by healthy controls and clinical populations, and the rapid tolerance to repeated administration might reduce the possibility of dependency. Clinical trials reported over the past decade have generally shown positive therapeutic potential, but they are notably few in number. Legislative policy has had a freezing effect on evaluation of these compounds, a better understanding of which might improve our knowledge of the processes involved in consciousness, the neuropathology of depression, and potentially open up new pharmacological therapies.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2014-07-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314527985", "pubmed_id": "25083275", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25083275/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, LSD, antidepressants, anxiety, depression, hallucinogen, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25083275\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2548, "title": "Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens", "authors": "Halberstadt AL.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens, such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and mescaline, are somewhat enigmatic substances. Although these drugs are derived from multiple chemical families, they all produce remarkably similar effects in animals and humans, and they show cross-tolerance. This article reviews the evidence demonstrating the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is the primary site of hallucinogen action. The 5-HT2A receptor is responsible for mediating the effects of hallucinogens in human subjects, as well as in animal behavioral paradigms such as drug discrimination, head twitch response, prepulse inhibition of startle, exploratory behavior, and interval timing. Many recent clinical trials have yielded important new findings regarding the psychopharmacology of these substances. Furthermore, the use of modern imaging and electrophysiological techniques is beginning to help unravel how hallucinogens work in the brain. Evidence is also emerging that hallucinogens may possess therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-07-14", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016", "pubmed_id": "25036425", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Exploratory Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25036425\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2562, "title": "Psilocybin--summary of knowledge and new perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin summary of knowledge and new perspectives", "authors": "Tylš F, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is nowadays given a lot of attention in the scientific community as a research tool for modeling psychosis as well as due to its potential therapeutic effects. However, it is also a very popular and frequently abused natural hallucinogen. This review summarizes all the past and recent knowledge on psilocybin. It briefly deals with its history, discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and compares its action in humans and animals. It attempts to describe the mechanism of psychedelic effects and objectify its action using modern imaging and psychometric methods. Finally, it describes its therapeutic and abuse potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-12-16", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006", "pubmed_id": "24444771", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24444771\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2570, "title": "Altered states: psychedelics and anesthetics.", "normalized_title": "altered states psychedelics and anesthetics", "authors": "Icaza EE, Mashour GA.", "abstract": "The psychedelic experience has been reported since antiquity, but there is relatively little known about the underlying neural mechanisms. A recent neuroimaging study on psilocybin revealed a pattern of decreased cerebral blood flow and functional disconnections that is surprisingly similar to that caused by various anesthetics. In this article, the authors review historical examples of psychedelic experiences induced by general anesthetics and then contrast the mechanisms by which these two drug classes generate altered states of consciousness.", "journal": "Anesthesiology", "publication_date": "2013-11-30", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee", "pubmed_id": "24061599", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, GABA Agents, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24061599\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2421174840\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2421174840\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W52782739\",\"https://openalex.org/W623659716\",\"https://openalex.org/W1522472173\",\"https://openalex.org/W1566688401\",\"https://openalex.org/W1919168435\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970624920\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984098721\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985673618\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986938874\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988846939\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988881714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993483507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996517694\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012817373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017237202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021230919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022888479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036880486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039181163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043887334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049487837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055144174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056836466\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062847304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071592927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078469130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083217606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112492148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112639978\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113307128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115952847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123274136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124042652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129317350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137456793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140774335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150967988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152871511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170811861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2308963264\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230923288\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050748043\",\"display_name\":\"Eduardo E. Icaza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080287940\",\"display_name\":\"George A. Mashour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-5932\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S124035732\",\"source_display_name\":\"Anesthesiology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2421174840" }, { "id": 2572, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "One of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which act through the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor. These compounds produce a 'model psychosis' in normal individuals that resembles at least some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on these similarities, and because evidence has emerged that the serotonergic system plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients, animal models relevant to schizophrenia have been developed based on hallucinogen effects. Here we review the behavioural effects of hallucinogens in four of those models, the receptor and neurochemical mechanisms for the effects and their translational relevance. Despite the difficulty of modelling hallucinogen effects in nonverbal species, animal models of schizophrenia based on hallucinogens have yielded important insights into the linkage between 5-HT and schizophrenia and have helped to identify receptor targets and interactions that could be exploited in the development of new therapeutic agents.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-12", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1017/s1461145713000722", "pubmed_id": "23942028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000722", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Disease Models, Animal, Serotonin, Serotonin Agents, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Translational Research, Biomedical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23942028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2060, "title": "Fungal hallucinogens psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol: analytical methods and biologic activities.", "normalized_title": "fungal hallucinogens psilocin ibotenic acid and muscimol analytical methods and biologic activities", "authors": "Stebelska K.", "abstract": "Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as psilocin, some recent findings suggest their ability to improve perception and mental skills, what would motivate the consumption of \"magic mushrooms.\" The present article offers an opportunity to find out what are the main symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms containing psilocybin/psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid. The progress in analytical methods for detection of them in fungal material, food, and body fluids is reviewed. Findings on the mechanisms of their biologic activity are summarized. Additionally, therapeutic potential of these fungal psychoactive compounds and health risk associated with their abuse are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-07-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1097/ftd.0b013e31828741a5", "pubmed_id": "23851905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31828741a5", "keywords": "Body Fluids, Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23851905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2585, "title": "Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi.", "normalized_title": "evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom forming fungi", "authors": "Kosentka P, Sprague SL, Ryberg M, Gartz J, May AL, Campagna SR, Matheny PB.", "abstract": "Mushroom-forming fungi produce a wide array of toxic alkaloids. However, evolutionary analyses aimed at exploring the evolution of muscarine, a toxin that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, and psilocybin, a hallucinogen, have never been performed. The known taxonomic distribution of muscarine within the Inocybaceae is limited, based only on assays of species from temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Here, we present a review of muscarine and psilocybin assays performed on species of Inocybaceae during the last fifty years. To supplement these results, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine whether muscarine was present in 30 new samples of Inocybaceae, the majority of which have not been previously assayed or that originated from either the tropics or temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. Our main objective is to test the hypothesis that the presence of muscarine is a shared ancestral feature of the Inocybaceae. In addition, we also test whether species of Inocyabceae that produce psilocybin are monophyletic. Our findings suggest otherwise. Muscarine has evolved independently on several occasions, together with several losses. We also detect at least two independent transitions of muscarine-free lineages to psilocybin-producing states. Although not ancestral for the family as a whole, muscarine is a shared derived trait for an inclusive clade containing three of the seven major lineages of Inocybaceae (the Inocybe, Nothocybe, and Pseudosperma clades), the common ancestor of which may have evolved ca. 60 million years ago. Thus, muscarine represents a conserved trait followed by several recent losses. Transitions to psilocybin from muscarine-producing ancestors occurred more recently between 10-20 million years ago after muscarine loss in two separate lineages. Statistical analyses firmly reject a single origin of muscarine-producing taxa.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-05-22", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0064646", "pubmed_id": "23717644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064646", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Fruiting Bodies, Fungal, Muscarine, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeny, Genetic Speciation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23717644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2589, "title": "Studying the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism: rationale, methodology, and current research with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "studying the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism rationale methodology and current research with psilocybin", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "Recent developments in the study of classic hallucinogens, combined with a re-appraisal of the older literature, have led to a renewal of interest in possible therapeutic applications for these drugs, notably their application in the treatment of addictions. This article will first provide a brief review of the research literature providing direct and indirect support for the possible therapeutic effects of classic hallucinogens such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of addictions. Having provided a rationale for clinical investigation in this area, we discuss design issues in clinical trials using classic hallucinogens, some of which are unique to this class of drug. We then discuss the current status of this field of research and design considerations in future randomized trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-02-28", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.2174/15733998113099990002", "pubmed_id": "23627783", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/15733998113099990002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychotherapy, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic, Functional Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23627783\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2593, "title": "Animal models of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "animal models of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Hanks JB, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is the major target of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Serotonergic psychedelics induce profound effects on cognition, emotion, and sensory processing that often seem uniquely human. This raises questions about the validity of animal models of psychedelic drug action. Nonetheless, recent findings suggest behavioral abnormalities elicited by psychedelics in rodents that predict such effects in humans. Here we review the behavioral effects induced by psychedelic drugs in rodent models, discuss the translational potential of these findings, and define areas where further research is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms and neuronal circuits underlying their neuropsychological effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-09-23", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1021/cn300138m", "pubmed_id": "23336043", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cn300138m", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rodentia, Mice, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Models, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Impulsive Behavior, Anxiety, Memory, Reinforcement Schedule, Time Perception, Head Movements, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Reflex, Startle, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23336043\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2551, "title": "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic drugs in pre columbian mesoamerican cultures", "authors": "Carod-Artal FJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe American continent is very rich in psychoactive plants and fungi, and many pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures used them for magical, therapeutic and religious purposes.ObjectivesThe archaeological, ethno-historical and ethnographic evidence of the use of hallucinogenic substances in Mesoamerica is reviewed.ResultsHallucinogenic cactus, plants and mushrooms were used to induce altered states of consciousness in healing rituals and religious ceremonies. The Maya drank balché (a mixture of honey and extracts of Lonchocarpus) in group ceremonies to achieve intoxication. Ritual enemas and other psychoactive substances were also used to induce states of trance. Olmec, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec used peyote, hallucinogenic mushrooms (teonanacatl: Psilocybe spp) and the seeds of ololiuhqui (Turbina corymbosa), that contain mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid amide, respectively. The skin of the toad Bufo spp contains bufotoxins with hallucinogenic properties, and was used since the Olmec period. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), wild tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), water lily (Nymphaea ampla) and Salvia divinorum were used for their psychoactive effects. Mushroom stones dating from 3000 BC have been found in ritual contexts in Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence of peyote use dates back to over 5000 years. Several chroniclers, mainly Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, described their effects in the sixteenth century.ConclusionsThe use of psychoactive substances was common in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican societies. Today, local shamans and healers still use them in ritual ceremonies in Mesoamerica.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-09-02", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003", "pubmed_id": "21893367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003", "keywords": "Humans, Fungi, Plants, Medicinal, Hallucinogens, Ceremonial Behavior, Art, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Religion, Religion and Medicine, Mexico", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21893367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2622, "title": "Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review.", "normalized_title": "harm potential of magic mushroom use a review", "authors": "van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, van den Brink W", "abstract": "In 2007, the Minister of Health of the Netherlands requested the CAM (Coordination point Assessment and Monitoring new drugs) to assess the overall risk of magic mushrooms. The present paper is an updated redraft of the review, written to support the assessment by CAM experts. It summarizes the literature on physical or psychological dependence, acute and chronic toxicity, risk for public health and criminal aspects related to the consumption of magic mushrooms. In the Netherlands, the prevalence of magic mushroom use was declining since 2000 (last year prevalence of 6.3% in 2000 to 2.9% in 2005), and further declined after possession and use became illegal in December 2008. The CAM concluded that the physical and psychological dependence potential of magic mushrooms was low, that acute toxicity was moderate, chronic toxicity low and public health and criminal aspects negligible. The combined use of mushrooms and alcohol and the quality of the setting in which magic mushrooms are used deserve, however, attention. In conclusion, the use of magic mushrooms is relatively safe as only few and relatively mild adverse effects have been reported. The low prevalent but unpredictable provocation of panic attacks and flash-backs remain, however, a point of concern.", "journal": "Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP", "publication_date": "2011-03-31", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006", "pubmed_id": "21256914", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21256914/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"21256914\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2623, "title": "Alternative headache treatments: nutraceuticals, behavioral and physical treatments.", "normalized_title": "alternative headache treatments nutraceuticals behavioral and physical treatments", "authors": "Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A.", "abstract": "There is a growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of various complementary and alternative medicine approaches in the management of headache disorders. These treatment modalities include nutraceutical, physical and behavioral therapies. Nutraceutical options comprise vitamins and supplements (magnesium, riboflavin, coenzyme Q(10), and alpha lipoic acid) and herbal preparations (feverfew, and butterbur). Although controversial, there are some reports demonstrating the benefit of recreational drugs such as marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in headache treatment. Behavioral treatments generally refer to cognitive behavioral therapy and biobehavioral training (biofeedback, relaxation training). Physical treatments in headache management are not as well defined but usually include acupuncture, oxygen therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, occlusal adjustment, cervical manipulation, physical therapy, massage, chiropractic therapy, and osteopathic manipulation. In this review, the available evidence for all these treatments will be discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-02-28", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x", "pubmed_id": "21352222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Treatment Outcome, Complementary Therapies, Acupuncture Therapy, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Behavior Therapy, Dietary Supplements, Physical Therapy Modalities", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21352222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2618, "title": "Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens produce profound changes in perception, mood, and cognition. These drugs include phenylalkylamines such as mescaline and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and indoleamines such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. Despite their differences in chemical structure, the two classes of hallucinogens produce remarkably similar subjective effects in humans, and induce cross-tolerance. The phenylalkylamine hallucinogens are selective 5-HT(2) receptor agonists, whereas the indoleamines are relatively non-selective for serotonin (5-HT) receptors. There is extensive evidence, from both animal and human studies, that the characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by interactions with the 5-HT(2A) receptor. Nevertheless, there is also evidence that interactions with other receptor sites contribute to the psychopharmacological and behavioral effects of the indoleamine hallucinogens. This article reviews the evidence demonstrating that the effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in a variety of animal behavioral paradigms are mediated by both 5-HT(2) and non-5-HT(2) receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-01-19", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017", "pubmed_id": "21256140", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017", "keywords": "Neurons, Presynaptic Terminals, Animals, Humans, Serotonin Syndrome, Phenethylamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Behavior, Animal, Synaptic Transmission, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21256140\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2643, "title": "Analysis of mushroom exposures in Texas requiring hospitalization, 2005-2006.", "normalized_title": "analysis of mushroom exposures in texas requiring hospitalization 2005 2006", "authors": "Barbee G, Berry-Cabán C, Barry J, Borys D, Ward J, Salyer S.", "abstract": "IntroductionTexas has approximately 200 species of wild mushrooms, including toxic and hallucinogenic varieties. Mushroom ingestions in Texas were studied for 2005-2006.MethodsData was obtained via Texas Poison Control Centers and retrospectively reviewed. Case notes were reviewed individually regarding initial reporting, age, signs and symptoms, toxic effect, management, and patient outcomes.ResultsA total of 742 exposures occurred during the study period. All exposures were acute and intentional. Of these exposures, 59 (7.9%) were admitted to the hospital, with 17 (28.8% of admissions) requiring admission to a critical care unit. Four cases required inpatient psychiatric admission. The average age of admitted exposures was 20.5 years, with a male-to-female predominance of 3.3:1. Eleven (22.9%) of the admitted exposures were identified, with Psilocybin being the most common agent (n = 10, 91%). Among the admissions, co-ingestions were identified with the mushroom ingestion in eleven patients (40.7%). The most common symptoms in admitted patients were vomiting (n = 34, 57.6%), nausea (n = 19, 32.2%), altered mental status (n = 17, 28.8%), abdominal pain (n = 13, 22%), and diarrhea (n = 10, 16.9%).ConclusionsAll mushroom exposures examined were acute and intentional. Major toxic reactions were uncommon, and no deaths were reported. Serious poisoning from mushroom ingestion is rare in Texas; however, there is greater need for information dissemination on morbidity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-05-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1007/bf03161087", "pubmed_id": "19415588", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03161087", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Acute Disease, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Hallucinogens, Hospitalization, Retrospective Studies, Mental Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Poison Control Centers, Texas, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19415588\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2026864164" }, { "id": 2650, "title": "Agonist-trafficking and hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "agonist trafficking and hallucinogens", "authors": "González-Maeso J, Sealfon SC.", "abstract": "Seven transmembrane domain receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the most common molecular target for therapeutic drugs. The generally accepted pharmacological model for GPCR activation is the ternary complex model, in which GPCRs exist in a dynamic equilibrium between the active and inactive conformational states. However, the demonstration that different agonists sometimes elicit a different relative activation of two signaling pathways downstream of the same receptor has led to a revision of the ternary complex model. According to this agonist- trafficking model, agonists stabilize distinct activated receptor conformations that preferentially activate specific signaling pathways. Hallucinogenic drugs and non-hallucinogenic drugs represent an attractive experimental system with which to study agonist-trafficking of receptor signaling. Thus many of the behavioral responses induced by hallucinogenic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin or mescaline, depend on activation of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors (5-HT2ARs). In contrast, this neuropsychological state in humans is not induced by closely related chemicals, such as lisuride or ergotamine, despite their similar in vitro activity at the 5-HT2AR. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge, as well as unresolved questions, regarding agonist-trafficking and the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-12-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.2174/092986709787581851", "pubmed_id": "19275609", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/092986709787581851", "keywords": "Neurons, Animals, Humans, Receptors, Cell Surface, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Signal Transduction, Biological Transport", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19275609\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2649, "title": "Chemical interactions with pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex: control of pain and anxiety.", "normalized_title": "chemical interactions with pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex control of pain and anxiety", "authors": "Adams JD.", "abstract": "Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex are involved in learning and memory and have complex connections with other neurons through a very large array of dendrites. These dendrites can switch between long term depression and long term potentiation depending on global summation of various inputs. The plasticity of the input into pyramidal neurons makes the neuronal output variable. Many interneurons in the cerebral cortex and distant neurons in other brain regions are involved in providing input to pyramidal neurons. All of these neurons and interneurons have neurotransmitters that act through receptors to provide input to pyramidal neurons. Serotonin is one of the important neurotransmitters involved with pyramidal neurons and has been implicated in psychosis, psychedelic states and what are called sacred dreams. This review will discuss the various chemicals and receptors that are important with pyramidal neurons including opioids, nicotine, scopolamine, psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, ergot alkaloids, salvinorin A, ergine and other compounds that interact with opioid, nicotinic, muscarinic and serotonergic receptors. The natural compounds provide clues to structure activity relationships with the receptors. It has been postulated that each receptor in the body has a natural agonist and antagonist, in addition to the normal neurotransmitters. It is common for natural antagonists and agonists to be peptides. Various possible peptide structures will be proposed for natural antagonists and agonists at each receptor. Natural antagonists and agonists may provide new ways to explore the functions of pyramidal neurons in normal health and pain management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-12-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.2174/092986709789057626", "pubmed_id": "19799545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/092986709789057626", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Pain, Peptides, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2, Receptors, Nicotinic, Neurotransmitter Agents, Anxiety", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19799545\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2652, "title": "Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses.", "normalized_title": "serotonin research contributions to understanding psychoses", "authors": "Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "The history of serotonin research is closely related to the study of hallucinogenic drugs that function as agonists at serotonin-2A receptors. The fundamental idea that psychotic states seen in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia might be attributable, in part, to abnormalities in serotonergic systems began with the almost simultaneous discovery of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and serotonin. Sixty years of study have confirmed early speculations regarding the important relationship between serotonin and both drug-induced and disorder-based psychotic states. Now, modern biochemical, pharmacological, behavioral, neuroimaging, genetic and molecular biological sciences are converging to understand how serotonergic systems interact with other monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems to modulate states of consciousness and contribute to psychotic disorders such as the group of schizophrenias. This review summarizes experimental assessments of the serotonergic hallucinogen model psychosis in relation to the serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-08-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.006", "pubmed_id": "19086254", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.006", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19086254\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2656, "title": "[Hallucinogen-induced psychological disorders].", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen induced psychological disorders", "authors": "Hermle L, Kovar KA, Hewer W, Ruchsow M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current research on hallucinogen induced psychiatric disorders. In addition to LSD and psilocybin hallucinogens of biologic origin are increasingly used by adolescents and young adults.MethodsRelevant literature and related articles were identified by means of a computerized MEDLINE search including the years 1997 - 2007. As keywords \"hallucinogen induced psychosis\", \"hallucinogen induced flashback\", \"hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)\" were used. Finally, 64 journal articles and books out of 103 were included in the review.ResultsAcute psychotic syndromes in adolescents are rarely due to intoxications with hallucinogenic drugs. However, clinical relevance of flashback phenomena as post-hallucinogenic psychiatric disorder has to be disputed. Because of the high popularity of biogenic hallucinogens and LSD knowledge of intoxications and resulting psychiatric disorders as well as medical complications and therapeutical approaches are clinically important. Especially intoxications with drugs of herbal origin like tropanalcaloids play an important role in emergency situations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-05-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1055/s-2008-1038191", "pubmed_id": "18512184", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038191", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Substance-Related Disorders, Recurrence, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18512184\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2675, "title": "The adverse effects of hallucinogens from intramural perspective.", "normalized_title": "the adverse effects of hallucinogens from intramural perspective", "authors": "Frecska E, Luna LE.", "abstract": "UnlabelledVery recently, after a long-lasting, worldwide moratorium on research of hallucinogenic agents, a good number of advanced countries have been revising their position, and start to approve testing the physiological and therapeutic effects of hallucinogens in human subjects. The purpose of this article is to review safety information available in the literature on hallucinogen use, and sort out those data from the reported complications of their abuse. Because of prohibitory regulations of the last 35 years, there are difficulties in achieving this kind of evaluation. Our approach has to be broad, and at times retrospective, in contrast to the well-controlled, focused, prospective design of the premarketing trials of legal drugs. The article summarizes the analyses in anticipation of supportive regulatory changes for the use of hallucinogens in well controlled studies and strictly supervised clinical trials.Keywordsadverse effects, ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, hallucinogenic agents, ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, psilocybin, therapeutic use.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2006-11-30", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "17211054", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17211054", "keywords": "Humans, Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Emergency Treatment, Personality, Perception, Drug Interactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17211054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W110752286\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W110752286\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":16,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W107475310\",\"https://openalex.org/W126579187\",\"https://openalex.org/W203031526\",\"https://openalex.org/W266681429\",\"https://openalex.org/W428411035\",\"https://openalex.org/W1488217392\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498831570\",\"https://openalex.org/W1582590726\",\"https://openalex.org/W1787588990\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963634560\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973234849\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990198973\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993762893\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998129912\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998631480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008525776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024845040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039087930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044307156\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053052987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053798341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058609816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060176686\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067384745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079883338\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081307324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087317982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095188030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102297826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102581653\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114629758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115359142\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122935241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123924457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127303237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142285082\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146561516\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150903999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159011576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159917347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161617741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166000740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2271081800\",\"https://openalex.org/W2416804157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2437748003\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798667567\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161894121\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018186009\",\"display_name\":\"Ede Frecska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-6975\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087208177\",\"display_name\":\"Luís Eduardo Luna\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17211054\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W110752286" }, { "id": 2695, "title": "Substance abuse on the college campus.", "normalized_title": "substance abuse on the college campus", "authors": "Rimsza ME, Moses KS.", "abstract": "Substance abuse is a major health and behavioral concern in college students. Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly abused drugs on college campuses. Others include tobacco, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), lysergic acid, ketamine, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, cocaine, and psilocybin mushrooms. This article reviews the use of these drugs by college students. Substance use is a major contributing factor in poor academic performance and failure to successfully complete a college education.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-01-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.pcl.2004.10.008", "pubmed_id": "15748936", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2004.10.008", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Substance Abuse Detection, Students, Universities, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15748936\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2700, "title": "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the united states", "authors": "Halpern JH.", "abstract": "It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well known is that many hallucinogens and dissociative agents can be obtained from plants and fungi growing wild or in gardens. Some of these botanical sources can be located throughout the United States; others have a more narrow distribution. This article reviews plants containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine, reversible type A monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), lysergic acid amide, the anticholinergic drugs atropine and scopolamine, or the diterpene salvinorin-A (Salvia divinorum). Also reviewed are mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms, and the Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina mushrooms that contain muscimol and ibotenic acid. Dangerous misidentification is most common with the mushrooms, but even a novice forager can quickly learn how to properly identify and prepare for ingestion many of these plants. Moreover, through the ever-expanding dissemination of information via the Internet, this knowledge is being obtained and acted upon by more and more individuals. This general overview includes information on the geographical range, drug content, preparation, intoxication, and the special health risks associated with some of these plants. Information is also offered on the unique issue of when bona fide religions use such plants as sacraments in the United States. In addition to the Native American Church's (NAC) longstanding right to peyote, two religions of Brazilian origin, the Santo Daime and the Uniao do Vegetal (UDV), are seeking legal protection in the United States for their use of sacramental dimethyltryptamine-containing \"ayahuasca.\"", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-04-30", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003", "pubmed_id": "15163594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003", "keywords": "Fungi, Plants, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, Hallucinogens, Dissociative Disorders, United States, Plant Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15163594\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2704, "title": "Khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis.", "normalized_title": "khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis", "authors": "Nielen RJ, van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis paper describes two cases with khat- and two with psilocybin-induced psychoses and draws attention to the medical and social consequences of the use of these drugs.MethodTwo male patients are presented who developed relapsing and short-lasting psychotic episodes after chewing kath leaves. In addition, two male patients are reported who showed an acute exacerbation of psychosis after ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms. In addition, a review of the literature is presented.ResultsThe khat-induced psychotic symptoms disappeared without any treatment within one week. One of the patients with a psilocybin-induced psychosis was treated with risperidone. In the other, symptomatology subsided in a few days. No somatic medical complications occurred.ConclusionAdequate psychiatric diagnosis and treatment of the psychoses and the negative social consequences of the use of these drugs are stressed as well as the delineation from functional psychoses in cases of chronic use. The latter applies to patients with psychiatric comorbidity in particular.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-12-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1080/15622970410029908", "pubmed_id": "15048636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15622970410029908", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Catha, Psychomotor Agitation, Psychotic Disorders, Adult, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15048636\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2025684297" }, { "id": 2710, "title": "[Neurological syndromes associated with the ingestion of plants and fungi with a toxic component (II). Hallucinogenic fungi and plants, mycotoxins and medicinal herbs].", "normalized_title": "neurological syndromes associated with the ingestion of plants and fungi with a toxic component ii hallucinogenic fungi and plants mycotoxins and medicinal herbs", "authors": "Carod Artal FJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionA wide range of fungi and medicinal herbs, rich in hallucinogenic substances and widely used for mystic and medicinal purposes, can give rise to neurotoxic symptoms.DevelopmentWe review the toxic syndromes that can arise from the ingestion of hallucinogenic fungi, cacti and plants, together with descriptions of cases of acute poisoning resulting from the use of medicinal herbs and from foodstuffs that are contaminated by mycotoxins. A series of different psychedelic fungi belonging to the Psilocybe, Panaeolus and Stropharia genera contain hallucinogenic alkaloids such as psilocybin. Some of the most notable plants displaying hallucinogenic and sedative properties are Papaver somniferum, Erytroxylum sp. and Cannabis sativa. Infusions of ayahuasca are obtained from the lianas and roots of different plants with psychoactive properties, such as Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which contain alkaloids derived from tryptamine and from the beta carboline harmala. Peyote, a cactus rich in mescaline, and Claviceps purpurea (a fungus rich in LSD) are strong hallucinogens. We also examine ergotism and mycotoxicosis from Arthrinium sp. Poisoning from mycotoxin containing moulds on sugar cane can give rise to encephalopathy and late dystonia. Some of the more noteworthy medicinal plants for which neurological toxicity has been reported are Hypericum perforatum, kava kava (Piper methysticum), Aconitum sp. and Callilepis laureola.ConclusionsBecause of the increasingly more widespread consumption of herbs and fungi and their potentially neurotoxic effects, in clinical practice there is a need to be aware of the neurological syndromes deriving from their use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-04-30", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.33588/rn.3610.2003019", "pubmed_id": "12766871", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3610.2003019", "keywords": "Humans, Fungi, Plants, Medicinal, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dystonia, Hallucinogens, Mycotoxins, Administration, Oral", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12766871\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2416689943" }, { "id": 2715, "title": "Psychotropic drugs in developmental mushrooms: a case study review.", "normalized_title": "psychotropic drugs in developmental mushrooms a case study review", "authors": "Gross ST.", "abstract": "Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroom development can be useful when receiving evidence from illicit mushroom growing operations. Exhibits from three separate cases were submitted to the drug analysis section of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Forensic Science Laboratory. Each case contained different stages of developing mushrooms. This report describes the evidence in each case, the sample preparation, the sample analysis and the final report that was written.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-10-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1520/jfs15564j", "pubmed_id": "12455653", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15564j", "keywords": "Agaricales, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Forensic Medicine, Molecular Structure, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12455653\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W295667680" }, { "id": 2716, "title": "The pharmacology of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the pharmacology of psilocybin", "authors": "Passie T, Seifert J, Schneider U, Emrich HM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide. These mushrooms represent a growing problem regarding hallucinogenic drug abuse. Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, only very few pharmacological data about psilocybin were known until recently. Because of its still growing capacity for abuse and the widely dispersed data this review presents all the available pharmacological data about psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-09-30", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1080/1355621021000005937", "pubmed_id": "14578010", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/1355621021000005937", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Receptors, Presynaptic, Hallucinogens, Somatoform Disorders, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14578010\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2721, "title": "Drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs.", "normalized_title": "drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs", "authors": "Moeller MR, Kraemer T.", "abstract": "Driving under the influence of drugs is an issue of growing concern in the industrialized countries as a risk and a cause for road accidents. In forensic toxicology, the increasing number of samples for determination of drugs in blood is mainly due to zero-tolerance laws in several countries and well-trained police officers who can better recognize drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse in whole blood, plasma, and serum: amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), N-ethyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, the opiates (heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, or codeine), and methadone as well as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), and psilocybin/psilocin. For many of the analytes, sensitive immunologic methods for screening are available. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is still the state-of-the-art method for confirmatory analysis or for screening and confirmation in one step. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedures for such purposes are also included in this review. Basic data about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, reference data, and validation data of each procedure are summarized in two tables.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-03-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1097/00007691-200204000-00003", "pubmed_id": "11897967", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200204000-00003", "keywords": "Humans, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Forensic Medicine, Accidents, Traffic, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11897967\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2726, "title": "Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens.", "normalized_title": "brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens", "authors": "Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of classic hallucinogens (eg, psilocybin), dissociative anesthetics (eg, ketamine), and entactogens (eg, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) in humans. Serotonergic hallucinogens and psychotomimetic anesthetics produce overlapping psychotic syndromes associated with a marked activation of the prefrontal cortex (hyperfrontality) and other overlapping changes in temporoparietal, striatal, and thalamic regions, suggesting that both classes of drugs act upon a common final pathway. Together with the observation that both hallucinogens and N-methyl-oaspartate (NMDA) antagonists disrupt sensory gating in rats by acting on 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT(2) receptors located in cortico-striato-thalamic circuitry these findings suggest that disruption of cortico-subcortical processing leading to sensory overload of the cortex is a communality of these psychoses. In contrast to hallucinogens, the entactogen MDMA produces an emotional state of positive mood, concomitant with an activation of prefrontolimbiclparalimbic structures and a deactivation of amygdala and thalamus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-11-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider", "pubmed_id": "22033605", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22033605\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W22529605" }, { "id": 2730, "title": "Drug addiction. Part I. Psychoactive substances in the past and presence.", "normalized_title": "drug addiction part i psychoactive substances in the past and presence", "authors": "Vetulani J.", "abstract": "Substances capable of changing the functions of the central nervous system are widely distributed in plant kingdom, and many of them were discovered by ancient food-gatherers at the dawn of humanity. In the Old World only a few substances producing euphoria or altered states of consciousness and having habit-forming properties are still widely used. They are the products of poppy (opium, morphine), hemp (hashish, marijuana), and of fermentation of various organic materials alkohol. This list has recently been joined by the psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The addiction-forming compounds originated in the New World and widely spread are tobacco (nicotine) and cocaine. In the 19th and 20th, century the development of medicinal chemistry resulted in several synthetic compounds, originally proposed as therapeutics, such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and amphetamines. Due to legal problems, to avoid production of the substances already prohibited, many designer drugs were manufactured. In addition, several compounds were synthesized as recreational drugs. Also some compounds that were not regarded as drugs, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and other cleansing agents, as well as steroids were found to have properties of dangerous, habit-forming agents. The attitude of society and the pattern of use of psychoactive substances have changed with time, particularly in the last decades. The active principles are now more addictive because of concentration, purification, chemical modifications and the way of ingestion, which now favors most rapid transport to the central nervous system. The substance abuse approaches the level of global epidemics, and the recent usage of drugs of addition is also reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-04-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "11785921", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11785921", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Central Nervous System Agents, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Preparations, Designer Drugs, Anabolic Agents, Western World, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11785921\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2418238179" }, { "id": 2732, "title": "The effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients: a review.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients a review", "authors": "Salomé F, Boyer P, Fayol M.", "abstract": "The aim of this survey is to present an overview of research into psychopharmacology as regards the effects of different psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics (NL) on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Eighteen studies that have investigated the effects of different drugs (alcohol, amphetamines, secobarbital, L-dopa, psilocybin, ketamine, fenfluramine) and neuroleptics (conventional and atypical) on language are reviewed. There are no studies concerning the effects of neuroleptics on language in healthy subjects. The results of the effects of other molecules indicate that language production can be increased (alcohol, amphetamine, secobarbital), rendered more complex (d-amphetamine), more focused (L-dopa) or more unfocused (psilocybin) and clearly impaired (ketamine). For schizophrenic patients, most studies show that conventional neuroleptic treatments, at a therapeutic dosage and in acute or chronic mode, reduce language disorders at all levels (clinic, linguistic, psycholinguistic). In conjunction with other molecules, the classical NL, when administered at a moderate dosage and in chronic mode, modify language in schizophrenia, either by improving the verbal flow and reducing pauses and positive thought disorder (NL + amphetamine) or by inducing an impairment in the language measurements (NL + fenfluramine). Clinical, methodological and theoretical considerations of results are debated in the framework of schizophrenic language disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-11-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00520-4", "pubmed_id": "11175923", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00520-4", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Language, Verbal Behavior, Thinking, Psycholinguistics, Schizophrenia, Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11175923\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2735, "title": "[Intoxications by hallucinogenic mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "intoxications by hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Pierrot M, Josse P, Raspiller MF, Goulmy M, Rambourg MO, Manel J, Lambert H.", "abstract": "In the context of excessive use of natural or synthetic psychoactive substances, with stimulating, psychedelic and hallucinogenic effects, an increase, if not a recurrence, in consumption of Psilocybe semilanceata has been observed in France over some fifteen years. Psilocybin and psilocin are the active compounds, responsible for the hallucinogenic effects and are a part of the substance group, derived from tryptamine and characterized by an indole nucleus. We report a clinical case observed in an emergency unit and review the historical, epidemiological and pharmacological data now available for these intoxications. Of particular interests in hallucinogenic mushroom abuse are: increased consumption in the context of youth cultural and entertainment movements; possible difficulties in the diagnosis in emergency conditions; possibility of severe and fatal complications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-09-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "11104939", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11104939", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Time Factors, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11104939\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W263606684" }, { "id": 2738, "title": "Bufotenine: toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "bufotenine toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms", "authors": "McBride MC.", "abstract": "A review of the neuropharmacology of the alleged hallucinogen bufotenine is presented, including recent experimental results showing activity similar to LSD and other known hallucinogens (psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT) at the purported hallucinogenic serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. In addition, current reports of computer modeling of the receptors and ligand binding sites give evidence of bufotenine's ability to bind and activate these receptors. While binding and activation of the purported hallucinogenic receptors are not the full extent of the hallucinogenic signature, this evidence shows support for the rationale that the reported lack of the drug's classic hallucinogenic response in human experiments is due to poor ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), not lack of activation of the appropriate brain receptors. Further evidence is reviewed that in some physiological states, some drugs with characteristics similar to bufotenine which do not normally cross the BBB, cross it and enter the brain. While direct human experimental evidence of bufotenine's hallucinogenic activity seems lacking, the above combined factors are considered, and possible explanations of bufotenine's reported psychoactivity are suggested. Additionally, updated experimental models testing the possible nature of bufotenine's hallucinogenic potential are proposed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-06-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456", "pubmed_id": "11061684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456", "keywords": "Blood-Brain Barrier, Humans, Serotonin, Bufotenin, Receptors, Serotonin, Psychotropic Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11061684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2744, "title": "Chromatographic screening techniques in systematic toxicological analysis.", "normalized_title": "chromatographic screening techniques in systematic toxicological analysis", "authors": "Drummer OH.", "abstract": "A review of techniques used to screen biological specimens for the presence of drugs was conducted with particular reference to systematic toxicological analysis. Extraction systems of both the liquid-liquid and solid-phase type show little apparent difference in their relative ability to extract a range of drugs according to their physio-chemical properties, although mixed-phase SPE extraction is a preferred technique for GC-based applications, and liquid-liquid were preferred for HPLC-based applications. No one chromatographic system has been shown to be capable of detecting a full range of common drugs of abuse, and common ethical drugs, hence two or more assays are required for laboratories wishing to cover a reasonably comprehensive range of drugs of toxicological significance. While immunoassays are invariably used to screen for drugs of abuse, chromatographic systems relying on derivatization and capable of extracting both acidic and basic drugs would be capable of screening a limited range of targeted drugs. Drugs most difficult to detect in systematic toxicological analysis include LSD, psilocin, THC and its metabolites, fentanyl and its designer derivatives, some potent opiates, potent benzodiazepines and some potent neuroleptics, many of the newer anti-convulsants, alkaloids colchicine, amantins, aflatoxins, antineoplastics, coumarin-based anti-coagulants, and a number of cardiovascular drugs. The widespread use of LC-MS and LC-MS-MS for specific drug detection and the emergence of capillary electrophoresis linked to MS and MS-MS provide an exciting possibility for the future to increase the range of drugs detected in any one chromatographic screening system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-09-30", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00265-0", "pubmed_id": "10572973", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00265-0", "keywords": "Humans, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Specimen Handling, Chromatography, Toxicology", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10572973\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2768, "title": "A review of the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "a review of the usefulness of the standard eeg in psychiatry", "authors": "Hughes JR.", "abstract": "The goal of this paper is to draw conclusions about the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry. In general, two thirds of psychiatric referrals for an EEG are expected to provide useful information. The emphasis in schizophrenia is placed on left-sided abnormalities, especially on the left temporal area. In mood disorders the emphasis is on right-sided foci, in addition to the controversial 6/sec spike and wave complexes, small sharp spikes and positive spikes. In the acute stage of alcoholism, a relationship is seen between the degree of intoxication and the amount of slow activity, while in the chronic stage an increase in slow activity is seen, but another change is fast activity on the temporal areas. During withdrawal a low seizure threshold can be seen as irregular bilateral spike and wave complexes. During abstinence 2-4 yr may be required before slow wave sleep is normal in all regards. Among the organic mental syndromes, delirium shows slow activity, except in delirium tremens, which often is associated with a normal record with fast activity. In dementia the prevalence of EEG abnormalities is related to the degree of impairment. After five sessions of ECT diffuse slow waves are often seen. In other conditions, among developmental disorders about one half of autistic children show abnormalities and epileptiform activity is not uncommon. Mild nonspecific abnormalities are seen in about 40% of dyslexics and also in behavior disorders. Anxiety disorders include anorexia nervosa, showing abnormal background activity related to the effect of starvation on cerebral metabolism. In panic attacks paroxysmal activity can be seen. In borderline personality positive spikes have been (again) associated with impulsivity and 6/sec spike and wave complexes with interpersonal problems. Of the drugs of abuse psilocybin and phencyclidine are often associated with generalized epileptiform patterns and with marijuana the alpha shows a decreased frequency with increased amplitude. Typically, an increase in slow activity is seen with psychotropic drugs if there is a change in the level of awareness. Finally, distinctive personality traits are, at times, seen in temporal lobe epilepsy and the phenomenon of \"forced normalization\" may appear when seizures stop and psychotic symptoms appear.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1995-12-31", "publication_year": 1995, "doi": "10.1177/155005949602700106", "pubmed_id": "8719500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/155005949602700106", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Mental Disorders, Evoked Potentials, Adult, Child, Patient Care Team, Neurocognitive Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8719500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2770, "title": "Bufotenine - A Hallucinogen in Ancient Snuff Powders of South America and a Drug of Abuse on the Streets of New York City.", "normalized_title": "bufotenine a hallucinogen in ancient snuff powders of south america and a drug of abuse on the streets of new york city", "authors": "Chamakura RP.", "abstract": "Bufotenine, an isomer of psilocin, is a controlled Schedule I hallucinogenic substance under the New York state and Federal laws. Bufotenine was identified in 42 case samples received at the New York City Police Laboratory since May 1992. The samples were hard, resinous, dark reddish-brown material, sold on the streets as \"hashish\". A few other cases were also seized in Orlando and Tampa, FL. Natural sources of bufotenine are: (a) plant material, mostly seeds of the genus Anadenanthera (formerly Piptadenia); (b) plant organs of other genera; (c) toads (Bufo marinus, B. vulgaris, B. viridian, and B. avarice); and (d) mushrooms (Amanita amp, A. Citrina, A. Porphyria, and A. tomentella). The genus Anadenanthera is native to South America and West Indies. Historically, material made from seeds of genus Anadenanthera was, and in isolated areas is still, used by the native Indians of South America and West Indies. Native Indians make intoxicating snuffs from the seeds of Anadenanthera. Recently, bufotenine was identified in 1,200-year-old archaeological samples of an Anadenanthera material found in an excavated tomb in Northern Chile. Historical and published literature on the pharmacology, toxicology, and biological effects of bufotenine and bufotenine-containing material are reviewed. The case material was probably derived from the seeds of genus Andenanthera. There were no prior reported cases of this material being used outside the native Indian areas of South America and West Indies. Indications are that in New York City this material is smoked in combination with marijuana. Bufotenine in case material can be identified by color test, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Though the mass spectra of bufotenine and psilocin (parent compounds and mono-acetyl and di-acetyl derivatives) are very similar, their GC retention times are different. Case samples also gave multiple GC peaks, probably due to the added ingredients during the preparation of this material.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1994-05-31", "publication_year": 1994, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "26270149", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26270149", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26270149\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1479605545" }, { "id": 2777, "title": "Wasson's alternative candidates for soma.", "normalized_title": "wasson s alternative candidates for soma", "authors": "Riedlinger TJ.", "abstract": "Citing recently published challenges to R. Gordon Wasson's identification of Vedic soma as the psychoactive mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly-agaric), this article reviews unpublished letters by Wasson in which he considered and rejected other psychoactive plants as candidates, including the mint Lagochilus inebrians, Convolvulaceae (morning glory) seeds, the fungal parasite Claviceps purpurea (ergot), and especially the psilocybin mushroom Stropharia cubensis, known also as Psilocybe cubensis. Apart from their historical interest, these letters--from the Tina and Gordon Wasson Ethnomycological Collection at the Harvard Botanical Museum--demonstrate that Wasson remained open to refinements of his theory.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1993-03-31", "publication_year": 1993, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245", "pubmed_id": "8377083", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245", "keywords": "Humans, Amanita, Plants, Hallucinogens, Religion, India", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8377083\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2778, "title": "Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically.", "normalized_title": "toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically", "authors": "Gable RS.", "abstract": "A procedure is outlined for comparing dependence potential and acute toxicity across a broad range of abused psychoactive substances. Tentative results, based on an extensive literature review of 20 substances, suggested that the margin of safety (\"therapeutic index\") varied dramatically between substances. Intravenous heroin appeared to have the greatest risk of dependence and acute lethality; oral psilocybin appeared to have the least. Hazards due to behavioral deficits, perceptual distortion, or chronic illness were not factored into the assessments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1992-12-31", "publication_year": 1992, "doi": "10.3109/00952999309001618", "pubmed_id": "8213692", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999309001618", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Risk Factors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8213692\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2787, "title": "[Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms toxins contained in danish wild mushrooms", "authors": "Lassen JF, Ravn HB, Lassen SF.", "abstract": "A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the \"liberty cap\" or \"magic mushrooms\" (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europa, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1989-12-31", "publication_year": 1989, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "2301080", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/2301080", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Differential, Denmark, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2301080\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2306868728" }, { "id": 2788, "title": "Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs.", "normalized_title": "clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs", "authors": "Leikin JB, Krantz AJ, Zell-Kanter M, Barkin RL, Hryhorczuk DO.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs are unique in that they produce the desired hallucinogenic effects at what are considered non-toxic doses. The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. The drugs reviewed include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, psilocybin, mescaline, and 'designer drugs.' Particularly noteworthy is that each hallucinogen produces characteristic behavioural effects which are related to its serotonergic, dopaminergic or adrenergic activity. Cocaine produces simple hallucinations, PCP can produce complex hallucinations analogous to a paranoid psychosis, while LSD produces a combination of hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. Dose relationships with changes in the quality of the hallucinatory experience have been described with amphetamines and, to some extent, LSD. Flashbacks have been described with LSD and alcohol. Management of the intoxicated patient is dependent on the specific behavioural manifestation elicited by the drug. The principles involve differentiating the patient's symptoms from organic (medical or toxicological) and psychiatric aetiologies and identifying the symptom complex associated with the particular drug. Panic reactions may require treatment with a benzodiazepine or haloperidol. Patients with LSD psychosis may require an antipsychotic. Patients exhibiting prolonged drug-induced psychosis may require a variety of treatments including ECT, lithium and l-5-hydroxytryptophan.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1989-08-31", "publication_year": 1989, "doi": "10.1007/bf03259916", "pubmed_id": "2682130", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03259916", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2682130\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2697, "title": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Schwartz RH, Smith DE.", "abstract": "Ingestion of mushrooms containing psilocybin produces hallucinogenic effects and has become a popular form of substance abuse among some adolescents and young adults. We have reviewed the medical literature on psilocybin mushrooms and describe current patterns of use, provide background material on the botony and pharmacology of these crude drugs, and report results of a small study on usage patterns among identified adolescent drug abusers. Among 174 adolescents already identified as substance abusers, 45 (26%) reported having used hallucinogenic mushrooms, frequently in conjunction with alcohol or other drugs. An average intake of 2-4 mushrooms was obtained for about +8, and led to intoxication for 5-6 hours. Mixing of intoxicants such as alcohol, marijuana, and psilocybin mushrooms was the rule. The acute adverse reactions may have been the result of drug synergy. Pediatricians should become aware of the specific patterns of the use of hallucinogenic drugs by adolescents and consider the possibility of such use when evaluating a delirious or psychotic adolescent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1988-01-31", "publication_year": 1988, "doi": "10.1177/000992288802700202", "pubmed_id": "3338231", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/000992288802700202", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Adolescent, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3338231\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4252245481" }, { "id": 5652, "title": "Review of Enquiries made to the NPIS Concerning Psilocybe Mushroom Ingestion, 1978-1981", "normalized_title": "review of enquiries made to the npis concerning psilocybe mushroom ingestion 1978 1981", "authors": "J. Francis, Virginia Murray", "abstract": "The historical, botanical and chemical aspects of hallucinogenic mushroom are well described (Lincoff & Mitchell, 1977; Cooper, 1980). The use of hallucinogenic mushroom stretches back as far as ancient Aztec civilisation and it has become fashionable in the West since the 1950s, with publicity from popular writers such as Aldous Huxley and Carlos Castenada (Huxley, 1976; Castenada, 1970). Recently, increasing use has given rise to calls for control (Young et al., 1982). In Britain, Psilocybe semilanceata is the most commonly occurring species of hallucinogenic mushrooms (Peden & Pringle, 1982; Peden et al., 1981; Harries & Evans, 1981) containing the hallucinogenic compounds psilocin and psilocybon, indolalkylamines, similar to LSD but only about 1 % as potent (Bowman & Rand, 1980).", "journal": "Human Toxicology", "publication_date": "1983-03-31", "publication_year": 1983, "doi": "10.1177/096032718300200229", "pubmed_id": "6862481", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718300200229", "keywords": "Mushroom, Publicity, Art, Hallucinogen, Civilization, Traditional medicine, Humanities, Biology, Geography, Archaeology, Botany, Medicine, Pharmacology, Law, Political science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:11", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 06:52:11", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2049786460\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2049786460\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":18,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1514135350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049077835\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124369608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163176525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914231783\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101177338\",\"display_name\":\"J. Francis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044055220\",\"display_name\":\"Virginia Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-4024\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208299\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Toxicology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718300200229\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2049786460" }, { "id": 2811, "title": "The problem of psilocybin mushroom abuse.", "normalized_title": "the problem of psilocybin mushroom abuse", "authors": "Peden NR, Pringle SD, Crooks J.", "abstract": "1 We have reviewed the clinical features and management of 44 consecutive patients presenting to hospital over a 5 week period during an outbreak of ingestion of psilocybin containing mushrooms. 2 Patients presented to hospital usually because of dysphoric effects an average of 3.8 h after ingesting mushrooms. 3 Mydriasis was present in 40 patients but fewer than half showed other sympathomimetic features--tachycardia, hypertension or hyperreflexia. 4 Twenty-three patients experienced nausea and vomiting. 5 Distortions of perception chiefly visual were frequent as were paraesthesiae and feelings of depersonalization. 6 The effects of the mushrooms were short-lived and had worn off within 12 h in all but one patient. 7 Inducing emesis did not appear to hasten recovery from the effects of the mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1982-09-30", "publication_year": 1982, "doi": "10.1177/096032718200100408", "pubmed_id": "7173927", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718200100408", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Behavior, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7173927\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1964253779" }, { "id": 2823, "title": "Mushrooms and madness. Hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications.", "normalized_title": "mushrooms and madness hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications", "authors": "McDonald A.", "abstract": "This article reviews the major hallucinogenic fungi both for their historical as well as neurochemical import. Despite voluminous literature on them, relatively little study has focused on psilocybin related substances that could relate to forms of psychotic illness. Some metabolic pathways are reviewed which illustrate the need for more study of indole compounds such as baeocystin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-10-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1177/070674378002500709", "pubmed_id": "6777029", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378002500709", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Amanita, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Monoamine Oxidase, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Chemistry, History, Medieval, History, Modern 1601-, Guatemala, Mexico, India, Siberia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6777029\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2841, "title": "Defining the histamine H2-receptor in brain: the interaction with LSD.", "normalized_title": "defining the histamine h2 receptor in brain the interaction with lsd", "authors": "Green JP, Weinstein H, Maayani S.", "abstract": "Two aspects of the complexities of the mode of action of drugs are described. One is the criteria and pitfalls of defining the interaction with specific receptors. The other is the need to consider each of the pharmacological effects of a drug as a concatenation of receptor events, because it has become clear that each drug may have substantial affinity for many specific receptors. Illustrating these ideas is a characterization of the histamine receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in brain. The activities of a series of H2-antagonists and H2-agaonists were shown to be the same on the histamine receptor linked to adenylate cyclase as on known H2-receptors. The KB values of antagonists and ED50 values of agonists were not distinguishable among these receptors. Notably, at high concentrations, the H1-antagonists are also competitive antagonists of the H2-receptor. Cyproheptadine has especially high affinity for the H2-receptor. It is the most potent H2-antagonist yet reported. Other published results are reviewed to show the variety of receptors that cyproheptadine has affinity for. Its affinity for serotonin receptors led us to examine other serotonin antagonists. On this H2-receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in homogenates of guinea pig hippocampus and cortex, D-LSD and D-2-bromo-LSD (BrLSD) were shown to be competitive antagonists of histamine. L-LSD, mescaline and psilocin were inactive. Noting congurency in the molecular structyre of D-LSD and known H2-antagonists, we predicted a new H2-antagonist. This prediction is shown to be correct: the compound has similar affinity to the H2-receptor as has LSD. The affinities of D-LSD and BrLSD for the H2-receptor are compared with their affinities for other receptors. The pharmacology of D-LSD and BrLSD is reviewed. Evidence is assembled that BrLSD has considerable central effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-12-31", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "30911", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30911", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Cyproheptadine, Receptors, Dopamine, Receptors, Histamine H1, Receptors, Histamine H2, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, Histamine, Histamine H1 Antagonists, Histamine H2 Antagonists, Behavior, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, In Vitro Techniques, Adenylyl Cyclases", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30911\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2406226550" }, { "id": 5572, "title": "Review of Drugs and Phantasy: The Effects of LSD, Psilocybin, and Sernyl on College Students.", "normalized_title": "review of drugs and phantasy the effects of lsd psilocybin and sernyl on college students", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "Contemporary Psychology", "publication_date": "1966-07-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": "10.1037/008835", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/008835", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:09", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 06:52:09", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4241639320\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4241639320\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2765073098\",\"source_display_name\":\"Contemporary Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1037/008835\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4241639320" } ] }