{ "meta": { "tracker_site_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com", "publication_tracker_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com/", "generated_at_utc": "2026-07-09 20:35:20", "record_count": 828 }, "papers": [ { "id": 5678, "title": "α2-Adrenergic receptor modulates 5-HT2A-mediated behavioral effects of MDMA and psilocybin in mice.", "normalized_title": "α2 adrenergic receptor modulates 5 ht2a mediated behavioral effects of mdma and psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Rosado AF, Yu AL, Yang JH, Rondeau J, Floris G, Basu A, Staszko S, Dibbs M, Feng J, Li Y, Warner-Schmidt J, Kelmendi B, Krystal JH, Pittenger C, Kwan AC, Kaye AP.", "abstract": "Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin act as agonists at cortical serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptors (5-HT2AR), inducing psychedelic effects in humans and head-twitch responses (HTRs) in rodents. Another class of psychedelic drugs called entactogens, exemplified by MDMA, function primarily as monoamine releasers and typically evoke minimal HTR despite causing serotonin release. The polypharmacology of psychedelic drugs at receptors other than 5-HT2AR may modulate their behavioral effects. Here, we report that MDMA, but not psilocybin, induces robust elevations of both 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) in the medial prefrontal cortex. Blocking the release of extracellular NE unmasks MDMA-evoked HTR, suggesting that polypharmacology involving noradrenergic receptors may oppose the 5-HT2A-mediated effects of MDMA. Artificially elevating NE also attenuates psilocybin-induced HTR, supporting this hypothesis. Selective agonism of the noradrenergic α2 receptor (α2R) is sufficient to suppress 5-HT2A-mediated HTR, and also suppresses the HTR in locus coeruleus-ablated mice, suggesting that this effect is mediated by heteroreceptors. Moreover, psilocybin-induced effects in the forced swim test persisted in the presence of α₂R activation. Thus, these findings support a model in which some forms of 5-HT2A signaling can be attenuated by α2R activation without interfering with antidepressant-like effects. The ability to reduce potential side effects of 5-HT2A activation while preserving antidepressant-like effects via α2R and other analogous receptors may be relevant to therapeutic development.", "journal": "Molecular Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-07-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03713-1", "pubmed_id": "42414551", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03713-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-08 01:20:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42414551\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167607963\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167607963\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1572907996\",\"https://openalex.org/W1836264777\",\"https://openalex.org/W1842480878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897852281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966733439\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968883863\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974195654\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983048332\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996618171\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013923425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021048027\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029122479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043018270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062822713\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063277419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069500038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082642884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089306255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090826913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101795926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120113858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121872553\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122453635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131184913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139127187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140901931\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147123664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151488696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153615886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159032443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168836105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2176880930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2218174899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2508048853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2576763726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2739337936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789541163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802418317\",\"https://openalex.org/W2867834500\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979144408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2988140114\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008141248\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014121938\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044771279\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113989724\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154620846\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217377467\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200256404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205362358\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221078879\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291398459\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296759713\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321238244\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323825498\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362596352\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386740988\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390755783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395069371\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400449392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401212791\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406062303\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409987664\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410200405\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411302754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412520959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412626160\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414747399\",\"https://openalex.org/W7118979083\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140175434\",\"display_name\":\"Axel F. Rosado\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047632425\",\"display_name\":\"Abigail L. Yu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2194-5028\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080588826\",\"display_name\":\"J. Yang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1220-4312\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140189588\",\"display_name\":\"Jocelyne Rondeau\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032092254\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriele Floris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-774X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023986617\",\"display_name\":\"Aakash Basu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-7393\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140193039\",\"display_name\":\"Stephanie Staszko\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022935279\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Dibbs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4341-361X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103001401\",\"display_name\":\"Jiesi Feng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-2625\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100428710\",\"display_name\":\"Yulong Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9166-9919\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140193611\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer Warner-Schmidt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110948308\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Kelmendi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-1326\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071039477\",\"display_name\":\"John H. Krystal\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-1726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001094886\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Pittenger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-9321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014605321\",\"display_name\":\"Alex C. Kwan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-1667\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008798564\",\"display_name\":\"Alfred P. Kaye\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-1221\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S71149355\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03713-1\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7167607963" }, { "id": 5677, "title": "CSF galanin and noradrenaline downregulation by psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "csf galanin and noradrenaline downregulation by psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder", "authors": "Paslawski W, Doyon D, Ekman CJ, Yngwe H, Mamula D, Zareba-Paslawska J, Beckman M, Xu ZD, Hökfelt T, Tiger M, Lundberg J, Svenningsson P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a rapid-acting antidepressant, but its mechanism of action in major depressive disorder remains unclear. In this secondary analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trial with multimodal CSF and blood biomarker measurements, psilocybin selectively reduced CSF galanin and noradrenaline, implicating that normalization of these co-transmitters is a key pharmacodynamic signature.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-07-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-026-02490-3", "pubmed_id": "42414566", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02490-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-08 01:20:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42414566\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167637338\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167637338\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1981734883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014887176\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040649786\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092170736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2175268588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2201607793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2461590308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560044495\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205208574\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405890096\",\"https://openalex.org/W7161294763\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026281113\",\"display_name\":\"Wojciech Pasławski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-4547\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026248580\",\"display_name\":\"D Doyon\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045856839\",\"display_name\":\"Carl Johan Ekman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-9385\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5095379592\",\"display_name\":\"Hampus Yngwe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086436715\",\"display_name\":\"Dejan Mamula\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8215-7794\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027605872\",\"display_name\":\"Justyna Zarȩba-Pasławska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-5908\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065682565\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Beckman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-1863\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024639719\",\"display_name\":\"Qing Xu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-7559\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140192339\",\"display_name\":\"Tomas Hökfelt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063179816\",\"display_name\":\"Mikael Tiger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-8125\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082468471\",\"display_name\":\"Johan Lundberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4298-3936\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036364090\",\"display_name\":\"Per Svenningsson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-3802\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02490-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7167637338" }, { "id": 3587, "title": "Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Psilocybin-assisted Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "neurobehavioral mechanisms of psilocybin assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 mechanistic clinical trial designed to evaluate the therapeutic neural mechanisms of psilocybin in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and to determine whether further studies are warranted to study the relationship of any such effects to clinical improvement in AUD symptoms. The primary aims are to evaluate the effects of psilocybin on AUD; measures will include 1) fMRI neural activation and functional connectivity, using a well-validated task to characterize neural and subjective response to negative affective and alcohol visual stimuli; 2) alcohol use data (self-report and blood biomarkers); and 3) self-report measures related the NE, IS, and EF domains.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-07-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06349083", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Inactive Placebo, Supportive therapy sessions, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:22:31", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06349083\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5673, "title": "The need for another tool: Australian healthcare professionals on the use of psilocybin for existential distress in people with cancer.", "normalized_title": "the need for another tool australian healthcare professionals on the use of psilocybin for existential distress in people with cancer", "authors": "Adler H, Filipic R, Gonzalez M, Kwon K, Lacey J, McDonald G, Sarris J, Chmiel K, Low M, Sinclair J, Grant S.", "abstract": "BackgroundExistential distress is commonly experienced by people with cancer, yet there are limited treatment options. The therapeutic potential for psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) utilising psilocybin for this cohort is underexplored, with emerging literature showing clinical improvements in wellbeing. In Australia there is limited knowledge on healthcare professionals' (HCPs') attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of the use of PAT for existential distress in people with cancer, and their opinions on components of delivery.MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews were used to investigate the attitudes of 11 HCPs across specialties, largely from cancer treatment centres such as Chris O'Brien Lifehouse and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. The interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsFour key themes were identified: (1) A spectrum of knowing: The varied space of PAT knowledges, (2) Conceptualising and thinking through PAT in practice, (3) Navigating nuances territory: The complexity of providing and engaging with PAT, (4) Visualising potential future for PAT. Findings from the themes include that despite HCPs remaining interested in the potential of PAT, there are clear barriers being faced, knowledge gaps, and a desire for more research. HCPs also indicated a preference for PAT to be delivered in multidisciplinary teams, and for modes of delivery to be culturally sensitive and ethically rigorous. While some positioned this treatment as a last resort, others noted that there is a need for another 'tool' in the treatment of existential distress in cancer.ConclusionsAs evidence for PAT grows, expanded clinical and qualitative research will be needed to develop delivery models that are ethically sound, culturally sensitive and informed by clinical evidence, as well as traditional knowledges While small in sample size, this present study offers preliminary insights into how HCPs perceive the potential role of PAT in cancer populations, specifically for existential distress. Thus, this study contributes to a growing qualitative evidence base to understand implementation pathways for PAT in oncology settings, and the complexity of managing the need for another tool with existing barriers, limitations, and knowledge bases.", "journal": "BMC Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-07-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s12916-026-05024-2", "pubmed_id": "42410597", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05024-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-07 01:20:35", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42410597\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167496298\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167496298\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014161444\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah Adler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-582X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140149775\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca Filipic\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113198437\",\"display_name\":\"Dr Maria Gonzalez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5129392464\",\"display_name\":\"Ki Kwon\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040937885\",\"display_name\":\"Judith Lacey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-406X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077777065\",\"display_name\":\"Geraldine McDonald\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-2974\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114087434\",\"display_name\":\"Jerome Sarris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140106837\",\"display_name\":\"Katarzyna Chmiel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108015801\",\"display_name\":\"Mitchell Low\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-535X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5140140174\",\"display_name\":\"Justin Sinclair\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136366624\",\"display_name\":\"S Grant\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S135560524\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMC Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05024-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7167496298" }, { "id": 3976, "title": "Psilocybin as a Transdiagnostic Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbid Psychopathology: Implications for Clinical Nosology and Research Directions.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a transdiagnostic treatment for eating disorders and comorbid psychopathology implications for clinical nosology and research directions", "authors": "Koning E, Richard J, Keshen A.", "abstract": "ObjectiveEating disorders (EDs) are characterized by high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and suboptimal treatment outcomes. There remain critical gaps in research, including the exploration of effective transdiagnostic interventions. This forum article examines the potential of psilocybin treatment (PT) as a transdiagnostic intervention for EDs and common comorbidities, including the implications for alternative nosological frameworks, trial design, and clinical care.MethodA narrative review was conducted synthesizing clinical, mechanistic, and conceptual literature on PT for EDs and common psychiatric comorbidities. Searches of academic databases were supplemented by hand-searching and clinical trial registries. Thematic synthesis focused on transdiagnostic clinical evidence, mechanistic theories, and implications for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), treatment development, and clinical trial design.ResultsPreliminary clinical evidence supports the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic effects of PT for EDs, with robust transdiagnostic effects observed across comorbid conditions. Proposed mechanisms (i.e., serotonergic receptor agonism, psychoplastogenic effects, neural network desynchronization) target shared vulnerabilities that map onto dimensional constructs in HiTOP (Emotional Dysfunction superspectrum, Internalizing spectrum) and RDoC (negative/positive valence, cognitive, and social process domains) nosologies. Future research should explore pragmatic trial designs and dimensional outcome measures to capture the real-world complexities of PT for EDs.DiscussionPT demonstrates transdiagnostic therapeutic potential for EDs, and the advancement of dimensional nosologies, complex intervention frameworks, and personalized treatment protocols may address existing gaps in research and clinical care.", "journal": "International Journal of Eating Disorders", "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/eat.70164", "pubmed_id": "42393007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70164", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-04 01:20:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-09 01:20:16", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42393007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167014213\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7167014213\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1931781407\",\"https://openalex.org/W1944481685\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968733266\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969577526\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972883514\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976624064\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985513874\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986348004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006378117\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007644698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030842831\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052565335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052804935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080055550\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095960650\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115430216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118540296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120654343\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140540881\",\"https://openalex.org/W2298540806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2339503814\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2599264051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2733159797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2740567311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2795870103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888612576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2896480657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2908155319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914496888\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914520605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979620240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2986368852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3031144616\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049509808\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084249337\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120551831\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134803076\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135628799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135635133\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136402846\",\"https://openalex.org/W3148497253\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153796079\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166604621\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194472989\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200408156\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205400385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210332402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280584826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281891940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292262959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310942020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318933953\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362656963\",\"https://openalex.org/W4376279493\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381548553\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384154266\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385664009\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386606492\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387019277\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389139111\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389975182\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390794276\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391893692\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4397049758\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398195443\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398782381\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400364503\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401212791\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403216984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403509916\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404160271\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404286681\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404836981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405376152\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406338182\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408186822\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408221975\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408328158\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409313347\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409449345\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409687073\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409729252\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411355052\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412489091\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412570375\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413411862\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413839750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414072214\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414745665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4415622018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417031290\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417397706\",\"https://openalex.org/W7125961702\",\"https://openalex.org/W7128441230\",\"https://openalex.org/W7133234785\",\"https://openalex.org/W7134072318\",\"https://openalex.org/W7134891055\",\"https://openalex.org/W7135170485\",\"https://openalex.org/W7148242223\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060209926\",\"display_name\":\"Elena Koning\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0288\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006203775\",\"display_name\":\"Jérémie Richard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-1353\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023552725\",\"display_name\":\"Aaron Keshen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-9749\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S74080386\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Eating Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70164\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7167014213" }, { "id": 3813, "title": "Convergent biosynthesis of psilocybin in an ectomycorrhizal lineage: is the psychoactive end-product the selected trait?", "normalized_title": "convergent biosynthesis of psilocybin in an ectomycorrhizal lineage is the psychoactive end product the selected trait", "authors": "Askari M, Surapaneni V.", "abstract": "The fungivore-deterrence hypothesis, that psilocybin evolved as a chemical defence against arthropod fungivores via 5-HT receptor agonism, has become the working consensus in fungal chemical ecology, despite resting on a phylogenomic pattern of horizontal gene transfer among saprotrophs and remarkably little direct experimental evidence. Recent biochemistry shows that the ectomycorrhizal Inocybe corydalina assembles psilocybin through a convergently evolved, non-homologous ips cluster whose branched pathway yields baeocystin, not psilocybin, as the primary end-product. We argue that psilocybin's psychoactivity at vertebrate 5-HT2A receptors is plausibly incidental, with selection most likely acting on the injury-triggered polymerized indoloquinoid end-state of the blueing reaction (with psilocybin functioning as its stable storage precursor) and only secondarily on the monomeric congeners baeocystin or aeruginascin. We propose a five-tier comparative experimental program to adjudicate among these alternatives.", "journal": "EcoEvoRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.32942/x2fd49", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32942/x2fd49", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:28", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1263823\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"EcoEvoRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166796269\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166796269\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139727248\",\"display_name\":\"Mellica Askari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1876-7714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135689316\",\"display_name\":\"Varun Surapaneni\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.32942/x2fd49\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166796269" }, { "id": 3002, "title": "Modeled Long-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Dynamic Activity and Effective Connectivity of Fronto-Striatal-Thalamic Circuits.", "normalized_title": "modeled long term effects of psilocybin on dynamic activity and effective connectivity of fronto striatal thalamic circuits", "authors": "Pasquini L, Vohryzek J, Escrichs A, Perl YS, Ponce-Alvarez A, Idesis S, Girn M, Roseman L, Mitchell JM, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach M, Nutt DJ, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained symptoms improvements across various psychiatric conditions, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we performed secondary analyses and applied computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first showed that dynamic FST activity increased 4 weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceeded to mechanistically account for these changes by providing tentative model-based support that reductions in the structure-function coupling contribute to increased dynamic FST activity postpsilocybin. Finally, we used computational approaches to show that psilocybin induces longitudinal increases in bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. We then used publicly available receptor maps to show that cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, while increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relates to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings suggest that increased FST flexibility weeks after a high dose of psilocybin is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism contributing to the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia nervosa.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.70596", "pubmed_id": "42381187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70596", "keywords": "Thalamus, Corpus Striatum, Frontal Lobe, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Longitudinal Studies, Models, Neurological, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:22", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42381187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 101, "title": "Psilocybin induces stereotyped movements and reduces defensive responding in planarians through 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces stereotyped movements and reduces defensive responding in planarians through 5 hydroxytryptamine mechanisms", "authors": "Akbar RJ, Stringer AD, Wiah S, Dachepalli M, Daws SE, Inan S, Rawls SM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic 5-HT2A R agonist that causes psychedelic and anxiolytic effects in human users. To delineate conservation of psilocybin pharmacology, we investigated behavioral effects of psilocybin in planarians ( Dugesia dorotocephala ), the simplest living animal with cephalization that also has a well defined serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system. We quantified stereotyped movements (e.g. head bops, twists, scrunches, and C-shapes) and defensive responding (negative phototaxis) and probed a 5-HT2A R mechanism for psilocybin using a selective 5-HT2A R antagonist (volinanserin). Psilocybin (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nM) increased all stereotyped movements and, at higher concentrations, reduced motility. Volinanserin (1, 10, and 100 nM) did not induce any stereotyped movements or reduce motility. For combination experiments, volinanserin reduced cumulative stereotyped movements produced by psilocybin (0.01 nM) and specifically reduced psilocybin-evoked twists and head bops. Concentrations (", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1097/fbp.0000000000000879", "pubmed_id": "42186402", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000879", "keywords": "Animals, Planarians, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Stereotyped Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin, Phototaxis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:22", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42186402\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 21, "title": "Chemistry/structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor(s).", "normalized_title": "chemistry structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor s", "authors": "Gumpper RH, Nichols DE", "abstract": "This brief review highlights some of the structure-activity relationships of classic serotonergic psychedelics. In particular, we discuss structural features of three chemotypes: phenethylamines, ergolines and certain tryptamines, which possess psychedelic activity in humans. Where they are known, we point out the underlying molecular mechanisms utilized by each of the three chemotypes of psychedelic molecules. With a focus on the 5-HT receptor subtype, a G-protein coupled receptor known to be the primary target of psychedelics, we refer to several X-ray and cryoEM structures, with a variety of ligands bound, to illustrate the underlying atomistic basis for some of the known pharmacological observations of psychedelic drug actions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17361", "pubmed_id": "39354889", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39354889/", "keywords": "5-HT2A agonists, 5-HT2A receptor, LSD, Psychedelic chemotypes, crystal structures, docking, ergolines, phenethylamines, psilocybin, structural biology, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic potential, tryptamines", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39354889\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 20, "title": "Psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain", "authors": "Askey T, Lasrado R, Maiarú M, Stephens GJ", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are under active consideration for clinical use and have generated significant interest for their potential as anti-nociceptive treatments for chronic pain, and for addressing conditions like depression, frequently co-morbid with pain. This review primarily explores the utility of preclinical animal models in investigating the potential of psilocybin as an anti-nociceptive agent. Initial studies involving psilocybin in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain are summarised, alongside areas where further research is needed. The potential mechanisms of action, including targeting serotonergic pathways through the activation of 5-HT receptors at both spinal and central levels, as well as neuroplastic actions that improve functional connectivity in brain regions involved in chronic pain, are considered. Current clinical aspects and the translational potential of psilocybin from animal models to chronic pain patients are reviewed. Also discussed is psilocybin's profile as an ideal anti-nociceptive agent, with a wide range of effects against chronic pain and its associated inflammatory or emotional components. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17420", "pubmed_id": "39614355", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39614355/", "keywords": "neuropathic pain, neuroplasticity, nociplastic pain, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, serotonergic signalling", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39614355\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 19, "title": "The Australia story: Current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the australia story current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics", "authors": "Nutt DJ, Hunt P, Schlag AK, Fitzgerald P", "abstract": "The past decade has seen a huge increase in clinical research with psychedelic drugs and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which have revealed great potential for treating mental health conditions. Given this progress in research, as well as the current unmet clinical need of millions of patients, in 2023, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved the use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and MDMA for PTSD to take effect from 1 July 2023. The campaign for TGA approval was led by a coalition comprising the Australian charity Mind Medicine Australia with support from Professor David Nutt, Drug Science, Professor Arthur Christopolous, Professor Chris Langmead (both from Monash University) and from large numbers of clinical, academic and patient groups. Under the rescheduling, current prescribing rights are limited to psychiatrists who have become authorised prescribers under the TGA's Authorised Prescriber Scheme, and psilocybin can only be used for treatment resistant depression and MDMA can only be used for PTSD. This paper reviews the background for this decision, its implications for approvals in other jurisdictions, as well as for the development pathways for other psychedelic drugs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17398", "pubmed_id": "39701143", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39701143/", "keywords": "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Australia, psilocybin, psychedelics, therapeutic goods administration (TGA)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39701143\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 17, "title": "Psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders", "authors": "Hoyer D", "abstract": "Currently, the most actively investigated rapidly acting antidepressants, anxiolytics and/or anti PTSD agents, include psychedelics e.g. psilocybin, LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ayahuasca; non-hallucinogenic entactogens, e.g. MDMA; psychoplastogens which rapidly promote neuroplasticity, e.g. ibogaine, ketamine and esketamine; and other atypicals e.g. dextromorphan/bupropion, esmethadone. Late-stage clinical trials support psychedelics and/or MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as rapidly acting treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), PTSD or generalised anxiety disorders (GAD). Psilocybin, MDMA and LSD were granted FDA breakthrough status for TRD/MDD, PTSD and GAD, respectively, although FDA recently rejected the new drug application of MDMA in PTSD. Most of these drugs target the 5-HT and monoamine systems. Classical psychedelics act as 5-HT receptor agonists, although LSD, DMT and psilocybin target other 5-HT and/or dopamine receptors. Psychedelic-dependent 5-HT receptor agonism also has profound anti-(neuro)inflammatory effects. Advanced imaging studies suggest that brain 5-HT levels are reduced in depression. Functional magnetic resonance studies show that neural networks (cortico thalamic, salience, default mode) are profoundly impaired in depression. Such network defects are corrected upon psychedelic/entactogen treatment, offering a unique opportunity to serve as biomarkers for depression, anxiety and PTSD precision medicine trials. Psychedelics and entactogens target common end pathways, namely neuroplasticity/synaptogenesis, either directly via monoamine or glutamate receptors and/or indirectly, via BDNF and mTORC1 pathways. Together, these findings strongly support a biological basis for MDD, GAD, PTSD and related conditions, which can be considered as mixed biochemical, neurological and neuroimmune disorders, and are profoundly modified by psychedelics, entactogens and the newly developed psychoplastogens. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70088", "pubmed_id": "40518133", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40518133/", "keywords": "5-HT (serotonin), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Empathogens, Entactogens, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine), Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), Psychedelics, Psychoplastogens, Treatment resistant depression (TRD)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40518133\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 14, "title": "Psychedelics as pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders: A scoping review on clinical trials and perspectives on underlying neurobiology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders a scoping review on clinical trials and perspectives on underlying neurobiology", "authors": "Wittenkeller L, Gudelsky G, Winhusen TJ, Amato D", "abstract": "Psychedelics have garnered great attention in recent years as treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression because of their ability to alter consciousness and afflicted cognitive processes with lasting effects. We aimed to characterise how psychedelics are currently being investigated to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). Additionally, we aimed to summarise the available literature on the dopaminergic consequences of classic psychedelics in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a foundational component of SUDs, to understand how psychedelics may be therapeutically relevant for SUDs from a neurobiological perspective. Two scoping review approaches adhering to PRISMA-SCR guidelines were conducted. The first screened for ongoing clinical trials utilising psychedelics for SUD treatment registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The second screened for in vivo microdialysis studies measuring psychedelic-induced changes in extracellular NAc dopamine in rats, found using PubMed, SCOPUS or Google Scholar. Thirty-four unique clinical trials were identified targeting alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and opioid use disorders and mostly consisting of open-label trials lacking placebo-treated controls. The most common SUD investigated was alcohol use disorder (AUD). Following stringent exclusion criteria, four publications were identified that measured extracellular dopamine in the NAc following systemic administration of psilocybin or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). A sustained mild increase of dopamine was observed that was unique to high-dose psilocybin. In addition to known therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, findings herein suggest that psilocybin may support dopamine homeostasis through restoration of tonic dopamine levels. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70181", "pubmed_id": "40891276", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40891276/", "keywords": "MDMA, addiction, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic-assisted therapy, substance use disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40891276\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 12, "title": "Psilocybin improves novel object recognition in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome through the modulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin improves novel object recognition in a rat model of fragile x syndrome through the modulation of the bdnf trkb signaling pathway", "authors": "Ascone F, Buzzelli V, Mottarlini F, Di Trapano M, Miglioranza P, Rava A, Feo A, Spano F, Hausman M, Sugaya K, Caffino L, Fumagalli F, Trezza V", "abstract": "Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited intellectual disability and a leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As a synaptic disorder, FXS involves the loss of Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP), leading to abnormal dendrite development and immature dendritic spines. Serotonergic signaling, essential for neuronal development and circuit remodeling, has been implicated in ASD and related conditions, including FXS, raising the possibility that serotonergic modulation could ameliorate neurodevelopmental impairments. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, a serotonergic compound, in the validated Fmr1-exon 8 rat model of FXS. Psilocybin microdosing rescued deficits in NOR. Importantly, its benefits on recognition memory persisted despite pretreatment with the 5HT2AR antagonist, volinanserin, or the 5HT1AR antagonist, WAY-100635, indicating that classical serotonergic receptor activation is not required. In contrast, pretreatment with the TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12, abolished psilocybin's effects, implicating BDNF/TrkB signaling as essential. At the molecular level, psilocybin normalized mature BDNF (mBDNF), increased TrkB, and restored downstream AKT signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Fmr1-exon 8 rats, pathways strongly linked to synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. These findings demonstrate that psilocybin rescues object recognition memory deficits in this rat model of FXS via BDNF/TrkB-AKT signaling rather than serotonergic receptor mechanisms. By dissociating therapeutic effects from hallucinogenic pathways, our results highlight psilocybin microdosing as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodevelopmental disorders such as FXS and ASD.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-026-02361-x", "pubmed_id": "41688761", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41688761/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-08 01:20:06", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41688761\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3494, "title": "5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin in the Treatment of Tobacco Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco use disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This is a multi-site, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin for smoking cessation. Four sites with experience in conducting psilocybin research will be involved in this trial: Johns Hopkins University (JHU), the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), and New York University (NYU). The proposed study will treat 66 participants (22 at each site), randomized to receive either: 1) oral psilocybin (30 mg in session 1 and either 30 mg or 40 mg in session 2); or 2) oral niacin (150 mg in session 1 and either 150 mg or 200 mg in session 2), with sessions 1 week apart. This is a multi-site, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin for smoking cessation. The investigators previously conducted an open-label pilot trial (N = 15) of psilocybin paired with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Data showed a biologically-verified 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate of 67% at 12 months and 60% at 2.5 years (continuous abstinence rates: 53% and 47%, respectively). The investigators are now conducting an open-label randomized comparative efficacy trial of psilocybin vs. nicotine patch, both in combination with CBT. Interim results (N = 44; 22 per group) show greater biologically-verified abstinence rates at 12 months for psilocybin: 7-day point-prevalence: 59% vs. 27%; continuous abstinence: 36% vs. 9%. Despite these promising findings, the investigators have yet to conduct a double-blind study of psilocybin for smoking cessation. Furthermore, previous psilocybin study samples have been largely White with higher socioeconomic status (SES). The current trial will address these issues across four sites with experience in conducting psilocybin research: Johns Hopkins, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), and New York University (NYU). A diverse sample with regard to ethno-racial identity and SES will be recruited at each site. The proposed double-blind study will treat 66 participants (22 at each site), randomized to receive either: 1) psilocybin; 30 mg in session 1 and either 30 or 40 mg in session 2, with sessions 1 week apart; or 2) niacin; 150 mg in session 1 and either 150 mg or 200 mg in session 2, with sessions 1 week apart. Niacin was selected because it has been used as an active placebo in two previous randomized therapeutic trials of psilocybin, and the FDA has informed the investigators that niacin is the FDA's preferred active placebo for psilocybin. CBT will be administered to both groups and will allow the investigators to test psilocybin's efficacy above and beyond an established treatment approach. Biochemically-confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence will be assessed throughout for up to 12 months. The investigators hypothesize that psilocybin (compared to niacin) will cause increased biologically-confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12-month follow-up. Based on pilot data, the investigators will test cognitive/psychological mediators of treatment response. The investigators hypothesize that psilocybin will be associated with improved cognitive control and decreased anticipation of withdrawal relief (from smoking) 1 day after the target quit date, which will be associated with greater 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12- month follow-up. This trial will provide a rigorous test of efficacy in a diverse study sample, and test relevant mechanisms, for an innovative smoking cessation treatment showing potential for substantial efficacy.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05452772", "keywords": "Tobacco Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Active Experimental Group, Niacin, Active Comparator Group, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-05 01:22:40", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05452772\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 24, "title": "Psilocybin reduces fear memory and restores neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces fear memory and restores neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Du Y, Zhao X, Yao Y, Li Y, Wang G, Zhang L.", "abstract": "BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder are often comorbid in humans. Psilocybin reportedly has beneficial therapeutic effects on depression, possibly by promoting neuroplasticity. PTSD is associated with the dysregulation of neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We hypothesized that psilocybin might reduce fear memory by promoting neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and mPFC.AimsWe investigated the effects of psilocybin on fear memory and explored its underlying mechanisms. We generated a mouse model of PTSD via auditory-cued fear conditioning and treated the mice with either vehicle or psilocybin (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on day 0. Fear memory was assessed by the percentage of freezing time in response to conditioned stimuli. Fear memory tests were conducted on days 1, 6, and 7, after which the mice were sacrificed. To investigate the role of neuroplasticity in mediating the effects of psilocybin on fear memory, we assessed structural neuroplasticity and neuroplasticity-associated marker protein levels in the hippocampus and mPFC 7 days after a single dose of psilocybin.ResultsPsilocybin reduced the cue-induced fear response on days 1, 6, and 7. Psilocybin ameliorated the fear conditioning-induced decreases in neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and mPFC. Through Golgi-Cox staining, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining, we found that psilocybin increased dendritic branches and spine density, upregulated GluR1 and synapsin-1, enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and promoted neurogenesis.ConclusionsA single dose of psilocybin reduces both the rapid and sustained fear memory in mice, at least in part by restoring neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and mPFC. These findings indicate that psilocybin has significant potential for use in the treatment of PTSD and other mental disorders characterized by fear memory.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261453819", "pubmed_id": "42365496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261453819", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-05 01:20:22", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42365496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166436963\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166436963\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W170792860\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980452424\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994547251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036499082\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084108505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112188963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2592144218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901904956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927237494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2936046802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2963792090\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992679405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2997242667\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003581149\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100215548\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112503127\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3126370177\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157927787\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165027302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169261903\",\"https://openalex.org/W3178121559\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210509042\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214649547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231265947\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146113\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318755662\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401212791\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134867509\",\"display_name\":\"Y J Du\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103220890\",\"display_name\":\"Xinyi Zhao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6483-6148\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5127702000\",\"display_name\":\"Yishan Yao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139523749\",\"display_name\":\"Yunfeng Li\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088725738\",\"display_name\":\"Guyan Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-5472\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101545617\",\"display_name\":\"Liming Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-8985\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261453819\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166436963" }, { "id": 3560, "title": "A Pilot Mechanistic RCT of Psilocybin With Mindfulness-based Therapy vs Support for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", "normalized_title": "a pilot mechanistic rct of psilocybin with mindfulness based therapy vs support for posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd", "authors": "Anthony P King", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to learn how psilocybin delivered with mindfulness-based therapy may help symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is an assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled study in participants with PTSD. The study will investigate the changes in brain activity, connectivity, and microstructural neuroplasticity assessed using EEG/EMG and multimodal MRI measures after administration of one oral dose of psilocybin, accompanied either with standard \"psychological support\" only; or with standard support plus Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Many patients with PTSD do not respond or have an incomplete response to treatment with currently available medications that are FDA-approved for PTSD, and/or do not respond to psychotherapies for PTSD. The use of psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin) is being investigated as a new approach to improve symptoms in patients with PTSD and depression, however their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Furthermore, while psychedelics are usually administered in the context of psychological support (\"psychedelic assisted therapy\", PAT) the kinds of support therapy used and possible interactions with drug with therapy effects is not well understood. This study will investigate the changes in brain activity, connectivity, and microstructural neuroplasticity, assessed using electroencephalography (EEG) / electromyography (EMG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) /diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), after administration of one oral dose of 25 mg synthetic Psilocybin delivered in the context of either non-directive psychological support only (the most common approach for PAT) or in combination with psychological support plus an active form of psychotherapy called Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Up to 30 participants will be enrolled altogether. The initial phase of this study will be an open label administration of 25 mg synthetic Psilocybin combined with standard \"PAT psychological support\" plus MBCT in ten participants with PTSD, to allow us to pilot this new intervention package. In the next phase of the study, we will randomly assign twenty participants with PTSD into two groups: one group receiving 25 mg of synthetic Psilocybin (open label) combined with standard \"PAT support\" only, and one group receiving 25 mg of synthetic Psilocybin (open label) combined with standard \"support\" plus active form MBCT psychotherapy. In both groups, psychological support will be provided before, during and after the administration session. The MBCT group will also receive bi-weekly individual MBCT sessions and will be invited to complete daily homework, as per the MBCT protocol. Assessments performed at Baseline and on Day 2 and Day 28 after administration will include EEG/EMG, MRI, clinician-administered scales (CAPS-5, MADRS, C-SSRS) and self-report questionnaires to assess PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms, cognitive testing, self-report questionnaires to evaluate the psychedelic effects of synthetic Psilocybin administration, and blood collection for the Gsα-AC biomarker assay.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07104916", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin + MBCT therapy, Active Comparator: Psilocybin with Support Only, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 23:13:10", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07104916\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthcare Workers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 30, "title": "The intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential.", "normalized_title": "the intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential", "authors": "Brar PS, Price RB, Ross S, Tofighi B, Sarpal DK", "abstract": "In the past decade, interest in studying psychedelic compounds as potential therapeutic agents has resurged. These studies carefully exclude individuals at risk for developing psychotic symptoms in response to psychedelic use. Given the potential for psychedelics to be established as treatments in psychiatry, it is important to more robustly understand their link with psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). In this narrative review, we examine the historical and theoretical relationship between psychedelic drugs and SSDs, including the origins of the psychotomimetic hypothesis. For key psychedelic compounds, we review their phenomenological manifestations in relation to the experiential alterations characteristic of SSDs, revealing both areas of overlap and important qualitative differences that challenge the uniform psychotomimetic classification. We also review putative neural mechanisms underlying altered experiential states associated with psychedelic use and SSDs, with attention to serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic contributions. Clinical evidence demonstrates that psychedelics can exacerbate pre-existing psychotic illness and may trigger psychosis in vulnerable individuals, though the magnitude of these risks remains inadequately quantified. However, phenomenological and mechanistic distinctions suggest that potential therapeutic applications may exist for carefully selected symptoms (negative symptoms, depression) in stable patients using low-dose, controlled approaches. Based on published work, we provide recommendations regarding psychosis-related risk and potential avenues for the treatment of SSDs as psychedelics gain traction as therapeutics.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261456191", "pubmed_id": "42345450", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42345450/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, mescaline, phenomenology, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychosis, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 23:03:18", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42345450\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3705, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin Microdosing on Cognition, Mood and Quality of Life: A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin microdosing on cognition mood and quality of life a pilot study", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This study is being conducted to evaluate how of 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin affects mood, cognition, subjective well-being and structural/functional MRI results compared to a placebo. Investigators hypothesize that compared to placebo, 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin will produce observable changes in mood, cognition, subjective well-being and MRI, in the absence of psychedelic experiences. This study is being conducted to evaluate the effects of 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin in a parallel arm double-blind manner on mood, cognition, subjective well-being and structural/functional MRI compared to placebo, using validated psychological assessments and cognitive tests. Investigators hypothesize that compared to placebo, 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin will produce observable changes in mood, cognition, subjective well-being and MRI, in the absence of psychedelic experiences. Demonstrating significant results in a population of healthy psychedelic non-users will establish a strong precedent for studying the effects of microdosing psychedelics in patient populations, such as those with treatment-resistant depression. Showing that microdosing minimizes risk of adverse outcomes with psychedelic treatment while maintaining beneficial effects would provide useful information relevant to clinical research in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. In addition to investigating claims that microdosing psychedelics may improve cognition and mood, this study also aims to test the hypothesis that these effects including those measurable at a brain level may persist beyond the course of the 30 days of the study. There are few to no studies that assessed the longevity of psychedelic effects on the majority of the above measures, so the proposed study may further establish the longer-term benefits of microdosing. The use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will elucidate the mechanisms by which microdosing may be exerting its effects on mood and cognition. Because this is a relatively understudied area, information gleaned from this study will provide service in informing the field in general.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07449351", "keywords": "Psychedelic Microdosing Effects on Mood, Cognition, Subjective Well-being and MRI, Psliocybin, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07449351\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Longevity,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 34, "title": "Blocking 5-HT2B receptors abolishes psilocybin’s efficacy in the rat forced swim test", "normalized_title": "blocking 5 ht2b receptors abolishes psilocybin s efficacy in the rat forced swim test", "authors": "Lenka Seillier, Alexandre Seillier, Morgan A. Zvolska, Romana Šlamberová", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is one of the most debilitating psychiatric disorders worldwide. First-line treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have significant limitations, including delayed onset of therapeutic effects and treatment resistance in about 30% of patients. Increasing evidence suggests that acute administration of serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, produces rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, including in treatment-resistant patients. However, it remains unknown which specific 5-HT receptor subtype mediates psilocybin's antidepressant activity. METHODS: We examined in Wistar rats whether pretreatment with the 5-HT2B receptor (5-HT2BR) antagonist RS-127445 (0.32, 1.0, or 3.2 mg/kg) blocked the rapid (day 1) and sustained (day 21) behavioral effects of a single psilocybin administration (0.32 mg/kg) in the forced swim test (FST), a test with predictive validity for antidepressant efficacy. We also measured the impact of RS-127445 on psilocybin-induced head-twitch response (HTR), a behavioral proxy in rodents for psychedelic properties. RESULTS: Our data showed that psilocybin produced both a rapid and sustained decrease in immobility and an increase in climbing behavior in the FST and significantly increased HTR counts. Although RS-127445 did not affect HTR counts at any tested dose, it dose-dependently reversed both the rapid and sustained psilocybin-induced reductions in immobility and increases in climbing behavior. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that 5-HT2BRs are required for psilocybin's behavioral effects in the FST, but are not required for its HTR. The results add to evidence that psilocybin's predictive validity in the FST can be dissociated from its 5-HT2A-mediated psychedelic effects.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261458349", "pubmed_id": "42334341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261458349", "keywords": "Behavioural despair test, Serotonergic, Antidepressant, Psilocybin, Pharmacology, Antagonist, Tricyclic antidepressant, Serotonin, Psychology, Reuptake inhibitor, Imipramine, Receptor antagonist, Receptor, 5-HT receptor, Internal medicine, Major depressive disorder, Serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Agonist, Endocrinology, Medicine, Anxiogenic, Pindolol, 5-HT1A receptor, Reuptake, Hallucinogen, Mechanism of action, Neurotransmitter, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7165643590\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7165643590\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1961364466\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989757811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007107398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012975576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013598219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031733304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047129003\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054695075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089299823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091064555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091363925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126685404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134518716\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173531201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2287930331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319365136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412428225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2511250611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2564232286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2590821743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2596798372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3042758594\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087095811\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093375227\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127186731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216485471\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206134470\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211263234\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4353017554\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390755783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400335852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402327722\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409449430\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410735628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410737616\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411302754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4415713367\",\"https://openalex.org/W7118172518\",\"https://openalex.org/W7152959768\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067927693\",\"display_name\":\"Lenka Seillier\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-2290\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002414770\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandre Seillier\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1859-2561\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139127821\",\"display_name\":\"Morgan A. Zvolska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7335-8022\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081286729\",\"display_name\":\"Romana Šlamberová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9981-3911\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261458349\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7165643590" }, { "id": 33, "title": "Cardiovascular effects associated with acute recreational drug toxicity presentations to the emergency department: a European drug emergencies network (Euro-DEN plus) study.", "normalized_title": "cardiovascular effects associated with acute recreational drug toxicity presentations to the emergency department a european drug emergencies network euro den plus study", "authors": "van den Busken WJ, Dines AM, Eyer F, Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE, Liechti ME, Miró Ò, Vallersnes OM, Wood DM, Yates C, Dargan PI, (on behalf of the Euro-DEN Plus Research Group), Gresnigt FMJ, Euro-DEN Plus Research Group", "abstract": "Recreational drugs affect the cardiovascular system through distinct mechanisms; however, data regarding their cardiovascular impact in the emergency department setting is limited. This study aimed to assess the incidence of cardiovascular effects following recreational drug use in presentations to the emergency department, identify the main drug groups involved, and compare cases with and without cardiovascular effects. Data were extracted from the European Drug Emergency Network (Euro-DEN Plus) dataset from October 2013 to December 2021. Recreational drugs were categorised into ten main drug groups: opioids, cocaine, crack cocaine, cannabis, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamfetamine, amfetamine-type stimulants, gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone, hallucinogens, benzodiazepines, and ketamine. Among 59,571 presentations, 13,905 (23.3%) involved cardiovascular effects. Cocaine (OR3.19, 95% CI2.99-3.39) and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (OR1.18, 95% CI1.13-1.23) showed the strongest associations with cardiovascular features, including chest pain, palpitations, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Opioids (OR0.35, 95% CI0.31-0.38) and benzodiazepines (OR0.38, 95% CI0.32-0.44) were associated with less frequent cardiovascular features. Patients with cardiovascular features exhibited higher median values for temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate (p Cardiovascular effects were common in acute recreational drug toxicity. Cocaine and amfetamine-type stimulants increased the risk of chest pain and arrhythmias, with chest pain being a key indicator of acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovascular effects were more frequently observed with cocaine than with crack cocaine. Cannabis was positively associated with palpitations but not arrhythmias. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone, opioids, and benzodiazepines were linked to hypotension. The presence of cardiovascular effects was associated with worse outcomes, underscoring the need for thorough cardiac assessment. Cardiovascular effects were present in almost a quarter of emergency department presentations with acute recreational drug toxicity, particularly involving cocaine and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine.", "journal": "Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2026.2669671", "pubmed_id": "42334445", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42334445/", "keywords": "3,4 methylenedioxymeth­amphetamine, acute drug toxicity, amfetamine, amfetamine (amphetamine), amphetamine, cardio­vascular, cocaine, lysergide (lyseric acid diethylamide), midamafetamine (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, midomafetamine, psilocybine (psilocybin)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42334445\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3574, "title": "Low-Dose Psilocybin Therapy for Palliative Care Patients With Chronic Cancer Pain Requiring Opioids", "normalized_title": "low dose psilocybin therapy for palliative care patients with chronic cancer pain requiring opioids", "authors": "Roswell Park Cancer Institute", "abstract": "This phase II trial studies whether psilocybin with psychotherapy is safe and if it works for improving chronic pain in cancer patients who require opioids to manage their pain. Psilocybin is taken from the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana. Psilocybin acts on the brain to cause hallucinations (sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes to be real but are not real). This may impact a patient's \"total pain\", a view that accounts for the psychological, spiritual, and social factors that contribute to their experience of pain. Psychotherapy uses methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling to help patients change the way they react to environmental triggers that may cause a negative reaction. Giving psilocybin with psychotherapy may be safe and helpful for improving chronic pain in cancer patients who require opioids to manage their pain. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of low dose psilocybin therapy in patients with chronic cancer pain who require opioids. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: I. To obtain preliminary evidence for efficacy of low dose psilocybin therapy in reducing pain and opioid requirement in participants with chronic cancer pain. EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES: I. To evaluate potential mechanisms of action for psilocybin in pain control, including its effects on resting brain network activity, inflammation, and psychological changes processes. II. To obtain preliminary evidence for efficacy of psilocybin therapy on additional outcomes related to pain control, physical function, and opioid requirement in participants with chronic cancer pain. III. To obtain preliminary evidence for efficacy of low dose psilocybin therapy in alleviating psychological symptoms associated with chronic cancer pain. IV. To evaluate potential mechanisms of action for low dose psilocybin therapy in pain control, including its effects on the following: resting brain network activity, inflammation, psychological processes and psychedelic effects. OUTLINE: Patients attend two preparatory psychotherapy sessions. Patients then receive psilocybin orally (PO) twice a week (BIW) for 4 weeks (8 doses total) in the absence of unacceptable toxicity and attend three integration psychotherapy sessions over 1.5 hours each during psilocybin dosing sessions 2, 4, and 6. Patients may optionally attend additional psychotherapy sessions as needed during follow-up. Additionally, patients undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and collection of blood and urine samples throughout the study. After completion of study intervention, patients are followed up at days 28-34, 56, and 84.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06827054", "keywords": "Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Neoplasm, Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Biospecimen Collection, Biological Sample Collection, Biospecimen Collected, Specimen Collection, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI, Functional MRI, Interview, Psilocybine, CY-39, Indocybin, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, talk therapy, Questionnaire Administration, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06827054\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3023, "title": "Distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem", "normalized_title": "distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the fluctuation dissipation theorem", "authors": "Dagnino PC, Acero-Pousa I, Zamora-López G, Escrichs A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Sanz Perl Y, Kringelbach ML, Deco G.", "abstract": "In recent decades, the psychedelic psilocybin has been studied as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), offering an alternative to traditional antidepressants. However, the brain changes underlying the clinical effects of different interventions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of psilocybin and a conventional antidepressant, escitalopram, from the double-blind randomised controlled trial (DB-RCT) - NCT03429075 - on the brain’s hierarchical organisation. Using pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we built whole-brain models and obtained a generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each patient. Based on the GEC, we measured the level of non-equilibrium brain dynamics by quantifying the deviation from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) and performed complementary analysis on brain segregation and asymmetry. Our results showed opposite reconfigurations of the hierarchical non-equilibrium brain dynamics following each treatment. Additionally, baseline measures effectively distinguished responders from non-responders within each treatment. These findings suggest that the deviation of the FDT may serve as a marker for differentiating the effects of psilocybin and escitalopram in MDD treatment, overall, contributing to the understanding of therapeutic mechanisms of depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.12.731811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.12.731811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1253375\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3440, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: A Double-Blind, Dose-Comparison Concurrent Control Randomized Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of severe alcohol use disorder a double blind dose comparison concurrent control randomized trial", "authors": "Brigham and Women's Hospital", "abstract": "This study aims to determine the safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in improving alcohol-related outcomes among adults with severe alcohol use disorder in a a double-blind, dose-comparison concurrent control, randomized trial. Participants will undergo structured psychotherapy and will be randomized to two psilocybin sessions to receive either a full dose (30mg or 40mg) or low dose (10mg or 15mg). This study is a double-blind, dose-comparison concurrent control randomized trial designed to evaluate the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on alcohol-related outcomes, neurocognitive processes related to craving and stress, and neural circuits involved in reward and regulation among adults with severe alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants are recruited up to 3 months after completing inpatient alcohol withdrawal treatment to ensure medical stabilization prior to psilocybin administration. The study examines both preliminary efficacy and safety while also exploring mechanistic pathways through behavioral assessments and functional neuroimaging. Participants (N=36) are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a full-dose psilocybin (30 mg, with option to escalate to 40 mg on the second session) or a low-dose (10 mg, with option to escalate to 15 mg on the second session). All participants complete two dosing sessions spaced four weeks apart. The psychotherapy is delivered by a dyad of trained therapists before, during, and after the dosing sessions and is based on established therapeutic frameworks used in prior psilocybin-assisted therapy trials. The aim of the therapeutic support is to prepare participants for the psilocybin experience, facilitate psychological processing during and after dosing, and support integration of insights into daily life. A peer recovery coach is integrated into the study to support relapse prevention, enhance coping skills, and encourage engagement in ongoing addiction treatment. All participants are offered follow-up services at the institution's outpatient addiction treatment program (including the BWH Bridge Clinic), regardless of study arm. This combination of medical oversight, psychotherapy, and recovery support reflects an effort to embed the intervention within real-world addiction care settings. Alcohol-related outcomes are assessed repeatedly from baseline through 48 weeks after the second dosing session. The primary clinical outcome is the percentage of heavy drinking days during the 24-week follow-up period, measured using Timeline Follow-Back. Secondary alcohol outcomes include drinking quantity and frequency, relapse timing, direct alcohol biomarkers (phosphatidylethanol and ethylglucuronide), withdrawal symptoms, treatment expectancy, blinding integrity, and quality of life measures. Additional exploratory outcomes assess peer support engagement and 12-step attendance. Safety is evaluated throughout the study using structured assessments of adverse events, vital signs, and mood and anxiety symptoms. Because participants have severe AUD and recent withdrawal treatment, careful medical screening is conducted prior to each dosing session. The study includes multiple follow-up assessments up to 48 weeks after the second psilocybin dose, allowing characterization of both acute and longer-term safety. Two mechanistic components are incorporated. First, neurocognitive tasks assess cue-induced craving, attentional bias, stress reactivity, delayed discount, decision making, and distress tolerance. These measures evaluate whether psilocybin influences cognitive and affective processes known to contribute to alcohol use and relapse. Second, participants complete two fMRI scans-first within one week prior to the first dosing session and the second within one week after the second dosing session. The fMRI tasks evaluate neural response to alcohol-related cues and the ability to down-regulate craving, focusing on the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Connectivity analyses examine changes in functional coupling between these regions during alcohol cue processing. Together, these approaches allow the study to evaluate whether full-dose psilocybin, compared to low-dose, produces greater reductions in heavy drinking and craving, whether the treatment is safe and tolerable for individuals with severe AUD, and whether changes in cognitive, emotional, and neural functioning help explain clinical outcomes. By recruiting individuals immediately following inpatient detoxification, the study also examines the feasibility of incorporating psilocybin-assisted therapy into a critical window of early recovery. Results will inform whether a larger, fully powered clinical trial is justified and will contribute to the broader understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic potential in alcohol use disorder.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07296094", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07296094\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1927, "title": "Psilocybin and Mental Health Outcomes: Scoping Review with ☸SAIMSARA", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mental health outcomes scoping review with saimsara", "authors": "SAIMSARA", "abstract": "This scoping review aims to comprehensively map and synthesize the breadth of evidence from original research on the relationship between psilocybin and health, spanning clinical trials, epidemiological surveys, mechanistic experiments, and cross-sectional attitudinal studies. The review uses 145 references and builds its evidence map from 216 original studies with 271241797 total participants/sample observations (topic-deduplicated ΣN). This review indicates that the most consistent and replicated signal for psilocybin and health is rapid, large, and sustained reduction of depressive symptoms in clinical populations, with a randomized, waiting-list-controlled major depressive disorder (MDD) trial reporting Cohen's d=2.5 at week 5 and benefits in treatment-resistant depression persisting up to 6 months. Converging evidence suggests broader therapeutic potential for anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and existential distress, alongside preliminary signals for substance use disorders, though risks such as manic or psychotic episodes in vulnerable individuals warrant rigorous screening. A recurring caveat is that real-world benefits and access are moderated by race and ethnicity, with protective associations and program participation concentrated among White participants. These findings support a cautiously optimistic but equity-conscious role for psilocybin-assisted therapy in psychiatric and palliative care. Future work should prioritize controlled, prospective trials that test mechanisms and confirm durability while embedding culturally adapted, equitable access strategies.", "journal": "SAIMSARA Journal", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.62487/saimsara7a54f680", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.62487/saimsara7a54f680", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mental health, Psychiatry, Psychology, Major depressive disorder, Clinical psychology, PsycINFO, Psychotherapist, Mental illness, Medicine, Depression (economics), Clinical trial, MEDLINE, Warrant, Race (biology), Epidemiology, Obsessive compulsive, Test (biology), Bipolar disorder, White paper, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": 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Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.62487/saimsara7a54f680\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7164845889" }, { "id": 50, "title": "Genome-based optimization of psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine biosynthetic pathways in E. coli using CRISPR-associated transposases", "normalized_title": "genome based optimization of psilocybin and n n dimethyltryptamine biosynthetic pathways in e coli using crispr associated transposases", "authors": "Zachary N. Abrahms, Mohammad Majdi, Siena M. Madsen, Chloe J. Morton, Abhishek K. Sen, Niya B. Fried, Lily E. Sawyer, Evelyn R. Cegielski, Sean J. Spezzano, J. Andrew Jones", "abstract": "Stable, high-level biosynthesis of complex natural products requires precise control of heterologous pathway expression, yet transcriptional architectures optimized on plasmids often fail when transferred to the chromosome. Here, we present ePathIntegrate, a genome-centric pathway engineering strategy that leverages CRISPR-associated transposases (CASTs) to integrate and rebalance multigene metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli. Direct genomic transfer of plasmid-optimized psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) pathways resulted in a loss of productivity, driven by context-dependent promoter behavior. To address this, we developed and characterized a library of mutant T7 promoters that restore mid-range transcriptional control on the genome. Applying ePathIntegrate enabled re-optimization of both pathways, yielding genome-encoded strains that achieve 1.88 g/L psilocybin and 1.62 g/L DMT in fed-batch bioreactors. Whole-genome sequencing of CAST-mediated strains further revealed (i) precise on-target integration, (ii) some off-target pathway integrations, and (iii) small mutations in a subset of strains, highlighting both the power and limitations of CAST-mediated strain engineering.", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering", "publication_date": "2026-06-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2026.102490", "pubmed_id": "42288133", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2026.102490", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Transposase, Escherichia coli, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Biology, Biosynthesis, Microbiology, DNA Transposable Elements, Bacteria, Recombinant DNA, Escherichia coli Proteins, Metabolic pathway, DNA, Computational biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting, CRISPR and Genetic Engineering", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164759173\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164759173\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W36639167\",\"https://openalex.org/W1580639168\",\"https://openalex.org/W1642049499\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976189088\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995164683\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005405042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030924818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037630877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052024371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065354514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082182783\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101058845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111967267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116137883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120310312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130996362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135229735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142852784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144779133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160219474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160834791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181040265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325480448\",\"https://openalex.org/W2435600814\",\"https://openalex.org/W2569820244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2797864711\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884828036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887104769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2922895731\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949904390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990240756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996195908\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001479080\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035131755\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107533476\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108602813\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166386220\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200064404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206707524\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211106909\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220669239\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293004645\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377695089\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386580656\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390401606\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390796225\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402564741\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402620626\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403180565\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405440725\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409500508\",\"https://openalex.org/W4415938616\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138617667\",\"display_name\":\"Zachary N. Abrahms\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031336746\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammad Majdi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-4845\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138601303\",\"display_name\":\"Siena M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138604611\",\"display_name\":\"Chloe J. Morton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077644431\",\"display_name\":\"Abhishek K. Sen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138621752\",\"display_name\":\"Niya B. Fried\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138590134\",\"display_name\":\"Lily E. Sawyer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138591568\",\"display_name\":\"Evelyn R. Cegielski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138603756\",\"display_name\":\"Sean J. Spezzano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138593763\",\"display_name\":\"J. Andrew Jones\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173328182\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2026.102490\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7164759173" }, { "id": 3210, "title": "Aquahenosis: A non-pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by Floatation-REST in individuals with anxiety and depression", "normalized_title": "aquahenosis a non pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by floatation rest in individuals with anxiety and depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) systematically alters sensory and bodily input by combining neutral buoyancy, thermal and proprioceptive neutrality, attenuation of exteroceptive stimulation, and enhancement of cardiorespiratory signaling to the brain. Here we examined whether this non-pharmacological sensory perturbation induces altered states of consciousness and whether specific experiential dimensions are statistically related to changes in affect. In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial, 75 treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and depression were assigned to six sessions of Floatation-REST with prescribed scheduling, Floatation-REST with preferred scheduling and duration, or a zero-gravity chair comparison condition. Altered states of consciousness were assessed using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, alongside measures of interoceptive awareness and affect. Compared to the chair condition, Floatation-REST was associated with increased interoceptive awareness of cardiorespiratory sensations and an altered state of consciousness characterized by Oceanic Boundlessness, Disembodiment, and Experience of Unity-a pattern we refer to as \"aquahenosis.\" Effects were strongest among participants who selected longer and more flexible float sessions. Experiential profiles selectively overlapped with those reported for psilocybin and ketamine along boundary-dissolution dimensions. These findings identify Floatation-REST as a tractable, non-pharmacological method for inducing specific altered states of consciousness and highlight oceanic boundlessness as an important mediator of the float-induced changes in positive affect.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6mj8n_v2", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6mj8n_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3686, "title": "PRISMatic: A Phase 1b Randomized, Double-Armed, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Psilocybin Efficacy With or Without Pimavanserin Pretreatment", "normalized_title": "prismatic a phase 1b randomized double armed parallel group placebo controlled trial of psilocybin efficacy with or without pimavanserin pretreatment", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "Twenty healthy adults (≥21 years old) will be enrolled to evaluate the efficacy of a single oral dose of psilocybin (25 mg) administered with or without pretreatment using oral pimavanserin (34 mg) or placebo. Outcome assessments will occur at 1 week and 1 month following psilocybin administration. The purpose of this study is to clarify the receptor-level mechanisms underlying psilocybin's effects on mood and well-being, along with the associated neurophysiologic signatures. These mechanisms will be examined using psychometric scales, autonomic and fMRI-based neurophysiologic markers, and integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07610135", "keywords": "Mood (Psychological Function), Well Being, Mood, Healthy, Psilocybin, Pimavanserin, Nuplazid, Inactive Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07610135\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3452, "title": "A Double Blind, Randomized Trial Investigating the Safety, Feasibility, and Mechanisms of Psychedelics in Healthy Older Adults With Low Well-being as Moderated by Biomarkers for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease", "normalized_title": "a double blind randomized trial investigating the safety feasibility and mechanisms of psychedelics in healthy older adults with low well being as moderated by biomarkers for preclinical alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Jennifer Mitchell", "abstract": "This study is being conducted to understand changes in brain activity following administration of two different drugs (Psilocybin and Dextromethorphan) in older adults with low well-being. The main questions it aims to answer are, does psilocybin: 1. Acutely increase complexity of EEG activity in older adults with low well-being, as modulated by the presence of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. 2. Longitudinally decrease plasma markers of neuroinflammation, as modulated by the presence of biomarkers of AD pathology. 3. Explore longitudinal changes in autonomic physiology via wearable recording devices as well as longitudinal structural and functional brain changes measured in the MRI Participants will be in the study for up to 3 months, which will include 3 to 4 in person visits and 3 to 4 remote visits. Most visits will be between 1 to 3 hours, but the dosing visit will last a minimum of 8 hours and could be as long as 12 hours. During the dosing visit, all participants will receive a single dose of the study drugs and dosages listed below. Researchers will compare participants who receive the following drug options: * A low-to-moderate dose of Psilocybin (5-10 mg) * A moderate-to-high dose of Psilocybin (25-30 mg) * A low-to-moderate dose of Dextromethorphan (30-60 mg) * A moderate-to-high dose of Dextromethorphan (80-90 mg)", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07386730", "keywords": "Anhedonia in Healthy Volunteers, Older Adults (50-90 Years), Psilocybin (drug), Dextromethorphan (DXM), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07386730\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Wellbeing,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers,Older Adults,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 60, "title": "Prenatal stress, excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, and ADHD risk: a hypothesis-driven perspective on psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity", "normalized_title": "prenatal stress excitatory inhibitory imbalance and adhd risk a hypothesis driven perspective on psilocybin induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Samaneh Ahmadian-Moghadam, Shiva Roshan-Milani, Ehsan Saboory", "abstract": "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in which prenatal stress and long-lasting disruptions of excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance have been implicated as key vulnerability factors. Although established pharmacological and behavioral treatments are effective for many individuals, they are not universally successful and do not directly target upstream neurodevelopmental mechanisms. In this hypothesis-driven perspective, we examine whether psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity could theoretically modulate stress-related neurodevelopmental risk pathways relevant to ADHD. Rather than presenting psilocybin as an evidence-based intervention, we synthesize findings from related preclinical and clinical literatures to explore conceptual plausibility. Preclinical studies in non-ADHD models indicate that psilocybin can induce rapid and sustained synaptic plasticity, alter cortical E/I dynamics, and reverse stress-associated structural and functional alterations. Human clinical trials in adults-primarily in mood, trauma-related, and substance use disorders-demonstrate durable changes in emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and large-scale brain network organization, processes that overlap with neural systems implicated in ADHD. Research into the use of psilocybin for ADHD is in its early stages, with emerging, largely self-reported, and preliminary studies suggesting potential benefits for managing symptoms like inattention, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation. We therefore frame psilocybin as a speculative (secondary/tertiary) approach that could, in principle, be explored to probe mechanisms of E/I rebalancing and neuroplasticity. Key mechanistic uncertainties-including the state-dependent effects of psilocybin on excitation and inhibition and the possibility of exacerbating existing imbalances-are explicitly discussed. Ethical and developmental considerations, particularly regarding vulnerable populations, are emphasized as critical constraints on translation. Finally, we propose a translational research roadmap encompassing preclinical prenatal-stress models, biomarker-driven pilot studies in ADHD, and multimodal outcome measures integrating neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and molecular indices. By clearly distinguishing established evidence from hypothesis, this perspective aims to stimulate rigorous and ethically grounded research rather than to advocate premature clinical application.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-04151-x", "pubmed_id": "42248832", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04151-x", "keywords": "Perspective (graphical), Neuroplasticity, Psychology, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Developmental psychology, MEDLINE, Psychiatry, Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychosis, Psychopathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7163694045\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7163694045\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041308716\",\"display_name\":\"Samaneh Ahmadian-Moghadam\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-561X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137987953\",\"display_name\":\"Shiva Roshan-Milani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-9386\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060625948\",\"display_name\":\"Ehsan Saboory\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-4751\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04151-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7163694045" }, { "id": 3664, "title": "Effects of Repeated Dosing of Psilocybin on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized, Waitlist-Controlled Study", "normalized_title": "effects of repeated dosing of psilocybin on obsessive compulsive disorder a randomized waitlist controlled study", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This study aims to investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology in a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded independent ratings, and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's therapeutic effects on OCD. Aim 1: To examine the effects of two doses of psilocybin on OCD symptoms among participants in the immediate treatment condition, compared to participants in the waitlist control/delayed treatment condition. The investigators hypothesize that participants in the immediate treatment group will report statistically significantly greater symptom improvement from baseline 4 days post-second dose, compared to participants in the waitlist control/delayed treatment group at the same interval during their waitlist phase. Aim 2: To examine the effects of two doses of psilocybin on OCD symptoms, compared to one dose. The investigators hypothesize that two doses of oral psilocybin will reduce OCD symptoms to a statistically significantly greater extent than one dose. This study aims to investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on OCD symptomatology and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's therapeutic effects on OCD. This study will employ a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded independent ratings, with participants randomized to receive either immediate treatment (two doses oral psilocybin separated by one week) or delayed treatment (7 weeks post-randomization). An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented, with the first dose being standardized at 25 mg of psilocybin, and the second dose being either the same or a higher dosage (i.e., 30 mg) on the basis of a clinically significant response from baseline or not, respectively, 4 days post-first dose. This study is conducted entirely on an outpatient basis with the possibility of remote/virtual follow-up visits after each dosing session. The dosing sessions last the entire day, and participants will be medically cleared prior to being permitted to return home with assistance (e.g., driven by a family member or friend, or ride share).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05370911", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05370911\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 68, "title": "Bringing Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy to Palliative Oncology: Early Lessons from Real-World Implementation", "normalized_title": "bringing psilocybin assisted therapy to palliative oncology early lessons from real world implementation", "authors": "Michel Dorval, Virginie Audet-Croteau, Sue-Ling Chang, Marianne Masse-Grenier, Annie Tremblay, Elodie Bénard, Alexandra Chapdelaine, Nicolas Garel, Jason Robert Guertin", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is a promising intervention to alleviate existential distress among patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care. However, evidence on how to integrate PAT into routine oncology and palliative care services remains scarce. This study aimed to examine real-world PAT implementation, identify factors influencing adoption, and estimate integration costs within oncology and palliative care services. Methods: We conducted a single-case implementation study in a large university-affiliated tertiary care center in Canada during the first year following its introduction. Semi-structured interviews with clinicians, managers, and other stakeholders explored barriers, facilitating conditions, and actions needed to support PAT implementation. A budget impact analysis estimated incremental costs associated with delivering PAT. Results: After one year, no patients had received PAT. Ten professionals representing diverse clinical and managerial roles participated in the interviews. While participants viewed PAT favorably, they emphasized the need to align the intervention with existing care pathways and clarify referral processes. Administrative and regulatory procedures, together with logistical constraints related to treatment delivery, were identified as key barriers, whereas perceived clinical relevance and institutional leadership were seen as important facilitators. From the health care system perspective, the estimated cost of delivering a complete PAT intervention ranged from 2648 to 5827 Canadian dollars (CAD) per patient, depending on the scenario examined, excluding the cost of the psilocybin itself. Conclusions: Despite perceived clinical relevance and relatively modest estimated costs, the absence of treated patients after one year highlights the gap between regulatory authorization and effective service uptake. These findings underscore the importance of structured implementation strategies, sustained institutional support, and alignment between regulatory frameworks and clinical workflows to ensure meaningful integration of PAT into routine oncology and palliative care services.", "journal": "Healthcare", "publication_date": "2026-06-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare14111559", "pubmed_id": "42278812", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14111559", "keywords": "Palliative care, Intervention (counseling), Referral, Medicine, Nursing, Distress, Relevance (law), Service (business), Family medicine, Health care, Prior authorization, Cancer, MEDLINE, Authorization, Psychology, Best practice, Patient experience, Audit, Evidence-based practice, Cost-benefit analysis, Clinical nurse specialist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7163364624\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7163364624\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2020155291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081753990\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085028749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110023126\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138664283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170135023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093269897\",\"https://openalex.org/W3099585958\",\"https://openalex.org/W3131787559\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183684219\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209277823\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214531716\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214556654\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232488826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311508922\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379095570\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385482916\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386894189\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406696447\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406870441\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409687565\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410307225\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411430663\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411709727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411787106\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411991482\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413817374\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413865636\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414224125\",\"https://openalex.org/W7138831903\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068576397\",\"display_name\":\"Michel Dorval\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-8211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124057465\",\"display_name\":\"Virginie Audet-Croteau\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045951431\",\"display_name\":\"Sue-Ling Chang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093764771\",\"display_name\":\"Marianne Masse-Grenier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137807519\",\"display_name\":\"Annie Tremblay\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137789717\",\"display_name\":\"Elodie Bénard\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012223460\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra Chapdelaine\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-6321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086538803\",\"display_name\":\"Nicolas Garel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-9943\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5098750292\",\"display_name\":\"Jason Robert Guertin\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210214101\",\"source_display_name\":\"Healthcare\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14111559\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7163364624" }, { "id": 3431, "title": "Psilocybin: Capturing Brain Mechanisms of Motivation and Neurocognition in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin capturing brain mechanisms of motivation and neurocognition in individuals with opioid use disorder", "authors": "University of Pennsylvania", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to test addiction-related brain circuitry (motivation/reward and inhibition) as well as neurocognitive circuitry prior to and following low or high dose psilocybin (PEX010 from Filament). Using fMRI, we will examine brain circuits relevant to drug relapse as well as neurocognitive flexibility circuits in individuals with opioid use disorder. We will randomize 24 males and females, aged 18 - 60, in the greater Philadelphia area, to either 1mg or 25 mg of psilocybin. Participants will come to our offices for screening visits - these are assessments, interviews, and some medical tests (such as a history and physical, as well as a fasting blood draw) to help us determine eligibility for our study. If eligible, they will be brought to our offices at 3535 Market Street in Philadelphia for about 7 visits. These visits include pre-dose psilocybin preparation therapy, baseline assessments and neuropsychological testing, psilocybin dosing, post dose therapy visits, and post dose assessments.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06810310", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin (high dose), psilocybin (low dose), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06810310\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 76, "title": "Reorganization of Human Brain Waves Across Diverse States of Consciousness", "normalized_title": "reorganization of human brain waves across diverse states of consciousness", "authors": "Fotiadis P, Jang H, Dai R, Li D, Cofré R, Timmermann C, Mashour GA, Hudetz AG, Huang Z.", "abstract": "Brain waves are ubiquitous phenomena of human brain activity. As they propagate, they coordinate neural communication, shaping conscious perception. Understanding how brain waves unfold across space and time is thus critical for uncovering the neural mechanisms that support and suppress consciousness. Here, we analyzed data from the Human Connectome Project alongside multiple independent human datasets of various states of consciousness collected during non-rapid eye movement sleep, propofol anesthesia, and psychedelic states produced by lysergic acid diethylamide, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocybin, nitrous oxide, and ketamine. We then applied complex principal component analysis to map spatiotemporal propagation patterns of blood oxygen level-dependent activity across the human brain, under these diverse states of consciousness. We identified four dominant motifs of wave propagation: a global synchronized wave supporting unimodal-transmodal propagation, an anti-correlated unimodal-transmodal wave, an anti-correlated task-positive/task-negative wave, and an anti-correlated visual-somatomotor wave. Among them, the global wave exhibited the most pronounced state-dependent reconfiguration: in diminished states (sleep and anesthesia), the time needed for the wave to propagate across brain regions consistently increased and the distribution of regional contributions to the wave's power became more spatially concentrated and heterogeneous across individuals, indicating slower, more fragmented, and less stereotyped dynamics. In contrast, propagation duration decreased under psychedelic states, reflecting accelerated global wave dynamics alongside a trend towards more spatially distributed and uniform regional contributions, consistent with a more integrated global wave propagation pattern. Beyond this global mode, diminished states slowed propagation primarily along the unimodal-transmodal axis, whereas psychedelic states selectively accelerated propagation along the task-positive/task-negative axis. Together, our findings reveal that diminished (sleep and anesthesia) and psychedelic states alter the spatiotemporal structure of wave propagation across the brain in opposite and distinct ways, providing a unifying account of how macroscale brain dynamics are dynamically reshaped under pharmacological and endogenous perturbations of consciousness.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.05.27.728182", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.27.728182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1243454\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 53, "title": "Psilocybin restores behavior and 5-HT2A signaling while reducing microglial density after chronic traumatic brain injury in rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin restores behavior and 5 ht2a signaling while reducing microglial density after chronic traumatic brain injury in rats", "authors": "Josh Allen, Bianca Jupp, Tamara L. Baker, Mohammad B. Haskali, Robert Brkljača, Zoe Plummer, Mujun Sun, Justin Brand, Brian R. Christie, Chantel T. Debert, Stuart J. McDonald, Terence J. O’Brien, Pablo M. Casillas-Espinosa, Sandy R. Shultz", "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes persistent neurobehavioral deficits and increases the risk of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction linked to disrupted neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and serotonergic (5-HT) signaling. No effective pharmacotherapies exist for chronic TBI. Psilocybin, a psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist, shows promise due to its neuroplasticity-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant effects. Here, male rats received fluid-percussion or sham injury, followed one year later by a single psilocybin (1 mg/kg) or saline injection. Behavioral testing began 24 h later, and positron emission tomography assessed 5-HT2A binding after two weeks. TBI produced persistent sensorimotor, learning and memory, and affective deficits; reduced 5-HT2A binding; and microglial alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex characterized by decreased process branching and enlarged soma size. Psilocybin treatment could improve sensorimotor function, restore 5-HT2A binding, and reduce microglial cell counts. These findings highlight psilocybin's therapeutic potential in chronic TBI and support further investigation of psychedelic treatments.", "journal": "Cell Reports Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102867", "pubmed_id": "42285092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102867", "keywords": "Serotonergic, Traumatic brain injury, Prefrontal cortex, Medicine, Neuroscience, Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Psychology, Depression (economics), Neuroplasticity, Anesthesia, Cognition, Fluoxetine, Central nervous system, Hippocampus, Pharmacology, Hippocampal formation, Hallucinogen, Cognitive flexibility, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164582898\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7164582898\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W282097497\",\"https://openalex.org/W1582179550\",\"https://openalex.org/W1599691548\",\"https://openalex.org/W1882482010\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964223116\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967189169\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968345651\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996965924\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999934730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005114459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016647678\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025845189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035408187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048443834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066333062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067451082\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080017034\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080185746\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087412997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150025648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2178224036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290718261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2345917271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586825713\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767813783\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796819223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799831564\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801625478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907553313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909897542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919241137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2941251312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942350530\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039107584\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086471578\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122084099\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163918973\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164793453\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3184845084\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200055187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200506456\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206233669\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210297019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221057587\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238168837\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285591556\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316036302\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321501908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323041020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387259638\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387969794\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388268207\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389793820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390064715\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390615076\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394757998\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395006819\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403450928\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403809829\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406974730\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409147414\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411302754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411662399\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414171615\",\"https://openalex.org/W4415923681\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021165179\",\"display_name\":\"Josh Allen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078740195\",\"display_name\":\"Bianca Jupp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-9170\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026428711\",\"display_name\":\"Tamara L. Baker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035832224\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammad B. Haskali\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3084-2084\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065884453\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Brkljača\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-2276\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138484014\",\"display_name\":\"Zoe Plummer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026851012\",\"display_name\":\"Mujun Sun\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9923-9913\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004717925\",\"display_name\":\"Justin Brand\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4927-8438\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007027911\",\"display_name\":\"Brian R. Christie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-0160\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138530957\",\"display_name\":\"Chantel T. Debert\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075491539\",\"display_name\":\"Stuart J. McDonald\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5190-3179\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138536180\",\"display_name\":\"Terence J. O’Brien\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5138494799\",\"display_name\":\"Pablo M. Casillas-Espinosa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078165559\",\"display_name\":\"Sandy R. Shultz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-8775\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207453\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cell Reports Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102867\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7164582898" }, { "id": 94, "title": "Transient multidomain functional improvement in advanced Alzheimer’s disease following high-dose psilocybin-containing mushroom administration: a case report", "normalized_title": "transient multidomain functional improvement in advanced alzheimer s disease following high dose psilocybin containing mushroom administration a case report", "authors": "Marcos Lago, Mariana Cerveira, Joe Xavier Simonet", "abstract": "Background: Advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generally regarded as a stage of irreversible functional decline. Psilocybin is known to transiently alter large-scale brain network dynamics and to induce plasticity-related mechanisms in preclinical models, yet clinical data in advanced dementia remain lacking. Case presentation: We report the case of an octogenarian Japanese-American woman with a 10-year history of Alzheimer's disease, including 5 years of marked hypofunction and predominantly monosyllabic speech. Baseline features included chronic urinary incontinence, executive dysfunction, dysphagia, dependent mobility, flat affect, and severe reduction in spontaneous communication. The patient received 5 g of orally administered psilocybin-containing mushrooms (Enigma strain). The acute phase was marked by autonomic activation, clinically suspected hyperthermia, profuse sweating, and a prolonged deep sleep-like state. Approximately 19 h post-administration, spontaneous autobiographical speech emerged. Over subsequent days and weeks, functional improvements included restoration of urinary continence, improved ambulation, autonomous dressing, increased emotional responsiveness, sustained social interaction, contextual memory retrieval, preserved working memory for social context, and spontaneous conversational engagement. Conclusion: This case documents transient multidomain functional improvement in advanced Alzheimer's disease following psilocybin administration. The findings do not imply disease reversal but suggest that residual functional capacity may persist in late-stage neurodegeneration and may become transiently accessible under specific neuromodulatory conditions.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1813281", "pubmed_id": "42292331", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1813281", "keywords": "Medicine, Disease, Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Psilocybin, Spontaneous recovery, Dementia, Recall, Psychology, Parkinson's disease, Executive functions, Internal medicine, Urinary system, Working memory, Presentation (obstetrics), Cognition, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Cardiology, Memory impairment, Audiology, Hoarding (animal behavior), Urinary incontinence, Pathophysiology, Neurological disorder, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162646021\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162646021\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080361799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107150606\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396560090\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400513312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408783890\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111898228\",\"display_name\":\"Marcos Lago\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137202285\",\"display_name\":\"Mariana Cerveira\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5137193200\",\"display_name\":\"Joe Xavier Simonet\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S115201632\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1813281\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Animal Study,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162646021" }, { "id": 100, "title": "Epigenome-wide association study of psilocybin-induced methylome changes in alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "epigenome wide association study of psilocybin induced methylome changes in alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Urban MM, Zillich L, Rieser NM, Herdener M, Spanagel R, Vollenweider FX, Preller KH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "The serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin has shown potential as a treatment for psychiatric conditions like alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depression in clinical studies. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, are hypothesized to contribute to its lasting therapeutic benefits. In this exploratory study, we present the first methylome-wide analysis of psilocybin-induced changes in a cohort of detoxified patients with AUD. The longitudinal study design included three assessment days in 37 patients with blood sampling and acquisition of psychometrics - at baseline, 24 h after administration of psilocybin (25 mg) or placebo (mannitol), and one month after treatment. As the primary endpoints (duration of abstinence and mean alcohol use) in this trial were not reached, our investigation included secondary psychometrics that differed significantly between groups: Beck's Depression Inventory and Beck's Hopelessness Scale. The epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) identified one CpG site in TLE4 (p = 1.1e-7) associated with psilocybin treatment. Screening for differentially methylated regions, we observed altered methylation in the gene RASGRP4 (pFDR = 3.2e-4). Network analysis revealed co-methylation modules related to psilocybin treatment, as well as modules associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms and drinking behavior. Gene ontology analysis indicated involvement of these modules in neuroplasticity and immune functions, suggesting that they may reflect abstinence-related recovery processes. Investigating candidate genes at nominal significance (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03961-3", "pubmed_id": "42192100", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03961-3", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Genome-Wide Association Study, Psilocybin, Epigenome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42192100\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Observational Study,Genomics,Immune Function", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3172, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Anxiety, A Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics as a potential therapeutic strategy for anxiety a systematic review", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and objective: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide and affect all age groups. Current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) and benzodiazepines, have limitations in terms of adverse effects and efficacy, which highlights the need for alternative therapies. Serotonergic psychedelics have demonstrated promising anxiolytic-like behaviors in preclinical studies, primarily thought to be mediated through agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor. This systematic review aimed to investigate the preclinical evidence of anxiolytic-like potential of serotonergic psychedelics in animal models, and to evaluate the validity and limitations of the included behavioral tests. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined prior to screening to ensure a transparent inclusion of studies and minimize bias. The title, abstract and full-text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with conflicts being resolved through discussion. In total, 18 studies were included after the final screening. Results: Overall, the results demonstrate that serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and DOI, exerted anxiolytic-like effects across several behavioral tests. However, anxiogenic and null effects were also reported. This suggests that the effects are context-dependent, influenced by dosage, administration pattern, biological variables, as well as the experimental conditions. The predictive and face validity of the included behavioral models was generally acceptable. However, the construct validity had some limitations, and inconsistencies in the experimental conditions create a need for more standardization to ensure more transparent and reproducible data, and further the research field. Conclusions: The preclinical studies included in this review indicate that the serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential in the treatment of anxiety, especially psilocybin elicited consistent anxiolytic-like effects, possibly due to 5-HT2A receptor agonism. However, future studies should focus on understanding mechanisms, sex-specific effects, and further the combinations of behavioral tests to ensure better interpretation of behavioral outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/gf7bq_v1", "keywords": "Anxiety, Preclinical, Psychedelics, Systematic Review, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Emotion, Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Animal Learning and Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"gf7bq_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4012, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression a comprehensive review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential", "authors": "Dallas T Mason", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is characterized by chronic symptoms, impaired functioning, and limited response to conventional antidepressant therapy. Contemporary reviews have highlighted increasing interest in psilocybin-assisted therapy as a mechanistically novel approach for depressive disorders, grounded in early feasibility work demonstrating clinically meaningful symptom reductions in TRD populations and strengthened by subsequent randomized trials in major depressive disorder (MDD).¹,²,³ Open-label findings in TRD showed rapid and sustained reductions in depressive symptoms, while controlled trials in MDD demonstrated significant improvements from baseline after one or two psilocybin-assisted therapy sessions.¹,²,³ Systematic reviews of mechanistic work indicate that psilocybin modulates multiple neurobiological and psychological domains relevant to depression, including 5-HT₂A-mediated signaling functional network reorganization and emotional or cognitive shifts associated with therapeutic processes such as openness and acceptance.²,⁴‾⁷ Neuroimaging studies show acute alterations in default mode network dynamics and broader changes in connectivity during the psychedelic experience, findings interpreted as consistent with increased cognitive and emotional flexibility.²,⁵,⁷ Meta-analytic reviews report substantial antidepressant effects across different psilocybin dosing strategies and indicate that improvements often persist for several weeks.⁸,⁹ Safety reviews describe psilocybin’s acute adverse effects as generally mild, transient, and self-limiting, whereas recent systematic analyses highlight substantial variability and methodological limitations in harms reporting across trials.¹⁰,¹¹ Ethical, legal, and implementation challenges remain, including the constraints imposed by psilocybin’s Schedule I classification and the intensive training, therapeutic support, and clinical infrastructure required for safe delivery of psilocybin-assisted therapy.¹²,¹³ This narrative review synthesizes mechanistic, clinical, safety, and regulatory evidence to evaluate the potential role of psilocybin-assisted therapy for individuals with TRD.", "journal": "Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)", "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/dmscjournal/vol8/iss1/6", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Major depressive disorder, Antidepressant, Treatment-resistant depression, Cognition, Psychology, Default mode network, Adverse effect, Systematic review, Clinical trial, Medicine, Neuroimaging, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Depression (economics), Electroconvulsive therapy, Randomized controlled trial, Psychiatry, Narrative review, Hallucinogen, MEDLINE, Neuroscience, Dosing, Functional neuroimaging, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:35", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162235135\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7162235135\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136833991\",\"display_name\":\"Dallas T Mason\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196904\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Showcase Research, Scholarship, & Creative Works (University of Lynchburg)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/dmscjournal/vol8/iss1/6\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7162235135" }, { "id": 3580, "title": "Psilocybin-facilitated Treatment for Cocaine Use", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitated treatment for cocaine use", "authors": "University of Alabama at Birmingham", "abstract": "The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and estimate the efficacy of psilocybin-facilitated treatment for cocaine use. We also will monitor the impact of psilocybin-facilitated treatment on the use of other drugs and outcomes relevant to cocaine involvement. MRI assessment is a unique aspect of this study. As a potential biological mechanism of psilocybin's effect includes changes in default mode network functional connectivity (Carhart-Harris et al., 2012), we will determine if psilocybin's therapeutic effects are mediated by such changes. Moreover, as Glx (a brain metabolite that reflects glutamate) abnormalities have been shown to play a role in cocaine addiction, we will determine if psilocybin impacts Glx in the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Individuals who are eligible to participate and provide informed consent will complete baseline questionnaires and be randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to the Psilocybin or Active Placebo group. The first MRI assessment will take place shortly thereafter using a 3T head-only Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy scanner (Magnetom Allegra, Siemens medial Solutions, Malvern, PA), optimized for neuroimaging applications. Preparation sessions (see below) and the drug administration session will take place in a room at the Clinical Research Unit designed to be as comfortable, aesthetically pleasing (i.e., living-room like), and safe (e.g., no furniture with sharp corners or glass objects) as possible, with a directly adjacent, private restroom. All participants will undergo four weekly preparation sessions of approximately 2 hours each. The purpose of these sessions is to: 1) develop strong therapeutic alliance between the participants and the primary therapist (Dr. Hendricks) and secondary therapist; 2) establish comfort and rapport between participants and the remainder of the research team; 3) discuss participants' aspirations with regard to their drug administration experience (e.g., What do participants hope to gain from their experience?); 4) discuss the treatment rationale and putative mechanisms of action of psilocybin; 5) obtain a detailed personal history of the participant, with a focus on those factors contributing to their current difficulties; 6) prepare participants for drug administration, including a detailed account of all potential effects of the drug; 7) discuss all aspects of the drug administration protocol (i.e., logistics and procedures), including plans of action in the event that participants experience acute distress; and 8) administer cognitive-behavioral treatment for cocaine use. Any participant who demonstrates significant anxiety, discomfort, or unease regarding drug administration at the conclusion of the four preparation sessions will be provided up to two additional preparation sessions. If these sessions are unsuccessful at mitigating the participant's anxiety, discomfort, or unease, the participant will be removed from the study. Approximately one week after their final preparation session, participants will be instructed to eat a low-fat breakfast prior to presenting for their drug administration session at 8:00 am, approximately 1 hour before drug administration. A urine sample will be collected to verify drug-free status and participants will be encouraged to relax and reflect before drug administration. The drug administration session will take place over the course of 8 hours. The primary and secondary therapists will be present with participants throughout this session (at least one individual will always be present with the participant, even during brief intervals when one of the two therapists may be using the restroom). During this time, participants will be encouraged to lie down, use an eye mask to block external visual distraction, and use headphones through which a supportive music program will be played. Participants will be instructed to focus their attention on their inner experiences throughout the session. Any participant reporting significant distress will be provided reassurance verbally or physically (e.g., with a supportive touch to the hand or shoulder). In the event that psychological distress is insufficiently managed with reassurance alone, medication will be administered under the guidance of the study physician. Blood pressure will be assessed at regular intervals via automatic blood pressure monitor (e.g., pre-administration, and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes post-administration), and medication for the treatment of acute hypertension will be administered should blood pressure remain elevated at \\>200 systolic or \\>110 diastolic. Seven hours after drug administration, when the major drug effects have subsided, participants will complete questionnaires assessing their experience. Participants will then be released into the care of a friend or family member (as arranged during preparation sessions) and instructed not to drive an automobile or engage in any other potentially dangerous activity for the remainder of the day. Participants will be provided with the primary therapist's pager number should they feel the need for support that evening. Within 2 days after the drug administration session, participants will meet with the therapists for approximately 1 hour to discuss and reflect on their experience. The therapists will assess for potential adverse effects at this time. The second MRI session will take place shortly thereafter. Participants will then meet with the guide once per week over the next 4 weeks with an emphasis on integration of their medication session experience in the context of achieving abstinence from cocaine; continued cognitive-behavioral treatment for cocaine use will be provided during these follow-up meetings. Long-term assessment visits will take place 3 and 6 months after the final therapy meeting. A battery of measures will be delivered at these times. At the conclusion of the 6-month assessment meeting, participants will be debriefed.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02037126", "keywords": "Cocaine-Related Disorders, Psilocybin, psychedelic compound, Diphenhydramine, Benadryl, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02037126\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3511, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for post traumatic stress disorder in survivors of intimate partner violence", "authors": "University of Calgary", "abstract": "The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin administered with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as an intervention to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom burden in adult (aged 18-65) survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). This trail will test the following 2 aims: AIM1: To compare the efficacy of a therapeutic psilocybin dose at improving outcomes on the PCL-5 and CAPS-5 as compared to an active control psilocybin dose in IPV survivors with chronic PTSD. AIM2: To evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin on quality of life, cognitive function, motor ability, depression, anxiety, and cognitive flexibility. Participants will be asked to: * Complete a 2 part screening process * Attend a baseline assessment * Complete a psychoeducation preparation session(s) * Attend psilocybin administration session (receive high dose \\[25mg\\] or low dose psilocybin \\[1mg\\]) * Complete 5-6 weekly sessions of ACT * Repeat outcome measures at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (online questionnaires only), and 6 months post-psilocybin administration. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin administered with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as an intervention to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom burden in survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). This trail will test the following 2 aims: AIM1: To compare the efficacy of a therapeutic psilocybin dose (25mg) at improving outcomes on the PCL-5 and CAPS-5 as compared to an active control psilocybin dose (1mg) (allocation ratio 1:1) in IPV survivors with chronic PTSD. Mean baseline scores will be compared to scores at each follow-up timepoint (1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (PCL-5 only), and 6 months post-psilocybin administration). AIM2: to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin on quality of life, cognitive function, motor ability, depression, anxiety, and cognitive flexibility. Mean baseline scores will be compared to scores at each follow-up timepoint (1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (online only), and 6 months post-psilocybin administration). The secondary efficacy outcomes will include measures of mood, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and quality of life. Exploratory Aim: Exploratory objectives of this study include evaluating blood biomarkers reflective of inflammation, growth factors, brain injury, and oxidative stress relevant to PTSD and psilocybin's mechanisms of action. A total of 76 male and female patients between the ages of 18-65 with the last incident of IPV greater than 6 months prior with a score of 1 on the Composite Abuse Scale with repetition of abusive events, meeting DSM-5 criteria for PTSD and a minimum PCL-5 score of 33. All patients will undergo a thorough, 2-part screening procedure. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either the high dose (38 participants) or low dose (38 participants) psilocybin groups. All participants will be asked to attend a baseline session consisting of clinical and behavioural outcome measures followed by a pre-dosing psychoeducation session. Following the single dosing session, participants will complete 5-6 weekly ACT sessions. Outcome measure assessments will be repeated at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (online only), and 6 months post-dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06885996", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), Psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06885996\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Oxidative Stress,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1945, "title": "Rapid-acting interventions in treatment-resistant depression - a comparative review of esketamine and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "rapid acting interventions in treatment resistant depression a comparative review of esketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Bartłomiej Kosiarski, Anna Skrzypek, Patrycja Markowicz, Mikołaj Zbrożek, Krzysztof Biłyk, Maciej Hutkowski, Zuzanna Chwostek, Hanna Maruchniak, Wiktoria Marzec, Paulina Biedroń", "abstract": "Introduction and Objective.Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major clinical challenge affecting patients who fail to respond to at least two adequate antidepressant trials.The development of rapid-acting interventions targeting non-monoaminergic pathways has introduced new therapeutic possibilities.The aim of the review is to critically examine intranasal esketamine and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in TRD, comparing their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, durability of response, and safety profiles.Materials and Method.A narrative review method consisting of a literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases.Randomized controlled trials, phase II-IV clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published primarily within the last eight years were analyzed.Case reports and preclinical studies were excluded.Brief description of the state of knowledge.Esketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects within hours and has received regulatory approval for TRD.While effect sizes are generally modest, relapse prevention has been shown in maintenance trials.Psilocybin, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist administered within a structured psychotherapeutic framework, has shown promising antidepressant effects in early-phase trials, including a large phase IIb study, with sustained improvement following limited dosing.However, its evidence base remains constrained by methodological challenges and limited long-term data.Summary.Both agents converge on neuroplasticity-related mechanisms yet differ substantially in clinical implementation.Esketamine is an approved rapid-acting option for TRD, whereas psilocybin remains investigational.Further adequately powered trials and long-term safety data are required to define their roles within evolving treatment paradigms.", "journal": "Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.26444/jpccr/221219", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/221219", "keywords": "Medicine, Depression (economics), Psilocybin, Psychological intervention, Psychiatry, Treatment-resistant depression, Major depressive disorder, Anxiety, MEDLINE, Depressive symptoms, Clinical psychology, Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160910785\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160910785\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124992076\",\"display_name\":\"Bartłomiej Kosiarski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136000378\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Skrzypek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6771-3186\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124981381\",\"display_name\":\"Patrycja Markowicz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006502767\",\"display_name\":\"Mikołaj Zbrożek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125011428\",\"display_name\":\"Krzysztof Biłyk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125059894\",\"display_name\":\"Maciej Hutkowski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125072333\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Chwostek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124993719\",\"display_name\":\"Hanna Maruchniak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135973834\",\"display_name\":\"Wiktoria Marzec\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6395-6263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125013949\",\"display_name\":\"Paulina Biedroń\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764897176\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/221219\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7160910785" }, { "id": 117, "title": "The magic of mushrooms: psilocybin influences behavior in the mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus", "normalized_title": "the magic of mushrooms psilocybin influences behavior in the mangrove rivulus fish kryptolebias marmoratus", "authors": "Dayna Forsyth, Nicoletta Faraone, Simon G. Lamarre, Suzanne Currie", "abstract": "Non-human models, including fish, are increasingly important for investigating how pharmacological agents such as hallucinogens influence behavior, physiology, and cellular processes. These models help to reveal underlying mechanisms and to support assessments of toxicological impact, efficacy, and safety. In this study, we used isogenic lineages of the amphibious mangrove rivulus ( Kryptolebias marmoratus ), an emerging model fish known for high activity and socially dynamic interactions. This species often display aggression towards conspecifics making it well-suited to study behavioral effects of low doses of the psychoactive compound, psilocybin. We determined whether psilocybin could induce calming effects and reduce social aggression and activity. We socially stimulated fish using pairs of size-matched fish from different isogenic lineages and compared baseline social behavior following a waterborne dose of psilocybin. Waterborne psilocybin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in activity levels and in the frequency of swimming bursts (an aggressive behavior) towards a conspecific fish from a different lineage, with modest alterations on other behaviors. Our results also revealed considerable intraspecific variation in the behavioral response of these homozygous fish, suggesting the effects of psilocybin were largely independent of genotype. This study demonstrates that psilocybin reduces aggression and activity in an emerging fish model, adding to the evidence supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent for future clinical translation.", "journal": "Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1767175", "pubmed_id": "42182826", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1767175", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Intraspecific competition, Aggression, Biology, Zoology, Fish, Ecology, Psychology, Mangrove, Animal behavior, Social behavior, Predation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160487085\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160487085\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1775663747\",\"https://openalex.org/W1806947502\",\"https://openalex.org/W1951724000\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966711563\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975499949\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982402721\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984431812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009849979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013666549\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016681203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019531106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024868516\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028800792\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034905373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036881907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046502793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071926809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082640247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095796830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122753637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129427539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138545270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151228900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162700737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168821442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170274565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170867618\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171928686\",\"https://openalex.org/W2182762473\",\"https://openalex.org/W2192859497\",\"https://openalex.org/W2263689053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2460061147\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899395995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954885324\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004861067\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004880168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023228010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045246175\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084004974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112700248\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135022192\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153999239\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211114943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319298186\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319461950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384818943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386519754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390951308\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399608030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401212791\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405031949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407760356\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413969371\",\"https://openalex.org/W7125978309\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5132543467\",\"display_name\":\"Dayna Forsyth\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025284474\",\"display_name\":\"Nicoletta Faraone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-3672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134934519\",\"display_name\":\"Simon G. Lamarre\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091764470\",\"display_name\":\"Suzanne Currie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-7200\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S76576941\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1767175\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7160487085" }, { "id": 3531, "title": "Safety, Tolerability, Outcomes of Psilocybin for Depression (STOP Depression) in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability outcomes of psilocybin for depression stop depression in veterans with spinal cord injury", "authors": "James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center", "abstract": "The main goal of this study is to determine if psilocybin is safe for use in people with SCI. The study will measure how people with SCI respond to three psilocybin doses: low (5mg), medium (10mg), and high (25mg). The main question the study aims to answer is: does psilocybin increase the number and severity of adverse (bad) events reported by people with SCI? These may include pain, muscle spasms, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of low or high blood pressure. The investigators will also measure how well people with SCI tolerate the psychedelic experience, and compare responses between the low (5mg), medium (10mg), and high (25mg) doses. Participants will: * Agree to be enrolled in the study for up to 13 months. * Agree to complete the seven (7) visits that are included in the psilocybin-assisted therapy. * Agree to complete follow-up study visits, including in-person visits to the James J Peters VA Medical Center, located in the Bronx, New York and remote visits. * Agree to keep a log of how they are feeling and any change in the frequency or severity of adverse events. Background: Depression may be explained partly by decreased signaling of serotonin in the nervous system. Psilocybin, the active component of 'magic mushrooms', is a drug that activates serotonin pathways in the nervous system. Some scientists think psilocybin could help people with major depression, but it is not currently approved as a medicine in the United States. People with spinal cord injuries (SCI) often feel depressed, even more commonly than people without injuries. People with SCI have not been included in psilocybin studies. The goals of this study are first to see if psilocybin can be safely administered, and to determine if psilocybin can help improve symptoms of depression in people with SCI. Study Goals: The investigators will look at how safe psilocybin is for people with SCI, how people with SCI respond to different doses, and whether it helps reduce the severity of depression and other problems, like pain or muscle spasms. The study team will also check to see if psilocybin improves quality of life and wellbeing. The study will track these effects for a year after participants receive psilocybin. Study Plan: Thirty people with chronic SCI with a depressive disorder will be asked to join-15 with paraplegia and 15 with tetraplegia. They will be split into three groups to try different psilocybin doses: low (5mg), medium (10mg), and high (25mg). The study will take a stepwise approach to safety, but participants will not know the dose of psilocybin they receive. There will be at least 16 study visits, including medical and mental health check-ups, psilocybin assisted therapy, primary study endpoint and follow-up visits. What Will Be Measured: The study focus is to see if psilocybin is safe and tolerable in people with SCI. The study will track side effects, how people feel, and any changes in mood, pain, medication use, or body reactions. Doctors will check for problems like chest pain, high blood pressure, and changes in suicidal thoughts. The study team will also measure satisfaction with the therapy, experiences during the psilocybin sessions, and changes in depression. Why It Matters: Some people wrongly believe depression is just a normal part of living with SCI, so their depression may not be adequately treated. Also, people with SCI often can't join trials of new treatments because they have other health problems. Psilocybin could help treat depression and may improve many body functions affected by SCI if it is shown to be safe and effective.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07251491", "keywords": "Spinal Cord Injury, Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Veteran, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Magic Mushrooms, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07251491\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Veterans,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1959, "title": "C29-12 Psilocybin Treatment Could Improve Outcomes for Age-associated Lung Diseases", "normalized_title": "c29 12 psilocybin treatment could improve outcomes for age associated lung diseases", "authors": "L Hecker, J M Kleinhenz, C Coarfa, K Kato", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale The elderly population is rapidly growing. Overwhelming epidemiologic data has demonstrated worse health outcomes with increasing age for a multitude of lung diseases (COVID being one of numerous examples). There is an increasingly urgent need for a more complete understanding of the molecular pathways and biological processes underlying aging to improve outcomes for age-associated lung diseases. Psilocybin is the psychoactive substance in psychedelic mushrooms, which has been used in > 150 clinical studies for numerous disease indications. However, the overwhelming majority of psilocybin studies have focused on its neuro/psych impacts or clinical outcomes; Few studies have evaluated its systemic impacts. It has been hypothesized that psilocybin may exert beneficial effects on aging; however, no prior studies have experimentally evaluated this. Methods Human lung fibroblasts were treated with psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) throughout their replicative life span, and hallmarks of aging were evaluated. To evaluate the impact of psilocybin on aging in vivo, aged (19 month) female mice (∼60-65 human years) were treated with vehicle or psychedelic-dose psilocybin via oral gavage once/month for 10 months. Survival was evaluated and bulk RNA-seq, proteomic profiling, and bioinformatic analyses were used to evaluate organ-specific function. Results Psilocin treatment led to a dose-dependent increase in cellular life extension in human lung fibroblasts (10μM - 29%; 100μM - 57%). These results were consistent with dose-dependent impacts multiple hallmarks of aging, including delayed senescence, preservation of telomere length, enhanced DNA stability, and decreased oxidative stress (associated with decreased Nox4 and increased Nrf2). In mice, psilocybin treatment led to significantly increased survival (80%), compared to vehicle (50%). Bulk RNA-seq data and bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that the lung exhibited the greatest number of rescued hallmark pathways (32 out of 50), compared to any other organ, including the brain. Further, inflammatory response was the most significantly downregulated pathway across all organs. Conclusions Our studies support the untapped potential of psilocybin beyond its neurological/psychological benefits, as we demonstrate that psilocybin influences systemic aging processes. Psilocybin may represent a “disruptive” geroprotective agent that could be used as a novel therapeutic intervention to improve age-related lung disease outcomes. This abstract is funded by: Imagine, Innovate and Impact (I3) Award from the Emory School of Medicine. This work was also funded by a grant from the Emory Woodruff Health Sciences Center for Health in Aging", "journal": "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.144", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.144", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Population, Pharmacology, Disease, Hallucinogen, Metabolite, Oxidative stress, Lung, Bioinformatics, Internal medicine, Drug, Oncology, Intensive care medicine, Quality of life (healthcare), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism, Phosphodiesterase function and regulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7161546257\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7161546257\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136407878\",\"display_name\":\"L Hecker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136367284\",\"display_name\":\"J M Kleinhenz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136391746\",\"display_name\":\"C Coarfa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5136365326\",\"display_name\":\"K Kato\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S93356601\",\"source_display_name\":\"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.144\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Telomeres,Cellular Senescence,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Older Adults,Cancer Patients,Proteomics,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7161546257" }, { "id": 130, "title": "Trip killers: Addressing a critical knowledge gap in psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "trip killers addressing a critical knowledge gap in psychedelic research", "authors": "O'Mahony B, Harrington C, Harkin A, Lally N", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are increasingly under investigation as potential therapeutic agents for mental health conditions and are being increasingly used recreationally. Psychedelic use may result in an episode of intense psychological distress, commonly referred to as a \"bad trip.\" Bad trips represent a potentially volatile, erratic, and dangerous situation, which may, in extreme cases, require presentation to accident and emergency departments and psychiatric hospital admission. Managing such cases requires careful consideration, with priority given to non-pharmacological strategies. When these measures prove insufficient, an alternative approach may be necessary, one that can effectively attenuate or terminate the psychedelic state and restore psychological stability. Despite clinical relevance, there is no systematic evaluation of pharmacological interventions to terminate such experiences. This review identifies and critically appraises candidate medications with potential utility as abortive agents, including serotonin antagonists, drugs for psychosis, and select drugs for anxiety and depression. We review these agents, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, safety profiles, and applicability in acute care settings. Binding strength at the molecular level, potency to functionally block receptor-mediated effects, and lack of side effects are key considerations. We conclude by proposing a provisional framework for the pharmacologic management of adverse psychedelic experiences and highlight key priorities for future research.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261431056", "pubmed_id": "41869862", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41869862/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, LSD, antipsychotics, bad trips, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41869862\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 152, "title": "The Harmonious Dance: A Narrative Review on Psychedelics and Music in Therapeutic Settings.", "normalized_title": "the harmonious dance a narrative review on psychedelics and music in therapeutic settings", "authors": "Wang H, Li X, Yu F, Wang X", "abstract": "The integration of psychedelics and music in therapeutic settings is gaining recognition for its potential to enhance mental health outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this synergy, focusing on receptor-level pathways (e.g., 5-HT2A receptor agonism, BDNF-TrkB signaling) and neural circuit dynamics (e.g., default mode network desynchronization, thalamo-cortical connectivity) that mediate psychedelic action and mu-sic-induced emotional processing. By examining how music, acting as a \"hidden therapist,\" ampli-fies the emotional and cognitive effects of psychedelics, we elucidate the mechanistic interplay that fosters deep psychological insights and emotional healing. Several key areas have been addressed, such as the exploration of dynamic brain activity in realistic music environments, the micro-neural mechanisms underlying basic musical elements, and the development of quantitative techniques for music therapy aimed at improving sleep quality and alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychedelics increase neural plasticity and downregulate the default mode network, allowing music to guide emotional processing and facilitate profound therapeutic breakthroughs. The synergy be-tween music and psychedelics shows promise in treating conditions such as depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and addiction. The scientific contributions of this review include providing an integrated mechanistic framework for understanding psychedelic-music interactions and identifying key neurobiological targets for future therapeutic optimization. Future research should focus on optimizing therapeutic protocols and understanding the neurobiological mecha-nisms underlying this powerful combination to ensure its safe and effective integration into main-stream mental health care.", "journal": "Current neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-04-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2174/011570159x442471260422110855", "pubmed_id": "42083530", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42083530/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, default mode network, mental health, music therapy, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42083530\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4029, "title": "157. Opposing 5-HT Receptors Modulate Psilocybin's Action on Dendritic Calcium Dynamics", "normalized_title": "157 opposing 5 ht receptors modulate psilocybin s action on dendritic calcium dynamics", "authors": "Neil K. Savalia, Lingxiao Shao, Cory Knox, A. Gilbert, Quan Jiang, Alex Kwan", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.391", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.391", "keywords": "Chemistry, Action (physics), Dynamics (music), Calcium, Cell biology, Receptor, Neuroscience, Biophysics, Calcium signaling, Mechanism of action, Neurotransmission, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:35", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155600025\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155600025\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081566415\",\"display_name\":\"Neil K. Savalia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-4466\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134607481\",\"display_name\":\"Lingxiao Shao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089944162\",\"display_name\":\"Cory Knox\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111837567\",\"display_name\":\"A. Gilbert\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134582090\",\"display_name\":\"Quan Jiang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134566590\",\"display_name\":\"Alex Kwan\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205482884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.391\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155600025" }, { "id": 35, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for Autism spectrum disorder: Neurobiological mechanisms and translational prospects.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for autism spectrum disorder neurobiological mechanisms and translational prospects", "authors": "Low ZXB.", "abstract": "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent social-communication deficits, cognitive rigidity, and atypical sensory processing. Current pharmacological treatments, including risperidone and aripiprazole, provide only limited symptomatic relief and do not address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Converging evidence implicates dysregulated serotonergic signaling, impaired neuroplasticity, and chronic neuroimmune activation as central features of ASD pathophysiology. Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, act as high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor agonists and have re-emerged as candidates for modulating these core pathways. In this Review, we synthesize molecular, cellular, and systems-level findings suggesting that psychedelics may transiently relax overly rigid cortical priors, reopen critical periods for social learning, and recalibrate dysfunctional neural circuits in ASD. These compounds enhance synaptic plasticity via BDNF and mTOR signaling, modulate cortical oscillations, and suppress neuroinflammation by shifting microglial phenotypes and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Systems-level frameworks, including the REBUS and anarchic brain hypotheses, contextualize how psychedelics induce globally integrated, less constrained brain states that may counteract the hyper-segregated connectivity commonly observed in ASD. While preclinical and early human studies report improvements in sociability, sensory responsiveness, and behavioural flexibility, rigorous clinical trials are urgently needed to establish safety, efficacy, and optimal developmental windows for intervention. We conclude by outlining a translational roadmap to guide future research, emphasizing the need for structured integration with behavioural therapies, attention to ASD heterogeneity, ethical considerations, and the potential to shift ASD treatment beyond symptomatic management toward disease-modifying intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111717", "pubmed_id": "42034276", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111717", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Autism Spectrum Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42034276\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3137, "title": "Distinct Modulatory Effects on Affective Biases by Different Serotonergic Psychedelics and MDMA in Male Rats: Possible Implications for Antidepressant Effects", "normalized_title": "distinct modulatory effects on affective biases by different serotonergic psychedelics and mdma in male rats possible implications for antidepressant effects", "authors": "Hinchcliffe JK, Bartlett J, Thomas CW, Golden CT, Gilmour G, Bortolotto ZA, Robinson ES.", "abstract": "Affective biases are important neuropsychological mechanisms by which emotions modulate cognition, behaviour and the subjective experience of mood. Previous studies have shown that the rapid-acting antidepressant, ketamine, and serotonergic psychedelic, psilocybin, modulate affective biases in a translational rat model. Both treatments differ from conventional, delayed onset antidepressants in being able to attenuate negatively biased memories and facilitate re-learning with a more positive affective valence. Psilocybin, but not ketamine, also positively biased new experiences, an effect similar to conventional antidepressants. This study used the different affective bias test protocols, in adult male rats, to investigate the effects of acute treatment with the serotonergic psychedelics N,N-DMT, LSD and 5-MeO-DMT, and MDMA. These drugs have different pharmacology in relation to their effects on serotonin receptor subtypes and we hypothesised this may influence their modulation of affective biases. When comparing the ability to attenuate a negatively biased memory, only MDMA had specific effects although for all drugs tested, retrieval of the FG7142-induced negative affective bias was more variable and less robust statistically. LSD attenuated the negative bias at higher doses but had non-specific effects on memory retrieval. At 24hrs post treatment only N,N-DMT had a sustained effect and none of the treatments facilitated re-learning with a more positive affective valence. However, like psilocybin and conventional antidepressants, N,N-DMT positively biased new experiences. These findings suggest there are divergent affective bias modulating effects associated with different psychedelics which may be relevant to their antidepressant effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.20.719483", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.20.719483", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1213772\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 165, "title": "Case Report: Repeated low doses of psilocybin reduce perceived symptom severity but fail to restore cognitive flexibility in a case of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: an observational case study of identical twins", "normalized_title": "case report repeated low doses of psilocybin reduce perceived symptom severity but fail to restore cognitive flexibility in a case of severe obsessive compulsive disorder an observational case study of identical twins", "authors": "Sivert Drange, Jacob Cohen, Sys Stybe Johansen, Ben Dunkley, Mikael Palner", "abstract": "Background Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) can present significant challenges to individuals mental health, characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive maladaptive behaviors. Recent research into alternative treatments has highlighted psychedelics, notably psilocybin, for their potential therapeutic benefits in various psychiatric disorders, including OCD. This case study evaluated the impact of self-administered, low-doses of psilocybin, commonly referred to as microdosing, on symptom reduction and cognitive flexibility in OCD, with a focus on identical twins discordant for the condition. Case presentation The study documents the experiences of one twin diagnosed with OCD who began a regimen of low-doses of psilocybin containing mushrooms, while the other twin, unaffected by OCD, served as a comparison. Case X was diagnosed with OCD by a general practitioner in the Danish healthcare system. Following years of severe OCD, case X began a self-medicated regimen consisting of psilocybin containing mushrooms, corresponding to 1-5 mg of psilocybin, every 3 rd day. The other twin, case Y, who remained unaffected by OCD, and did not take psilocybin containing mushrooms. Cognitive flexibility was evaluated in both cases using a set-shift task. The affected twin reported a notable reduction in OCD symptoms, along with improvements in emotional regulation and overall well-being. However, despite these symptomatic improvements, deficits in cognitive flexibility remained present compared to the unaffected twin. Conclusion This case study underscores the potential of low-doses of psilocybin as a promising avenue for mitigating symptoms of OCD. Nevertheless, the observed disparity in cognitive flexibility highlights the nuanced nature of OCD pathology, suggesting that while low-doses of psilocybin may alleviate certain symptoms, it may not fully address underlying cognitive impairments. Further research employing larger sample sizes and rigorous longitudinal designs is imperative to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocybin low-doses in OCD, offering insights into its broader applicability as a treatment modality.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1819962", "pubmed_id": "42094840", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1819962", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cognitive flexibility, Cognition, Flexibility (engineering), Clinical psychology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Observational study, Medicine, Danish, Hallucinogen, Cognitive therapy, Mental health, Regimen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155075079\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7155075079\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W37113994\",\"https://openalex.org/W122113993\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969467935\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997388235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024985387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064289559\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096107166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103117630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118403124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124490687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143389076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145083290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2486004373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605192324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2965887024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969627127\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004910645\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048223422\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081047021\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082721315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211081781\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213134562\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239620161\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283719838\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310735641\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321377299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4376113773\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382918325\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401224807\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403080353\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403328142\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414679647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417362478\",\"https://openalex.org/W7113899315\",\"https://openalex.org/W7127273528\",\"https://openalex.org/W7135170485\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115713928\",\"display_name\":\"Sivert Drange\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110067969\",\"display_name\":\"Jacob Cohen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-4211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5134122087\",\"display_name\":\"Ben Dunkley\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029766452\",\"display_name\":\"Mikael Palner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-2084\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1819962\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7155075079" }, { "id": 3030, "title": "Comparative Medico-Legal Frameworks for Psilocybin Regulation: A March 2026 Update", "normalized_title": "comparative medico legal frameworks for psilocybin regulation a march 2026 update", "authors": "Brinzei OV.", "abstract": "In the past year, the medical regulation of psilocybin-assisted therapy has expanded across additional international jurisdictions, requiring an update to the original medico-legal synthesis. Newly established or clarified regulatory pathways in New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and at the United States federal level reflect continued evolution in therapeutic governance. Within the United States, Utah and New Mexico have now joined Oregon and Colorado in establishing lawful medical access pathways. These developments build upon earlier reforms in Alberta, Canada and Australia, where structured psychiatric prescribing frameworks were implemented.This update consolidates recent statutory amendments and regulatory decisions to provide a current comparative overview of jurisdictions permitting lawful medical use of psilocybin. By distinguishing comprehensive medical regulation from restricted or exceptional access schemes, this revised analysis maintains clarity within an increasingly dynamic global regulatory landscape.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.1423.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1423.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1180553\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3019, "title": "Psilocybin in Older Adults: Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammation-Driven Disorders of Aging-From Depression to Neurodegeneration", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in older adults therapeutic opportunities in inflammation driven disorders of aging from depression to neurodegeneration", "authors": "Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Stasiak A, Sienkiewicz M, Kwiatkowski P, Kowalczyk E.", "abstract": "Aging is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation (“inflammaging”), which contributes to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Conventional pharmacotherapies often provide limited benefit in older adults and are further complicated by polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic acting primarily as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and currently undergoing accelerated clinical development, has emerged as a potential multimodal therapeutic agent addressing these challenges. Acting via its active metabolite psilocin, 5-HT2A-mediated signaling biases cortical glutamatergic transmission, enhances TrkB/BDNF pathways, and modulates neuro-immune cascades (including NF-κB), with convergent systems-level effects such as re-organization of the default mode network. Human studies report acute reductions in TNF-α with variable effects on IL-6 and CRP, consistent with an immunomodulatory profile. Pharmacokinetically, psilocybin shows properties advantageous in geriatric care: rapid onset, short half-life, and predominant phase-II glucuronidation, reducing interaction risk. Controlled studies demonstrate rapid antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and existential distress, with emerging feasibility signals in neurodegeneration. Together, these find-ings support the hypothesis that a time-limited, mechanism-based intervention may improve mood and cognition while attenuating inflammation. This review integrates current evidence on psilocybin’s neuroimmune and pharmacokinetic mechanisms rel-evant to aging, outlining its potential role in inflammation-related disorders and high-lighting the need for targeted studies in older adults, who remain underrepresented in psychedelic research.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1179388\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Inflammaging,Review Article,Older Adults,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 173, "title": "Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet-induced weight loss in obese mice.", "normalized_title": "effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet induced weight loss in obese mice", "authors": "Keenan RJ, Haque RT, Jin X, Mustafa T, Homman-Ludiye J, Elysee K, Wee ZS, Simonds SE, Foldi CJ, Cowley MA.", "abstract": "Prolonged obesity induces enduring structural changes within neural circuits that contribute to maintaining the body at an elevated/obese body weight. These circuits regulate various mechanisms which can inhibit extreme or persistent weight loss. Therefore, a potential therapeutic strategy to facilitate weight loss is to promote structural plasticity within the brain. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, promote neural plasticity caused by a rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines, which can facilitate the remodelling of neural circuits. Preclinical and clinical studies using psychedelic compounds have demonstrated efficacy for various neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often comorbid with obesity, and share underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we evaluate the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on body weight, food intake and energy expenditure in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice switched onto a low-fat chow. Psilocybin exacerbated diet-induced weight loss over a four-week period in DIO mice and increased the susceptibility for mice to exhibit more profound weight loss. Psilocybin appears to exert these effects predominantly through modulating food intake, with no influence on energy expenditure. No differences were observed in body weight or food intake in DIO mice maintained on a high-fat diet, indicating psilocybin does not necessarily directly promote weight loss or reduce food intake. Rather, it may help facilitate weight loss, provided it is administered in combination with other weight loss promoting interventions. Additional experimentation is required to examine the precise mechanisms involved; however, this data supports further investigation into the use of psychedelic compounds as an adjunct therapy for obesity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03995-7", "pubmed_id": "41980923", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03995-7", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Mice, Obese, Obesity, Body Weight, Weight Loss, Hallucinogens, Energy Metabolism, Eating, Male, Diet, High-Fat, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41980923\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 175, "title": "Sex-specific increased reactivity of the PVT and prolonged PVT→CeA circuit engagement following psilocin administration", "normalized_title": "sex specific increased reactivity of the pvt and prolonged pvt cea circuit engagement following psilocin administration", "authors": "D. P. Effinger, J. L. Hoffman, Sema G. Quadir, C. S. Rollison, D. Toedt, M. Echeveste Sanchez, M. W. High, C. W. Hodge, Melissa A. Herman", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin has shown therapeutic potential, yet underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the impact of psilocin-the active metabolite of psilocybin-on basal activity and reactivity within the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) and PVT projections to central amygdala (CeA) in rats. Psilocin administration increased PVT c-Fos expression and selectively engaged PVT→CeA neurons in females, but not males. Psilocin enhanced PVT reactivity to an aversive air-puff stimulus, with effects primarily driven by passive responders. In PVT→CeA neurons, psilocin prevented time-dependent reductions in stimulus-evoked activity and maintained reactivity across timepoints in females but not males. The sustained engagement of PVT→CeA circuitry was driven by active responders. These findings identify sex-specific modulation of thalamic-limbic circuitry and behavior by psilocin, implicating PVT→CeA circuitry in the neural and behavioral effects of psychedelic compounds, advancing our understanding of how psychedelics modulate emotional brain circuits to further inform potential therapeutic mechanisms. Psychedelics have therapeutic potential, yet their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, authors show that psilocin increased PVT and PVT◄CeA activity in female rats, revealing sexspecific effects on thalamo-limbic circuitry and behavior.", "journal": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2026-04-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-71481-1", "pubmed_id": "41963345", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71481-1", "keywords": "Chemistry, Pharmacology, Reactivity (psychology), Medicine, Sensitivity (control systems), Administration (probate law), HEK293 cells, Metabolite, Mass spectrometry, Metabolism, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Sleep and Wakefulness Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7153282894\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7153282894\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1463791314\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968714114\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972768039\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991637932\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998821779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000183296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007232346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008192007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020074630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036978107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040847356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072888936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099015302\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126257863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144396518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163492988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169760336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2221703765\",\"https://openalex.org/W2236432672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2508267175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604260631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616069238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808269104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912103552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2939750467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951846486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2956525492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001515090\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023857100\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095758168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3144767389\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154021207\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158701828\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161929947\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191957085\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211016258\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251156383\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283031317\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285797023\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291010266\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312105520\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313647762\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620578\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362722045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365444032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378417152\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399917337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401281508\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407396574\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133344543\",\"display_name\":\"D. P. Effinger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133365777\",\"display_name\":\"J. L. Hoffman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028308908\",\"display_name\":\"Sema G. Quadir\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-9920\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133325041\",\"display_name\":\"C. S. Rollison\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133380474\",\"display_name\":\"D. Toedt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6824-9201\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133369365\",\"display_name\":\"M. Echeveste Sanchez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133338572\",\"display_name\":\"M. W. High\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133386859\",\"display_name\":\"C. W. Hodge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046822772\",\"display_name\":\"Melissa A. Herman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-3439\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S64187185\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71481-1\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7153282894" }, { "id": 40, "title": "Dissociating the Hallucinogenic and Neuroplastic Effects of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "dissociating the hallucinogenic and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Baker JJ, Kogan E, Ma S, Lu J, Zuo Y.", "abstract": "It is unclear how serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A Rs) in cortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5 PyrNs) differentially contribute to psilocybin-induced hallucinations versus neuroplasticity. Here we show that psilocybin promotes synapse formation and maturation while accelerating the elimination of pre-existing synapses. Cell type-specific manipulation further demonstrated that 5-HT2A R signaling in L5 PyrNs is necessary and sufficient for psilocybin-induced synaptic remodeling but dispensable for the head-twitch response, a rodent proxy of hallucination.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.06.716778", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.06.716778", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1215700\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3249, "title": "Altered States of Consciousness and the Subconscious Mind: A Comprehensive Comparative Review of Disciplines, Neurobiological Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Philosophical Frameworks - Including Life Between Lives and Transpersonal Hypnotherapy", "normalized_title": "altered states of consciousness and the subconscious mind a comprehensive comparative review of disciplines neurobiological mechanisms clinical applications and philosophical frameworks including life between lives and transpersonal hypnotherapy", "authors": "Gallardo LM.", "abstract": "Altered states of consciousness (ASC) represent a universal human capacity for accessing and transforming the subconscious mind, employed across cultures and millennia through diverse contemplative, somatic, pharmacological, ritual, and technological modalities. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from over 25 distinct disciplines spanning five clusters: (A) contemplative and meditative practices (yoga, hypnotherapy, qigong, Tibetan meditation, mindfulness); (B) breathwork and somatic practices (holotropic breathwork, pranayama, somatic experiencing, trauma-release exercises, Wim Hof method); (C) plant-based and psychedelic practices (ayahuasca, psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine, ibogaine, peyote, cannabis); (D) ritual, cultural, and energetic practices (shamanic drumming, Sufi whirling, sound therapy, sweat lodge, lucid dreaming); and (E) neurotechnology and sensory modulation (neurofeedback, TMS, tDCS, float therapy, VR therapy, EMDR). We provide the first in-depth scholarly treatment of transpersonal hypnotherapy modalities-Life Between Lives (LBL) hypnotherapy and Past Life Regression (PLR) therapy-as legitimate therapeutic frameworks warranting rigorous empirical investigation. Comparative neurobiological analysis reveals converging mechanisms across all disciplines: default mode network (DMN) suppression or modulation, autonomic nervous system regulation via vagal tone and heart rate variability, neuroplasticity enhancement through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulation, memory reconsolidation enabling schema revision, interoceptive predictive coding that updates maladaptive priors, theta and alpha brainwave entrainment facilitating subconscious access, and ego dissolution permitting self-transcendence. Clinical evidence demonstrates strongest support for MDMA-assisted therapy in PTSD (Phase 3 RCTs, 67% response rate), psilocybin therapy in treatment-resistant depression (60-70% response in multiple RCTs), EMDR for trauma (WHO and APA endorsed), mindfulness-based interventions for depression relapse prevention and anxiety (multiple meta-analyses), and neurofeedback for ADHD and anxiety disorders (systematic reviews). Transpersonal modalities including LBL and PLR show preliminary evidence for existential distress, grief, depression, and life-purpose confusion in case series and open trials, though rigorous controlled trials are lacking. Philosophical frameworks from Vedantic (atman, samskaras, moksha), Buddhist (alaya-vijnana, anatta), Jungian (collective unconscious, archetypes), Platonic (anamnesis), transpersonal (Assagioli, Wilber), and neuroscientific (predictive coding, Bayesian brain) traditions offer complementary conceptualizations of the subconscious mind as the universal therapeutic target. All ASC disciplines converge on temporarily suspending ordinary critical consciousness to enable direct access to subconscious patterns-conceptualized variously as samskaras, unconscious complexes, predictive priors, conditioned schemas, or soul memories. LBL hypnotherapy uniquely targets the superconscious or Higher Self dimension, representing the only modality explicitly accessing soul-level knowing and between-lives experiences. Significant research gaps include absence of head-to-head comparative trials, lack of standardized ASC phenomenological and neurophysiological measurement protocols, limited mechanistic neuroimaging studies during deep transpersonal trance states, insufficient integration protocols, and need for personalized matching algorithms. We propose an integrative framework positioning ASC as a spectrum from subconscious (conditioned patterns) to superconscious (transpersonal wisdom), with diverse modalities as complementary vehicles for consciousness transformation. Future research priorities include rigorous RCTs for LBL and PLR, neurophenomenological studies combining EEG/fMRI with first-person phenomenology, replication of reincarnation research with modern methodology, quantum consciousness investigations, and culturally safe integration of indigenous healing practices. This review provides the most comprehensive synthesis to date of ASC-based therapeutics, establishing a foundation for integrative, cross-disciplinary, evidence-based practice in consciousness medicine.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.0415.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.0415.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1175423\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3651, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will test the feasibility, safety, and evidence for efficacy of psilocybin administration in participants with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This will serve as a preliminary proof of concept study for future larger studies aimed to investigate the utility, cognitive mechanisms, and neural correlates of this intervention. Participants in this study will receive two doses of psilocybin approximately two weeks apart. Assessments will be conducted during screening visits, psilocybin sessions, and at follow up visits up to 6 months after the final psilocybin session. Thirty participants will complete all study visits including follow-up visits. Primary objectives: 1. Investigate the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of psilocybin for OCD. 2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on OCD symptoms and concomitant depression and anxiety symptoms. 3. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on quality of life. Secondary objectives: 1. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on metacognition of episodic memory and decision-making. 2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on model-based learning. 3. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on the ERN. 4. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on affect and social connection. 5. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on movement and communications.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05546658", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05546658\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1972, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Clinical Implications", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders mechanisms efficacy and clinical implications", "authors": "Shakila Meshkat, Manish K. Jha, Venkat Bhat", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has gained attention as a potential treatment for various psychiatric conditions. In this review, the authors summarize current clinical evidence related to psilocybin’s efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action across psychiatric disorders. Findings from early-phase and small-scale clinical trials suggest rapid but variable reductions in depressive symptoms, with some studies reporting sustained effects. Psilocybin has also shown preliminary benefits in alleviating anxiety related to life-threatening illness and in reducing substance use, including alcohol and tobacco dependence. Emerging but limited evidence supports possible therapeutic effects in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, anorexia nervosa, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Reported adverse events, such as headache, nausea, and short-lived anxiety, are typically transient and mild; however, notable adverse reactions have occurred in larger randomized trials. Mechanistically, psilocybin may act by modulating limbic-prefrontal circuits, promoting synaptic plasticity, and enhancing emotional and cognitive flexibility, in particular when administered alongside structured psychotherapeutic support. Although the existing data are encouraging, the evidence base remains limited by small sample sizes, highly selective populations, and short follow-up durations. Larger, rigorously designed trials are required to confirm efficacy, establish long-term safety, and refine therapeutic protocols. Overall, psilocybin represents a promising but still experimental intervention that warrants further systematic investigation under controlled conditions.", "journal": "FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.20250043", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20250043", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), MEDLINE, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Disease, Psychotherapist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7154344405\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7154344405\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133351239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945335566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210511938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318455092\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362604463\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365444032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386849390\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389397550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390629750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391953134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400364503\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402462242\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402554692\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402912774\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403083745\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405031949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955624\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405955644\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408033191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408424120\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408808337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412642858\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413190735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413839750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414366251\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414374510\",\"https://openalex.org/W7117359786\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037985605\",\"display_name\":\"Shakila Meshkat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-1785\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133594333\",\"display_name\":\"Manish K. Jha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5133579308\",\"display_name\":\"Venkat Bhat\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210193920\",\"source_display_name\":\"FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20250043\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7154344405" }, { "id": 215, "title": "Psilocybin shapes the slow, global propagation of brain activity over the cortical layout of 5HT2a receptors", "normalized_title": "psilocybin shapes the slow global propagation of brain activity over the cortical layout of 5ht2a receptors", "authors": "Veronica Mäki-Marttunen", "abstract": "Uncovering the neural basis of psychedelics’ potent effects on brain activity and conscious experience has great potential for understanding their therapeutic effects. Numerous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) uncovered a strong effect of psychedelics on global properties of fMRI signal, but how they map to underlying neural phenomena remains to be further explored. In this article, we aimed to relate commonly reported findings from functional connectivity studies of psychedelics to changes in the spatio-temporal propagation of activity over the unimodal-transmodal cortical axis. We used data from an openly available dataset including baseline sessions, a control session with administration of methylphenidate, and psilocybin, a 5HT2a agonist. We found that faster propagation speed was related to increased total functional connectivity and a contraction of the principal gradient. The results support the view that these functional connectivity indices obtained from entire signal time courses reflect the modulation of specific global events of propagation. Furthermore, we found that the cortical distribution of 5HT2a receptors could contribute to the modulation of travelling wave propagation by psilocybin. These findings provide a link between macroscopic signatures of neuromodulatory activity, global brain events and receptor action, with relevance for understanding the mechanisms of psychedelic effects. The psychedelic substance psilocybin modifies the temporo-spatial aspects of global infraslow cortical activity across the serotonin receptor landscapes. These findings provide a link between macroscopic signatures of neuromodulatory activity, global brain events and receptor action, with relevance for understanding the mechanisms of psychedelic effects.", "journal": "Communications Biology", "publication_date": "2026-03-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-09912-4", "pubmed_id": "41882058", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09912-4", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Neural activity, Chemistry, Brain activity and meditation, Psilocybin, Receptor, Premovement neuronal activity, 5-HT2A receptor, Human brain, Central nervous system, Brain mapping, Serotonin, Hallucinogen, Diencephalon, Biology, Midbrain, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140297251\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140297251\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W878533373\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008659680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015011531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096407697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107499714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112596612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149013149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166073443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2402398548\",\"https://openalex.org/W2526529257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588517580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604707717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623598950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773293192\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794779684\",\"https://openalex.org/W2893373014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898334035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949283084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962527742\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010641024\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020271498\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092035884\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094017755\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3149159936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182085149\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183794771\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207723116\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220687484\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280648670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300960088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307494802\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321498049\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327914778\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382181567\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382726603\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386686192\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387105816\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388641010\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391838869\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391897360\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395661199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406120208\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407315370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408302497\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410461651\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411913879\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412449640\",\"https://openalex.org/W4415102484\",\"https://openalex.org/W6925695761\",\"https://openalex.org/W7134840335\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5128686061\",\"display_name\":\"Veronica Mäki-Marttunen\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210225776\",\"source_display_name\":\"Communications Biology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09912-4\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7140297251" }, { "id": 129, "title": "Pharmacotherapy in Disorders of Consciousness: A Mechanism-Based Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapy in disorders of consciousness a mechanism based review", "authors": "Gillet A, Geron C, Vitello MM, Lejeune N.", "abstract": "Disorders of consciousness pose major therapeutic challenges owing to the complexity of underlying brain dysfunctions. Current pharmacological interventions explored in disorders of consciousness target distinct molecular systems, including dopaminergic modulators (amantadine, levodopa, apomorphine, bromocriptine, selegiline, methylphenidate, and modafinil), GABAergic agents (zolpidem and baclofen), and other neuromodulatory compounds acting on glutamatergic, opioid, or serotonergic receptors (ketamine, remifentanil, and psilocin). These treatments aim to modulate disrupted neural circuits, including the mesocircuit, a thalamocortical-striatal network critically involved in consciousness and motor control. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying disorders of consciousness and the pharmacological profile of these agents. It summarizes reported clinical improvements and discusses determinants of therapeutic response, highlighting the role of biomarkers derived from neurophysiological and neuroimaging assessments. Safety profiles associated with these treatments are also critically evaluated to guide clinical decision making. By integrating current knowledge on pharmacological modulation of key neural systems, including dopaminergic and GABAergic pathways, this article provides a comprehensive framework for understanding treatment strategies in disorders of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-026-01274-z", "pubmed_id": "41876835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-026-01274-z", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Dopamine Agents, GABA Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41876835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 219, "title": "Integrated 5-HT2A -TrkB and G protein signaling in serotonergic psychedelic responses", "normalized_title": "integrated 5 ht2a trkb and g protein signaling in serotonergic psychedelic responses", "authors": "Taddei-Tardón M, Medina-Rodríguez L, Maltman JL, Hudson S, Potukanuma S, Jiménez JH, Martín-Guerrero SM, González-Maeso J, López-Giménez JF.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics have attracted considerable interest as promising therapeutic agents. However, the molecular mechanisms linking their acute hallucinogenic-like effects to longer-lasting neuroplastic responses remain incompletely understood, partly because of the scarcity of native neural models suitable for mechanistic studies. Here, we developed a neural stem cell-derived in vitro model capable of differentiating into neuronal and glial lineages and, after characterization, used it to investigate the molecular pharmacology of serotonergic psychedelics. A panel comprising tryptamines, phenethylamines and ergolines, including psychedelic compounds and selected non-psychedelic analogues, was evaluated alongside ketamine and TrkB agonists. Endpoints included dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, immediate-early gene induction, BDNF expression and lactate production. TrkB silencing abolished dendritogenic responses to serotonergic psychedelics, ketamine and TrkB agonists, whereas 5-HT2A receptor silencing selectively impaired serotonergic psychedelic-induced plasticity and altered TrkB-dependent responses. Most serotonergic compounds also increased synaptogenesis and induced c-Fos and Egr-2 expression, although ligand-specific differences were evident, particularly for psilocin and the phenethylamines DOI and Ariadne. Uncoupling of G q/11 or G i/o protein-dependent signaling differentially modified neuroplastic and transcriptional responses, indicating a ligand and endpoint dependent contribution of both pathways. Serotonergic psychedelics further induced a 5-HT2A receptor dependent lactate response that was generally sensitive to disruption of either G q/11 or G i/o protein coupling. Taken together, these findings support a model in which serotonergic psychedelics recruit an integrated 5-HT2A -TrkB signaling network with distinct structural, transcriptional and metabolic outputs, and establish this neural stem cell-derived system as a valuable platform for screening and dissecting the signaling basis of psychedelic action.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.19.712961", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.19.712961", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1218591\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3657, "title": "Precision Phenotyping of Behavioral Risk and Response to Electromagnetic and Psychedelic Therapies", "normalized_title": "precision phenotyping of behavioral risk and response to electromagnetic and psychedelic therapies", "authors": "University of New Mexico", "abstract": "PRE-EMPT will assemble a study group of 150 civilian and Veteran participants from three populations (low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk for self-harm). The investigators will obtain clinical assessments, MRI, and blood levels for circular RNA (circRNA). The teams will then administer three interventions (neurofeedback, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and psilocybin assisted therapy), and repeat the tests above. A team with expertise in artificial intelligence will then use our data to try to find patterns that identify who is at high risk versus low risk with a high degree of accuracy. For U.S. Service Members, deployment and combat exposure can result in significant mental strain, with high rates of disability and suicide. Unfortunately our ability to predict and treat those at high risk of intentional self-harm is limited. PRE-EMPT (Precision Phenotyping of Behavioral Risk and Response to Electromagnetic and Psychedelic Therapies) seeks to transform the assessment and treatment of the spectrum of depression, posttraumatic stress, and self-harm. PRE-EMPT will utilize multimodal neuroimaging, blood-based biomarkers, and predictive analytics to devise highly accurate models of behavioral risk, and to characterize response to three neuroplasticity-enhancing interventions. Background: Rates of suicide have increased 37% since the year 2000 despite concerted governmental and institutional programs to address root causes such as stigma and lack of access. Suicide was the number one cause of active-duty fatality from 2014 to 2019, highlighting the vulnerability of Service Members and Veterans. Suicide is a highly multifactorial event and may be conceptualized as a state in which individuals cannot come up with any other option to endure difficult circumstances or intense feelings, representing failures of cognitive control (CC) and emotion regulation (ER). Similarly, the heritability of suicide risk is well known, and transcriptomics, or the study of transcript molecules such as RNA that regulate gene expression, has potential to reveal mechanisms of risk not fully explained by DNA analysis. Better methods of classifying suicide risk according to objective and measurable factors are needed to proactively identify persons at risk and provide interventions tailored to risk. Research Plan: PRE-EMPT will assemble a cohort of 150 civilian and Veteran participants from three populations (low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk for self-harm). The investigators will obtain baseline clinical assessments, structural and functional MRI utilizing tasks pioneered by our team to assess cognitive control (CC) and emotion regulation (ER), and peripheral circular RNA (circRNA) levels to characterize the molecular brain states associated with behavioral risk. In parallel, investigators will mine publicly available databases to identify network nodes and use deep learning techniques on multivariate patterns of brain activation, structural topography, and functional connectivity. The clinical, imaging, and transcriptomic data will be fused and jointly analyzed to increase the accuracy of risk prediction models. PRE-EMPT in three separate arms will then prospectively assess three promising and innovative interventions for their potential to reduce suicidal ideation and alter activity in key neural networks: 1) neurofeedback (NF) using real-time fMRI with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG), 2) accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (aiTBS) with dose optimization through electric field modeling; and 3) psilocybin assisted therapy (PSI), with flexible dosing plan to maximize the depth of psychedelic experience. Assessments will be repeated at post-treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention. These therapies were chosen based on our team's prior work in all three interventions demonstrating rapid action and large effects. Each clinical arm will contribute independent insights into mediators of efficacy for the specific interventions and risk groups, while pooling data to identify predictors across the risk spectrum. Specific Aim 1: To construct a neurobehavioral model from structural and functional MRI, clinical, and transcriptomic data that accurately predicts behavioral risk. Specific Aim 2: To test three potential rapid-acting therapies for suicidal ideation and identify mechanistic mediators of response.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07484906", "keywords": "Suicidal Ideation, fMRI Neurofeedback, Accelerated theta burst stimulation, Psilocybin assisted therapy, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07484906\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Veterans,Safety,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 225, "title": "Psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity: a systematic review of fMRI studies", "normalized_title": "psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity a systematic review of fmri studies", "authors": "Àlvar Farré-Colomés, Olga Rublinetska, Óscar Soto-Angona", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapies are innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly in the treatment of depression. However, there are sparse studies providing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms that support clinical outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively gather all the evidence reported in psilocybin studies using fMRI techniques. Independent extraction of articles was conducted by 2 authors using predefined data fields. 20 unique datasets were identified, with 5 including participants diagnosed with depression. Dropout rates were found to be high, and follow-up scanning timepoints were lacking in most of the studies. Most research has focused on the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex, as key regions involved in the effects of psilocybin. However, the current literature exhibits inconsistency in methods and designs. Further research is necessary to better define psilocybin’s impact on the human brain and its potential to enhance psychotherapy outcomes.", "journal": "Discover Mental Health", "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w", "pubmed_id": "41854988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroscience, Anterior cingulate cortex, Psychology, Prefrontal cortex, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Functional imaging, Functional Brain Imaging, Neuroimaging, Default mode network, Dropout (neural networks), Medicine, Human studies, Cingulate cortex, Data extraction, Human brain, Brain activity and meditation, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cognitive psychology, MEDLINE, Clinical Practice, Cognition, Hypnosis, Human research, Functional neuroimaging, Brain mapping, Systematic review, Artifact (error), Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Functional connectivity, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": 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Farré-Colomés\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104647936\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Rublinetska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103154694\",\"display_name\":\"Óscar Soto-Angona\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0234-4280\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210224676\",\"source_display_name\":\"Discover Mental Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7139105479" }, { "id": 3599, "title": "Exploratory Study of the Effects of Low-Dose Psilocybin on Sensory Processing, Neurophysiological Arousal, and Emotional Health", "normalized_title": "exploratory study of the effects of low dose psilocybin on sensory processing neurophysiological arousal and emotional health", "authors": "University of Alabama at Birmingham", "abstract": "The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility, initial signals of efficacy, and potential mechanisms of action of \"microdoses\" of psilocybin (i.e., low doses of psilocybin that are not believed to produce mystical-type, transcendent, hallucinogenic, or other overtly salient subjective effects that limit functionality) in the treatment of moderate to severe demoralization (feelings of hopelessness and meaningless that frequently accompany medical illness and other life hardship). Individuals who call research staff will undergo an initial telephone screen that will determine eligibility. Week 1: Baseline Intake Appointment. Those who are eligible to participate on the basis of the telephone screen and provide informed consent will then complete a standard demographic questionnaire, a detailed psychiatric interview, and provide a urine sample for confirmation of substance abstinence and pregnancy status. Participants will then be administered a detailed medical history interview and physical examination including EKG and blood panel. Week 2: Orientation. Participants who are medically eligible to participate will be scheduled for a psychoeducational orientation session that further explains the rationale of the study, and summarizes the study logistics. Participants will complete a number of baseline questionnaires and neuropsychological assessments at this time. Week 3: Drug administration #1. In a between-groups design, participants will be randomized to receive 0 mg, 1 mg, 2.5 mg, or 5 mg of psilocybin at five weekly 6-hour long drug administration sessions. Dose will remain constant for each participant at each drug administration session. At Drug Administration #1 and all subsequent drug administration sessions, participants will complete visual analogue scale (VAS) questions drawn from different sources that include drug abuse liability measures. These VAS questions will be administered at drug administration baseline and every 30 minutes thereafter through the end of acute effects at 6-hrs post-baseline. Research staff will complete a number of observational assessments at similar intervals. Blood pressure will be assessed at regular intervals via automatic blood pressure monitor (i.e., at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min post-baseline), and medication for the treatment of acute hypertension will be administered should blood pressure exceed 200 systolic and/or 110 diastolic. At peak drug effects (2 hr post-baseline), a number of measures will be administered, each differing by drug administration session. At Drug Administration #1, participants will undergo two electroencephalogram (EEG) tasks (with assessments at baseline serving as pre-drug control values). At 6-hr post-baseline, participants will complete self-report measures assessing the subjective experience. These questionnaires will be administered at the conclusion of each drug administration session. Participants will then be administered a brief semi-structured qualitative interview designed to probe the nature of their experience. All participants will be required to arrange for transportation home from the CRU; participants will not be allowed to drive themselves after drug administration sessions. Week 4: Drug Administration #2. This session will be identical to Drug Administration #1, however, at peak drug effects, participants will complete two new EEG tasks (with assessments at baseline serving as pre-drug control values). Week 5: Drug Administration #3. This session will be identical to prior drug administration sessions, however, at peak drug effects, a neuropsychological measure will be administered. Week 6: Drug Administration #4. This session will be identical to prior drug administration sessions, however, at peak drug effects, participants will complete another neuropsychological measure. Week 7: Drug Administration #5. This session will be identical to prior drug administration sessions, however, at peak drug effects, participants will complete another neuropsychological measure. At the conclusion of this measure, subjects will undergo an EEG assessment (with an assessment at baseline serving as a pre-drug control value). Week 8: Study Termination. This session will comprise completion of the same questionnaires that were previously completed at baseline as well as a semi-structured qualitative interview. EKG will be repeated at study termination. It is noted that over the duration of the study, every day participants will be asked to complete some brief self-report measures and a resting state EEG via a smartphone app.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05227742", "keywords": "Demoralization, Psilocybin, Placebo, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05227742\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3028, "title": "Enhancing cGMP signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response", "normalized_title": "enhancing cgmp signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response", "authors": "Floris G, Jefferson SJ, Rondeau J, Yu AL, Menniti FS, Kwan AC, De Aquino JP, Krystal JH, Pittenger C, Kaye AP.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has antidepressant effects, but its 5-HT2 AR-mediated perceptual effects limit tolerability. We combined psilocybin with a phosphodiesterase-9 inhibitor (PDE9i) and observed suppression of head-twitch response, but maintenance of antidepressant-like behavior. Proteomics showed that PDE9i-psilocybin reduced 5-HT2 AR-mediated pathways while enhancing synaptogenesis. These results suggest that PDE9i-psilocybin represents a promising therapeutic strategy.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.06.710108", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.06.710108", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1214698\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Proteomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1978, "title": "Behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals 1962-2021: A scoping review", "normalized_title": "behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non human animals 1962 2021 a scoping review", "authors": "Shore Ronald, Dobson Kat, Thomson Nina, Barnim Nigel, Bergman Hailey, Rideout Katie, McKeown Sandra, Olmstead Mary C., Goldie Craig, Dumont Eric", "abstract": "Abstract Background and Aims Psilocybin is a psychedelic compound that may hold promise for a wide range of human health conditions, yet the identification of therapeutic processes and mechanisms of action remains exploratory. We conducted a scoping review of pre-clinical behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals to identify behavioural effects, studies completed, behavioural tests employed, and what dosing modalities had been studied. Methods A librarian-conducted literature search was performed using predefined key terms and search criteria and additional searching was conducted by reviewers using electronic databases, grey literature sources, and reference lists of relevant articles or reviews. The final search updated occurred in October, 2021. Studies were reviewed, screened and selected against an a priori protocol using Covidence software by multiple reviewers with results plotted across the Research Domains Criteria construct. Results From 4,124 records identified by database searching, 260 publications were subjected to full-text review with 77 studies included in this scoping review, published between 1962 and 2021. The preponderance of studies ( n = 64) investigated behavioural outcomes in rodents. Only 43 studies (55.8%) reported on housing conditions, and seventeen studies (22.1%) failed to report sample size. All studies reported behavioural outcomes following drug administration, with fifty-one studies (66.2%) using psilocybin, thirty studies (42.9%) psilocin, four studies (5.2%) administering whole mushroom extracts (WME), and a further eight studies investigating both psilocybin and psilocin and one study reporting the effects of both psilocin and WME. One hundred and thirty distinct behavioural investigations using fifty different behavioral paradigms were identified. Few adverse events were reported, and even exceedingly high doses were apparently well tolerated. Conclusion With seventy-seven publications spanning close to sixty years, there is significant variation in study design and quality. Overall, psilocybin presents a unique and strong safety profile with no found evidence of biological toxicity. Psilocybin treatment was characterized by unique time and dose-dependent effects; pattern of drug action appears significantly context and training-sensitive. Data suggest effects of psilocybin to include acute arousal, dose-dependent sedation, reductions in fear conditioning at low doses, reduced aggression, improved valence, acute disruption of working memory, the rescuing of deficits from chronic stress, and improved learning when combined with repeated environmental exposure after resolution of drug effect.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-03-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2025.00364", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00364", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2025.00364\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/0091-3057(81)90211-2\",\"10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.003\",\"10.3791/50978\",\"10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x\",\"10.1080/1364557032000119616\",\"10.1038/npp.2016.215\",\"10.4155/fso.15.63\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002\",\"10.1186/2045-5380-1-9\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0229067\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(79)90590-3\",\"10.1093/schbul/sbl049\",\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.013\",\"10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4701-y\",\"10.1073/pnas.1119598109\",\"10.1124/pr.118.017160\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"10.1162/089892905774597191\",\"10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9\",\"10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00042\",\"10.1186/1741-7015-11-126\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020\",\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.013\",\"10.1093/brain/awab406\",\"10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411\",\"10.1038/s41380-021-01314-8\",\"10.1111/acps.12904\",\"10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827\",\"10.1016/0091-3057(86)90368-0\",\"10.1177/0269881121991822\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016\",\"10.1177/0269881110388326\",\"10.1007/7854_2009_7\",\"10.1021/cn300138m\",\"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13790.x\",\"10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00512\",\"10.1073/pnas.2022489118\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493\",\"10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.666.1\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.640241\",\"10.1186/1471-2288-14-43\",\"10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3\",\"10.1186/s13073-018-0526-5\",\"10.1038/nrn.2015.28\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072\",\"10.1590/s0102-695x2010000300017\",\"10.1159/000136297\",\"10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009\",\"10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.029\",\"10.1007/7854_2017_478\",\"10.1177/00221678211048049\",\"10.1186/s12967-019-1976-2\",\"10.1002/hup.348\",\"10.1177/0269881117748902\",\"10.1111/pcn.12830\",\"10.22127/rjp.2018.58486\",\"10.1038/npp.2008.173\",\"10.1111/bph.12783\",\"10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z\",\"10.1126/sciadv.abh2399\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013\",\"10.1007/bf02805983\",\"10.4103/0976-0105.177703\",\"10.1007/7854\",\"10.1002/cpt.557\",\"10.1002/jrsm.1123\",\"10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192278\",\"10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.03.001\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00881\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.589\",\"10.1096/fj.07-9574lsf\",\"10.1016/0031-9384(67)90057-1\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041\",\"10.1002/hbm.23224\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyy083\",\"10.3389/fphar.2018.00177\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896\",\"10.1038/nprot.2012.044\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009\",\"10.1186/s42826-020-00054-0\",\"10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1182\",\"10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.001\",\"10.2307/1602247\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454\",\"10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w\",\"10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.008\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(79)90451-x\",\"10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider\",\"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50119.x\",\"10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004\",\"10.1016/b978-0-444-63462-7.00005-1\",\"10.1007/bf00427414\",\"10.1007/s00213-015-4034-7\",\"10.3389/fnins.2017.00539\",\"10.7554/elife.56344\",\"10.1007/bf00412109\",\"10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.004\",\"10.3390/toxins7041018\",\"10.1111/psyp.12588\"],\"reference_count\":344}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 237, "title": "The combination of exercise and psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "the combination of exercise and psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Fabiano N, Stubbs B, Lawrence DW, Rosenblat JD, Teixeira PJ, Wong S, Zhou C, Carhart-Harris R", "abstract": "Upwards of 50% of people do not respond to the primary treatment modalities for major depressive disorder (MDD), which has led to increased attention and use of alternative methods, including exercise and psychedelics. While interventions using either exercise or psychedelics have demonstrated largely positive results in isolation, their synergistic potential has yet to be explored. As such, this commentary provides an overview of exercise/psychedelics as a treatment for depression and their potential synergy and/or complementarity. From a biological perspective, psychedelics acutely enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling, while exercise provides sustained BDNF elevation; psychedelics enhance neuroplasticity largely in the cortex (with only modest effects in the hippocampus), while exercise boosts hippocampal neurogenesis; psychedelics increase glutamate release via stimulation of 5-HT receptors on pyramidal neurons, while exercise enhances glutamatergic transmission via the endocannabinoid system and reduction of systemic inflammation; both boost serotonin release; and psychedelics temporarily disrupt functional connectivity between the hippocampus and default mode network (DMN), while exercise normalizes this connectivity, which may sustain post-psychedelic gains. Through the lens of psychological and behaviour change, psychedelics appear to facilitate the adoption or maintenance of physical activity habits, increase psychological flexibility, and since exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress, this may allow users to experience deeper immersion and exploration during their psychedelic experience, improving antidepressant outcomes. In summary, exercise and psychedelics have numerous potential complementary mechanisms, therefore, future research is warranted to explore the efficacy, tolerability, safety, and neurobiology of this combination.", "journal": "Discover mental health", "publication_date": "2026-03-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-026-00408-5", "pubmed_id": "41793582", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41793582/", "keywords": "Exercise, Depression, Major depressive disorder, Physical activity, Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41793582\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Psychological Flexibility,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3626, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa in Young Adults", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in anorexia nervosa in young adults", "authors": "Region Skane", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if psilocybin, given with psychological support, is safe and helps treat anorexia nervosa in young adults. Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that currently has no approved medicine. Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance that may help the brain form new connections, which could make it easier for people with anorexia nervosa to develop healthier ways of thinking. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Is psilocybin with psychological support safe and well-tolerated? * Does psilocybin with psychological support help lower symptoms of anorexia nervosa? * How might psilocybin work in the brain to support recovery from anorexia? This study will compare psilocybin with psychological support to Treatment as Usual (TAU). Participants in the study will be randomly placed into one of the two groups. There will be 40 patients with anorexia nervosa included, 20 per group. TAU includes the standard care people receive for anorexia nervosa in a specialized eating disorder clinic in Region Skåne, Sweden. Participants will: * Be between 16 and 35 years old and have anorexia nervosa * Take psilocybin (25 mg) by mouth two times, four weeks apart * Receive psychological support before, during, and after each dosing session (including preparation and integration sessions) * Complete questionnaires, have brain scans (magnetic resonance imaging) and blood tests to learn more about how psilocybin may work * Share their personal experiences as part of a qualitative interview This study hopes to learn if psilocybin, when given with the right support, can be a helpful and safe option for people living with anorexia nervosa. Background and Rationale Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is one of the most lethal psychiatric disorders, with mortality rates approximately five times higher than that of the general population. AN affects multiple organ systems due to severe weight loss and malnutrition and hence leads to a substantial decline in health-related quality of life. While psychotherapies have shown partial efficacy, data suggest that only 46% of patients recover within four years, and 20% remain chronically ill. Relapse rates exceed 50% among those who recover, underscoring the need for more effective treatments. Research suggests that several psychological factors, such as challenges in regulating emotions, black-and-white thinking, mental rigidity, and a limited capacity for mentalization may contribute to the persistence of severe, chronic anorexia nervosa. The age of onset for AN typically shows a bimodal distribution, peaking at 14 and 18 years of age, motivating the design of including patients as young as 16 years old in this study. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic compound, primarily acts as an agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor, inducing profound effects on cognition, emotion, perception, and self-awareness. Although research on psilocybin remains limited, clinical trials across psychiatric disorders suggest its potential therapeutic benefit. For example personality changes such as increased openness, have been observed to persist up to a year following a single high dose. The inclusion of 16-17-year-olds in this study is particularly novel, as research on psychedelic therapy in adolescents and young adults remains scarce. Emerging evidence highlights how psychedelics may benefit AN patients, such as enhanced serotonin signaling and cognitive flexibility. The ability of psychedelics to foster cognitive flexibility, a well-documented phenomenon, is considered a key factor in therapeutic processes. This is especially relevant for AN, where rigid thinking and behavior contribute to treatment resistance. One pilot study demonstrated that a 25 mg psilocybin dose, combined with psychological support, was well-tolerated by female AN patients with a body mass index (BMI) \\>16. The study reported significant reductions in eating disorder symptoms at one month post-treatment, with only mild and transient adverse events. Recent studies indicate that psilocybin induces significant changes in brain function and network organization across key regions. Notably, psilocybin disrupts connectivity in the default mode network by causing desynchronization across spatial scales. These findings suggest a neurobiological basis for psilocybin´s therapeutic effect. However, further research is needed to elucidate long-term effects, particularly in clinical context. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has demonstrated utility in detecting neuronal abnormalities in AN. This study's use of fMRI before and after psilocybin treatment will provide critical insights into the neurobiological impacts of psilocybin on AN. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in neuroplasticity. Preclinical studies show that psilocybin promotes neuritogenesis and synaptic plasticity, potentially via increased cortical BDNF expression. Given that individuals with AN exhibit reduced serum BDNF levels, this study will assess changes in BDNF pre- and post-treatment to elucidate psilocybin's impact on neurobiological mechanisms. These insights may advance treatment optimization and efficacy predictions for AN patients. Study Objectives Primary Objective is to assess the safety and tolerability of psilocybin 25 mg in young adults (16-35 years old) with anorexia nervosa. Secondary objectives include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin with psychological support in reducing AN symptom compared to treatment as usual (TAU), investigate potential mechanisms of action through self-report questionnaires, neuroimaging and BDNF analysis, and conduct qualitative analysis of subjective experiences. Neuroimaging will investigate changes in brain resting state connectivity (measured by fMRI), and commonly used task-based fMRI paradigms. The task-based paradigms will involve food-related conditions, commonly used in the population (Celeghin et al., 2023; Bronleigh et al., 2022) as well as established paradigms involved in processing reward anticipation (Knutson et al., 2000; Ventorp et al 2022) Trial Design and Procedures This is a phase II, open-label, randomized controlled trial with two arms: 1. Active treatment arm; Two dosing sessions with psilocybin 25mg with psychological support alongside TAU. 2. Active comparator control arm; TAU only. The study will include 40 participants, 20 in each group. If the active treatment arm is determined to be safe, tolerable, and preliminarily effective during the follow-up assessment, participants in the control group will have the option to switch to the active treatment while maintaining their usual specialized care. The switch to psilocybin treatment will follow the same preparation, dosing, and integration protocols as outlined for the intervention group. This design minimizes ethical concerns regarding withholding a potentially effective treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either the intervention or control group. Block randomization stratified by age group (16-18 and 19-35 years) will ensure balanced representation. Given the small sample size of 40 participants (20 per group), the statistical power to detect between-group differences is inherently limited, irrespective of blinding. As such, the trial is appropriately designed as a pilot study, with a primary focus on assessing safety, feasibility, and tolerability. To enhance interpretation, qualitative and neurobiological measures are also included. A formal power calculation was not conducted, in line with the exploratory nature of the study. The sample size was determined based on practical feasibility and aligns with current recommendations for early-phase trials of novel interventions. A post-hoc power analysis will be conducted to evaluate whether the sample size was sufficient to detect clinically meaningful changes in the primary outcomes. Details on location and Data Collection Methods All procedures will be conducted at the University Hospital for Psychiatry, Baravägen 1, Lund, except the fMRI assessments which are performed at the The National 7 Tesla (7T) Facility in Lund. All assessments will be carried out by qualified personnel appointed by the principal investigator, including medical doctors, nurses, and psychologists. The National 7T Facility will appoint qualified personnel for fMRI assessment. The duration of the entire trial is from the first screening of the first patient to the last follow up of the last patient. For each patient participant, the duration of the trial is from the screening to the last follow up at week 52 (12 month). Patient rehospitalization and additional interventions data are collected in patient journal registers. Pre-Study Activity Following ethical approval, a focus group will be conducted with patients with anorexia nervosa in two different groups, one aged 16-18 and one 19-35 years. The purpose is to provide study information, gather feedback on the clarity and ethical aspects of the protocol, and identify ways to improve potential benefit. Input from this focus group will inform study quality, recruitment materials, communication strategies and ethical aspects of psilocybin research experienced by the population. Any amendments based on this will be processed according to CTIS protocol. Screening Phase Screening includes psychiatric and medical history, inclusion/exclusion criteria assessment, safety blood tests (glucose, liver, kidney), electrocardiogram (ECG), informed consent (with a 2-week consideration period), pregnancy test and urine toxicology (U-tox). The time from screening to the first psilocybin dose must not exceed 8 weeks, regardless of washout status. Potential participants will be screened by a psychiatric clinician appointed by the principal investigator to ensure eligibility and understanding of the study requirements. Preparation Phase Preparation Session 1 \\& Baseline Assessment (Week -1): Psychoeducation about psilocybin, breathing and relaxation techniques, rapport-building with therapists, and discussion of expectations and concerns. Includes full baseline assessments (list provided as attachment to protocol: * Expectation of Treatment Scale (ETS-BF) * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Vital signs, ECG, fasting glucose, urine drug screening, fMRI, BMI, metric assessment of body size perception and blood sampling for BDNF and safety labs are also conducted. Preparation Session 2 (Week 0): 7-10 days after Preparation 1, and 2-3 days before psilocybin dosing. Dosing and Integration Phase Dosing Session 1 (Week 0): Psilocybin 25 mg under therapeutic support with ECG and blood pressure/pulse monitoring. Integration Session 1 (Day after Dosing 1): Reflection, fMRI, blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF), and reassessments with RMQ, GCMQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS, BPRS+, LS, PANAS, HILS, TIPI, ECG and blood pressure/pulse. Psychedelic Experience related scales; Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-4), Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). Integration Session 2 (Week 1): Continued psychological integration support. Integration Session 3 (Week 2-3): Summary of first dosing experience and preparation for second dosing. Dosing Session 2 (Week 4): Second psilocybin 25 mg administration under identical conditions as first dosing session. Integration Session 4 (Day after Dosing 2): Reflection, blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF), and reassessments with RMQ, GCMQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS, BPRS+, LS, PANAS, HILS, TIPI, ECG and blood pressure/pulse. Psychedelic Experience related scales; Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-4), Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). Integration Session 5 (Week 5-6): Final integration session and preparation for long-term follow-up. Primary Endpoint (Week 8) Includes full safety and outcome evaluations: * fMRI * blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, glucose, BDNF) * Vital signs, ECG, U-tox * BMI * Metric assessment of body size perception * Adverse Event/Serious Adverse Event (AE/SAE) monitoring * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Intensive Follow-Up Phase (Week 8-24) Follow-up visits at Week 12, 16, and 20 include: * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox 6-Month Follow-Up (Week 24) Same as primary endpoint assessments, including: * blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF) * Vital signs, ECG, U-tox * BMI * Metric assessment of body size perception * AE/SAE monitoring * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Extended Follow-Up Phase (Week 24-52) 9-Month Follow-Up (Week 36) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox 12-Month Final Follow-Up (Week 52) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox Participants who show signs of psychological or physical deterioration at any point during the study between follow-ups are instructed to contact the research team at any time and will be offered additional assessment and support. Description of Psilocybin Administration and Psychological support Psychological support includes a non-directive preparation and integration pre- and post-dosing sessions according to protocol manual, alongside support for the patient on the dosing session day. The study follows the guidelines for safe research with psychedelics. Preparation session will include psychoeducation of the effects of psilocybin, breathing techniques, getting to know the two therapists (one male and one female). A standardized preparation script will ensure consistency across participants. The two integration sessions following each dosing session last 1-2 h and focus on exploring the session's effects and offer support in integrating the experience. Integration sessions will include structured discussions about insights gained, with therapists facilitating connections between the experience and the participant's therapeutic goals. The therapists couple will contain at least one licensed healthcare personnel (psychologist, nurse, physiotherapist or physician). The assistant therapist can be non-licensed healthcare personnel experienced with the anorexia nervosa population, such as a healthcare assistant. All psychological support therapists must have done all specific 5-day training in the psiAN manual. Dosing session day The dosing session, lasting 6-8 hours, is supported by the therapists introduced during preparation sessions. The psilocybin's acute effects persist for 4-6 hours, recorded via video and audio. Participants, lie down with an optional eye mask, experience the session in a comfortable room with a pre-selected music playlist, respecting individual preferences. Therapists provide support and guidance if requested but with minimal psychotherapeutic focus. Therapists will follow pre-established protocols for de-escalation and grounding in case of distressing experiences. Parents are introduced at the session's end with participant approval. During the dosing session, a medically trained study doctor will be available, equipped for emergencies in the unlikely event of serious adverse events related to psilocybin risks. Biological Sampling Procedures Blood samples will be collected for the analysis of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as the primary biomarker and for tolerance and safety measurements. Additionally, we aim to collect one tube of additional whole blood per occasion for future analysis. BDNF samples will be taken at five key time points: (1) before treatment (baseline), (2) and (3) at first integration session after Psilocybin 25mg dosing, (4) at 8 weeks, and (5) during the 6-month follow-up. This ensures comprehensive longitudinal data collection. Blood samples of glucose, kidney and liver status will be measured at the same time points as above for safety and tolerance reasons. None of these blood samples are collected or stored. All blood samples are done by a standard peripheral venous sampling method performed by a nurse at the research facility at the university hospital clinic for psychiatry at Baravägen 1, Lund. Procedures will be implemented to minimize discomfort during blood collection, such as using pediatric needles for younger participants when necessary. Blood collection and processing will follow standardized protocols to ensure sample integrity. Discontinuation from the Clinical Trial A participant will be discontinued entirely from the clinical trial (i.e., all further participation and follow-up will end) only under the following condition: Withdrawal of informed consent at any time, for any reason, without the need to justify. Discontinuation from the Intervention (Dosing) Participants may be discontinued from the intervention (i.e., psilocybin administration - first or second dose), without being excluded from the trial. Participants will be encouraged to continue with follow-up assessments unless they explicitly withdraw consent. This approach allows for continued safety and data collection in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Reasons for discontinuing intervention may include: * Development or discovery of exclusion criteria after inclusion (e.g. new psychiatric diagnosis, pregnancy). * Emergence of a serious adverse event (SAE) or medical condition that, in the investigator's judgment, makes continued treatment unsafe. * Initiation of treatment with prohibited medication according to protocol. * Failure to adhere to critical aspects of the study protocol (e.g. repeated missed visits, non-compliance with preparation or safety procedures). * Investigator decision in consultation with the medical monitor. The reason for discontinuation will be documented. Participants will be offered a final follow-up visit when appropriate. Non-compliance to fMRI will not lead to study exclusion nor discontinuation of the intervention. Methods for Measurement of Endpoints for Clinical Safety Continuous clinical safety monitoring will be performed by licensed healthcare professionals at Lund University Hospital throughout the trial, from baseline to the final 12-month follow-up. The safety evaluations cover physical, biochemical, and psychological parameters relevant to psilocybin administration. Measurements for assessing clinical safety will include blood samples of hepatic and renal function, glucose, urine toxicology, cardiovascular parameters, assessment of suicidality, assessment of mental health symptoms and and assessment of Adverse Events/Serious Adverse Events/Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (AE/SAE/SUSARs). Assessment of Adverse Events Participants are instructed to contact the research team during daytime hours for urgent concerns. Outside of study hours, they are directed to seek emergency services. Events will be assessed by the clinical team for causality, intensity, and seriousness and potential relationship to treatment (psilocybin 25mg). The investigator is responsible for determining whether there is a causal relationship between the AE/SAE and use of the investigational medicinal product. Consideration should be given to whether there is a reasonable possibility of establishing a causal relationship between the adverse event and the investigational medicinal product based on the analysis of the available evidence. All AE can be categorized as either likely related, possibly related, unlikely related or not related. Those AEs which are suspected of having a causal relationship to the investigational medicinal product will be followed up until the subject has recovered or is well taken care of and on the way to good recovery. Each adverse event shall be classified by an investigator as mild, moderate or severe. Follow-up of Adverse Events Follow-up visits will be scheduled for all participants experiencing AEs to ensure resolution and ongoing safety. Participants with unresolved AEs at the end of the trial will be monitored until resolution or stabilization. For SAEs, additional follow-ups will be scheduled at least every two weeks until resolution. The frequency can be changed by the Safety Review Committee or Principal Investigator. Procedures in Case of Emergencies and Overdose Emergency protocols are in place, including immediate medical care and monitoring. In case of an overdose, the participant will be transferred to an emergency facility. Emergency kits, including benzodiazepines for anxiety or seizures, will be available during all dosing sessions. Pregnancy Management Participants who can become pregnant must use a highly effective form of contraception during the study and for two months after the last psilocybin dose. Approved methods include hormonal contraception, IUDs, sterilization, vasectomized partner, or abstinence. Urine pregnancy tests will be done at screening, before each psilocybin session, and as needed during follow-up. Psilocybin's effects on pregnancy are unknown. To reduce possible risks, strict contraception and testing protocols are required. Interim Analysis Following two administration sessions of 25mg psilocybin, a panel of three senior psychiatrists, who are not part of the research team, will conduct an evaluation of the safety data and adherence to the protocol. This analysis will be repeated after a total of 20 psilocybin administrations have been completed. After 25 patients over 18 have been through dosing sessions, patients 16-17 will be recruited. Methods for Measurement of Endpoints for Clinical Efficacy Composite Relapse Endpoint: BMI Decrease: Measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 6 months using calibrated equipment and standardized protocols. Hospitalization Data: Collected through patient reports and confirmed by medical records. Symptom Deterioration: Assessed using validated tools such as the EDE-Q6.0 and clinical interviews conducted by trained staff. Clinical Intervention Use: Recorded in patient files, including initiation of new treatments during follow-up. Statistics Analysis Population Both the Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol populations will be analyzed. ITT analysis will include all participants who are randomized, regardless of protocol adherence, to ensure generalizability. Per-protocol analysis will focus on participants who completed the study as planned, ensuring the assessment of efficacy under ideal conditions. Statistical Analyses Primary Baseline Analyses: The primary analyses will involve descriptive statistics for demographic and baseline characteristics, ensuring comparability across groups, and control for follow-up measurements. Primary Endpoints analysis We will analyze differences in the number of participants and severity experiencing adverse event/serious adverse event (AE/SAE) between the groups standardized forms for AE/SAE capturing: Event description, Start and end dates, Severity (e.g., mild, moderate, severe), Relatedness to intervention (assessed by safety review committee), Action taken. The primary statistical methods will be: Descriptive Frequencies and Percentages. Comparing Proportions (Most Common for \"Incidence\") (Chi-squared test (or Fisher's Exact Test): Fisher's exact test is preferred for small cell counts (\\ 1 would indicate a higher risk in the intervention group. Comparing Severity and Relatedness is assessed with Mann-Whitney U test or Student t-test to compare severity distributions between groups. Secondary Endpoints: For secondary endpoints (e.g., changes in fMRI connectivity, BDNF, rating scales), group comparisons, including t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Repeated Measures ANOVA will be utilized. When controlling for variables such as individual differences, ANCOVA or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) will be utilized. Principal component analysis (PCA) or independent component analysis (ICA) may be applied to identify patterns in fMRI data. Endpoints include longitudinal between- and within-person analyses. When dichotomous (binary) outcome variables: Binary outcomes (e.g., remission, response rates) will be analyzed using logistic regression models, adjusting for baseline characteristics such as age, baseline BMI, and symptom severity. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals will be reported. When continuous (dimensional) variables (e.g., BMI, BDNF levels, cognitive flexibility) will be analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, and regression models of various types. Other: Exploratory Subgroup Analyses: Exploratory subgroup analyses will assess treatment effects across different strata (e.g., age groups, baseline severity) using interaction terms in regression models or stratified analyses to explore heterogeneity in treatment responses. Other: Sensitivity Analyses: Sensitivity analyses will address missing data using methods such as multiple imputation or maximum likelihood estimation. These methods ensure robustness of the findings by accounting for the potential impact of missing data on primary and secondary outcomes. Adjustment of Significance and Confidence Interval A Bonferroni correction or false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment will be applied for multiple comparisons to control Type I error. Results will be presented with 95% confidence intervals, and significance will be set at a two-tailed p-value of \\", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07169747", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07169747\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3016, "title": "Inhibition of cortico-amygdala projections underlies affective bias modification by psilocybin", "normalized_title": "inhibition of cortico amygdala projections underlies affective bias modification by psilocybin", "authors": "Claydon MDB, Hinchcliffe JK, Bartlett J, Golden CT, Thomas CW, Gilmour G, Mellor JR, Bortolotto ZA, Robinson ESJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can produce rapid and enduring antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)[1, 2], yet the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Negative affective biases are an important neuropsychological mechanism central to the development and perpetuation of MDD[3]. Using a translational rodent model, we previously demonstrated that psilocybin modulates negative affective biases which, we hypothesize, contribute to its antidepressant effects[4]. Here, we identify the prelimbic subregion (PrL) of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a key locus for the modulation of affective biases by psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, and reveal a cell-type-specific bidirectional regulation of synaptic transmission. Psilocin selectively suppressed excitatory synaptic input to cortico-amygdala (CA) projection neurons, but enhanced excitatory transmission to other, putatively cortico-cortical, targets. Interestingly, suppression of the excitatory input to CA cells by psilocin, and modulation of affective biases by psilocybin, were both dependent on 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A receptor signaling. Consistent with the long-term therapeutic effects of rapidly acting antidepressants[1, 2, 4, 5], psilocin produced sustained changes to affective biases evident 24 hours after PrL infusion. In parallel, the suppressed excitatory transmission shifted to enhanced inhibitory synaptic input selectively in CA cells. Finally, chemogenetic inhibition of CA neurons in PrL recapitulated both the acute and sustained modulation of negative affective biases by psilocybin, as well as positively biasing new reward memories. Together, these findings identify modulation of the PrL cortico-amygdala circuit as a key substrate for affective bias modification by psilocybin, an effect which could explain its rapid and sustained antidepressant actions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.02.709133", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.02.709133", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1221362\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 191, "title": "Serotonergic modulation of cortical gamma synchronization: right-lateralized psilocin effects on 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses in rats.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic modulation of cortical gamma synchronization right lateralized psilocin effects on 40 hz auditory steady state responses in rats", "authors": "Griškova-Bulanova I, Vejmola Č, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs), particularly at 40 Hz, are promising biomarkers for psychiatric disorders involving dysregulated neural synchronization. Although most ASSR studies have focused on the glutamatergic system, the serotonergic system, specifically 5-HT2A receptor signaling, has received limited attention. Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin and a known 5-HT2A receptor agonist, alters cortical oscillatory activity, but its effects on ASSR dynamics remain unclear. In this study, we examined psilocin's effects on ASSRs in eight adult male Wistar rats implanted with 21 cortical electrodes. The rats were exposed to 40 Hz and 80 Hz click-train stimulation before and 30 min after subcutaneous psilocin administration (4 mg/kg). EEG signals were analyzed using time-frequency decomposition to extract phase-locking index (PLI) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) values from frontal and temporal regions of both hemispheres. Psilocin selectively decreased PLI at 40 Hz stimulation in the right temporal cortex, with no significant changes in the frontal or left temporal regions, nor in response to 80 Hz stimulation. ERSP analysis revealed a global reduction in spectral power after psilocin administration in response to 80 Hz stimuli, but no consistent effects at 40 Hz. These results indicate that psilocin induces region- and frequency-specific alterations in auditory neural synchronization, characterized by right-lateralized disruption of 40 Hz phase-locking. This highlights the sensitivity of low-gamma oscillations to serotonergic modulation and supports the use of ASSR paradigms in translational models of altered perceptual and cognitive states.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first preclinical study to demonstrate that psilocin selectively disrupts auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) in rats in a frequency- and region-specific manner. The findings indicate a right-lateralized reduction in phase-locking at 40 Hz, along with a global suppression of spectral power at 80 Hz. These results provide new insights into the serotonergic modulation of neural synchrony and support the use of ASSRs as a translational biomarker for altered perceptual states.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00519.2025", "pubmed_id": "41779518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00519.2025", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Hallucinogens, Cortical Synchronization, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Perception, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Male, Functional Laterality, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Gamma Rhythm, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41779518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7133517857" }, { "id": 1981, "title": "Psilocybin Reshapes Anterior Cingulate Network Neuropathic Topology to Reduce Chronic Pain", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reshapes anterior cingulate network neuropathic topology to reduce chronic pain", "authors": "Greg Corder, Sophie Rogers, Corinna Oswell", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Pain", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105705", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105705", "keywords": "Medicine, Neuropathic pain, Chronic pain, Neuroscience, Network topology, Topology (electrical circuits), Computer science, Psilocybin, Anterior cingulate cortex, Nerve net, Cingulate cortex, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Mechanisms and Treatments, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140227436\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7140227436\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Greg Corder\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Sophie Rogers\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Corinna Oswell\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S194302669\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Pain\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105705\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7140227436" }, { "id": 1979, "title": "Journeying into Right Relations: Scientists Turn to Psilocybin to Shift Psychological Burdens of Global Environmental Change and Find Transformational Pathways Forward", "normalized_title": "journeying into right relations scientists turn to psilocybin to shift psychological burdens of global environmental change and find transformational pathways forward", "authors": "David Wrathall, Hannah Gosnell, Fern Wickson, Erika Spanger, Associates*", "abstract": "This paper follows 8 scientists who ventured into the world of psychedelics on a quest to find transformational pathways forward. Each have worked on aspects of global environmental change for decades, and observing environmental crises converging into a global polycrisis/metacrisis with genuine potential for collapse, we have all carried psychological burdens, including fatigue, anxiety, grief, and hopelessness. Psilocybin offers potential for alleviating and transforming these burdens, and for shining light towards creative ways forward. Through professional connections and quiet conversations, we came together to conduct a participatory self-study to directly explore this potential. The study was conducted in Oregon, which offers a legal framework for the administration of psilocybin. We embarked with thoughtful preparation, group intention setting, and integration protocols. This paper recounts our journey together, including vignettes of our experiences; a preliminary synthesis of learnings; and a glimpse of insights that continue today. We emerged with a powerful, common insight: it is impossible to learn “right relations” outside of relationship, and that righting of relations for our transformed, collective future is an act of love. We tell our story in the hope of enlivening conversations, actions, and further investigation of psychedelic-assisted approaches for fostering resilience and realizing transformative change.", "journal": "Action Research", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/14767503251404263", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/14767503251404263", "keywords": "Transformative learning, Transformational leadership, Psilocybin, Environmental ethics, Psychological resilience, Sociology, Environmental change, Psychology, Citizen journalism, Global citizenship, Public relations, Abandonment (legal), Paradigm shift, Resilience (materials science), Global mental health, Epistemology, Social psychology, Consciousness, Creativity, Sustainability, Global South, Political science, Engineering ethics, Participatory action research, Divestment, Agency (philosophy), Social science, Sentience, Self, Grit, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7134987872\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7134987872\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W780262819\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974958265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054778621\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087067461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090699914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131774076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473015971\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588924679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2657342869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2740576590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784860341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794911589\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801657541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894555852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912776691\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921592788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2922301173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944284824\",\"https://openalex.org/W2982214699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992212698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996233343\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048407891\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091857646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091886538\",\"https://openalex.org/W3099018302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112064661\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118937154\",\"https://openalex.org/W3170579367\",\"https://openalex.org/W3173955184\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185832513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203103338\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200167589\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225410099\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254332205\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282560223\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288758418\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291009268\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292574083\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295997603\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308569290\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311063951\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313144374\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313201591\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313544662\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317708478\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319344532\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321601256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378472787\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378905467\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379649152\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382811259\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382987087\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383334773\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386020913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305685\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390271950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394960869\",\"https://openalex.org/W4397013362\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403104555\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406027414\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406147058\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407037724\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409360620\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005385573\",\"display_name\":\"David Wrathall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-6534\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5128796180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah Gosnell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5128755864\",\"display_name\":\"Fern Wickson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5099588360\",\"display_name\":\"Erika Spanger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-8322\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Associates*\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S42868818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Action Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/14767503251404263\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Resilience,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7134987872" }, { "id": 259, "title": "Psychedelics and the Extracellular Matrix: Rewiring Neuroplasticity and Metaplasticity for Next-Generation Psychiatric Therapies.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the extracellular matrix rewiring neuroplasticity and metaplasticity for next generation psychiatric therapies", "authors": "Zhang J, Lin C, Lv X, Zhao H, Wang X.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have emerged as potent modulators of neuroplasticity and metaplasticity in the adult brain, offering novel therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent findings reveal that beyond their transient psychotropic effects, these compounds activate serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and downstream signaling cascades-including CaMKII (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) pathways-thereby inducing synaptogenesis, dendritic spine remodeling, and transcription of the immediate early genes. Critically, the brain's extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly perineuronal nets (PNNs), has been identified as a central regulator of synaptic stability and a key target of psychedelic action. Psychedelics transiently disrupt ECM integrity by loosening PNNs and reorganizing pericellular scaffolds, a process that reopens developmentally restricted critical periods of plasticity and restores circuit-level flexibility. These ECM-mediated metaplastic effects appear essential to the sustained therapeutic outcomes observed in the clinical studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction, and potentially neurodegenerative diseases. This article synthesizes current cellular, molecular, and translational evidence highlighting the ECM as a dynamic and permissive substrate through which classic psychedelics exert long-lasting structural and functional brain changes, underscoring its potential as a target for precision interventions in neuropsychiatric care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011", "pubmed_id": "41765343", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41765343\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 262, "title": "Calcium activation mechanism of a noncanonical aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase from psilocybin mushroom Psilocybe cubensis", "normalized_title": "calcium activation mechanism of a noncanonical aromatic l amino acid decarboxylase from psilocybin mushroom psilocybe cubensis", "authors": "Tianjie Li, Erin. E. Reynolds, Ziqi Wang, Michael P. Torrens-Spence, Jing-Ke Weng, Yi Wang", "abstract": "PcncAAAD is a noncanonical fungal aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) featuring a unique appendage C-terminal domain (CTD) and two metal-binding sites. Unlike its mammalian and plant counterparts, PcncAAAD is activated by calcium, although the exact activation mechanism remains unclear. Here, we establish an in silico RMSD-based evaluation model through molecular dynamics simulations, validated by in vitro enzyme assays, to decipher the enzyme's calcium activation mechanism. The metal-binding site at the intra-monomer interface between the N-terminal domain and the CTD (site A) is found to play a primary role in the calcium activation of PcncAAAD, whereas the secondary site within the unique CTD (site B) contributes to the calcium-mediated stabilization of enzyme structure. Binding of calcium, but not sodium, exerts a profound influence on PcncAAAD activity by stabilizing a \"lid-rim\" structure underlying site A, which in turn maintains the integrity of the substrate-binding environment. In silico mutations disrupting site A or the lid-rim structure show severe structural distortion of the active site, leading to reduced or even eliminated activity as demonstrated by in vitro assays. These findings deepen our understanding of metal-activatable enzymes and hold promise for the rational design of engineered enzymes for the synthesis of aromatic amino acid derivatives.", "journal": "Communications Biology", "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-09756-y", "pubmed_id": "41748824", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09756-y", "keywords": "Biochemistry, Chemistry, Enzyme, Active site, In silico, In vitro, Enzyme activator, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Stereochemistry, Calcium, Cell biology, Pharmacophore, Rational design, Biophysics, Binding site, Calcium signaling, Mechanism of action, Mechanism (biology), Glutamate decarboxylase, Protein structure, Structure-activity relationship, Signal transduction, Biology, Molecular model, C2 domain, Polyamine Metabolism and Applications, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:31", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131639414\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131639414\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1980374511\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985405860\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989641248\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997772366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004585452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017544790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019807106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021520922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029667189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035266068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043203446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043618186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057477511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058538213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060177102\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060433756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064201889\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065283382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067174909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070753604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080550444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097546936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101749711\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128572087\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150180767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165779834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167832495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2327581403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330799739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2503177192\",\"https://openalex.org/W2555870966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903438963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985718981\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023223035\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046751266\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120768915\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133754725\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209502243\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200524940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211196614\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238040583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243089431\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392600298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400650704\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409050148\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411919202\",\"https://openalex.org/W7118798350\",\"https://openalex.org/W7127964914\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126895885\",\"display_name\":\"Tianjie Li\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071458709\",\"display_name\":\"Erin. E. Reynolds\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126868826\",\"display_name\":\"Ziqi Wang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074471537\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Torrens-Spence\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2644-1712\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038549035\",\"display_name\":\"Jing-Ke Weng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3059-0075\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126906437\",\"display_name\":\"Yi Wang\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210225776\",\"source_display_name\":\"Communications Biology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09756-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7131639414" }, { "id": 247, "title": "Pharmacological regulation of adult brain neuroplasticity: Synergistic roles of neuropeptide signaling, psychedelics, and synaptic modulators.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological regulation of adult brain neuroplasticity synergistic roles of neuropeptide signaling psychedelics and synaptic modulators", "authors": "Shokr MM, Fawzy MN, Abdelaziz AM.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to modify synaptic connections and reorganize neural circuits, underpinning cognitive function, emotional regulation, and recovery from injury. Recent advances have redefined adult neuroplasticity as more dynamic and therapeutically accessible than previously thought, spurring investigation into pharmacological interventions that can augment these adaptive processes. This review dissects current evidence for drug strategies targeting synaptic modulators (NMDA, AMPA, and GABA receptors), neuropeptide systems (including BDNF, oxytocin, vasopressin), and psychedelic compounds (psilocybin, LSD, ketamine), integrating insights from cellular, preclinical, and clinical studies. We detail how these agents modulate molecular pathways governing synaptic transmission, dendritic remodeling, and gene expression linked to neuronal growth and resilience. Highlighted findings include the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists, the structural and functional reorganization induced by classic psychedelics via 5-HT2A receptor activation, and the neurorestorative roles of neuropeptides in synaptic and network adaptation. Alongside these advances, we critically address safety, ethical considerations, and the risk of maladaptive plasticity, underscoring the importance of dosing, patient selection, and controlled therapeutic environments. Non-hallucinogenic neuroplastogens and combinatorial approaches that are still emerging offer new avenues to fine-tune plasticity with an improved safety profile. The collective evidence positions neuroplasticity-targeting pharmacology as a promising and complex frontier for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in adulthood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104076", "pubmed_id": "41763341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104076", "keywords": "Brain, Synapses, Animals, Humans, Neuropeptides, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41763341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3113, "title": "Mindfulness-Based Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (MB-PAT) for cancer-related demoralization in Canada: the case for a hybrid group-based delivery model", "normalized_title": "mindfulness based psilocybin assisted therapy mb pat for cancer related demoralization in canada the case for a hybrid group based delivery model", "authors": "", "abstract": "Demoralization syndrome (DS) - a distinct clinical entity characterized by helplessness, hopelessness, and a persistent loss of meaning - affects approximately one in five Canadians with advanced cancer and is associated with increased desire for hastened death, negative clinical outcomes, and higher economic burden, yet recognition and treatment of DS remains suboptimal in modern oncology. While current pharmacological treatments fail to address demoralization's existential dimensions, and despite the potential effectiveness of a number of psychosocial interventions, not everyone responds to behavioral therapies and they remain chronically underfunded in mainstream oncology. Mindfulness-Based Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (MB-PAT) offers enhanced therapeutic potential by synergistically integrating evidence-based mindfulness training with psilocybin's neuroplastic effects; however, the traditional dyadic delivery model limits scalability within healthcare s settings. This viewpoint opines that MB-PAT delivered in a group format represents a potentially optimal solution to this evidence-implementation gap. Our contention is that MB-PAT may harness synergistic biopsychosocial mechanisms that directly counter the isolation of demoralization through an integrative approach. We finish by highlighting the Canadian Network for Psychedelic-Assisted Cancer Therapy (CAN-PACT) as a pioneering initiative poised to generate critical evidence, infrastructure and capacity through its planned multi-phase initiatives and projects. By leveraging existing group-therapy infrastructure and therapist familiarity with mindfulness-based interventions as the basis for multi-site national clinical trials, and developing a scalable, equity-focused delivery model, MB-PAT offers a pragmatic pathway to integrate potentially transformative existential care into publicly funded Canadian oncology practice.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yrgkf_v1", "keywords": "Canadian healthcare, cancer, demoralization, existential distress, group therapy, implementation science, mindfulness, mindfulness-based interventions, palliative care, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelic medicine, psychedelics, psychosocial oncology, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"yrgkf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 273, "title": "Network pharmacology and molecular simulation reveal the entourage effect mechanisms of psilocybin-producing mushrooms on the brain", "normalized_title": "network pharmacology and molecular simulation reveal the entourage effect mechanisms of psilocybin producing mushrooms on the brain", "authors": "Zurika Murray, Angélique Lewies, Johannes F. Wentzel, Marietjie Schutte-Smith, Elizabeth Erasmus, Anwar E.M. Noreljaleel, Hendrik G. Visser, Anke Wilhelm, Abdul Rashid Issahaku", "abstract": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating psychiatric disorders has gained attention recently. While most research has focused on isolated psilocybin, evidence suggests that whole mushroom extracts exhibit greater efficacy, implicating a possible entourage effect of additional bioactive compounds. This study aimed to elucidate the holistic neuropharmacological effects of psilocybin-producing mushroom compounds through a computational framework incorporating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. Fifteen mushroom-derived compounds were identified from literature, of which eight exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Target prediction and network analysis identified 44 brain-localized proteins with partial biological connectivity. Functional enrichment and pathway analyses implicate key neurological pathways. The compounds exhibited strong docking scores to neurologically relevant targets. Several compounds formed stable salt bridges with the Asp155 residue of HTR2A, mirroring serotonin’s binding behavior. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed high residence stability of the compounds within the binding pockets of HTR2A and MAOA. These findings support a mechanistic rationale for the enhanced efficacy of whole mushroom extracts over isolated psilocybin and underscore the therapeutic potential of other constituent compounds. The study highlights the importance of multi-target interactions in mediating neuropsychiatric effects and provides a foundation for further investigations into the synergistic roles of these compounds in CNS modulation.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2026-02-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-39483-7", "pubmed_id": "41691031", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39483-7", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacology, Computational biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Docking (animal), Molecular model, Biology, Molecular Pharmacology, Mechanism of action, Molecular dynamics, Mushroom, Bioinformatics, Mirroring, Biochemistry, Molecular descriptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Silymarin and Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128912015\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128912015\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W77478258\",\"https://openalex.org/W1268986240\",\"https://openalex.org/W1941251942\",\"https://openalex.org/W1942766393\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973413376\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983814298\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985588649\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010427019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016437478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028798936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031832463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069122038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073570537\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105657039\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109852750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143389076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157520113\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158600679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159675211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2177317049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2204695023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340466093\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2542493272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2593436234\",\"https://openalex.org/W2764309060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794118706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946412700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951080359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094690508\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167019654\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210183659\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223616281\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307348245\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308768859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319298186\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365517193\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378217890\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385503393\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389912710\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391970820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393119449\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403479110\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403860154\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405083111\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406904437\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010272892\",\"display_name\":\"Zurika Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1836-3040\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126023006\",\"display_name\":\"Angélique Lewies\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006974460\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes F. Wentzel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-2673\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106804137\",\"display_name\":\"Marietjie Schutte-Smith\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048547840\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth Erasmus\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0546-697X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075157113\",\"display_name\":\"Anwar E.M. Noreljaleel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-0554\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045678329\",\"display_name\":\"Hendrik G. Visser\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-1232\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028191149\",\"display_name\":\"Anke Wilhelm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-5589\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044280726\",\"display_name\":\"Abdul Rashid Issahaku\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9012-436X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39483-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7128912015" }, { "id": 275, "title": "Time-Dependent Effects of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in iPSC-Derived Neurons from Treatment-Resistant Depression and Healthy Volunteers", "normalized_title": "time dependent effects of rapid acting antidepressants in ipsc derived neurons from treatment resistant depression and healthy volunteers", "authors": "Johnston J, Jones G, Peng S, Yuan P, Yavi M, Kadriu B, Henter I, Quintanilla B, Elkahloun AG, Moaddel R, Schulmann A, Akula N, Kvarta M, McMahon F, Zarate C.", "abstract": "Abstract Rapid-acting antidepressants like ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics show promise for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but the molecular mechanisms that contribute to their therapeutic effects remain unclear. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a platform to model human cortical neurons and investigate drug effects in a human-relevant system. Here, iPSCs from individuals with TRD and healthy volunteers (HVs) were differentiated into mature cortical-like neurons and treated for six and 24 hours with agents being investigated as rapid-acting antidepressants, including (2 R,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing assessed global and cell-type-specific transcriptomic responses. Synaptic proteins were evaluated via Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. To validate translational relevance, transcriptomic results were compared to CSF proteomics from ketamine-treated HVs. Despite differing initial pharmacological targets, overall gene expression across all compounds was highly correlated at matched timepoints compared to vehicle control, suggesting shared downstream effects. Both glutamatergic and serotonergic drugs converged on pathways involving inflammation, mTORC1 signaling, and cellular growth. At the single-cell level, HNK showed distinct cell-type specific alterations: upregulation in excitatory neurons and concomitant downregulation of inhibitory neuron populations. Differentially expressed genes from HNK-treated neurons also overlapped with CSF proteomic signatures from ketamine-treated individuals, supporting the model’s translational relevance. This study is the first to assess multiple putative rapid-acting antidepressants in parallel using an iPSC-derived neuron model. Both convergent and drug-specific changes in gene expression and pathway enrichment were observed across diverse compounds, supporting the use of human iPSC-derived neurons in antidepressant drug discovery. Clinical Trial Registry: www.clinical trials.gov, NCT02484456", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8733841/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8733841/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1154314\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics,Proteomics,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4091, "title": "Activity-Dependent Neural Rewiring: Mechanisms of Psilocybin-Induced Cortical Network Reorganization", "normalized_title": "activity dependent neural rewiring mechanisms of psilocybin induced cortical network reorganization", "authors": "Zen Revista", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin, have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential for mental health disorders through mechanisms involving structural neural plasticity. This comprehensive review examines recent breakthrough research revealing how psilocybin triggers activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks. Using monosynaptic rabies viral tracing, researchers have mapped the brain-wide distribution of inputs to pyramidal neurons in the mouse dorsal medial frontal cortex, discovering that psilocybin induces highly network-specific reorganization. The drug strengthens pathways routing sensory and retrosplenial inputs to subcortical targets while weakening cortico-cortical recurrent loops. Critically, this rewiring depends on neural activity patterns during drug administration, as demonstrated through chemogenetic silencing experiments. These findings provide crucial insights into psychedelic mechanisms and suggest novel approaches for enhancing therapeutic outcomes through targeted neuromodulation combined with psychedelic treatment. This paper synthesizes the current understanding of psilocybin’s effects on neural connectivity, discusses implications for mental health treatment, and explores future directions for optimizing psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2026-02-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18501568", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501568", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Neuromodulation, Psilocybin, Neural activity, Sensory system, Psychology, Mechanism (biology), Neuroplasticity, Gene silencing, Synapse, Biological neural network, Dorsum, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Nerve net, Biology, Artificial neural network, Computer science, Thalamus, Macaque, Neuroimaging, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128047664\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7128047664\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120933120\",\"display_name\":\"Zen Revista\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501568\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7128047664" }, { "id": 4089, "title": "Activity-Dependent Neural Rewiring by Psilocybin: A Monosynaptic Rabies Virus Tracing Study", "normalized_title": "activity dependent neural rewiring by psilocybin a monosynaptic rabies virus tracing study", "authors": "Zen Revista", "abstract": "Recent advances in neuroscience have revealed unprecedented insights into how psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, induces therapeutic neural plasticity. This paper reviews groundbreaking research conducted by Cornell University and the Allen Institute for Brain Science, which employed genetically modified rabies virus for monosynaptic circuit tracing to map brain-wide connectivity changes following psilocybin administration. Using this innovative methodology, researchers discovered that psilocybin triggers network-specific neural rewiring that is activity-dependent and programmable. The study demonstrates that psilocybin strengthens sensory-motor pathways while weakening cortical-cortical feedback loops associated with rumination and depression. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant, non-random patterns of synaptic reorganization (p = 6 × 10⁻⁵), with sensory regions showing up to 10% increases in connectivity and self-referential regions exhibiting up to 15% decreases. Critically, neural activity during the psilocybin window determines which circuits are strengthened or weakened, suggesting therapeutic interventions could be optimized by controlling sensory and cognitive experiences during treatment. These findings provide mechanistic insights into psilocybin’s rapid antidepressant effects and establish a foundation for precision psychedelic therapeutics.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2026-02-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18501514", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501514", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Biological neural network, Sensory system, Neural activity, Biology, Cognition, Psychology, Antidepressant, Rabies virus, Cognitive science, Nerve net, Lyssavirus, Optogenetics, Tracing, Calcium imaging, Computer science, Cognitive map, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127925138\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127925138\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120933120\",\"display_name\":\"Zen Revista\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18501514\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7127925138" }, { "id": 280, "title": "Acute psilocin increased cortical activity in rat", "normalized_title": "acute psilocin increased cortical activity in rat", "authors": "Junhong Liu, Y. Lynn Wang, Ke Xia, Jia-Bin Wu, Danhao Zheng, Aoling Cai, Haitao Yan, Ruibin Su", "abstract": "Psilocin, a naturally occurring hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms, exerts notable psychoactive effects in both humans and rodents. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. Blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable tool in many preclinical and clinical trials for investigating changes of brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) due to its noninvasive nature and widespread availability. However, fMRI effects of psilocin on rats have not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to explore the impact of psilocin on rats' brain activity by combining BOLD fMRI and immunofluorescence (IF) of EGR1, an immediate early gene (IEG) closely related to depressive symptoms. Ten minutes after psilocin hydrochloride injection (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), elevated brain activity was detected in the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex (including the cingulate cortex and retrosplenial cortex), hippocampus, and striatum. Moreover, a region-of-interest (ROI) -wise FC analysis matrix indicated enhanced interconnectivity of several regions, such as the cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum, prelimbic, and limbic regions. Further seed-based analyses revealed increased FC of cingulate cortex with the cortical and striatal areas. In addition to the fMRI observations, acute psilocin led to an increase in the EGR1 level in most cortical and striatal regions, indicating a consistent activation throughout the cortical and striatal areas. In conclusion, the psilocin-induced hyperactive state in rats is congruent to that in humans, and the increased brain activity, enhanced functional connectivity and up-regulation of EGR1 may be responsible for its pharmacological effects.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-02-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1593703", "pubmed_id": "41716660", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1593703", "keywords": "Retrosplenial cortex, Neuroscience, Cingulate cortex, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Cortex (anatomy), Posterior cingulate, Cerebral cortex, Hippocampal formation, Anterior cingulate cortex, Chemistry, Psychology, Premovement neuronal activity, Hippocampus, Infralimbic cortex, Hallucinogen, Limbic system, Brain mapping, Central nervous system, Amygdala, Human brain, Resting state fMRI, Perirhinal cortex, Posterior parietal cortex, Entorhinal cortex, Medicine, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Functional Brain Connectivity Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127681443\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127681443\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W878533373\",\"https://openalex.org/W1218133796\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607671357\",\"https://openalex.org/W1691941589\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970108241\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974316717\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976431827\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986624071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011889986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020778578\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024875626\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025204726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032386770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035462451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039169438\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050297923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057478907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061494834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064153375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072522618\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075556735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079818797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080962980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083207963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093593858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097983973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2224527671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2234472934\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2595255406\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623311414\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767241173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886680918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887016981\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914710263\",\"https://openalex.org/W2924763228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953062348\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953739743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994882463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3017727512\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093454394\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162476260\",\"https://openalex.org/W3187804795\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214570845\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220674386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220838968\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280648670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291170424\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378084778\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407243631\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408783890\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417046154\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125016007\",\"display_name\":\"Junhong Liu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062344658\",\"display_name\":\"Y. Lynn Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-1212\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123289603\",\"display_name\":\"Ke Xia\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066467728\",\"display_name\":\"Jia-Bin Wu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-961X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018493023\",\"display_name\":\"Danhao Zheng\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090433356\",\"display_name\":\"Aoling Cai\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2518-1621\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124977098\",\"display_name\":\"Haitao Yan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108315379\",\"display_name\":\"Ruibin Su\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S115201632\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1593703\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7127681443" }, { "id": 1985, "title": "Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behavior and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behavior and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity based anorexia", "authors": "Sheida Shadani, Erika Greaves, Zane B. Andrews, Claire J. Foldi", "abstract": "Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa (AN). These disorders often share social deficits that may be effectively alleviated by psychedelics considering their use has been linked with emotional empathy and enhanced social cognition. However, the mechanisms through which psychedelics alter social behavior are unclear, and mechanistic studies in animal models have largely focused on male subjects. This is problematic for understanding the therapeutic effects relevant for disorders that predominantly affect females, such as AN. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model to characterize their social behavior compared to mice exposed to food restriction (FR), running wheels (RW) or standard housing (Controls) in female mice. Together with these metabolic stressors, we also investigated the effects of psilocybin on the circulating proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is implicated in AN and is suppressed by psychedelics. Psilocybin did not alter sociability in ABA, RW, or FR mice but increased preference for social familiarity (reduced novelty-seeking) in Controls. Novelty-seeking behavior was elevated in both ABA and RW groups, although with distinct social patterns. Psilocybin elevated IL-6 levels in RW mice, which was positively correlated with preference for novelty. No such relationships were found in ABA or FR groups. These findings reveal subtle, context-dependent effects of psilocybin on social behavior and inflammation in female mice, advancing our understanding of how ABA and exercise influence social behavior and inflammatory signaling. They underscore the need to clarify the temporal, neuroplastic, and immune-related mechanisms of psilocybin across sexes and disease models.", "journal": "Psychedelics.", "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.61373/pp026a.0003", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.61373/pp026a.0003", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anorexia, Anorexia nervosa, Anhedonia, Psychology, Empathy, Hallucinogen, Affect (linguistics), Proinflammatory cytokine, Inflammation, Social relation, Differential effects, Social isolation, Animal model, Social inhibition, Prosocial behavior, Mechanism (biology), Social environment, Social stress, Anxiety, Developmental psychology, Clinical psychology, Social contact, Psychopathology, Social identity approach, Social anxiety, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Social behaviour, Social influence, Cytokine, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": 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Shadani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045522179\",\"display_name\":\"Erika Greaves\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007604702\",\"display_name\":\"Zane B. Andrews\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9097-7944\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003584852\",\"display_name\":\"Claire J. Foldi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-8242\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4404675698\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelics.\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.61373/pp026a.0003\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7127440111" }, { "id": 307, "title": "Ketamine, Psychedelics, and Psychotherapy: Reframing, Redefining, Renaming Treatment Models.", "normalized_title": "ketamine psychedelics and psychotherapy reframing redefining renaming treatment models", "authors": "Swainson J, Brietzke E, Khullar A, McIntyre RS, Soares CN", "abstract": "There has been a renewed interest in the use of various psychedelic agents as potential therapies for multiple psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), to name a few. This follows the recent accumulation of evidence for ketamine pharmacotherapy and a rapid proliferation of clinics/programs offering a variety of ketamine based treatments. A quick glance at the existing evidence, however, reveals a confusing scenario for patients, healthcare providers, and regulators. Overall, there are no standard definitions of what constitutes a psychotherapeutic intervention within a psychedelic-based or a ketamine-based treatment. More specifically, studies have not always distinguished between using a well-known, manualized psychotherapy, providing psychoeducation and psychological support, or providing a therapy specifically to integrate the drug experience in psychedelic trials. Also, it is difficult to determine the role of the psychedelic agent as a stand-alone treatment, and the relative importance (if any) of the psychedelic experience for the desired therapeutic effect. In this perspective, we discuss the evolving landscape of psychedelic-based and ketamine-based treatments, highlighting different therapeutic models, their methodologies, and the need for clearer definitions and rigorous clinical trials. The document proposes three new definitions to improve clarity in evaluating the effects of these agents and the role of psychotherapies. We suggest language that will distinguish: (1) when the drug is used for its pharmacologic effects as a stand-alone treatment, without requiring the psychedelic experience or combined psychotherapy; (2) when the treatment requires the acute psychological effects of the drug to assist psychotherapy and (3) When ketamine or a psychedelic agent is used in combination with a structured, manualized psychotherapy that could be implemented even in the absence of these agents. We hope that this new terminology and definitions will help distinguish the various therapeutic roles of these agents (as stand-alone treatments or in combination with psychotherapies), and facilitate study designs, regulatory pathways, and more informed patient care.Plain Language Summary TitleKetamine, Psychedelics, and Psychotherapy: Understanding treatment models to better inform practice.", "journal": "Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/07067437251389090", "pubmed_id": "41148143", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41148143/", "keywords": "MDMA, PTSD, depression, ketamine, nomenclature, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, terminology, therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41148143\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 300, "title": "Placebo Effects in the Treatment of Depression-Implications for the Psychedelic Renaissance.", "normalized_title": "placebo effects in the treatment of depression implications for the psychedelic renaissance", "authors": "Ansari M, Elliott SI, Holmes SE, Sanacora G", "abstract": "The development of novel, rapid-acting treatments and the resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic-like compounds has stimulated excitement and enthusiasm within the pharmaceutical industry, and provided new hope for millions of individuals suffering with mental illness such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. This review summarizes the scope and mechanisms of placebo related effects in depression treatment trials, with a particular focus on their implications for psychedelic-like compounds. We examine how expectancy, therapeutic setting, and trial design interact to shape outcomes and consider emerging approaches for mitigating, measuring, or even harnessing placebo-effects in future research.", "journal": "Neurologic clinics", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.ncl.2025.08.009", "pubmed_id": "41232997", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41232997/", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Ketamine, MDMA, Masking, Placebo, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Unblinding", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41232997\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1988, "title": "Psilocybin-Induced Neuroplasticity and Sustained Antidepressant Effects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced neuroplasticity and sustained antidepressant effects", "authors": "Anna Maria Komarczewska, Filip Matusiak, Klaudia Brzoza, Michał Kociński, Patryk Iglewski, Michał Pietrasz", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted interventions have shown rapid reductions in depressive symptoms in controlled clinical settings, raising questions about biological mechanisms supporting durability beyond the acute drug effect. [5,7] Mechanistic accounts increasingly focus on neuroplasticity as a candidate pathway linking transient serotonergic receptor activation to longer-lasting psychological and clinical change. [2,6] To synthesize evidence from the publications regarding (1) antidepressant clinical outcomes after psilocybin-assisted interventions and (2) neuroplasticity-related biological findings that plausibly support sustained improvement. [2,3] Narrative review using only (clinical trials/secondary analyses and mechanistic animal/neuroimaging work). Evidence was summarized qualitatively; no meta-analysis was performed. [2,16] Randomized and open-label clinical studies report rapid symptom reduction and follow-up persistence in major depression and cancer-related depression/anxiety, including six-month outcomes in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) protocols with psychological support. [4,5,7,19] Preclinical work provides convergent evidence of plasticity-relevant change after psilocybin, including structural synaptic remodeling in frontal cortex and hippocampal plasticity-related outcomes in extinction learning paradigms. [3,8] Human neuroimaging work reports changes consistent with altered large-scale brain dynamics after psilocybin and TRD-related mechanistic findings on fMRI. [6,20] Across the uploaded dataset, psilocybin-assisted therapy is associated with rapid antidepressant effects and durability signals in selected samples, while convergent animal and human mechanistic findings support neuroplasticity as a biologically plausible contributor to sustained clinical improvement. [2,3]", "journal": "Quality in Sport", "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216", "keywords": "Neuroplasticity, Antidepressant, Neuroscience, Serotonergic, Neuroimaging, Psychology, Medicine, Psychological intervention, Exposure therapy, Mechanism (biology), Depression (economics), Neuroprotection, Functional neuroimaging, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Fluoxetine, Clinical psychology, Translational research, Major depressive disorder, Quality of life (healthcare), Hippocampal formation, Neuropharmacology, Neuromodulation, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Synaptic plasticity, Preclinical research, Treatment-resistant depression, Homeostatic plasticity, Animal studies, Human studies, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126403964\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126403964\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124486965\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Maria Komarczewska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122198948\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Matusiak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122068243\",\"display_name\":\"Klaudia Brzoza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117509697\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Kociński\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117509696\",\"display_name\":\"Patryk Iglewski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124479078\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Pietrasz\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210230959\",\"source_display_name\":\"Quality in Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7126403964" }, { "id": 313, "title": "Regarding “The molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide: evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses”", "normalized_title": "regarding the molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses", "authors": "Jesper L. Kristensen", "abstract": "Clinical investigations into the therapeutic actions of psilocybin have been the focus of much attention in recent years as duly cited in the manuscript.The authors of the present manuscript discuss potential targets through which psilocybin may help prevent suicide using computational network pharmacology coupled with molecular docking investigations.Unfortunately, the manuscript contains the following oversight: Psilocybin is rapidly converted to psilocin in plasmai.e., psilocybin is a prodrug of psilocin, see Fig. 1 [1].The acute subjective effects of psilocybin are correlated with the plasma concentration and serotonin 2 A receptor occupancy of psilocin [2] and the authors also reference this study in the manuscript (Reference 66).Therefore, any therapeutic effects elicited by psilocybin can be attributed to the active metabolite psilocin, and potentially the metabolites of psilocinnot psilocybin.Furthermore, CryoEM structures of Psilocin in complex with the serotonin 2 A receptor are also available [3].Thus, the discussion on the binding of psilocybin to various proteins in the present manuscript is nonsensical in the context of trying to shed light on the therapeutic effects of Psilocybin in humans.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03844-7", "pubmed_id": "41620438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03844-7", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Chemistry, Molecular Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Psychopharmacology, Computational biology, Medicine, Docking (animal), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126417845\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7126417845\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408608578\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016691908\",\"display_name\":\"Jesper L. Kristensen\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03844-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7126417845" }, { "id": 1989, "title": "PSILOCYBIN IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE AND PSYCHEDELIC-ASSISTED THERAPY FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in psychiatric practice and psychedelic assisted therapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Łukasz Deska, Cezary Kosmecki, Dawid Głaz, Natalia Kamińska, Wojciech Sołtys, Magdalena Stolarczyk, Maksymilian Głaz, Mateusz Stronczyński, Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik, Julia Wawerska", "abstract": "This manuscript comprehensively reviews psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. It aims to synthesize current understanding regarding its mechanisms, efficacy, safety, costs, and accessibility, comparing it with conventional antidepressant and ketamine treatments. The methodology involved a narrative synthesis of academic literature, drawing from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials identified through targeted database searches. Key findings indicate that psilocybin therapy demonstrates rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects, with high response and remission rates, often after one or two sessions. Its safety profile is generally favorable, with transient and mild adverse events. Mechanistically, psilocybin primarily acts on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, modulating brain networks and enhancing neuroplasticity. However, significant challenges exist in terms of high costs, limited accessibility due to the intensive therapeutic model, and regulatory hurdles. In conclusion, psilocybin-assisted therapy offers a promising alternative for depression, particularly where standard treatments fail, by providing rapid and durable symptom reduction through unique neurobiological pathways. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols, exploring long-term outcomes, identifying predictors of response, and addressing systemic barriers to accessibility and cost-effectiveness to facilitate its integration into broader mental healthcare.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Depression (economics), Medicine, Adverse effect, Psychotherapist, Narrative review, Clinical trial, Psychology, Treatment-resistant depression, Clinical Practice, Ketamine, MEDLINE, Systematic review, Clinical psychology, Electroconvulsive therapy, Mental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125929049\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125929049\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2030224179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062101624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996555671\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192281797\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209277823\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213145592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281666404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291227674\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297478109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311508922\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379095570\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386420994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386894189\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388447053\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388732506\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389392873\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389868195\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391842082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393253405\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396814296\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396900907\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398780811\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399323719\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400099913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400335852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402748917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403113128\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403775020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404764894\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404930798\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409528946\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413817374\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122407127\",\"display_name\":\"Łukasz Deska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122670377\",\"display_name\":\"Cezary Kosmecki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121581785\",\"display_name\":\"Dawid Głaz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124103319\",\"display_name\":\"Natalia Kamińska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057447553\",\"display_name\":\"Wojciech Sołtys\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7052-7058\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124074784\",\"display_name\":\"Magdalena Stolarczyk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121597028\",\"display_name\":\"Maksymilian Głaz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121545950\",\"display_name\":\"Mateusz Stronczyński\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121599306\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093377457\",\"display_name\":\"Julia Wawerska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0145-6204\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206754\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125929049" }, { "id": 4100, "title": "The therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in major depressive disorder: A review of recent clinical and mechanistic evidence", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in major depressive disorder a review of recent clinical and mechanistic evidence", "authors": "Fernando Mora López, Johynny Solís Solís, Ekaterina Daniela Hernández Baker, Olger Herrera Barboza, David Diaz Polo, Daniela Consumi Cordero", "abstract": "This review examines the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for major depressive disorder by integrating findings from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and mechanistic research. A comprehensive literature search across major scientific databases identified empirical studies evaluating psilocybin’s effects on depressive symptomatology, safety, and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Psilocybin’s primary pharmacological action as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist leads to alterations in brain connectivity, particularly within networks associated with self-referential processing and emotional regulation. These receptor-level effects are accompanied by neuroplastic changes, including enhanced synaptogenesis and functional reorganization, which contribute to the rapid and sustained antidepressant outcomes observed in clinical settings. Neuroimaging studies further support these mechanisms by demonstrating reductions in amygdala activity and modifications within default mode and executive networks following administration. Clinical evidence consistently indicates that psilocybin produces substantial reductions in depressive symptoms, with meta-analyses reporting large effect sizes and durable benefits lasting from several weeks to as long as one year. Randomized controlled trials highlight its rapid onset of action, with remission rates notably higher than those achieved with conventional treatments, including in populations with treatment-resistant depression. Open-label studies reinforce the durability of these effects and emphasize the essential role of psychotherapeutic support in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Across studies, psilocybin demonstrates a favorable safety profile, with adverse events being mild, transient, and predictable. Despite these promising findings, methodological limitations such as small sample sizes, high heterogeneity, and variability in treatment protocols underscore the need for larger, standardized Phase III trials. Future research should also include direct comparisons with established antidepressants and efforts to identify biomarkers that may guide personalized treatment approaches.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2026-01-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.18375715", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18375715", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Neuroimaging, Psychology, Default mode network, Major depressive disorder, Clinical trial, Adverse effect, Amygdala, Clinical psychology, Functional neuroimaging, Neuroscience, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Neuroplasticity, Psychiatry, Randomized controlled trial, Depressive symptoms, Depression (economics), Psychotherapist, MEDLINE, Disengagement theory, Clinical Practice, Animal studies, Mechanism (biology), Synaptogenesis, Cognition, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125699554\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7125699554\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044911442\",\"display_name\":\"Fernando Mora López\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123855282\",\"display_name\":\"Johynny Solís Solís\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123879550\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Daniela Hernández Baker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123829836\",\"display_name\":\"Olger Herrera Barboza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123850173\",\"display_name\":\"David Diaz Polo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123876686\",\"display_name\":\"Daniela Consumi Cordero\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18375715\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125699554" }, { "id": 277, "title": "Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Fluorinated Reversible N -Alkyl Carbamate Derivatives of Psilocin for Sub-Hallucinogenic Brain Exposure", "normalized_title": "design synthesis and pharmacokinetic profiling of fluorinated reversible n alkyl carbamate derivatives of psilocin for sub hallucinogenic brain exposure", "authors": "Marco Banzato, Martina Colognesi, Lorena Lucatello, Stefano Comai, Gianfranco Pasut, Francesca Capolongo, Laura Orian, Lucia Biasutto, Anna Signor, Daniela Gabbia, Paolo L. Manfredi, Sara De Martin, Andrea Mattarei", "abstract": "High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Psilocybin, the phosphorylated prodrug of psilocin, holds therapeutic promise across a range of neuropsychiatric conditions, yet its clinical utility is constrained by acute psychoactive effects. Here, we report the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of a focused library of fluorinated reversible N -alkyl carbamate derivatives of psilocin aimed at reducing acute psilocin exposure and thereby limiting hallucinogenic-like effects. Carbamate bond stability was systematically modulated by varying the number and positioning of fluorine atoms on the alkyl promoiety. The resulting compounds exhibited finely tuned hydrolysis under physiological conditions. A selected lead compound (4e) showed favorable oral bioavailability and efficient brain penetration while undergoing partial bioconversion to psilocin. Notably, 4e displayed intrinsic serotonergic activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors but induced attenuated psychotropic effects relative to psilocybin. Overall, these findings highlight fluorinated carbamate chemistry as a versatile platform to control psilocin exposure and serotonergic signaling, rather than the development of a classical pharmacologically inert prodrug.", "journal": "Journal of Medicinal Chemistry", "publication_date": "2026-01-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01797", "pubmed_id": "41586631", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01797", "keywords": "Chemistry, Carbamate, Serotonergic, Prodrug, Polar surface area, Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, Chemical synthesis, Combinatorial chemistry, Lead compound, Carboxamide, Desmethyl, Pharmacology, Stereochemistry, Organic chemistry, Amidine, Alkyl, Bioconversion, Lipophilicity, Trifluoromethyl, Limiting, Hydrolysis, Phototoxicity, Natural product, Inclusion compound, Structure-activity relationship, Partial agonist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": 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Banzato\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060460268\",\"display_name\":\"Martina Colognesi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7839-7851\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044720565\",\"display_name\":\"Lorena Lucatello\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-9041\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018646315\",\"display_name\":\"Stefano Comai\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-7194\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036102891\",\"display_name\":\"Gianfranco Pasut\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-0899\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079064323\",\"display_name\":\"Francesca Capolongo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-0582\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002738664\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Orian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1673-5111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053578537\",\"display_name\":\"Lucia Biasutto\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-6865\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037718660\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Signor\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017874146\",\"display_name\":\"Daniela Gabbia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-8227\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004302186\",\"display_name\":\"Paolo L. Manfredi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-9450\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123877929\",\"display_name\":\"Sara De Martin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065244580\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea Mattarei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2023-0749\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S162030435\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01797\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125693386" }, { "id": 1992, "title": "THE PSYCHEDELIC RENAISSANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PSILOCYBIN AND LSD IN THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance a systematic review of psilocybin and lsd in the treatment of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Jakub Klepacz, Radosław Swędrak, Marzena Swojnóg, Zuzanna Dobrakowska", "abstract": "The escalating global burden of mental health disorders, coupled with the stagnation of innovation in traditional monoaminergic pharmacotherapy (e.g., SSRIs), has precipitated a critical need for novel therapeutic paradigms. This article presents a comprehensive systematic review of the so-called \"Psychedelic Renaissance,\" focusing on the clinical resurgence of classical serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). The review adopts an interdisciplinary structure to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and societal implications of these compounds. Firstly, the paper traces the historical evolution of psychedelics from indigenous sacramental use, through the research proliferation of the 1950s, to the prohibitive legislation of the late 20th century. Secondly, it delineates the neurobiological mechanisms of action, specifically 5-HT2A receptor agonism and the disintegration of the Default Mode Network (DMN), which correlates with the alleviation of rigid cognitive patterns in depression and anxiety. Thirdly, the review synthesizes data from contemporary clinical trials demonstrating significant therapeutic potential in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), end-of-life existential distress, and substance use disorders. Unlike standard pharmacological reviews, this paper also analyzes the distinct psychotherapeutic framework (\"set and setting\"), integration processes, and socio-economic factors, including cost-effectiveness and access equity. The findings suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy represents a transformative shift from chronic symptom management to rapid, episodic curative interventions, provided that regulatory and ethical challenges are adequately addressed.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Psychiatry, Monoaminergic, Serotonergic, Transformative learning, Medicine, Mental health, Modalities, Clinical trial, Depression (economics), Lysergic acid diethylamide, Cognition, Addiction, Default mode network, Clinical psychology, Transpersonal, Mental illness, Legislation, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127606273\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7127606273\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098923148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552761136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581696375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607844825\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759174152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954690399\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093269897\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118615836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214940428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283075222\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294631080\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146113\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124045804\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Klepacz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123925115\",\"display_name\":\"Radosław Swędrak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5125010452\",\"display_name\":\"Marzena Swojnóg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124022275\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Dobrakowska\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206754\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7127606273" }, { "id": 140, "title": "Psilocin mediates long-term synaptic depression in the prelimbic cortex through 5-HT2A receptor-independent mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocin mediates long term synaptic depression in the prelimbic cortex through 5 ht2a receptor independent mechanisms", "authors": "Ana Domi, Erika Lucente, Davide Cadeddu, Niklas Bengtsson, Erik Smedler, Louise Adermark", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with potential antidepressant effects. Although it has long been used by humans, primarily for recreational purposes, the molecular mechanisms underlying its actions remain incompletely understood. Here, we examined the acute effects of psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, on excitatory neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Slice electrophysiological whole-cell and field potential recordings were conducted in the rat prelimbic cortex during bath application of psilocin. We observed a sex-independent long-term synaptic depression (LTD) of presynaptic origin. This effect was independent of 5-HT2A and metabotropic glutamatergic receptor group 2 and mediated through enhanced GABAergic tone. The effect was partially inhibited by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist and completely blocked in slices pre-treated with the neuronal receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (TrkB) receptor antagonist ANA-12. These findings suggest that psilocin exerts a complex modulatory influence on excitatory neurotransmission in the prelimbic PFC, involving GABAergic and serotonergic interactions, and producing sustained alterations in synaptic activity that persist beyond drug exposure. Psilocin-induced LTD, independent of 5-HT2A receptor activation, may be associated with the reduced prefrontal connectivity reported in humans after psilocin administration and could have implications for cognitive function. • Excitatory neurotransmission in the prelimbic cortex is sex-independent • Psilocin produces sex-independent long-term depression • Psilocin induced LTD is independent on 5-HT2A receptors • GABAergic neurotransmission plays a key role in psilocin-induced LTD • Psilocin-induced LTD depend on TrkB activation", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-01-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110854", "pubmed_id": "41577180", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110854", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Infralimbic cortex, Neurotransmission, Glutamatergic, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Serotonergic, GABAergic, Chemistry, Prefrontal cortex, Metabotropic glutamate receptor, Glutamate receptor, Electrophysiology, Biology, Antidepressant, Neurotransmitter, Long-term depression, Agonist, Synaptic plasticity, Metabotropic receptor, Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": 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Domi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-2333\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082968596\",\"display_name\":\"Erika Lucente\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4152-9663\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102561566\",\"display_name\":\"Davide Cadeddu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123491161\",\"display_name\":\"Niklas Bengtsson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008190952\",\"display_name\":\"Erik Smedler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4609-3620\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087618047\",\"display_name\":\"Louise Adermark\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-9908\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S160566677\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110854\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7125257065" }, { "id": 4109, "title": "Low, non-psychedelic doses of psilocybin as a novel treatment for MASLD, obesity and type 2 diabetes via 5-HT2B receptor-dependent mechanisms", "normalized_title": "low non psychedelic doses of psilocybin as a novel treatment for masld obesity and type 2 diabetes via 5 ht2b receptor dependent mechanisms", "authors": "Martina Colognesi, Daniela Gabbia, Anna Signor, Miles Sarill, Lucia Centofanti, Andrea Rinaldi, Luciano Cascione, Sara Nunziata, Marco Banzato, Andrea Mattarei, Giovanna Finzi, Sonia Sonda, Diana Pendin, Ilaria Zanotto, Stefano Comai, Gianfranco Pasut, Abdullah Alajati, Miriam Saponaro, Loredana Bucciarelli, Maria Elena Lunati, Andrea Alimonti, et al.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)", "publication_date": "2026-01-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3929/ethz-c-000793359", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/793359", "keywords": "Endocrinology, Insulin resistance, Internal medicine, Medicine, Type 2 diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Pharmacology, Serotonin, Leptin, Psilocybin, Metabolic syndrome, Carbohydrate metabolism, Skeletal muscle, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin receptor, Receptor, Glucose uptake, Glucagon-like peptide-1, Tryptamine, Liraglutide, Mediator, Metabolism, Appetite, Lipid metabolism, Antidepressant, Metabolic disorder, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:36", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131103137\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7131103137\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060460268\",\"display_name\":\"Martina Colognesi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7839-7851\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017874146\",\"display_name\":\"Daniela Gabbia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-8227\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037718660\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Signor\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073954538\",\"display_name\":\"Miles Sarill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0187-7299\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090332139\",\"display_name\":\"Lucia Centofanti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1301-9390\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126586349\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea Rinaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012537023\",\"display_name\":\"Luciano Cascione\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4606-0637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121457257\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Nunziata\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093581998\",\"display_name\":\"Marco Banzato\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065244580\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea Mattarei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2023-0749\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126602766\",\"display_name\":\"Giovanna Finzi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062547537\",\"display_name\":\"Sonia Sonda\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7972-8728\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072256218\",\"display_name\":\"Diana Pendin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2827-935X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003787003\",\"display_name\":\"Ilaria Zanotto\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4858-1801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018646315\",\"display_name\":\"Stefano Comai\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-7194\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036102891\",\"display_name\":\"Gianfranco Pasut\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-0899\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001830200\",\"display_name\":\"Abdullah Alajati\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0473-7080\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021302144\",\"display_name\":\"Miriam Saponaro\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9647-8011\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058374035\",\"display_name\":\"Loredana Bucciarelli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9110-6529\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016910221\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Elena Lunati\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-3046\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083212112\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea Alimonti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-2313\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5126596989\",\"display_name\":\"et al.\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402302\",\"source_display_name\":\"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/793359\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7131103137" }, { "id": 197, "title": "Effects of psilocybin and chronic mild stress on microglial activation in rat spinal cord: an ex vivo analysis", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin and chronic mild stress on microglial activation in rat spinal cord an ex vivo analysis", "authors": "Piotr Olejnik, Katarzyna Kamińska, Krystyna Gołembiowska, Kaja Kasarełło", "abstract": "", "journal": "Pharmacological Reports", "publication_date": "2026-01-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-026-00824-y", "pubmed_id": "41557251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-026-00824-y", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonergic, Medicine, Spinal cord, Pharmacology, Central nervous system, Saline, Hallucinogen, Ex vivo, Microglia, Internal medicine, Endocrinology, Analgesic, Cytokine, Immune system, Anesthesia, Hyperalgesia, Neuroinflammation, Inflammation, Serotonin, Chemistry, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Ketamine, In vivo, Apomorphine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Mechanisms and Treatments", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7124985959\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7124985959\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1982188027\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991051558\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027065592\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074349137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118103827\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147180300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2237598232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600119935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2752358746\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810602662\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010535096\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046293360\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183648535\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201526264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200136159\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213284669\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281689406\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283324512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295998041\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308055899\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312056223\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321377299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402244375\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403809829\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404843727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406120474\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410735628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411051263\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005435362\",\"display_name\":\"Piotr Olejnik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-1566\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103804963\",\"display_name\":\"Katarzyna Kamińska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5123407816\",\"display_name\":\"Krystyna Gołembiowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056868946\",\"display_name\":\"Kaja Kasarełło\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-0975\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S180401253\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmacological Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-026-00824-y\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7124985959" }, { "id": 3261, "title": "Aquahenosis: A non-pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by Floatation-REST", "normalized_title": "aquahenosis a non pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by floatation rest", "authors": "", "abstract": "Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) systematically alters sensory and bodily input by combining neutral buoyancy, thermal and proprioceptive neutrality, attenuation of exteroceptive stimulation, and enhancement of cardiorespiratory signaling to the brain. Here we examined whether this non-pharmacological sensory perturbation induces altered states of consciousness and whether specific experiential dimensions are statistically related to changes in affect. In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial, 75 treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and depression were assigned to six sessions of floatation-REST with prescribed scheduling, floatation-REST with preferred scheduling and duration, or a zero-gravity chair comparison condition. Altered states of consciousness were assessed using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire, alongside measures of interoceptive awareness and affect. Compared to the chair condition, Floatation-REST was associated with increased interoceptive awareness of cardiorespiratory sensations and an altered state of consciousness characterized by oceanic boundlessness, disembodiment, unity, and spiritual-type experiences-a pattern we refer to as “aquahenosis.” Effects were strongest among participants who selected longer and more flexible float sessions. Experiential profiles selectively overlapped with those reported for psilocybin and ketamine along boundary-dissolution dimensions. These findings identify Floatation-REST as a tractable, non-pharmacological method for inducing specific altered states of consciousness and highlight positively valenced boundary dissolution as a modality-invariant experiential dimension linking sensory context to affective change.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6mj8n_v1", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6mj8n_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3038, "title": "Psilocybin rapidly, but not immediately, reverses reward learning deficits in a durable manner in an inflammatory rat model of depressive symptoms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin rapidly but not immediately reverses reward learning deficits in a durable manner in an inflammatory rat model of depressive symptoms", "authors": "Hinchcliffe JK, Thomas CW, Gilmour G, Robinson ES.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelic, psilocybin, shows potential for rapid and sustained antidepressant effects but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using a chronic interferon-alpha-induced rat model of depression, we show acute psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) reverses impaired reward-induced biases within 24hrs, with effects enduring for at least 7 days. This suggests psilocybin can restore blunted reward processing, an effect which could significantly contribute to its sustained antidepressant effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.01.14.699553", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.14.699553", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1226195\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3645, "title": "Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Supporting Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain", "normalized_title": "behavioral and neural mechanisms supporting psilocybin assisted therapy for phantom limb pain", "authors": "University of California, San Diego", "abstract": "This double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study seeks to investigate whether psilocybin can be safely administered to people with chronic phantom limb pain (PLP) in a supportive setting with close follow-up, and its effects on pain symptoms and other moods, attitudes, and behaviors. The investigators' primary hypotheses are that psilocybin is safe to administer in people with PLP and that it will reduce scores on measures of pain. The investigators will also assess a number of secondary measures related to the behavioral and neural responses to pain after psilocybin treatment.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05224336", "keywords": "Phantom Limb Pain, Psilocybin, Placebo Niacin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05224336\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 290, "title": "The effect of psilocin on neurotransmitters release in the claustrum and on rat behavior", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocin on neurotransmitters release in the claustrum and on rat behavior", "authors": "Zuzanna Kościuk, Izabela Szpręgiel, Agnieszka Bysiek, K. Gołembiowska", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The claustrum, a subcortical structure densely expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 A (5-HT2A) receptors, has been implicated in sensory integration, emotional regulation, salience, and attention. Despite its hypothesized involvement in the effects of serotonergic psychedelics, the neurochemical impact of these substances on claustral neurotransmission remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate how psilocin - a tryptamine and the active metabolite of psilocybin - and 4-Iodo-2, 5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) - a phenethylamine and new psychoactive substance (NPS) - modulate extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the rat claustrum, as well as to examine their effects on wet dog shake behavior, a well-established proxy for hallucinogenic activity. METHODS: Adult male Wistar Han rats were used for in vivo brain microdialysis experiments. Microdialysis probes were stereotaxically implanted into the claustrum. Rats received local administration of either psilocin (100 or 500 µM) or 25I-NBOMe (500 µM) through the microdialysis probe. Dialysate samples were collected and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection to quantify extracellular levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), glutamate (GLU), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine (ACh). A behavioral test defined as wet dog shakes (WDS) was conducted after drugs administration, to infer psychedelic-like activity. RESULTS: In vivo microdialysis performed in freely moving rats revealed that both substances markedly altered extracellular levels of DA, NA, 5-HT, GLU, GABA, and ACh. Psilocin, at both administered doses, was the only compound to significantly elevate NA and produced the most pronounced enhancement of cholinergic signaling across all neurotransmitter systems examined. By contrast, 25I-NBOMe induced a more substantial shift toward excitatory dominance, accompanied by the greatest increase in 5-HT release. Overall, psilocin generated a comparatively balanced excitatory-inhibitory neurochemical profile, reflecting its combined engagement of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, whereas 25I-NBOMe produced an excitation-biased pattern consistent with its selective, high-affinity 5-HT2A agonism. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the claustrum as a neurochemical convergence point for psychedelic action and demonstrate that psilocin engages this circuitry in a regulated, receptor-balanced manner, whereas 25I-NBOMe drives a markedly more excitatory and less compensated profile, underscoring their fundamentally distinct therapeutic and toxicological potentials.", "journal": "Pharmacological Reports", "publication_date": "2026-01-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-025-00817-3", "pubmed_id": "41486340", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00817-3", "keywords": "Microdialysis, Neurotransmitter, Neurochemical, Chemistry, Serotonergic, Acetylcholine, Tryptamine, Pharmacology, Serotonin, Extracellular, Dopamine, Glutamate receptor, Neurotransmission, Metabolite, In vivo, Hallucinogen, Cholinergic, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Substance P, Biogenic amine, 5-HT receptor, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, Neuroscience, Biochemistry, Glutamatergic, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Homovanillic acid, Reuptake, Reuptake inhibitor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118172518\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118172518\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W13039120\",\"https://openalex.org/W1614219830\",\"https://openalex.org/W1727963951\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964842931\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965426446\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972690842\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980919083\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986853673\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990609196\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015011531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017400430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020016243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024747286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041068326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041080643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058517947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086829826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091774925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121148760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131341859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170585987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2484419081\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515280853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2585722437\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759036934\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886911869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892801584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927836703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2955122475\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023510342\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3106135072\",\"https://openalex.org/W3130596650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162717363\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204230901\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206222539\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212962239\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220970541\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286449579\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293578047\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307167512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311087814\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390176357\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394794098\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394933341\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408657279\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408958491\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409674093\",\"https://openalex.org/W6903017080\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121964235\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Kościuk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121925283\",\"display_name\":\"Izabela Szpręgiel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022505011\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Bysiek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049363185\",\"display_name\":\"K. Gołembiowska\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S180401253\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmacological Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00817-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7118172518" }, { "id": 3068, "title": "The one that abstained: Psilocybe fuscofulva genome suggests two recent origins of the psilocybin gene cluster in Psilocybe", "normalized_title": "the one that abstained psilocybe fuscofulva genome suggests two recent origins of the psilocybin gene cluster in psilocybe", "authors": "Slot J, Bradshaw A, Dentinger B, Borovička J, Konkel Z, Rockefeller A, Bollinger I.", "abstract": "Production of the psychoactive compound psilocybin is a defining feature of the genus Psilocybe, commonly referred to as “psychedelic mushrooms”. However, Psilocybe fuscofulva is a striking exception within Psilocybe sensu stricto as it lacks the stereotypical blue bruising characteristic of the genus, and psilocybin has not been detected in the species.To investigate the evolutionary events leading to differential psilocybin production among Psilocybe species, we produced genome assemblies two P. fuscofulva strains, one Psilocybe polytrichoides strain, and one Psilocybe tampanensis strain, complemented by reannotated public genomes and metagenome-derived assemblies from fungarium specimens. This sample represents both major Psilocybe clades (Clade I and Clade II) and the most closely related genera. Phylogenomic analysis based on 100 single-copy orthologs curated for high branch support strongly placed P. fuscofulva as the earliest-diverging lineage in Psilocybe Clade I. No psilocybin gene cluster (PGC) homologs, whether clustered or dispersed, were identified in P. fuscofulva, whereas a single intact PGC was present in all other examined Psilocybe genomes. The PGC resides in two distinct, clade-specific genomic loci: one conserved in Clade I and another in Clade II, each displaying characteristic gene orders and orientations consistent with rearrangement through circular intermediates. Time-calibrated phylogenies estimated the Psilocybe crown group at approximately 28 million years ago, with major clade divergences occurring in the Miocene. The absence of the PGC in P. fuscofulva, together with clade-specific structural conservation and the lack of remnant sequences at alternate loci, supports two independent origins of the PGC within Psilocybe: one in the ancestor of Clade II and a subsequent origin in Clade I following divergence from P. fuscofulva, most likely via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Gene phylogenies provide weak support for transfer from Clade I to Clade II, although broader sampling is required for confirmation. These results constrain the timeframe of PGC emergence and dispersal to the Miocene, implying rapid HGT events possibly driven by ecological pressures in expanding grassland ecosystems. This study challenges the assumption of an ancestral psilocybin pathway in Psilocybe and its close relatives and underscores multiple recent acquisitions of the PGC that suggest it is an ecologically important metabolic trait in psychoactive fungi.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.30.697041", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.30.697041", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1229316\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4161, "title": "‘Shroom’ for concern: a case of psychedelic mushroom-induced acute kidney injury", "normalized_title": "shroom for concern a case of psychedelic mushroom induced acute kidney injury", "authors": "Maurice Lam, C. Khor, S. Hultin, J. J. Cheung, N. A. Shah", "abstract": "Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms are typically not consumed for their nutritional value. The main reason people ingest these mushrooms is for their psychoactive effects. Recently, there has been growing interest in the potential therapeutic applications of psilocybin-containing mushrooms in a range of psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol dependence and tobacco dependence. Here, we present a case in which ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms was the presumed cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). A man in his early thirties presented with acute bilateral flank pain 48 h following recreational ingestion of 0.5 g of psilocybin-containing mushrooms in dry whole form. He experienced the desired and expected hallucinogenic effects upon initial consumption. He developed a non-oliguric AKI with a peak serum creatinine of 189 μmol/L, elevated from a known baseline of 83 μmol/L. Urinalysis demonstrated an elevated albumin-creatinine ratio (40.4 mg/mmol) and bland urinary sediment. Non-contrast computed tomography of the kidneys, ureter and bladder was unremarkable. A comprehensive work-up for glomerulonephritis was negative. Serum electrolytes remained within normal limits, and there was no peripheral eosinophilia. Liver function tests were unremarkable apart from a borderline elevation in aspartate aminotransferase at 39 U/L, and serum lipase was mildly elevated at 82 U/L. A creatine kinase was normal at 155 U/L. No alternative nephrotoxic exposures or contributing factors were identified on detailed clinical history. More specifically, he had no symptoms of vomiting or diarrhoea that may have contributed to a state of dehydration. Physical examination was unremarkable, with no costovertebral angle tenderness and evidence of clinical euvolaemia. The patient received supportive management with intravenous fluids, resulting in resolution of flank pain within 48 h. Serum creatinine improved to 136 μmol/L by day 4, so a kidney biopsy was not pursued. At 1 month follow-up, renal function had fully recovered, with his serum creatinine returning to 85 μmol/L. Psilocybin-containing mushrooms are primarily associated with transient neuropsychiatric effects - altered mood, perception and cognition - emerging within 20-40 min of ingestion and resolving within 6 h. While not traditionally associated with nephrotoxicity, it is hypothesised that their serotonergic activity, particularly via 5-HT2A receptor agonism, may lead to vasoconstriction and tubular injury.1 Several cases of nephrotoxicity linked to psilocybin ingestion have been reported.1-3 These exposures rely on correct preparation and sufficiently skilful identification of the product to ensure there are no contaminants which could contribute to the development of AKI. Nephrotoxicity secondary to mushroom ingestion is usually associated with the orellanine-containing Cortinarius species and the amatoxin-producing Amanita species. Orellanine nephrotoxicity is characterised by a delayed-onset AKI, typically manifesting 3-20 days after ingestion. Histopathology demonstrates tubular necrosis, interstitial oedema and fibrosis. These cases often progress to chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis and transplant.4 Amatoxins - most notably from Amanita phalloides, A. verna, and A. virosa - are classically hepatotoxic, but nephrotoxicity has been reported due to severe dehydration from profuse diarrhoea, direct tubular toxicity or secondary to hepatorenal syndrome.5 Histopathology typically reveals tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Other Amanita species may cause an early-onset AKI, typically within 24-72 h, with more favourable prognosis and renal recovery.6 Mechanistically, orellanine is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and induce oxidative damage via free radical generation,7 while amatoxins inhibit RNA polymerase II, promoting apoptotic pathways with a predilection for metabolically active tissues that are dependent on high rates of protein synthesis such as the gastrointestinal tract, hepatocytes and proximal convoluted tubules.8, 9 This case describes a reversible AKI potentially related to psychedelic mushroom ingestion. As psilocybin prescribing becomes more widespread in Australia, clinical awareness of its potential renal effects is essential to ensuring patient safety. Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.", "journal": "Internal Medicine Journal", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/imj.70313", "pubmed_id": "41518153", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.70313", "keywords": "Medicine, Ingestion, Acute kidney injury, Urinalysis, Vomiting, Creatinine, Renal function, Creatine kinase, Internal medicine, Urinary system, Gastroenterology, Liver function tests, Physical examination, Anesthesia, Urine, Nausea, Nephrotoxicity, Blurred vision, Physiology, Rhabdomyolysis, Adverse effect, Urology, Acute tubular necrosis, Liver function, Poison control, Abdominal pain, Hallucinogen, Flank pain, Kidney, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Silymarin and Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7119893738\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7119893738\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2046048354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103373693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2197595197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906587679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324018694\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387409508\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393131815\",\"https://openalex.org/W4397047853\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034787774\",\"display_name\":\"Maurice Lam\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122507695\",\"display_name\":\"C. Khor\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122471184\",\"display_name\":\"S. Hultin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122633185\",\"display_name\":\"J. J. Cheung\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122443640\",\"display_name\":\"N. A. Shah\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S60716783\",\"source_display_name\":\"Internal Medicine Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.70313\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7119893738" }, { "id": 350, "title": "An exploration of the relationships between the effects of psilocybin on behavior, 5-HT2A receptor occupancy, and neuroplastic effects in mice", "normalized_title": "an exploration of the relationships between the effects of psilocybin on behavior 5 ht2a receptor occupancy and neuroplastic effects in mice", "authors": "Connor J. Maltby, Adam K. Klein, Enya Paschen, Jessica Pinto, Dino Dvořák, Joseph R. Hedde, Ashley N. Hanks, Massimiliano Bianchi, Zoe Hughes", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin has shown rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these outcomes remain unclear. AIMS: receptor occupancy (RO) achieved after administration of psilocybin and its effects on behavior and markers of neuroplasticity in mice. METHODS: H]MDL-100,907 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). To relate RO with behavioral outcomes of psilocybin, we assessed the head twitch response (HTR) acutely and investigated behavior in the elevated zero maze (EZM) and forced swim test (FST) 20-24 hours post-drug. Neuroplastic changes were assessed by measuring α-tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) and expression of key synaptic proteins in both the PFC and amygdala. RESULTS: RO (RO₅₀ = 0.88 mg/kg) and an inverted-U dose-response in HTR, with peak effects occurring between ~44% and 62% RO. Behaviorally, a 1.5 mg/kg dose increased the open areas ratio in the EZM, while 3 mg/kg reduced immobility in the FST, 20 and 24 hours after dosing, respectively. Both dose levels shifted α-tubulin PTMs toward a more dynamic microtubule state and selectively increased synaptic marker expression in the PFC, not in the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of psilocybin could be mediated by dose- and region-specific enhancement of neuronal plasticity, with distinct signatures associated with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251395386", "pubmed_id": "41493065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251395386", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroplasticity, Neuroscience, Receptor, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Pharmacology, Psychology, Central nervous system, Neural activity, Animal model, Synaptic plasticity, Functional connectivity, Long-term potentiation, Premovement neuronal activity, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118979083\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7118979083\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1965984522\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969328491\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978714931\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979029926\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981549228\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989982790\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996982933\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998939445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001308670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005834172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008172722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008458074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011804248\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017867335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019163974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034643906\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037066635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054129965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064959533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069027411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074375304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080084877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082303732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083119103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086656730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105815100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129576675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129662130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131421588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135744973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155768517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340978269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2484260316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519531315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2583083439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2761558601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793459549\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808348762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897545107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921683958\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045334142\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196195007\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200535840\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281254572\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288447327\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294967747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362665646\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362722045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381433809\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386355909\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893450\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389793820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390589986\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390691843\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390755783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391970820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399458649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400449392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404786984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405695737\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406062303\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406403059\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409310214\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057124222\",\"display_name\":\"Connor J. Maltby\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2746-9055\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022631404\",\"display_name\":\"Adam K. Klein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-9324\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030094587\",\"display_name\":\"Enya Paschen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-3889\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122155101\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica Pinto\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082256940\",\"display_name\":\"Dino Dvořák\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3884-1393\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013053768\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph R. Hedde\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-754X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075277510\",\"display_name\":\"Ashley N. Hanks\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122047740\",\"display_name\":\"Massimiliano Bianchi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101714115\",\"display_name\":\"Zoe Hughes\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251395386\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7118979083" }, { "id": 349, "title": "The Effect of Magic Mushroom ( Psilocybe azurescens ) on Social Interaction, Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in Male Rats; the Role of Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neurotrophic Factors", "normalized_title": "the effect of magic mushroom psilocybe azurescens on social interaction anxiety and depressive like behaviors in male rats the role of neuroinflammation oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors", "authors": "Hediye Moghadam, Parisa Akbari, Elmira Beirami, Samaneh Nabavifard, Akram Ameli, Neda Valian", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, strongly affect mood, cognition, and behavior. Psilocybe azurescens is a species of psilocybin mushrooms that contains the main active compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybin mushrooms have been used since ancient times to improve the quality of life. However, their adverse effects have been less studied. This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effect of oral consumption of P. azurescens on social behavior, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats. The underlying mechanisms of these behaviors were also studied. Male Wistar rats received three doses of P. azurescens (10, 100, and 250 mg/kg) by gavage every other day for 14 days. Social interaction, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the three-chamber, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming tests, respectively. Protein levels of neurotrophic (BDNF and GDNF), neuroinflammatory (IL-6 and TNFα), and oxidative stress (ROS and SOD) factors were measured in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and amygdala by ELISA technique. The results showed that P. azurescens significantly increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and disrupted social interaction behavior in rats. These effects were accompanied by increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and decreased neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala. This study suggests that the high doses of P. azurescens can cause mood disorders by increasing inflammatory responses and oxidative stress and decreasing the expression of neurotrophic factors.", "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience Research", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/jnr.70107", "pubmed_id": "41493855", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70107", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Oxidative stress, Neurotrophic factors, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Endocrinology, Neurotrophin, Mood, Amygdala, Prefrontal cortex, Internal medicine, Psychology, Social behavior, Neuroinflammation, Mood disorders, Adverse effect, Pharmacology, Ginseng, Medicine, TLR4, Chemistry, Oxidative phosphorylation, Neuroscience, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7119167790\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7119167790\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1964160578\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970305111\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983746274\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987212298\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988954465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036725502\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047236223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060497829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084141237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147242210\",\"https://openalex.org/W2201607793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411655855\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2560438298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2591693802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2601726226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2729173495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2770913451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790986233\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979305454\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096345730\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097444554\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107395714\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129890901\",\"https://openalex.org/W3145488945\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167989184\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197166860\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204171992\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200503488\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226051767\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320491888\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324333845\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367845178\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377086569\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386477854\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387105816\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388551790\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388714298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392111416\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400513312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402397829\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404302417\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404326537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404925419\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411961287\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5122146173\",\"display_name\":\"Hediye Moghadam\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061375725\",\"display_name\":\"Parisa Akbari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065235874\",\"display_name\":\"Elmira Beirami\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2159-8382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065309633\",\"display_name\":\"Samaneh Nabavifard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-1127\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054131053\",\"display_name\":\"Akram Ameli\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008998208\",\"display_name\":\"Neda Valian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-4325\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S76417895\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Neuroscience Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70107\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Toxicity,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7119167790" }, { "id": 345, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin promotes cell-type-specific changes of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin promotes cell type specific changes of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex", "authors": "Ziran Huang, Xiaoyan Wei, Yihui Wang, Jin Tian, Jihui Dong, Bo Liang, Lin Lu, Wen Zhang", "abstract": "Abstract Recent clinical breakthroughs hold great promise for the application of psilocybin in the treatments of psychological disorders, such as depression, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psilocybin is a psychedelic whose metabolite, psilocin, is a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for the effects of psilocybin on the brain are not fully illustrated, and cell type-specific and circuit effects of psilocybin are not fully understood. Here, we combined single-nucleus RNA-seq with functional assays to study the long-term effects of psilocybin on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of male mouse, a brain region vulnerable to psychological disorders such as depression. We found that a single dose of psilocybin induced long-term genetic and functional changes in neurons of the OFC, and the layer 5 pyramidal neurons showed the most significant changes. The layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the OFC showed reduced expressions of glutamate receptors and the gene expressions of multiple intercellular signaling pathways involved in the excitatory synapse formation and maintenance after psilocybin injection, which was consistent with the decreased excitatory synaptic transmission of these neurons. Meanwhile, both Parvalbumin- and Somatostatin-positive inhibitory neurons of the OFC showed meager changes after psilocybin injection. Furthermore, knockdown of 5-HT2A receptor in the layer 5 pyramidal neurons but not the Parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons abated psilocybin-induced functional changes and the anti-depressant effect. Together, these results showed the cell type-specific mechanisms of psilocybin and shed light on the brain region difference in the effect of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e00841", "pubmed_id": "41620327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e00841", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Hallucinogen, Pyramidal cell, Glutamate receptor, Neurotransmission, Biology, Synapse, Orbitofrontal cortex, Chemistry, Neuron, Cortex (anatomy), Biological neural network, Slice preparation, Premovement neuronal activity, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": 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Huang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111225788\",\"display_name\":\"Xiaoyan Wei\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121420334\",\"display_name\":\"Yihui Wang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017727139\",\"display_name\":\"Jin Tian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3685-2435\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109731207\",\"display_name\":\"Jihui Dong\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015724534\",\"display_name\":\"Bo Liang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3592-2481\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124536667\",\"display_name\":\"Lin Lu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124517455\",\"display_name\":\"Wen Zhang\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S75519821\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neurotherapeutics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e00841\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7126381155" }, { "id": 340, "title": "New Antidepressant Development in the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "new antidepressant development in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Spiti A, Caldirola D, Perna G.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) continues to pose a major therapeutic challenge due to its clinical heterogeneity. This chapter looks at the development of antidepressant treatments, starting with early interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Although these treatments targeted the monoaminergic system, they had significant limitations in terms of safety and efficacy. The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) improved tolerability but left unmet needs, particularly in terms of treatment resistance and side effects. In response, research has expanded beyond monoamines and focused on new mechanisms. A breakthrough came with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as ketamine and esketamine, which achieved fast-acting effects and shifted the focus to glutamatergic modulation. Other developments in this area include modulators such as partial agonists, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). In addition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulation has gained attention, with neurosteroids such as zurolone (approved for postpartum depression [PPD]) representing a new therapeutic approach. Other new strategies target the opioid system, particularly kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism, whose role in the treatment of anhedonia and depression is being investigated. Psychedelics, including psilocybin, have come back into focus as potential treatments due to their ability to elicit rapid and sustained antidepressant effects via agonism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A), although their efficacy and safety require further research. In addition, innovative treatments targeting orexin, trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and members of the Q subfamily of voltage-gated potassium channels (KCNQ) are also in development. Despite these advances, some challenges remain. These include diagnostic heterogeneity, incomplete understanding of neurobiological mechanisms, limitations of preclinical models, lack of reliable biomarkers, and economic obstacles. Future advances could be driven by artificial intelligence (AI), which has the potential to revolutionize drug discovery, optimize clinical trials, and personalize treatments for patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_23", "pubmed_id": "42036580", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_23", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Drug Development, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42036580\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 339, "title": "Psychedelics: Future Therapeutics in Major Depression?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics future therapeutics in major depression", "authors": "Olivier B, Olivier JDA.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression (TRD), is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. MDD is associated with severe suffering, burden and large economical costs. Although various conventional antidepressant treatments are available, a large portion of depressed people does not or not adequately respond to the first-line treatments (mostly SSRIs and SNRIs) and a substantial part (ca, 30%) completely fails to respond, leading to TRD. The last two decades of intense research into new drugs for major depression and TRD has led to two lines of development, namely, Typical (or serotonergic) psychedelics (psilocybin, ayahuasca) and atypical (glutamatergic/NMDA) psychedelics (ketamine, esketamine). Both approaches, via a different entrance mechanism, have a fast (immediate) onset, combined with a long-lasting antidepressant action, which cannot be explained by long-term biological presence of the drug in the brain. The psychedelic drugs acutely initiate short-lasting CNS-induced side effects but also lead to activation of downstream cortical processes that underlie the 'lasting' antidepressant effects. In the present chapter, the clinical developments that have led to the marketing of psilocybin and esketamine for major depression disorders has been described. The emergence of fast onset antidepressants for major depression and treatment-resistant depression is a huge step forward in treating major psychiatric disorders. The acute psychotomimetic (psilocybin) or dissociative (esketamine) effects heavily interfere with performing of 'blind' studies, making proper placebo effects challenging. The development of new medicines that are acutely effective in depressive disorders is, however, a real breakthrough in psychiatry, but has also led to a spur of new research activities into new mechanisms involved, and also in developing new research techniques involved in designing proper research methodologies to bring this exciting field into adulthood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_25", "pubmed_id": "42036582", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_25", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42036582\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 323, "title": "[Clinical application and mechanistic studies of psychedelics for treatment of depression: progress and future challenges].", "normalized_title": "clinical application and mechanistic studies of psychedelics for treatment of depression progress and future challenges", "authors": "Xia K, Gao T.", "abstract": "Depression is a complex and globally prevalent mental disorder, for which conventional antidepressant medications face limitations such as delayed onset and insufficient efficacy. Classic psychedelics, most notably psilocybin, have recently emerged as promising candidates for treatment of depression and demonstrated rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects in controlled clinical settings. Their unique mechanisms of action and clinical prospects have become a key research focus in psychiatry and neuroscience. This review synthesizes the latest advances in the field over the past 5 years. Results from multiple randomized controlled trials indicate that a single or limited number of sessions of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can induce rapid and durable antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. At the mechanistic level, psychedelics rapidly promote the release of neurotrophic factors, enhance neuroplasticity, and facilitate brain network reorganization, thereby creating a critical \"neuroplastic window\" for psychotherapeutic intervention. However, the specific molecular and circuit-level mechanisms have not been fully understood with ongoing debate primarily over the 5-HT2A receptor-dependent hypothesis versus the TrkB neurotrophic pathway-dependent hypothesis. Despite the promising outlook, translational applications of these substances faces several key challenges, including psychedelic-related risks, incomplete mechanistic understanding, lack of standardized treatment protocols, and insufficient long-term safety data. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, developing non-hallucinogenic derivatives, establishing standardized treatment frameworks, and identifying precise biomarkers to advance this therapeutic approach toward safer, more standardized, and personalized clinical implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.01.01", "pubmed_id": "41540686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.01.01", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41540686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 235, "title": "Psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression: priorities and prospects.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression priorities and prospects", "authors": "Thuery G, Crossen F, Mc Loone D, Hinds C, Duffy R, Jairaj C, Harkin A, Kelly JR", "abstract": "Approximately 15% of pregnant women experience postpartum depression (PPD). Even with currently available antidepressant treatments, many women will continue to be impaired by symptoms. Psychedelic therapy offers a promising transdiagnostic therapeutic strategy for several mental health disorders, and early results from current trials suggest that serotonergic psychedelics may represent a viable therapeutic approach for PPD. However, there is marked variability in the therapeutic response to psychedelic therapy, and the benefit-risk ratio in this population is not yet clear. To inform the rationale for the use of serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of PPD, this review summarises the existing knowledge of immune, endocrine and neural pathways underpinning PPD and explores how serotonergic psychedelics interact with these pathways in the context of maternal motivation, bonding and caregiving behaviours. Finally, special considerations for psychedelic therapy in the postpartum period are outlined and future perspectives explored. Despite the rationale and encouraging early findings, further research is required to determine efficacy and safety profiles. Future studies, particularly longitudinal trials, should include adaptations and safeguards tailored to the unique physiological, psychological and caregiving contexts of the postpartum period.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251408280", "pubmed_id": "41816502", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41816502/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, major depression, postpartum depression, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41816502\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3515, "title": "Psilocybin in Chronic Low Back Pain: An Integrative Study of Lab-Based Mechanisms and Real-World Physical Therapy Outcomes", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in chronic low back pain an integrative study of lab based mechanisms and real world physical therapy outcomes", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this research study is to investigate whether a single administration of psilocybin can improve interoceptive awareness (awareness of bodily sensations) in individuals with chronic low back pain undergoing physical therapy, and whether these improvements are linked to pain relief and better physical therapy outcomes. Preclinical and human studies suggest that psilocybin can temporarily disrupt rigid, maladaptive patterns of brain activity and promote longer-lasting changes in how the brain processes internal sensations. People with chronic pain who have used psilocybin qualitatively describe feeling more aware of their bodies, able to reinterpret pain sensations, and less distressed and disabled by their pain. Building on these mechanistic insights, this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will evaluate a single dose of low- (10 mg), moderate-dose (25 mg), or placebo (niacin) administered prior to a standardized course of physical therapy (PT) in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Participants in both treatment groups will receive a course of PT that is consistent with what would be delivered outside of involvement in the research study. That is, the study is evaluating psilocybin as an adjunct to PT delivered in a community outpatient PT clinic. By testing whether psilocybin-induced recalibration of brain networks can enhance engagement with and outcomes of PT, this study aims to establish a novel, non-opioid integrative strategy to relieve CLBP and restore functional recovery.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07306364", "keywords": "Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP), Physical Therapy, Psilocybin, Psilocybin 10 mg, Psilocybin 25 mg, Niacin 100 mg, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07306364\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4190, "title": "A Nature-Themed Video Intervention Increases Nature Relatedness in Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "a nature themed video intervention increases nature relatedness in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Rhianna Rich, Kelsey T. Laird, Prabha Siddarth, Brittany Youssef, Grace M. Schwartz, Ashley Ramos, Karina Sergi, Micah Linton, L. Schwartzberg, Daniel F. Kelly, Keith G. Heinzerling", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has shown promising results for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other mental health conditions. Although the precise mechanisms of psychedelic therapies remain unclear, many studies report increased feelings of connectedness following psychedelic experiences. Specifically, both nature relatedness (one’s subjective sense of being connected to nature) and social connectedness (feelings of comprehensive social closeness) have been shown to increase with psychedelic use, and greater connectedness in these domains has been associated with enhanced health and well-being. The current study examined whether a nature-themed video intervention presented to participants undergoing psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy would differentially affect nature relatedness compared with social connectedness in adults with AUD. Methods: A total of 20 participants were randomized to either the visual healing condition (viewing a 42-min nature video; N = 10) or the standard setting condition (guided body scan; music with eyeshades; N = 10). Nature relatedness and social connectedness were measured using the Nature Relatedness Scale (NRS-6) and the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised (SCS-R) at baseline and 2 weeks after the psilocybin session. Results: A significant between-group difference was observed in change in nature relatedness pre-to-postpsilocybin session [χ 2 (1) = 5.74, p = 0.02]. Nature relatedness significantly increased in the visual healing group [median change in NR-6 = 0.33, range = (−0.17, 0.67), p = 0.01], but not in the standard setting group [median change = 0.00; range = (−0.17, 0.33), p = 0.50]. No significant between-group differences were observed for change in social connectedness [χ 2 (1) = 0.89, p = 0.35], and no significant overall change in social connectedness was observed across groups [median change = −1.00, range = (−27, 20), p = 0.90]. Conclusions: Viewing a nature-themed video may enhance nature relatedness among individuals undergoing psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for AUD. Future research should investigate the effects of real-life nature immersion and explore nature relatedness and other forms of connectedness as potential therapeutic targets in psychedelic-assisted and other psychotherapies NCT04410913.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251387655", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251387655", "keywords": "Social connectedness, Psychology, Feeling, Clinical psychology, Intervention (counseling), Affect (linguistics), Psychotherapist, Mental health, Alcohol use disorder, Psilocybin, Major depressive disorder, Anhedonia, Social isolation, Session (web analytics), Randomized controlled trial, Social psychology, Peer group, Scale (ratio), Social relation, Psychological intervention, Developmental psychology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7117646156\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7117646156\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975798365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037317432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046071355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065810673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070109203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085039988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100531626\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129907761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144867145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149416336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2203002557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2282074015\",\"https://openalex.org/W2571392308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2657342869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2755417367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775629983\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784860341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885455509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971409116\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971496197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996233343\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999867421\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112064661\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122951191\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127352965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3128390827\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129584613\",\"https://openalex.org/W3173955184\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182096564\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194499267\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216083737\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216348943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210932781\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214940428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226002586\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229931831\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296082062\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307554429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307987398\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377693942\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380684709\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386849390\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391522039\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392249465\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409274889\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108864498\",\"display_name\":\"Rhianna Rich\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064927444\",\"display_name\":\"Kelsey T. Laird\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3194-2522\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081887653\",\"display_name\":\"Prabha Siddarth\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070129323\",\"display_name\":\"Brittany Youssef\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-5285\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121627200\",\"display_name\":\"Grace M. Schwartz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121614487\",\"display_name\":\"Ashley Ramos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059388549\",\"display_name\":\"Karina Sergi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113003665\",\"display_name\":\"Micah Linton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109639421\",\"display_name\":\"L. Schwartzberg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066155034\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel F. Kelly\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-056X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068139431\",\"display_name\":\"Keith G. Heinzerling\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-5821\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387284413\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251387655\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7117646156" }, { "id": 3585, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Speech Fluency, Struggle, and Brain Activity in People Who Stutter", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on speech fluency struggle and brain activity in people who stutter", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "This Phase 2a clinical trial is an open-label, single-group, within-subjects pilot study designed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin as a therapeutic intervention for adults with developmental stuttering. This pilot study will assess whether further research to explore the potential benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for improving clinical outcomes in individuals who stutter, is warranted. The aims of this study include: * Aim 1: Assess the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as a therapeutic agent for stuttering. * Aim 2: Evaluate the effects of psilocybin on objective and subjective measures of stuttering severity, struggle, and well-being. * Aim 3: Explore the therapeutic neural mechanisms of psilocybin in stuttering.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07296328", "keywords": "Stuttering, Psilocybin, Speech therapy, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07296328\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 344, "title": "Magic mushrooms and mood: exploring Psilocybin as a depression treatment", "normalized_title": "magic mushrooms and mood exploring psilocybin as a depression treatment", "authors": "M. Haseeb Ul Rasool, Taha Hannan, Muhammad Imam", "abstract": "Dear Editor, In view of ongoing global research on mental health, especially Major Depressive Disorder, we would like to draw attention to a psychedelic substance, Psilocybin, which has been emerging as a viable treatment option for MDD. Psilocybin is a psychedelic compound derived from certain mushrooms that acts on Serotonergic receptors (primarily 5HT-2A). Psychedelic substances have psychological effects, i.e., hallucinations, euphoria, and altered perception (1). Studies have demonstrated their effectiveness in the treatment of disorders like ‘Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)’, and ‘Treatment-Resistant Depression’. Recently, the FDA gave ‘breakthrough’ therapy status to a psilocybin treatment developed by London-based biotechnology company ‘Compass Pathways Ltd’ as stated in (2).", "journal": "Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association", "publication_date": "2025-12-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.47391/jpma.30858", "pubmed_id": "41736353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.30858", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Serotonergic, Depression (economics), Psychotherapist, Major depressive disorder, Obsessive compulsive, MAGIC (telescope), Perception, Medicine, Psychological therapy, Depressive symptoms, Altered state, Cognition, Clinical psychology, Pharmacology, Mental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7117257845\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7117257845\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073484313\",\"display_name\":\"M. Haseeb Ul Rasool\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109551135\",\"display_name\":\"Taha Hannan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087310560\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Imam\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-6964\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S26751084\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.30858\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7117257845" }, { "id": 4196, "title": "From fungi to pharmacy: Applied technologies in psilocybin production and its therapeutic applications", "normalized_title": "from fungi to pharmacy applied technologies in psilocybin production and its therapeutic applications", "authors": "Qinqing Chen, Peiyuan Chen, Tao Wei, Sunita Chamyuang, Bai-Xiong Chen", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid found in over 200 species of fungi, has emerged as a focal point in the modern revival of psychedelic science. Once relegated to the margins of psychopharmacology due to its association with counterculture and strict legal restrictions, psilocybin is now undergoing a scientific renaissance. This transformation is driven by its unique pharmacological profile and promising therapeutic potential across a range of psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on psilocybin, covering its natural biosynthetic pathways, production technologies, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. We first introduced its four-enzyme synthesis pathway in Psilocybe fungi and explored how synthetic biology can revolutionize its production methods through microbial heterologous expression. Pharmacologically, psilocybin acts as a prodrug that is converted in vivo into its active metabolite, dephosphorylated psilocybin (psilocin), which functions as a partial agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor. This activates neuroplasticity pathways such as BDNF and mTOR, thereby producing rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Despite its therapeutic promise, significant challenges remain. These include methodological limitations such as functional unblinding in clinical trials, lack of diversity in study populations, and evolving regulatory frameworks. Looking forward, the integration of precision psychiatry, synthetic biology, and novel trial designs will be critical in translating psilocybin from a promising compound into a mainstream therapeutic agent. This review aims to provide a foundational understanding of psilocybin’s scientific basis and its potential to reshape modern psychiatric care, we uniquely bridge the gap between upstream biosynthetic engineering and downstream clinical efficacy, providing a holistic roadmap for the drug’s development from fungi to pharmacy. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS Microbial biosynthesis enables scalable, high-titer psilocybin production. Therapeutic action is driven by 5-HT2A receptor-mediated neuroplasticity. Demonstrates rapid and sustained antidepressant efficacy in clinical trials.", "journal": "Creative Science", "publication_date": "2025-12-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.55674/cs.v18i1.264689", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v18i1.264689", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychopharmacology, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Drug discovery, Antidepressant, Biology, Medicine, Prodrug, Computational biology, Pharmaceutical industry, Therapeutic modalities, Review article, Bodywork, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:37", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7116104340\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7116104340\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Qinqing Chen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Peiyuan Chen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Tao Wei\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Sunita Chamyuang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Bai-Xiong Chen\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387285996\",\"source_display_name\":\"Creative Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v18i1.264689\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7116104340" }, { "id": 3044, "title": "Wherefore the magic? The evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature", "normalized_title": "wherefore the magic the evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature", "authors": "Matthews Nicholass K, Flis I, Hanley M, Knight M, Lane S, Littlejohn G, Thom M, Billington R, Boden R, Cummins R, Green B, Griffin C, Jones S, Salmon D, Sleep I, Smirnoff N, Ellis J.", "abstract": "Research into psychedelic compounds is in resurgence due to the exciting potential for their use in the treatment of psychiatric and mental health disorders. Despite this revival, remarkably little is known about their evolution. One of the most intriguing psychedelic compounds is psilocybin, the compound found in ‘magic’ mushrooms and used in ritual ceremonies in Central America for generations. Associated with agaricomycete fungi of the genus Psilocybe, psilocybin acts in a similar way to the neurotransmitter serotonin, yet how and why natural selection favoured its biosynthesis remains unclear. Given the resemblance to serotonin, modulation of invertebrate behaviour for defence is a likely explanation, but neither this nor alternative hypotheses have ever been formally tested. Here, we show that Drosophila larvae exposed to extracts from Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit reduced survival, pupation rates, and inhibited locomotion. Adults exposed during development show reduced thorax and wing size, along with increased fluctuating asymmetry, indicating developmental stress. Conversely, mutants lacking 5HT2A receptors showed the same response to Psilocybe extracts as wild-type flies. Furthermore, DNA metabarcoding revealed that while Psilocybe semilanceata demonstrates a distinct invertebrate community compared to most other grassland fungi, it overlapped with the non-psychedelic species Mycena epipterygia. This study provides a crucial first step toward understanding the evolutionary role of psilocybin-producing fungi and provides a grounding for future research into the molecular mechanisms, ecological interactions and evolutionary origins of psychedelic compounds in nature.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.17.694186", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.17.694186", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1230910\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 294, "title": "Psilocybin in the real world: Regulatory, ethical, and operational challenges in Australia’s clinical landscape", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the real world regulatory ethical and operational challenges in australia s clinical landscape", "authors": "Megan Dutton, Paul Schwenn, Jules Mitchell, Per Hoffmann, Neil W. Bailey, Paul B. Fitzgerald, Jim Lagopoulos, Adem Can", "abstract": "Australia's reclassification of psilocybin as a Schedule 8 substance for treatment-resistant depression represents a significant shift in psychiatric policy. While this regulatory change positions Australia as a global leader in psychedelic medicine, its implementation has revealed substantial challenges. This article critically examines the regulatory, ethical and operational complexities surrounding the provision of psilocybin-assisted therapy in clinical practice. Key issues include limited prescriber access, absence of Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods-listed products, lack of standardised training pathways and significant cost barriers. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, cultural safety and therapeutic fidelity are also discussed, particularly in the context of trauma-informed care. This article proposes a series of structural recommendations to support safe and equitable deployment, including national training accreditation and fidelity monitoring tools. In addition, to maximise the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy, we recommend that research explores the potential of neurobiologically informed stratification models to assist with treatment recommendations. These recommendations aim to enhance clinical integrity through evidence-based patient selection, improved safety, and to ensure that emerging psychedelic treatments are integrated responsibly within Australia's mental health system. By addressing these foundational gaps, Australia can move beyond regulatory novelty ensuring the therapeutic potential of these products is realised in a manner which is scientifically sound and upholds the integrity of psychiatric practice.", "journal": "Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-12-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/00048674251398677", "pubmed_id": "41405025", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674251398677", "keywords": "Mental health, Context (archaeology), Novelty, Accreditation, Fidelity, Psychology, Engineering ethics, Medicine, Multidisciplinary approach, Ethical issues, Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Health care, Patient safety, Public relations, Project commissioning, Competence (human resources), Schedule, Clinical trial, Informed consent, Key (lock), Mental illness, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417431364\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417431364\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2012101788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2749595928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794329512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2986842001\",\"https://openalex.org/W3029961383\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093676138\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112909063\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210625928\",\"https://openalex.org/W3214226891\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220928043\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281666404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300960088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316511384\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366352039\",\"https://openalex.org/W4376107756\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378745947\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385805479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389035919\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393238047\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394874345\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400361932\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405528804\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405565174\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405978092\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410851090\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412555614\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413037134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413521552\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041395883\",\"display_name\":\"Megan Dutton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5209-2801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001791405\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Schwenn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-8113\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014308852\",\"display_name\":\"Jules Mitchell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3086-7129\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026517521\",\"display_name\":\"Per Hoffmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6573-983X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038772618\",\"display_name\":\"Neil W. Bailey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8483-1068\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083159520\",\"display_name\":\"Paul B. Fitzgerald\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4217-8096\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041201452\",\"display_name\":\"Jim Lagopoulos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5684-8583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051802152\",\"display_name\":\"Adem Can\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-8840\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S179943861\",\"source_display_name\":\"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674251398677\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417431364" }, { "id": 293, "title": "Psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics: Molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain", "authors": "Vollebregt R, Storm AEM, Lucassen PJ, Somers M.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics, like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and psilocybin, can alter perception, emotion, and cognition, and have shown promise as 're-purposed' treatments for some psychiatric disorders. Recent trials have, e.g., demonstrated rapid and sustained symptom relief in treatment-resistant depression. While promising as a treatment, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying both the subjective and clinical effects remain incompletely understood. Also, their broader influence on (intra) cellular processes, neural circuits, and brain-wide connectivity is less well documented. Here, we review the molecular and network-level alterations induced by classical serotonergic psychedelics through a systematic review of experimental and (pre)clinical studies from 1990 onward. We focus on the short-term impact on receptor activity, intracellular signaling, and functional brain connectivity underlying the psychedelic experience. Most psychedelics primarily act as serotonin 5-HT₂A receptor agonists, initiating intracellular signaling pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, glutamate release, and cortical excitability. Psychedelics disrupt functional network connectivity, particularly within the default mode network, while enhancing global integration across brain regions. These effects are associated with subjective experiences of 'ego dissolution' and altered perception, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects. This review synthesizes findings at the molecular and systems level and their interaction during the psychedelic state. While no single model explains all effects, several overlapping theories begin to bridge receptor-level activity with large-scale brain connectivity changes. Improving our understanding of their neurobiological basis may help clarify how psychedelics act and allows for more tailored opportunities to enhance their therapeutic effects and clinical application in a stratified manner.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529", "pubmed_id": "41412413", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41412413\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 394, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for an open-label pilot study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for an open label pilot study", "authors": "Nicole Ledwos, Jenna Baer, Muhammad Ishrat Husain, Daniel M. Blumberger, Rachel Patterson, Elizabeth Hollingdrake, Ezmond S.L. Cheung, Colin Hawco, Christoph Zrenner, Brigitte Zrenner, Jamie D. Feusner, Susan L. Rossell, David Castle, Gwyneth Zai", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental disorder commonly treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotic augmentation and cognitive-behavioural therapy. However, up to 60% of people with OCD do not respond to these treatments. Therefore, a novel intervention, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), is an option of interest. Moreover, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms underpinning PAP's effect on OCD symptoms. AIMS: We aimed to (a) establish the feasibility, tolerability and safety of administering PAP to adults with treatment-resistant OCD; (b) provide preliminary data on the clinical effects of PAP for treatment-resistant OCD, to inform the design of larger clinical trials; and (c) compare neuroimaging and neurophysiological markers pre- and post-PAP in treatment-resistant OCD. METHOD: In this 12-week open-label trial, ten adults with treatment-resistant OCD will receive one 25 mg dose of psilocybin combined with psychological support. Feasibility, tolerability and safety will be assessed throughout. Clinical outcomes will be measured with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Exploratory measures will include brain imaging examining changes in dynamic connectivity from pre to post treatment, electroencephalogram to investigate changes in brain dynamics associated with psilocybin under acute conditions, and transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalogram measures between baseline, provocation of OCD symptoms and up to 1-week post-dose. RESULTS: The study will provide important preliminary data on the feasibility and efficacy of PAP in adults with treatment-resistant OCD, as well as inform our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study will inform the design of larger randomised controlled trials and advance the field of psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2025-12-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2025.10895", "pubmed_id": "41392767", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10895", "keywords": "Protocol (science), Psychotherapist, Psychology, Pilot trial, Field (mathematics), Research design, Medicine, Intervention (counseling), Randomized controlled trial, Clinical trial, Data collection, Applied psychology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417362478\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417362478\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W122113993\",\"https://openalex.org/W200847362\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991771535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008066608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043705607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086030840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087854982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092586569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100202859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113226993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122126648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123552131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123722617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132322340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148083007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149025975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2306891185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2596797494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788732613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890759366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938471378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984198212\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134642859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308485018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310735641\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390586775\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404286681\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407181198\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051154946\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Ledwos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8604-3313\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066478925\",\"display_name\":\"Jenna Baer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078217449\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Ishrat Husain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-5750\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003880874\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel M. Blumberger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8422-5818\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080940430\",\"display_name\":\"Rachel Patterson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-4178\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054311601\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth Hollingdrake\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033889902\",\"display_name\":\"Ezmond S.L. Cheung\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7546-0817\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087321752\",\"display_name\":\"Colin Hawco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3156-4119\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070264725\",\"display_name\":\"Christoph Zrenner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-6923\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017656175\",\"display_name\":\"Brigitte Zrenner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040702751\",\"display_name\":\"Jamie D. Feusner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0391-345X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073606057\",\"display_name\":\"Susan L. Rossell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052884442\",\"display_name\":\"David Castle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-1580\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104046382\",\"display_name\":\"Gwyneth Zai\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10895\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417362478" }, { "id": 3059, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin: a retrospective study", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin a retrospective study", "authors": "", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional retrospective study examined 365 people who currently use psilocybin, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater perceived improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dczw2_v2", "keywords": "age, cannabis, harms, psilocybin, psychedelic, public health, well being, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"dczw2_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 399, "title": "Acute and post-dosing effects of single-dose psilocybin for obsessive-compulsive disorder in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: an interpretative phenomenological analysis", "normalized_title": "acute and post dosing effects of single dose psilocybin for obsessive compulsive disorder in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial an interpretative phenomenological analysis", "authors": "T. H. W. Ching, B. Stahnke, S. Shnayder, G. Agin-Liebes, T. G. Adams, L. Amoroso, O. Baiz, A. Belser, C. Bohner, M. Burke, E. D’Amico, G. DePalmer, J. Eilbott, G. Fram, R. Grazioplene, J. Hokanson, A. Jankovsky, S. A. Kichuk, B. Martins, P. Purohit, H. Schaer, Y. P. Sierra, C. Witherow, C. Pittenger, B. Kelmendi", "abstract": "Introduction: The subjective effects of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are under-explored. Therefore, we conducted a qualitative study of participant experiences from the first randomized placebo-controlled trial of single-dose psilocybin combined with unstructured and non-directive support for individuals with treatment-refractory OCD. Our research explored how participants experienced acute and post-dosing effects, the interrelationships between these effects, and participants' perspectives on therapeutic change. Materials and methods: We conducted qualitative interviews with 12 participants approximately one month after psilocybin dosing; (six who received psilocybin in the initial randomized placebo-controlled phase, six who received open-label psilocybin following unblinding). We analyzed interview transcripts via interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and engaged in consensus decision-making to arrive at 100% intercoder agreement in the process of abstracting codes into higher-order themes. Results: Four major themes (and several subthemes) emerged from our analysis: 1) Influences on Psilocybin Experience (i.e., Set, Setting); 2) Acute Effects (i.e., Acute perceptual effects, Acute [meta]cognitive effects, Acute emotional effects, Acute impact of OCD, Other acute effects); 3) Post-Dosing Changes in OCD (i.e., Post-dosing changes in symptoms, Post-dosing changes in perceptions of OCD); as well as 4) Post-Dosing Changes Beyond OCD Symptoms (i.e., Post-dosing [meta]cognitive changes, Other post-dosing changes). Meaningful interrelationships among codes, subthemes, and themes were the norm. Discussion: Our findings highlight the moderate to strong influences of set and setting in the nature and trajectory of participants' psilocybin experiences. We also uncovered acute, synergistic visual/perceptual, emotional/psychological, and physiological/somatic effects that map onto those commonly reported in prior psilocybin trials for other closely related indications. However, these acute effects tended to occur at lower intensities (i.e., 'partial' experiences) potentially due to acute interference by OCD symptoms. Certain acute and post-dosing (meta)cognitive and behavioral effects also map onto putative mechanisms of action in evidence-based psychotherapy for OCD (e.g., exposure and response prevention [ERP] and acceptance and commitment therapy [ACT]). These findings yielded hypotheses for future investigation, and point toward potential integration of psilocybin with structured psychotherapy approaches for OCD.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818", "pubmed_id": "41450831", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Set (abstract data type), Clinical psychology, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Action (physics), Obsessive compulsive, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Cognitive psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7113899315\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7113899315\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W568533716\",\"https://openalex.org/W745035260\",\"https://openalex.org/W1599004146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1790886046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897149844\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974043834\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979776141\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006001020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006748124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011329819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018629660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067271431\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069223284\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079984335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084244487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092882634\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109490115\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114570941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123822033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145083290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150547685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401253652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2571392308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589082317\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2755332345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792098230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792256936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808880627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2963934185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985188679\",\"https://openalex.org/W3017567603\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122951191\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129125412\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138390800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139885204\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158498065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160204279\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166459008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205710798\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210982168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220874144\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224296821\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225147571\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235891541\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285091545\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313280010\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327814238\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362522195\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362623650\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384665247\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385954214\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387357883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388851214\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390542756\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390674606\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391540455\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406326126\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406959828\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"T. H. W. Ching\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"B. Stahnke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"S. Shnayder\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"G. Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"T. G. Adams\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"L. Amoroso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"O. Baiz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"A. Belser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"C. Bohner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"M. Burke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"E. D’Amico\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"G. DePalmer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"J. Eilbott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"G. Fram\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"R. Grazioplene\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"J. Hokanson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"A. Jankovsky\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"S. A. Kichuk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"B. Martins\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"P. Purohit\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"H. Schaer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Y. P. Sierra\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"C. Witherow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"C. Pittenger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"B. Kelmendi\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7113899315" }, { "id": 354, "title": "Psilocybin in late-life mental health: Addressing depression, loneliness, and existential anxiety", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in late life mental health addressing depression loneliness and existential anxiety", "authors": "Gerasimos Konstantinou, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Sarah Hales, Muhammad Ishrat Husain, Daniel M. Blumberger", "abstract": "The global demographic shift toward aging populations has intensified the need for innovative therapeutic interventions targeting late-life mental health conditions, notably depression, loneliness, and existential distress. Traditional pharmacological treatments often exhibit limited efficacy and poor tolerability in older patients, primarily due to age-related physiological changes and the challenges associated with polypharmacy. Recently, psychedelic-assisted therapy, particularly psilocybin, has gained attention for its potential antidepressant and psychological benefits. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the current evidence supporting psilocybin's effectiveness in older populations and elucidates its neurobiological mechanisms, including serotonergic modulation, enhanced neuroplasticity, and the disruption of maladaptive default mode network activity. Clinical trials in general adult samples demonstrate sustained improvements in depressive symptoms, existential anxiety, and social connectedness following psilocybin administration, suggesting its distinct therapeutic potential beyond conventional treatments. However, geriatric populations are underrepresented in psychedelic research, creating significant knowledge gaps regarding dosing, safety profiles, and long-term outcomes. Pharmacokinetic complexities, cardiovascular risks, and drug interactions necessitate age-specific therapeutic protocols. Ethical considerations, including the complexities of informed consent in cases of cognitive impairment, further underscore the importance of tailored approaches. Future directions must prioritize dedicated geriatric studies that incorporate rigorous safety assessments and integrate findings into existing geriatric care frameworks to fully assess the potential of psilocybin for enhancing late-life mental health and quality of life.", "journal": "General Hospital Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005", "pubmed_id": "41401486", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychological intervention, Psychology, Anxiety, Mental health, Tolerability, Cognition, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Antidepressant, Informed consent, Medicine, Clinical trial, MEDLINE, Mental illness, Polypharmacy, Depression (economics), Social connectedness, Quality of life (healthcare), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417166023\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417166023\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1531988994\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975380080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007816489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047342826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053580809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054169331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055862036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088140721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108129761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111553780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122879540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127005038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131764590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312396951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335478514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518041136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586877732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2609801503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2736123236\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901739937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952447426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2998525361\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3021136383\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080361799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159481221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182695044\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207449839\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217718387\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200455094\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283524493\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294723946\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306663560\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306913343\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308768859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309494777\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312196530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323656393\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365141030\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384664606\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385542937\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390988530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391115210\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391540455\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391824403\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391841842\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391959916\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391967348\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392004581\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392049752\",\"https://openalex.org/W4397049758\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401920066\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405510726\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406599518\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407642838\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408049629\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408808337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410119026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410795265\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051147741\",\"display_name\":\"Gerasimos Konstantinou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-1633\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050740394\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua D. Rosenblat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-2191\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060578045\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Hales\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-8124\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078217449\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Ishrat Husain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-5750\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108125787\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel M. Blumberger\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S45708651\",\"source_display_name\":\"General Hospital Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417166023" }, { "id": 256, "title": "The Relationship Between Participant Pretreatment Clinical Presentation and the Quality of Psilocybin Experience", "normalized_title": "the relationship between participant pretreatment clinical presentation and the quality of psilocybin experience", "authors": "Namik Kirlić, Merve Atli, Sunil Mistry, Michael Gold, Guy M. Goodwin", "abstract": "PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: The therapeutic effects of psilocybin treatment are thought to be influenced by the subjective dose-dependent psychedelic experience, as well as the individual participant's mindset and the treatment environment. However, the relative contribution of an individual's pretreatment clinical characteristics and their subjective psychedelic experience remains unclear. We examined the relationship between pretreatment participant factors and the acute effects of COMP360 psilocybin. METHODS/PROCEDURES: Participants (N=233) with treatment-resistant depression received a single dose of 25, 10, or 1 mg of COMP360 psilocybin (a synthesized, pharmaceutical-grade, proprietary formulation of psilocybin, developed by the sponsor, Compass Pathfinder Ltd., a subsidiary of Compass Pathways plc: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03775200). The psychedelic experience was assessed by the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire (5D-ASC) and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI). We used hierarchical regression to measure the relative contribution of pretreatment clinical characteristics (along the cognitive-affective, somatic, and functional impairment domains) in addition to the drug dose to the subjective psychedelic experience. FINDINGS/RESULTS: Dose was the strongest and most consistent predictor of the psychedelic experience. Some pretreatment characteristics contributed weakly to subjective experiences. Positive affect, lower generalized anxiety symptoms, higher executive functioning, and greater personality disorder symptoms had significant effects on different aspects of the subjective psychedelic experience. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the assumption that pretreatment characteristics are major determinants of the acute psychedelic experience. While some traits may modestly modulate aspects of the experience, dose remains the largest driver.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000002119", "pubmed_id": "41362124", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000002119", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Presentation (obstetrics), Medicine, Quality (philosophy), Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, MEDLINE, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Quality of life (healthcare), Clinical trial, Physical therapy, Patient experience, Participant observation, Intensive care medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417148678\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417148678\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986127454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007445014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043705607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099917845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108984307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114613490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166934228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594757562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994058197\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127909847\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135335789\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292994367\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387389328\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405528804\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405978092\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408072192\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078220787\",\"display_name\":\"Namik Kirlić\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-8774\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085127841\",\"display_name\":\"Merve Atli\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108850316\",\"display_name\":\"Sunil Mistry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058910594\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Gold\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-1669\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037628078\",\"display_name\":\"Guy M. Goodwin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-2816\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S76849566\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000002119\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417148678" }, { "id": 296, "title": "Disengaged: A systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic-assisted therapy research.", "normalized_title": "disengaged a systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic assisted therapy research", "authors": "Reid MR, Song J, Boehnke KF, Buchanan NT, Aday JS.", "abstract": "People of color have been significantly underincluded in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) research, despite facing challenges commonly addressed in PAT and often more severe symptoms. It may be the case that people of color are underincluded because PAT researchers have not used approaches designed to promote sample diversity. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is a research paradigm that has demonstrated success in promoting participant diversity. We hypothesize that the absence of CEnR in psychedelic science may be a contributing factor to the lack of diversity in psychedelic studies. To examine the prevalence of CEnR practices in PAT research, we conducted a systematic review of the past 10 years of psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD clinical trials in the United States. We reviewed each study (N = 27) to assess whether researchers incorporated CEnR using the Continuum of Community Engagement and reached out to each individual study team to ensure comprehensiveness. Our analysis revealed that only 3/27 (11.11 %) studies incorporated CEnR. In the rare instances CEnR was integrated, PAT researchers used community consultation, which involves relatively little engagement with community members. To improve representation in PAT trials, we recommending incorporating the CEnR principles of 1) mapping and engaging local stakeholders, 2) leveraging existing university-hospital infrastructures, 3) co-designing research and outreach initiatives, 4) securing dedicated CEnR resources, and 5) establishing mechanisms for ongoing evaluation. This systematic review supports that there has been a paucity of community-engaged practices in PAT research, which can be addressed by incorporating our recommendations for implementing CEnR in PAT studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516", "pubmed_id": "41365426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Community-Based Participatory Research, Community Participation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41365426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3625, "title": "Investigating the Effects of a Psychedelic-augmented Mental Imagery-based Intervention for Young People With Self-harm Behaviour: an Experimental Medicine Study", "normalized_title": "investigating the effects of a psychedelic augmented mental imagery based intervention for young people with self harm behaviour an experimental medicine study", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "Approximately 20% of young people experience self-harm behaviour in their lives. Self-harm can occur across different mental health disorders, and lead to negative outcomes and risk of suicide. Current treatments are long, costly and do not suit all young people, making it essential to research alternative treatments. Therapy combined with psychedelic drugs has recently been shown to be helpful in a variety of mental health disorders, including depression. This research project will explore the mechanisms by which combining a low dose of psychedelic psilocybin with a cognitive technique may target self-harm behaviour in young people (aged 16-25). Previous research has shown that mental images of self-harm are common among individuals who self-harm and can increase the urge to self-harm. Imagery Re-Scripting (ImRS) is a cognitive technique that guides an individual to replace mental imagery driving self-harm with an alternative image that will instead discourage self-harm and promote alternative coping strategies. However, during ImRS individuals may fear bringing negative mental images and emotions to mind, hindering the process. Psychedelic substances can increase the ability to tolerate difficult emotions, make thinking styles more flexible and individuals more open to change. Based on this, the aim is to test if enhancing a cognitive technique with a low dose psychedelic can modify the cognitive mechanisms maintaining self- harm behaviour. The aim is to examine the effect of a sub-hallucinogenic dose of psilocybin in combination with ImRS on cognitive processes, such as experiencing vivid mental images, and whether it can reduce these mental images and associated negative emotions in young people with recent self-harm behaviour above the effects of ImRS alone. The hypothesis is that psilocybin could facilitate confronting the emotions that arise during ImRS and make it easier to generate new helpful mental imagery. These experimental data could lay the foundation for future treatment development targeting self-harm in young people.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06798636", "keywords": "Self Harm, Psilocybin 5 mg with cognitive behavioural therapy intervention, Psilocybin, Placebo with cognitive behavioural therapy intervention, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06798636\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3692, "title": "Standardized Natural Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Tapering of Opioid Medication in Patients With Chronic Pain: an Open-label Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "standardized natural psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for tapering of opioid medication in patients with chronic pain an open label feasibility study", "authors": "University of British Columbia", "abstract": "This is an open-label pilot trial to assess the safety and feasibility of a novel 8-week psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy intervention to facilitate successful tapering/discontinuation of opioid pain medication in adult patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain. Participation will last approximately 8 months and includes one or two psilocybin-assisted therapy sessions. The study will evaluate the incidence and severity of adverse events during and after treatment, the number of participants who drop out of the study for intervention-related reasons, and the self-reported benefits and harms of the intervention. The purpose of this pilot study is to establish the safety and tolerability of a therapeutic intervention using psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a novel treatment for opioid tapering in a sample of patients with chronic pain. Participants will be patients who have failed previous attempts to reduce their use of opioid medication and who have no medical or psychological contraindications for psilocybin administration. This pilot study involves an 8-week open-label, non-randomized therapeutic intervention and a 6-month follow-up period. To provide a supportive context for the drug experience, participants will receive preparatory and integrative sessions following an acceptance and commitment therapy model for psychedelic therapy. The physician-supervised opioid taper will begin following the first psilocybin dosing session (25mg) after an integration session with therapists, and a second optional psilocybin dosing session (37.5mg) will be facilitated one month later. Assessments will be completed at baseline, and at follow-up points at 1-month, 3-months and 6-months post-intervention to evaluate both acute and long-term effects of the intervention. Primary outcomes of interest are rates of adverse events, retention rates, and patient perceptions of intervention tolerability. Preliminary efficacy of the treatment will be evaluated by tracking opioid reduction rates and long-term maintenance of these reductions. Other measures of interest include qualities of the psychedelic experience, opioid cravings and withdrawal, chronic pain symptoms, and psychological mechanisms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05585229", "keywords": "Opioid Dependence, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05585229\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3513, "title": "A Phase 2b, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study of the Effects of Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy on Psychiatric and Existential Distress in Advanced Cancer", "normalized_title": "a phase 2b randomized double blind placebo controlled multi center study of the effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy on psychiatric and existential distress in advanced cancer", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The purpose of this research is to study the safety and effects of single-dose psilocybin 25mg versus an active placebo (single dose niacin 100mg) in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and existential distress (i.e., loss of meaning and hope; fear of death) in advanced cancer (i.e., stage 3 or 4). Study medications will be administered in conjunction with brief psychotherapy that is designed to treat anxiety, depression and existential distress in advanced cancer. This trial is designed to evaluate efficacy and psychological mechanisms of single-dose psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to treat psychiatric (anxiety, depression) and existential distress (demoralization, death anxiety), and quality-of-life (QOL), in 200 outpatients with late-stage or advanced cancer. The study will assess the strength and durability of therapeutic effects in a double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled, two-center RCT comparing a single 25mg oral 'high' dose of psilocybin to a single 100mg dose of niacin (active placebo), both delivered in conjunction with a psychotherapy platform.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05398484", "keywords": "Advanced Cancer, Psilocybin 25 mgs, Niacin 100mg, Psychotherapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05398484\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\",\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 402, "title": "Novel psychedelic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine.", "normalized_title": "novel psychedelic interventions for post traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine", "authors": "Dodds C, Dawson R, Lim A, Tye S, Nasrallah F.", "abstract": "Novel interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) leverage the psychoactive properties of psychedelic compounds, such as ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin, which may overcome limitations of conventional treatments. Through the modulation of pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, psychedelic interventions are believed to enhance the mechanisms underlying memory processing and extinction. Multi-modal approaches to patient care can use existing treatments in combination with psychedelics to improve the efficacy of current psychotherapies, producing rapid and lasting improvement to chronic physiological and psychological symptoms. Modern methods for predicting treatment response will allow clinicians to personalise psychedelic interventions to the individual, capitalising on quantitative evidence to provide precision medical care. This review serves to identify limitations of the current treatment paradigm for PTSD, highlight how emerging psychedelic interventions may offer a solution to these considerations and explore the promise of precision medicine approaches for the future of PTSD treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251396255", "pubmed_id": "41362593", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251396255", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41362593\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4230, "title": "Efficacy of psilocybin on death anxiety in terminal patients: a narrative review", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin on death anxiety in terminal patients a narrative review", "authors": "Morris Lintong Barimbing, Dian Pritasari Jeger, Made Edwin Sridana", "abstract": "This narrative review synthesized the use of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a promising treatment for alleviating death anxiety in terminally ill patients. The insights presented are derived from findings reported in previous studies. Therefore, this review aimed to assess the efficacy, pharmacology, and mechanisms by which psilocybin alters brain function by affecting 5-HT2A receptors and disrupting the default mode network (DMN), helping to reduce existential fear. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated substantial progress in therapy, with results showing standardized mean differences in anxiety reduction ranging from −0.70 to −1.08, with effects lasting up to six months after a single dose. This review examines the implications for clinical practice, highlighting psilocybin’s favorable safety profile and its potential to fill therapeutic gaps left by conventional treatments, and also addresses the ethical issues surrounding the use of psilocybin in terminally ill patients. The findings support the integration of psychedelic-assisted methods with standard palliative care to enhance end-of-life care and also highlight potential directions for further studies.", "journal": "Progress in Palliative Care", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/09699260.2026.2657096", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09699260.2026.2657096", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Narrative review, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Terminal (telecommunication), Death anxiety, Psychotherapist, Life review, Narrative, Clinical psychology, Terminal care, Depression (economics), Palliative care, MEDLINE, Review article, Hallucinogen, Terminal cancer, Terminally ill, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7152631097\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7152631097\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1987559404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058150514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413083000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518148997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894694698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902481475\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949756216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2966728360\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991985135\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014996408\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087328717\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113693816\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134789907\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175230374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194946707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208196863\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213518678\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200198590\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200517619\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225106358\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281653128\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292308198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293216995\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295828365\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306398972\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316686787\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323263931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366280986\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380151127\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380484863\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187233\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383912690\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384819730\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385173532\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386901577\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390509229\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391328164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391755875\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392767026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396869026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401895725\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406126624\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406472518\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408459373\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409521679\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409797469\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410735628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410910940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411086084\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411955700\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413030984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4413190735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414123659\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414267802\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414465307\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414541727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414616693\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414845973\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417166023\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417184349\",\"https://openalex.org/W4417190046\",\"https://openalex.org/W7117564265\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5121753259\",\"display_name\":\"Morris Lintong Barimbing\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5124943449\",\"display_name\":\"Dian Pritasari Jeger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007993692\",\"display_name\":\"Made Edwin Sridana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8670-0099\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S19816070\",\"source_display_name\":\"Progress in Palliative Care\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09699260.2026.2657096\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7152631097" }, { "id": 4221, "title": "Psilocybin and Neuroplasticity: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Directions", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and neuroplasticity mechanisms therapeutic potential and future directions", "authors": "S. Fereydouni", "abstract": "Introduction Mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), remain a significant global health concern, requiring novel therapeutic approaches. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, has shown potential in modulating neuroplasticity, a critical process for cognitive flexibility and mental well-being. This review explores psilocybin’s role in enhancing neuroplasticity and its therapeutic implications for mental disorders. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted (2015-2024) using PubMed, PsycINFO, and other databases. Search terms included “Mental Health,” “Psilocybin,” “Neuroplasticity,” and “Mental Disorders.” Studies on psilocybin’s effects on neuroplasticity in human and animal models were included. Extracted data were synthesized chronologically to identify key findings and trends. Results Psilocybin acts primarily via 5-HT2A receptor activation, increasing synaptic connectivity, dendritogenesis, and neurogenesis. It enhances neuroplasticity through the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, contributing to antidepressant and pro-social effects. Clinical and preclinical evidence supports improvements in mood regulation, fear extinction, and cognitive function. Some inconsistencies in neuroplastic outcomes highlight the need for standardized protocols and further investigation. Conclusions Psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity is a promising avenue for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to clarify long-term effects, optimal dosing, and molecular mechanisms to ensure safe and effective clinical applications.", "journal": "Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Neuroscience, MEDLINE, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Disease, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Feature (linguistics), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7115166480\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7115166480\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"S. Fereydouni\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226710\",\"source_display_name\":\"Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7115166480" }, { "id": 401, "title": "Investigational psilocybin treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: a qualitative study of participant experience, trauma engagement, and differences from standard treatment", "normalized_title": "investigational psilocybin treatment for post traumatic stress disorder a qualitative study of participant experience trauma engagement and differences from standard treatment", "authors": "Nadav Liam Modlin, Victoria Williamson, Guy M. Goodwin, Ekaterina Malievskaia, Merve Atli, Zsofia Elek, Alice Gaillard, Don Koelpin, Anthony J. Cleare, Manish Agrawal, Rachel Yehuda, Namik Kirlić, James Rucker", "abstract": "Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition leading to significant personal and societal burden. Standard treatments frequently demonstrate limited efficacy, leading to persistent symptoms and high dropout rates. Psilocybin has shown promise in treating depression, a condition that is often comorbid with PTSD. We aimed to explore participant experiences of psilocybin treatment for PTSD, emphasising the role of monitoring and support for safety, direct and indirect engagement with trauma-related material during psilocybin treatment, and differences between psilocybin and standard treatments. Methods: This qualitative study was nested within a quantitative, open-label phase 2 trial assessing the safety and tolerability of COMP360 psilocybin in adults with PTSD. Eligible participants were adults (18 years or older) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for PTSD secondary to a traumatic event experienced in adulthood. Recruitment was conducted at three sites across two countries: two in the United States and one in the United Kingdom. Enrolled participants underwent standardised preparation, a single psilocybin administration session, and follow-up integration sessions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted before, the day after, and 12 weeks post-treatment. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which is a distinct and theoretically grounded approach to co-construction of recurring themes pertaining to participants' preparedness for treatment, how participants' index trauma presented during treatment, and how psilocybin compared to standard treatments. The quantitative phase 2 trial, which the present qualitative study is nested within, is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05312151. Findings: Between June 10, 2022, and Feb 12, 2024, 21 participants were enrolled and participated in this qualitative sub-study and completed the in-person qualitative interviews. The analysis revealed four core themes: (1) non-pharmacological factors for psychological safety and trust, (2) the experiential nature of psilocybin treatment, (3) engagement with trauma-related material during psilocybin treatment, and (4) comparative reflections on prior therapies and psilocybin treatment. Emphasising safety, treatment education, and informed consent, the treatment facilitated an experience of both direct and indirect engagement with trauma-related material during psilocybin treatment. Unlike standard treatments requiring direct confrontation with trauma memories, psilocybin appears to enable a broader, indirect engagement with traumatic material via a range of affective, somatic and self-transcendent experiences (e.g., moments of perceived unity, dissolution of self, or felt connection with a larger whole). Interpretation:. Funding: Compass Pathways, plc.", "journal": "EClinicalMedicine", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103692", "pubmed_id": "41497513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103692", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Qualitative research, Psychiatry, Traumatic stress, Clinical psychology, Stress (linguistics), MEDLINE, Compass, Physical therapy, Psychotherapist, Investigational Drugs, Clinical trial, Posttraumatic stress, Acute Stress Disorder, Qualitative analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417031290\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417031290\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1534577973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022085232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124556602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127046953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152676810\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170803554\",\"https://openalex.org/W2305278139\",\"https://openalex.org/W2509310219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2598895258\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892153793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899448494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2904943889\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3034423620\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048560297\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095098358\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125332567\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195596087\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200528712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224257950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229058059\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317478735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367835241\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367840575\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187376\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386740988\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389606379\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390730351\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391053730\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693273\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405978092\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037169539\",\"display_name\":\"Nadav Liam Modlin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-4354\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048557173\",\"display_name\":\"Victoria Williamson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3110-9856\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037628078\",\"display_name\":\"Guy M. Goodwin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-2816\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021278348\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Malievskaia\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085127841\",\"display_name\":\"Merve Atli\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120688796\",\"display_name\":\"Zsofia Elek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Alice Gaillard\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115738022\",\"display_name\":\"Don Koelpin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088467690\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony J. Cleare\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-939X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075438055\",\"display_name\":\"Manish Agrawal\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0727-6822\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088026153\",\"display_name\":\"Rachel Yehuda\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-677X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078220787\",\"display_name\":\"Namik Kirlić\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-8774\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898347799\",\"source_display_name\":\"EClinicalMedicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103692\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417031290" }, { "id": 3698, "title": "Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP): A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial Comparing Meditation and Music-Based Programs in Healthy Volunteers.", "normalized_title": "digital intervention for psychedelic preparation dipp a randomised controlled feasibility trial comparing meditation and music based programs in healthy volunteers", "authors": "University College, London", "abstract": "This randomised controlled feasibility trial evaluates the Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP), a novel 21-day self-guided program designed to prepare individuals for psychedelic experiences. Forty healthy volunteers will be randomly assigned to either a meditation-based intervention or a music-based control condition. Both groups will follow identical program structures, with the key distinction being their daily practice focus: meditation or music listening. Following the 21-day preparation period, participants will undergo a supervised 25 mg psilocybin session at University College London. Assessment visits include an in-person follow-up at 2 weeks post-session, followed by online assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months. The primary outcomes include operational feasibility (recruitment rates and participant retention) and intervention adherence (completion rates of DIPP program activities). Secondary outcomes include participant ratings of the platform's feasibility, acceptability, and usability, as well as changes in psychedelic preparedness, the quality of the psychedelic experience, and mental wellbeing over time. Growing evidence demonstrates the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances, particularly psilocybin, in addressing mental health challenges and enhancing psychological well-being. While psychedelic experiences can catalyse profound positive changes, they can also be psychologically challenging and potentially destabilising, underscoring the need for thorough preparation. Studies consistently show that an individual's psychological state prior to psychedelic administration significantly influences both the acute experience and its lasting benefits. However, structured preparation protocols designed to optimise this pre-psychedelic state remain understudied despite their crucial role in therapeutic outcomes. Digital health interventions offer a promising solution for delivering standardised preparation protocols at scale. Meditation-based approaches warrant particular investigation, as they systematically cultivate both immediate psychological states and enduring traits (e.g. non-judgemental acceptance) beneficial for psychedelic experiences. Through regular practice, meditation promotes trait-like metacognitive awareness, emotional regulation, and tolerance of uncertainty - qualities particularly valuable for navigating altered states of consciousness. These benefits are supported by neuroscientific evidence showing that meditation and psychedelics influence similar brain networks and mechanisms. While traditional meditation training often requires substantial time investment and in-person instruction, digital platforms can provide efficient structured guidance without the need for face-to-face support from a trained instructor, while maintaining essential elements of practice. This combination of accessibility and evidence-based benefits makes digital meditation platforms particularly well-suited for preparing individuals for psychedelic experiences. This randomised controlled feasibility trial evaluates the Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP), a 21-day self-guided program. Forty healthy volunteers will be randomised 1:1 to either a meditation-based intervention or music-based control condition. Both groups will engage with identical program structures, differing only in their daily practice (meditation versus music listening). Following preparation, all participants will undergo a supervised 25 mg psilocybin session at University College London, with follow-up assessments conducted in person at 2 weeks and online at 3, 6, and 9 months post-intervention. The primary outcomes address two key aspects of feasibility: operational feasibility and intervention adherence. Operational feasibility evaluates study-wide metrics, including recruitment efficiency (target ≥1 participant per week) and participant retention (target ≥70% completion through the 2-week post-dose follow-up). Intervention adherence focuses on participant engagement with the DIPP activities (meditation or music listening), assessed through completion rates for daily sessions, mood check-ins, journal entries, and weekly tasks, with a target of ≥70% of participants achieving an average completion rate of 70% or higher. Secondary outcomes, reported descriptively for both conditions, include implementation measures such as subjective feasibility (SFIS), acceptability (TFA), and usability (SUS/MARS) ratings. Efficacy measures assess changes in psychedelic preparedness (PPS) from baseline to post-DIPP intervention, the qualities of the acute psychedelic experience (11-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale \\[11D-ASC\\] and Challenging Experience Questionnaire \\[CEQ\\]) following dosing, and changes in mental wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale \\[WEMWBS\\]) from baseline through the 2-week post-dose follow-up. As such, this study will investigate the feasibility of implementing a digital preparation protocol within a research setting, while gathering preliminary data on engagement, acceptability, and potential efficacy. The findings will inform refinements to the DIPP platform and protocol, supporting the development of accessible, standardised preparation methods for psychedelic research and therapy as the field continues to expand into diverse clinical and community-based settings.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06815653", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin 25mg, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06815653\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 297, "title": "New treatments for OCD? Evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "new treatments for ocd evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics", "authors": "Van Ameringen M, Patel V, Patterson B, Hopkinson P, Rahat M.", "abstract": "The etiology of OCD is complex and appears to involve multiple biological pathways. Imbalances in central serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate activities are widely thought to play a causative role. Despite strong evidence supporting first-line OCD pharmacotherapies, approximately 40-60 % of OCD patients remain unresponsive and are considered treatment resistant (TR). Although a range of agents have been examined in TR-OCD, there is no gold-standard, indicating a need to broaden our clinical armamentarium. Cannabis has been used for centuries in many cultures for both medicinal and recreational purposes. Clinical interest in these agents has recently re-emerged. The current evidence for the use of cannabinoids in OCD is very small and includes survey-based, self-report studies with very few controlled trials. Additionally, after a long hiatus from psychiatric research, psychedelics have re-emerged as agents of interest within the past decade. A comprehensive scoping review of the OCD literature including published and grey literature was conducted and detailed in this paper. The current evidence associated with Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), and Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDMA) in the treatment of OCD is detailed. Much of the current evidence examining cannabinoids and psychedelics in OCD is from cross-sectional surveys and case reports, as well as some small clinical trials. There is a shortage of well-controlled, methodologically rigorous RCTs to properly test the efficacy of cannabinoids or psychedelics in OCD and related disorders. However, the current evidence appears to indicate a lack of evidence supporting the use of either synthetic or natural cannabinoids to treat OCD, but a stronger signal for the use of psilocybin in TR-OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021", "pubmed_id": "41317726", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabinoids, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41317726\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 348, "title": "Advancing treatment paradigms: the role of psilocybin in managing major depressive disorder", "normalized_title": "advancing treatment paradigms the role of psilocybin in managing major depressive disorder", "authors": "Sana Rasheed, Rida Arif, Ahmed Asad Raza, Abedin Samadi", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, has received attention as a novel therapeutic option for major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly in cases where traditional treatments prove ineffective. The study aims to evaluate psilocybin's therapeutic potential by examining its efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action as well as addressing the societal and regulatory challenges that hinder its broader application. Key objectives include understanding how psilocybin alleviates depressive symptoms, investigating its neurobiological effects, and identifying gaps in current research. The methodology involved analyzing clinical studies conducted between 2014 and 2024, focusing on psilocybin as an intervention, either independently or in conjunction with psychotherapy. Evidence from these studies demonstrates that psilocybin acts on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, enhancing neuroplasticity and brain connectivity to yield rapid and sustained symptom relief. Despite these promising findings, the use and study of psilocybin remains restricted due to its classification as a Schedule I substance in many countries. Legal prohibitions and societal stigma have significantly delayed progress in exploring psilocybin's therapeutic applications. The findings highlight psilocybin's potential to transform MDD treatment paradigms but emphasize the need to overcome regulatory barriers, conduct larger and more diverse studies, and establish long-term safety and efficacy data. Addressing these challenges is critical for integrating psilocybin into mainstream mental health care and unlocking its full therapeutic potential.", "journal": "Annals of Medicine and Surgery", "publication_date": "2025-11-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/ms9.0000000000004349", "pubmed_id": "41497122", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000004349", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Major depressive disorder, Medicine, Psychiatry, Mainstream, Mental health, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Therapeutic approach, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Cognition, Clinical psychology, Bipolar disorder, Vortioxetine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416592848\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416592848\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2752781070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027835371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3033447508\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211143280\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280525486\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281891940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361292040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379051631\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404123591\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407728103\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009917648\",\"display_name\":\"Sana Rasheed\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Rida Arif\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9884-386X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101718797\",\"display_name\":\"Ahmed Asad Raza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2930-8188\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Abedin Samadi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2676-9093\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226177\",\"source_display_name\":\"Annals of Medicine and Surgery\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000004349\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416592848" }, { "id": 426, "title": "Sex-specific role of the 5-HT2A receptor in psilocybin-induced extinction of opioid reward", "normalized_title": "sex specific role of the 5 ht2a receptor in psilocybin induced extinction of opioid reward", "authors": "Alaina M. Jaster, Thomas M Hadlock, Belle Buzzi, Jessica L. Maltman, Gabriella Silva, Somdatta Saha, Eda Köşeli, Abby M Pondelick, Nikita Thakur, Xin Zhang, Gaoshan Li, Sandra Ledesma-Corvi, K. Moore, Hannah R. Peterson, Barbara Fujita, Alexia L. Zylko, Melissa J. Lewis, Justin L. Poklis, Matthew S. Halquist, Jennifer T. Wolstenholme, Dana E. Selley, Peter J. Hamilton, Chang Lu, M. Imad Damaj, Javier González-Maeso", "abstract": "Emerging evidence suggests that classical psychedelics may offer therapeutic potential for opioid use disorder (OUD) by alleviating key hallmarks such as altered reward processing and dependence. However, the mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. Our data demonstrate that a single administration of the psychedelic psilocybin (PSI) reduces conditioned behavior and withdrawal induced by the opioid oxycodone (OXY) in male mice but not in females, and this effect is mediated via the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). We show that the sex-specific attenuation of OXY preference is driven by 5-HT2AR activation in frontal cortex pyramidal neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Additionally, PSI modulates epigenomic regulation following repeated OXY exposure and induces sex-specific NAc dendritic structural plasticity independently of 5-HT2AR. Notably, female frontal cortex and NAc show fewer changes at gene enhancer regions in response to PSI, repeated OXY, or combined PSI-OXY treatment compared to males, with the frontal cortex exhibiting more pronounced sex differences than the NAc at the epigenomic level. Together, these results provide new insights into the neural and epigenetic mechanisms of psychedelic-induced plasticity in OUD, while also highlighting sex differences in PSI’s modulation of reward pathways and its therapeutic potential. Here Jaster et al., show a single psilocybin dose produce sex-specific post-acute changes in opioid reward and withdrawal via 5-HT2A receptors in frontal cortex-to-nucleus accumbens circuits, with epigenetic and synaptic changes shaping therapeutic potential.", "journal": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2025-11-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-64887-w", "pubmed_id": "41266307", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64887-w", "keywords": "Nucleus accumbens, Neuroscience, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Neuroplasticity, Opioid, Prepulse inhibition, Opioid receptor, Forebrain, μ-opioid receptor, Addiction, Psychology, Conditioned place preference, Dendritic spine, Infralimbic cortex, Epigenomics, Biology, Ventral tegmental area, Epigenetics, Amygdala, Synaptic plasticity, Receptor, Cortex (anatomy), Oxycodone, Long-term potentiation, Medicine, Naltrexone, Thalamus, Dopamine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": 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M. Jaster\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-394X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114570576\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas M Hadlock\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071605633\",\"display_name\":\"Belle Buzzi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-7377\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014515937\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica L. Maltman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4469-745X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007998933\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriella Silva\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-1052\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100818624\",\"display_name\":\"Somdatta Saha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042887851\",\"display_name\":\"Eda Köşeli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4812-4024\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038135641\",\"display_name\":\"Abby M Pondelick\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6250-105X\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Nikita Thakur\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Xin Zhang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012195020\",\"display_name\":\"Gaoshan Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6809-0274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051291619\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra Ledesma-Corvi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6684-1214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112008605\",\"display_name\":\"K. Moore\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Hannah R. Peterson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120414662\",\"display_name\":\"Barbara Fujita\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038792717\",\"display_name\":\"Alexia L. Zylko\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021823042\",\"display_name\":\"Melissa J. Lewis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6643-191X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030544754\",\"display_name\":\"Justin L. Poklis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-5717\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090620609\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew S. Halquist\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9591-3117\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035453363\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer T. Wolstenholme\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-9312\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010098064\",\"display_name\":\"Dana E. Selley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3118-9339\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102810342\",\"display_name\":\"Peter J. Hamilton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6819-8346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100702058\",\"display_name\":\"Chang Lu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-5888\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036036065\",\"display_name\":\"M. Imad Damaj\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047587284\",\"display_name\":\"Javier González-Maeso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-3204\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S64187185\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64887-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Animal Study,Toxicity,Genomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416410579" }, { "id": 425, "title": "Psilocybin and Chronic Pain: A New Perspective for Future Pain Therapists?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and chronic pain a new perspective for future pain therapists", "authors": "Silvia Natoli, Arturo Cuomo, Maurizio Marchesini, Livio Luongo, Giuliano Lo Bianco, Vittorio Guardamagna, Shigeki Yamaguchi", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults worldwide and remains a major healthcare burden due to its persistence, multidimensional impact, and resistance to conventional therapies. The opioid crisis has further highlighted the urgent need for safer and more effective alternatives. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic compound, has re-emerged as a potential therapeutic option for chronic pain given its effects on neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and emotional regulation. METHODS: This narrative review synthesized evidence from published preclinical and clinical studies. The focus was on the mechanisms of action of psilocybin, animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and early human trials exploring its effects on pain, mood, and quality of life. RESULTS: Preclinical studies demonstrated that psilocybin promotes synaptogenesis via BDNF-TrkB signalling, modulates 5-HT2A receptor activity, and reduces neuroinflammatory processes, leading to persistent analgesic and anxiolytic effects. Animal models of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and inflammatory pain showed long-lasting antinociceptive responses. Clinical studies, though limited, reported improvements in depression, anxiety, resilience, and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer and chronic conditions, with preliminary evidence of analgesic benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Psilocybin shows promise as a multidimensional therapy for chronic pain, addressing both sensory and affective components. However, ethical issues, safety concerns, and regulatory barriers necessitate careful management, and robust randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm efficacy and guide clinical translation.", "journal": "Medical Sciences", "publication_date": "2025-11-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/medsci13040277", "pubmed_id": "41283278", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040277", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Perspective (graphical), Chronic pain, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Psychiatry, Randomized controlled trial, Ethical issues, Hallucinogen, MEDLINE, Clinical psychology, Intensive care medicine, Pain relief, Depression (economics), Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:32", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416407616\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416407616\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1979233603\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988006913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005937053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024108603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038839611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046019936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099030247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109309568\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2407074051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2426802935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473063847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567578199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942136138\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944592785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948376596\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004772127\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160481424\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195427620\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196007322\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309832620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310465099\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361292040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365442769\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378549583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382010877\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389891609\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390988530\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392119029\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392660340\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393489617\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693273\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399323719\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400513312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400697733\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402529371\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402697828\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402825425\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403895310\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404843727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405021593\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406845122\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408540649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408581056\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408780815\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410735628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412764217\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414747399\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004648701\",\"display_name\":\"Silvia Natoli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-5375\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028425468\",\"display_name\":\"Arturo Cuomo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-6713\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018238229\",\"display_name\":\"Maurizio Marchesini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3286-9531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052789598\",\"display_name\":\"Livio Luongo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1949-2039\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060128343\",\"display_name\":\"Giuliano Lo Bianco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1548\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027033047\",\"display_name\":\"Vittorio Guardamagna\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-8151\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108070065\",\"display_name\":\"Shigeki Yamaguchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-2818\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2739445098\",\"source_display_name\":\"Medical Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040277\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416407616" }, { "id": 3454, "title": "Open Label, Phase 2 Study for Evaluating the Feasibility, Safety and Efficacy of Psychotherapy Assisted Psilocybin for Treatment of Severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Drug and/or Psychotherapy Resistant Patients.", "normalized_title": "open label phase 2 study for evaluating the feasibility safety and efficacy of psychotherapy assisted psilocybin for treatment of severe obsessive compulsive disorder ocd in drug and or psychotherapy resistant patients", "authors": "Beersheva Mental Health Center", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent distressing thoughts and substantial anxiety, accompanied by repetitive behaviors or mental rituals. Individuals with OCD often have diminished quality of life, and functional impairment. The disorder cause high personal, societal and economic costs. Current available treatments for OCD show moderate response rate and high rate of symptom relapse. The purpose of the current study is to explore new alternative options for the treatment of OCD that can widely and continuously benefit patients. Specifically, The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of psychotherapy assisted psilocybin for treatment of severe OCD. Previous research has shown safety of treatment and high efficacy in reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms. However, only one study has evaluated the use of psilocybin for OCD patients. The protocol includes 15 therapeutic sessions, of which 12 are one-hour sessions for psychological preparation and integration, and three are eight hours' experiential sessions under the influence of psilocybin. The research will include 15 participants diagnosed with severe OCD, with at least one treatment failure. Assessments will be based on comparing ratings of the main outcome measure (Y-BOCS), at baseline, at the middle and at end of treatment. Other assessments will include data on side effects- to evaluate safety, and possible spiritual variables underlying change in symptoms via standardized questionnaires. Background and research rationale: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent distressing thoughts and substantial anxiety, accompanied by repetitive behaviours or mental rituals performed to control or alleviate this anxiety. Individuals with OCD often have diminished quality of life, functional impairment, and cause substantial caregiver burden and personal and societal economic costs. Lifetime prevalence of OCD ranges between 1.9%-2.5%, with patients often not responding to the offered pharmacological or psychological treatment, and in extreme cases may even undergo neurosurgical interventions. There are several possible physiological mechanisms leading to the development of OCD, which may indicate several possible effective treatment options. Nowadays there is a consensus that the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways are central to the development of the disorder with the basal ganglia as the main area of its origin. Other brain areas involved in OCD are the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex which are connected to the basal ganglia and are involved in regulating attention and awareness. Abnormal activity between these areas and other subcortical areas might explain why normally unconscious information processing, becomes consciousness, and requires additional resources for its regulation. It has also been suggested that the aversive emotional activity (anxiety, fear, disgust) experienced in OCD, relates to hyperactivity in the amygdala. The momentary relief brought on by the compulsive behaviour forms a positive feedback which perpetuate the disorder. The gold standard of care for OCD today is a combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Most patients will experience at least some symptomatic relief with these interventions; however, relapse of symptoms occur in 40%-60% of patients and around 25% of patients are unresponsive to treatment. Other existing treatments (either pharmacological or neurosurgical) possess a higher risk for serious side effects. It is important to note that even for those patients who are responsive to treatment there are still significant residual, impairing symptoms. It thus seems that there is a real and immediate need to explore new alternative options for the treatment of OCD that can widely and continuously benefit patients, with lower risk and fewer side effects. A new and promising prospect of treatment in mental health is the use of psychedelic substances, which interact with the serotonergic pathways and induce a powerful subjective experience with the potential for psychological transformation. Specifically, psilocybin has received attention in research as a promising alternative in the treatment of severe mental illness. Psilocybin is a prodrug which is quickly converted by the body to psilocin (4-OH-dimethyltryptamine), a 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist. Both psilocybin and psilocin, which have psychoactive properties, are naturally occurring in Psilocybe mushrooms and are structurally similar to the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin. As a direct 5-HT2A agonist, psilocybin has a unique therapeutic potential compared with other pharmacological treatment for OCD such as SSRIs. Animal studies have shown increased cognitive flexibility, associative learning, cortical plasticity, and anti-depressive effects in response to 5-HT2A activation. The first current clinical research with psilocybin examined the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of psychological distress in patients with terminal advanced-stage cancer. The double-blind, placebo-controlled research was conducted in the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (Torrance, California). Researchers concluded that psilocybin is safe and well tolerated at 0.2 mg/kg dose. Following this research two different research groups, in Johns Hopkins University, and in New York University, have received FDA approval to administrate a higher dose of psilocybin in a similar clinical population. These trails have shown promising results for safety, psychological distress reduction, and significant improvement in anxiety and depression. In their research, Griffiths and colleagues, examined the efficacy of psilocybin in reducing anxiety and depression in 51 patients suffering from a terminal end-stage cancer and experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. This randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial investigated the effects of a very low (placebo-like) dose (1 or 3 mg/70 kg) vs. a high dose (22 or 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin. No serious adverse events attributed to psilocybin administration occurred. There were transient moderate increases in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure after psilocybin (in 34% of participants in the high-dose session and 17% of participants in the low-dose session), none of these episodes met criteria for medical intervention. Nausea or vomiting occurred in 15% of participants in the high-dose session. An episode of physical discomfort (any type) occurred in 21% of participants in the high-dose session and 8% in the low-dose session. Psychological discomfort (any type) occurred in 32% of participants in the high-dose session and 12% in the low-dose session. An episode of anxiety occurred in 26% of participants in the high-dose session and 15% in the low-dose session. One participant had a transient episode of paranoid ideation (2% of high-dose sessions). There were no cases of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) or prolonged psychosis. Across the two dose sequence groups, the overall rate of clinical response at 6 months was 78% and 83% for depression and anxiety, respectively, and the overall rate of symptom remission at 6 months for all participants was 65% and 57%, respectively. Ross and colleagues conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, with 29 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression that were randomly assigned and received treatment with single-dose psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) or niacin (active placebo), both in conjunction with psychotherapy (before and after drug administration). The most common adverse effects were non-clinically significant elevations in blood pressure and heart rate (76%), headaches/migraines (28%), nausea (14%), transient anxiety (17%), and transient psychotic-like symptoms (7%). The medical and psychiatric adverse effects attributable to psilocybin are all known, were transient, and tolerable. There were no cases of prolonged psychosis or HPPD, and no participants required psychiatric hospitalization. Psilocybin produced immediate, substantial, and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression, this effect was sustained at 6.5 months follow-up. These trails and others have shown safety of treatment and high efficacy in reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms with sustained effect at 6 months follow up. These findings taken together with the theoretical understanding of psilocybin mechanism of action and with the understanding of the neuro-psychological pathology of OCD, encourage investigating the potential of psilocybin as a novel significant treatment for this disorder. Research of beneficial effects of psilocybin for patients with OCD is in its infancy, but preliminary findings show potential efficacy in treatment of the disorder. Matsushima and colleagues, used a mice model for OCD and found that psilocybin (both syntactic and in mushroom form), significantly inhibited compulsive behaviour (marble burying) without affecting locomotor activity. In addition, several case reports showed beneficial effects of psilocybin for people with OCD. For example, Leonard and Rapoport (1987) and Moreno and Delgado (1997) reported that among drug-users with OCD, there was a worsening of symptoms under the influence of cocaine, but a remission of symptoms for hours/ days following psilocybin use. Wilcox (2014) described a case in which a patient with OCD self-medicated with psilocybin, once every three weeks, experienced a preserved effect of reduced anxiety, obsessive thoughts, and compulsive behaviour. In another case report, a patient suffering from a body dysmorphic disorder (spending about 4 hours a day examining himself in the mirror), has experienced a significant reduction in distress and a notable change in body perception following multiple dosing of psilocybin. Moreno et al. 2006 conducted a semi open-label trial examining the effect of psilocybin on nine participants with mild to severe OCD, which had at least one \"treatment failure\" defined as a lack of significant improvement after an adequate treatment. Doses were 25 (very low dose \\[VLD\\]), 100 (low dose \\[LD\\]), 200 (medium dose \\[MD\\]), and 300 (high dose \\[HD\\]) µg/kg. LD, MD, and HD were assigned in that order, and VLD was inserted randomly and in a double-blind fashion at any time after the first dose (LD). In measurements during the 24 hours after each dose all participants have experienced a significant relief in symptoms (23%-100% as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale \\[YBOCS\\]) in at least one of the sessions. Two of the subjects reported that their symptomatic improvement lasted most of the following week after testing. One subject achieved long-term remission at the end of the 4 test sessions, as measured at 6-month follow-up. There was, however, no clear dose-response relationship to the change in YBOCS score and no correlation between YBOCS score reduction and the perceived intensity of the psychedelic experience. These preliminary findings stress the need for further research to examine the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD. In addition, the only clinical trial to date did not include psychotherapy for patients while under the influence of psilocybin. Earlier studies have shown that a preliminary therapeutic relationship before psilocybin administration increases the probability for a \"peak experience\" during sessions. Furthermore, two more recent studies have emphasized the importance of psychotherapy during and before psilocybin sessions, touching on 'intent' and formulating an early and strong therapeutic relationship. There is also a reference to the, \"psychedelic afterglow\", an effect lasting for days and even weeks after a psychedelic session during which there is a unique window for a meaningful transformative psychotherapeutic intervention, most likely owing to the increased psychological plasticity following a psychedelic experience. The current study has two main goals: 1. Determine the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for patients suffering from OCD. 2. Elucidate the psychological mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effect of psilocybin on OCD symptoms. Research Plan: The current research aims to examine the feasibility, safety and efficacy of psychotherapy assisted psilocybin for treatment of severe OCD. The protocol includes 15 therapeutic sessions, of which 12 are one-hour sessions, and three are eight hours' experiential sessions (session 4,8,12) under the influence of psilocybin. In the first experiential session participants will receive a safety dose of 10mg/70kg. In the second and third sessions, participants will receive a therapeutic dose of 30mg/70kg. Three preparatory sessions will take place before the first experiential session, and three integration sessions will take place after each experiential session. The research will include 15 participants, and will include the following phases: Selection phase: Research team will screen participants via phone interviews. Participants answering the inclusion criteria will be invited to receive and sign consent forms. Research member will collect demographics and health status data and register the participants according to study protocol. Preparatory and final registration phase: It is known that SSRIs have a counter effect on psilocybin; therefore, to allow a full effect of psilocybin it is necessary to avoid drug interaction and discontinue previous treatment. In a period of 4 weeks participants will undergo medication withdrawal under psychiatric supervision. During the 4 weeks period each participant will have 2-4 sessions (as needed) with the research psychiatrist, to supervise their clinical state. At the end of 4 weeks, a psychiatric evaluation will take place to determine readiness to begin psilocybin treatment. Baseline assessment, and preparatory therapeutic sessions phase: During the 5-6 weeks from registration, participants will have three preparatory psychotherapy sessions with a couple of therapists assigned to their treatment. Prior to their first psychotherapy session, participants will complete the first-baseline assessment of research questionnaires. Treatment phase: The treatment phase includes three experiential sessions with psilocybin (sessions 4, 8, 12), and three integration sessions after each experiential session. During this phase participants will complete three assessments using research questionnaires (sessions 2, 10, 15). End of treatment and follow-up phase: Primary outcome assessment will take place at the end of the last therapeutic session (no.15). Additional assessments will take place at three months, and six months/one-year follow-up. Research procedure Participants will sign consent forms, before participating in the research treatment. The treatment is based on 15 therapy sessions: * Three preliminary sessions for establishing therapeutic alliance with the therapists and preparing the participant for the first experiential session. * An 8-hour experiential session with a safety dose of psilocybin (10mg/70 kg). (V4) * Participant will spend the night at the medical facility, under the supervision of a research member. * A1-hour session with the therapists, on the following morning (V5) * Two integration sessions, and preparation for the next experiential session. (V6, V7) * An 8-hour experiential session with a therapeutic dose of psilocybin (30mg/70 kg). (V8) * Participant will spend the night at the medical facility, under the supervision of a research member. * A1-hour session with the therapists, on the following morning (V9) * Two integration sessions, and preparation for the next experiential session. (V10, V11) * An 8-hour experiential session with a therapeutic dose of psilocybin (30mg/70 kg). (V12) * Participant will spend the night at the medical facility, under the supervision of a research member. * A1-hour session with the therapists, on the following morning (V13) * Two integration and summary sessions. (V14, V15) Possible discomfort: It is possible that psilocybin and the experience it induces will cause some emotional or physical discomfort. Investigators will address all possible discomforts and appropriate measures to contain them, in the research safety instructions. Research purpose: The main objective of this research is to use standardized measuring tools to explore the safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in treating severe OCD symptoms. A secondary aim is to explore possible variables underlying change in symptoms. Research objectives: The main objective is to assess efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in treating severe OCD symptoms. This assessment will be based on comparing ratings of the main outcome measure (Y-BOCS), at baseline (session 2) at the middle and at end of treatment (session 10, 15 respectively). A score under 14 or a reduction of 35% in the overall score will be considered as remission (Lewin, Nadai, Park, Goodman, Murphy \\& Stroch, 2011). Secondary objectives: assessing safety by collecting data on side effects, and assessing possible spiritual variables underlying change in symptoms via standardized questionnaires and semi constructed interviews. Safety: The general safety goal is to assess occurrence and frequency of adverse events during treatment. This includes suicide ideation and/or behaviour, and adverse physiological or psychological responses. The safety of psilocybin use was previously proven in several clinical research. Potential adverse effects: In general, psychedelic drugs have low levels of physiological toxicity, and previous research indicate no evidence of toxicity, organ damage or neurophysiological disfunctions. Possible physiological effects experienced under the influence of psychedelic substances may include: dizziness, weakness, tremor, paresthesia, nausea, thirst, blurred vision, dilated pupils, and hyperreflexia. These somatic effects are dynamic and relatively minor, even when the psychological effect (sensory, perceptual, and cognitive) is strong/intense. The significant risk associated with psilocybin intake, is a subjective experience of fear and anxiety, panic, dysphoria and/or paranoia. Recent clinical studies report a high safety level with no adverse effects. The high safety levels can be attributed to several control parameters described below, and to complying with safety guidelines in clinical psychotherapy with psychedelics. The use of psilocybin requires a significant psychotherapeutic holding of the subjective experience, that will provide a safe and supportive environment during the psychedelic experience. The safety guidelines in clinical psychotherapy with psychedelics describe the therapeutic presence and processes, as well as the set and settings needed to provide a supportive emotional and external environment. Safety measures: 1. Controlling the quality of psilocybin and ensuring it is manufactured under GMP conditions. 2. Controlling for appropriate and adjusted dosage. 3. Controlling a strict protocol for screening eligible participants to the study (for details see inclusion-exclusion criteria section) 4. Recruiting professional and experienced psychotherapists with the appropriate training for clinical psychotherapy with psychedelics. Professionals will undergo a unique training to work with the psychotherapy protocol written for the current research. 5. Psychotherapists will work in pairs (a man and a woman), to provide an optimal holding space for each participant. 6. A proximity of a medical team for case of emergency. 7. Providing preparatory and integration sessions before and after the psilocybin sessions. 8. Preparing and using a comfortable and friendly room for the therapeutic session. The physical environment in which the treatment takes place should be suitable to the physical as well as the emotional safety of the participant. This means creating a lenient environment, which provides a pleasant and welcoming atmosphere, and may elicit a sense of intimacy and connection. As opposed to the environment of a hospital, a space like this supports and strengthens the participant's sense of safety and connectedness, thus helping him/her contain the intense psychedelic experience. 9. Guidelines for psychotherapy process: these guidelines are based on the humanistic perspective, and concern the characteristic of the therapeutic process: * A supportive, accepting, and non-judgmental presence of the therapist. * The importance of the therapeutic alliance and trust between participant and therapists. * A non-directive approach, supportive and gentle presence that stays with the participant's unfolding experience. * Viewing the mind as multi-dimensional, making space for the diverse dimensions of the internal experience: physical, emotional, and spiritual. 10. Maintaining a well-documented monitoring of the study and the participants status during the study period. 11. Monitoring physiological measure (blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature) during the psychedelic sessions with psilocybin: before taking the drug, an hour and a half after taking the drug, and 8 hours after. In case of anomalies physiological measures will be monitor more frequently. 12. Consulting and collaborating with other research teams with similar research interests, in NYU and Imperial College in London, UK.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04882839", "keywords": "Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, psychotherapy assisted psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04882839\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 436, "title": "Negative affective bias in depression following treatment with psilocybin or escitalopram - a secondary analysis from a randomized trial", "normalized_title": "negative affective bias in depression following treatment with psilocybin or escitalopram a secondary analysis from a randomized trial", "authors": "Marieke Martens, Bruna Giribaldi Cunha, David Erritzøe, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris, Catherine J. Harmer", "abstract": "Recent clinical trial data suggests that ratings on depression scales are lowered after psilocybin therapy compared to placebo, though it is unclear what neuropsychological mechanisms underpin these effects. This study compared psilocybin, with an established antidepressant, escitalopram, to investigate whether there are shared or distinct effects on emotional information processing. Patients with long-standing moderate-to-severe depression were randomly and double-blindly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 1) two doses of 25 mg of psilocybin, 3-weeks apart, plus 6-weeks of daily placebo (psilocybin group N = 30); or 2) two doses of 1 mg of psilocybin 3-weeks apart plus 6-weeks of daily oral escitalopram (escitalopram group N = 29); all patients received the same psychological support. Behavioural measures of affective bias as well as subjective measures of depression were collected at baseline and at the primary 6-week endpoint, using an established computerised task (Facial Emotion Recognition Task) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, respectively. Change in affective bias was further correlated with change in depression scores measured concurrently as well as at 1-month post-trial follow-up (week-10), corrected for baseline depression severity. Negative bias in facial expression recognition decreased after both treatments to a comparable level. Concurrently, change in negative affective bias was not associated with change in depression. Longitudinally, a decrease in the misclassification of positive faces as negative was associated with a decrease in depression scores at week-10 for the escitalopram group only. Therefore, a more positive behavioural bias in emotional processing was seen following psilocybin and citalopram compared to baseline. This highlights the potential for at least some overlap in cognitive mechanisms across two distinct treatments, which is noteworthy given the short dosing regimen with psilocybin.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-11-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03693-w", "pubmed_id": "41257994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03693-w", "keywords": "Escitalopram, Citalopram, Psychology, Depression (economics), Placebo, Randomized controlled trial, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Psilocybin, Neuropsychology, Major depressive disorder, Attentional bias, Internal medicine, Clinical trial, Anhedonia, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Depressive symptoms, Medicine, Psychotic depression, Meta-analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416593366\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416593366\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1557839980\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976073163\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984624493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031050189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090514581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105190393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105571318\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134189152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138664664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144743430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147154687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169235472\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2443266577\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553993334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769519277\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900603166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999837842\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3121304114\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158335389\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195175162\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210887564\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215602110\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236025940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291162385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307167512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307481727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367053025\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385271945\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390691843\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391109410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403943147\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410137899\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014442426\",\"display_name\":\"Marieke Martens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-1327\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028567759\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi Cunha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012818091\",\"display_name\":\"Catherine J. Harmer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8335\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03693-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416593366" }, { "id": 356, "title": "‘Magic’ mechanisms underlie psilocybin’s effects in chronic pain", "normalized_title": "magic mechanisms underlie psilocybin s effects in chronic pain", "authors": "Sian Lewis", "abstract": "", "journal": "Nature reviews. Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-11-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41583-025-00999-y", "pubmed_id": "41219396", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00999-y", "keywords": "Chronic pain, Medicine, Anxiety, Chronic disease, Anesthesia, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Hyperalgesia, Component (thermodynamics), Physical therapy, Depression (economics), Disease, Nociception, Action (physics), Mechanism (biology), Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416111978\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416111978\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W4414747399\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109332189\",\"display_name\":\"Sian Lewis\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S26843219\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature reviews. Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00999-y\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416111978" }, { "id": 400, "title": "The Psychedelic Psilocin Suppresses Activity of Central Amygdala Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 Neurons and Decreases Ethanol Drinking in Female Mice", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic psilocin suppresses activity of central amygdala corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 neurons and decreases ethanol drinking in female mice", "authors": "Sarah N. Magee, Allison C. Sereno, Maria Echeveste-Sanchez, Elizabeth G. Shannon, Abir Mohsin, Sarah E. Mott, Sara Faccidomo, Clyde W. Hodge, Melissa A. Herman", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent disorder with limited therapeutic options. The central amygdala (CeA) is a critical brain region as dysregulation within the CeA and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system are associated with AUD pathology. CeA CRF1 receptors regulate alcohol drinking and have served as a therapeutic target in alcohol treatment. One emerging potential therapeutic for AUD is psilocybin. Psilocybin has been shown to decrease drinking in some clinical studies; however, the effects are variable and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Psilocybin engages many brain regions, including the CeA, and may produce therapeutic effects on drinking through interactions with CeA CRF1 neurons. The current study explores the effects of psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, on voluntary ethanol drinking and CeA CRF1 activity to understand potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocin. Psilocin acutely decreased ethanol consumption in mice exposed to two different models of chronic ethanol exposure without producing changes in locomotor behavior. Psilocin increased CeA activation and decreased relative CRF1 activation in CeA subregions from ethanol-naive female CRF1:GFP mice. These results were also observed in chronic ethanol-exposed mice at 24 and 72 h withdrawal timepoints. Psilocin increased corticosterone at 24 h withdrawal but not at 72 h withdrawal. Collectively, these results demonstrate that psilocin engages CeA circuitry and decreases relative CRF1 activation, in parallel with acute reductions in drinking. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the actions of psilocin and inform the interpretation of therapeutic effects in clinical studies.", "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-11-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.0652-25.2025", "pubmed_id": "41213805", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0652-25.2025", "keywords": "Amygdala, Ethanol, Metabolite, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Endocrinology, Receptor, Alcohol use disorder, Internal medicine, Psilocybin, Extended amygdala, Anhedonia, Alcohol, Kindling, Psychology, Therapeutic effect, Neuroscience, Corticosterone, Self-administration, Mediator, Central nucleus of the amygdala, Endogeny, Medicine, Central nervous system, Period (music), Dopamine, Alcohol intoxication, Alcohol dependence, Premovement neuronal activity, Downregulation and upregulation, Cricetulus, Ratón, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416079942\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416079942\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1587734848\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968451464\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981020370\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996835303\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003870213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008434916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022748226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037249096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043524974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045165595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061871785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064896421\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080894664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122163450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126747069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2344598510\",\"https://openalex.org/W2538056577\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756719733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794786155\",\"https://openalex.org/W2960075843\",\"https://openalex.org/W2968952134\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010074047\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039320527\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087557879\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165544161\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283821537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313585689\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620578\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362722045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379094891\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399917337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400911636\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401827259\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405738640\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407396574\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408424120\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091142022\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah N. Magee\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-3916\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104326504\",\"display_name\":\"Allison C. Sereno\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061789574\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Echeveste-Sanchez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth G. Shannon\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Abir Mohsin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Sarah E. Mott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026271256\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Faccidomo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011055291\",\"display_name\":\"Clyde W. Hodge\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-7955\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033783347\",\"display_name\":\"Melissa A. Herman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-6653\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5555990\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0652-25.2025\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416079942" }, { "id": 443, "title": "The Relationship Between Psychedelic Use and Alcohol Use Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between psychedelic use and alcohol use disorder in a nationally representative sample", "authors": "Zech JM, Richard J, Jones GM", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted interventions are emerging as potential treatments for substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). While recent randomized controlled trials suggest efficacy for certain psychedelics and related compounds in treating AUD, the impact of naturalistic psychedelic use on problematic alcohol consumption remains underexplored. This study examines associations between psychedelic use and AUD in a nationally representative sample ( = 139,524). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between AUD and past-year use of LSD, MDMA, and ketamine, controlling for demographics and comorbid substance use. Past-year LSD use was significantly associated with lower odds of AUD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.70, =.006). However, use of MDMA (aOR = 1.17, =.229) and ketamine (aOR = 1.28, =.235) was not associated with AUD. In a quasi-Poisson regression analysis, past-year LSD use was found to be associated with 15.7% fewer AUD symptoms (IRR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72 - 0.98, =.033), but neither past-year MDMA nor past-year ketamine use were significantly associated with AUD symptoms (MDMA: IRR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83 - 1.13, =.731; ketamine: IRR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.93 - 1.57, =.139). Taken together, these findings indicate differential associations between specific psychedelics and AUD, with LSD use linked to a reduced risk of AUD. The results underscore the need for further research into the mechanisms by which LSD may influence alcohol use and AUD risk.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2025-11-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2583967", "pubmed_id": "41208129", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41208129/", "keywords": "AUD, Alcohol, LSD, MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41208129\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3033, "title": "Ketamine and Psilocybin Differentially Impact Sensory Learning During the Mismatch Negativity", "normalized_title": "ketamine and psilocybin differentially impact sensory learning during the mismatch negativity", "authors": "Allohverdi SG, Soltanzadeh M, Schmidt A, Charlton CE, Hauke DJ, Karvelis P, Vollenweider FX, Diaconescu AO.", "abstract": "Ketamine and psilocybin show potential as therapies for various mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder. However, further investigation into their neural mechanisms is required to understand their effects on the brain. By combining computational modelling with electroencephalography (EEG), we examine the effects of ketamine and psilocybin on hierarchical sensory pwPE learning in the context of the auditory mismatch negativity, an event-related potential consistently shown to be reduced under psychotomimetic interventions. We employed a Bayesian framework and re-analyzed a previously acquired EEG dataset (Schmidt et al., 2012) by modelling single-trial EEG data using the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. Using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design, healthy subjects were administered either S-ketamine or psilocybin during an auditory roving paradigm of pure sinusoidal tones. Our findings elucidate distinct neural impacts of ketamine and psilocybin on sensory learning: ketamine led to a larger reduction in the effect of sensory precision compared to placebo from 207 to 316 ms peaking at 277 ms in the frontal central channels, while psilocybin showed no significant effect. Both drugs reduced the expression of belief precision between 160 to 184 ms, peaking at 172 ms. For higher-level volatility pwPEs, ketamine reduced the expression at 312 ms while psilocybin had a null effect. For perception of elementary imagery, ketamine had a greater effect than psilocybin on sensory and volatility precision, while psilocybin had a greater effect on volatility pwPEs. Our findings suggest hallucinogens have distinct effects on sensory learning that could inform tailored therapies for major depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.11.06.687023", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.06.687023", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1116082\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3067, "title": "Psilocybin reduces depressive-like behavior and improves cognition in healthy aging mice via epigenetic regulation of plasticity- and immune-related genes", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces depressive like behavior and improves cognition in healthy aging mice via epigenetic regulation of plasticity and immune related genes", "authors": "Mennenga S, Hanson T, Semple M, Lifshitz D, Flores B, Balducci J, Harker S, Ford A, Lewis C.", "abstract": "Abstract For many, cognitive and affective health declines through typical aging. Although cognitive and affective symptoms are often studied in isolation, they share substantial overlap, and arise, in part, from common biological processes. Aging is accompanied by diminished neural plasticity, heightened neuroinflammation, and widespread alterations in the epigenome. These molecular changes mirror behavioral decline, linking the erosion of cellular adaptability to the decline of cognitive function and emotional well-being in aging. Here, we show that psilocybin reverses age-related behavioral and epigenetic alterations in aged mice. Male and female C57BL/6 mice (11 months old) received two intraperitoneal doses of psilocybin (1mg/kg) or saline one week apart and were evaluated for memory and affective behaviors. Psilocybin improved learning and memory in females and reduced depressive-like behavior across sexes. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in the prefrontal cortex and bilateral hippocampus revealed widespread, sex- and region-specific effects, with the right hippocampus of females showing the most extensive gene-level changes. Differentially methylated loci were enriched for pathways related to synaptic organization, axon guidance, and neuroimmune signaling. Notably, psilocybin reversed age-associated methylation at CpG sites linked to typical aging, including within the Tbr1 promoter, a transcription factor essential for excitatory neuron development and synapse formation. Moreover, methylation at Tbr1 mediated psilocybin’s pro-cognitive effects on Y-Maze performance in females. Together, these findings demonstrate that psilocybin induces coordinated behavioral and epigenetic remodeling in the aging brain, with lateralized and sex-dependent signatures implicating neuroimmune and neuroplasticity transcriptional networks. Psilocybin thus emerges as a candidate compound for promoting aging resilience.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7890051/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7890051/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1114471\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Epigenetics,Wellbeing,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Genomics,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 257, "title": "Engineering artificial biosynthetic pathways for efficient microbial production of psilocybin and psilocin", "normalized_title": "engineering artificial biosynthetic pathways for efficient microbial production of psilocybin and psilocin", "authors": "Cui Guo, Nguyen N T Luu, Maryem M Adwer, Hamed Hosseinzadeh, Venkatesh Balan, Yajun Yan, Yuheng Lin", "abstract": "", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering", "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.002", "pubmed_id": "41202968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.002", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Metabolic engineering, Escherichia coli, Synthetic biology, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Chemistry, Bioproduction, Metabolic pathway, Limiting, Enzyme, Biology, Protein engineering, Bacteria, Microorganism, Computational biology, Natural product, Yeast, Microbial metabolism, Biotechnology, Industrial microbiology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical and biochemical processes, Silymarin and Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415938616\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4415938616\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1585359829\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990226486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018420238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045251037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057590986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072082034\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117912414\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157113460\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160475415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181040265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2326962677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340833294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2496404111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2516348400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2758583002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799802207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901746886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2937335697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999478951\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185509293\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196537782\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225502764\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252339940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282962482\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4298122028\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315880873\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378549583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381309423\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384405568\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386332517\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386580656\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391926210\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393270574\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394761160\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406715176\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407868913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409500508\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004840045\",\"display_name\":\"Cui Guo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-6534\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120271553\",\"display_name\":\"Nguyen N T Luu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120271554\",\"display_name\":\"Maryem M Adwer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046361349\",\"display_name\":\"Hamed Hosseinzadeh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-5792\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036217344\",\"display_name\":\"Venkatesh Balan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-5156\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050738451\",\"display_name\":\"Yajun Yan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9993-3016\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051418724\",\"display_name\":\"Yuheng Lin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0796-0130\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173328182\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.002\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4415938616" }, { "id": 4252, "title": "CNSC-36. PSILOCYBIN INDUCES SUSTAINED GLIOMA GROWTH THROUGH SEROTONERGIC AND TRKB PATHWAYS", "normalized_title": "cnsc 36 psilocybin induces sustained glioma growth through serotonergic and trkb pathways", "authors": "Richard Drexler, Belgin Yalçın, Rebecca Mancusi, Abigail Rogers, Kiarash Shamardani, Pamelyn J. Woo, Alexandre Ravel, Yahaya A Yabo, Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Biagi-Junior, Costanza Lo Cascio, Robert C. Malenka, Boris D. Heifets, Mariella G. Filbin, Dieter Henrik Heiland, Karl Deisseroth, Michelle Monje", "abstract": "Abstract High-grade gliomas are the most aggressive form of brain tumors, and neuronal activity has emerged as a driver of glioma pathophysiology. Activity-dependent glioma growth results from paracrine factor signaling and bona fide neuron-to-glioma synapses that integrate glioma cells into brain-wide neuronal circuits. Here, we report how glioma cells integrate into serotonergic (5-HT) circuits and report that long-range dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MR) projections promote a robust increase in calcium-mediated proliferation of glioma cells. Analysis of scRNA-seq datasets from human samples revealed that 5-HT2A is the most highly expressed serotonergic receptor in both glioblastoma and DMG. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic with high selectivity for 5-HT2A and additional activity at TrkB, is gaining interest for use in cancer patients; however, its effects on glioma cells remain unclear. We found that a single-dose administration of psilocybin significantly increased proliferation in both glioblastoma and DMG xenografts. Elevated proliferation rates persisted for at least two weeks following a single dose. Utilizing fiber photometry, we detected robust calcium transients in glioma cells as early as 30 minutes following psilocybin administration, which remained detectable for two weeks post-treatment. Glioma cells engineered to express a fluorescent indicator of 5-HT2A activation and xenografted to the mouse brain revealed receptor activation in vivo for at least 24 hours after a psilocybin dose. To delineate the receptor-specific contributions to psilocybin-induced glioma proliferation, we utilized DMG cell lines with genetic knockout of either 5-HT2A or TrkB. Knockout of 5-HT2A in glioma cells nearly abolished psilocybin-induced proliferation, while TrkB knockout partially reduced the effect. Together, these findings demonstrate that psilocybin promotes sustained elevations in glioma proliferation primarily through 5-HT2A activation, with a modulatory contribution from TrkB signaling. Clinical decision-making regarding the use of serotonergic psychedelics in patients with brain tumors should include consideration of possible growth-promoting effects.", "journal": "Neuro-Oncology", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/neuonc/noaf201.0244", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaf201.0244", "keywords": "Glioma, Serotonergic, Raphe nuclei, Dorsal raphe nucleus, Knockout mouse, Neuroscience, Chemistry, In vivo, Cancer research, Biology, Paracrine signalling, Angiogenesis, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B, Receptor, Pharmacology, Raphe, Serotonin, Cell growth, Signal transduction, Premovement neuronal activity, Cell culture, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cell Image Analysis Techniques, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416141312\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416141312\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083861584\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Drexler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-3671\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008828385\",\"display_name\":\"Belgin Yalçın\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-9062\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019217441\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca Mancusi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-5569\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109787168\",\"display_name\":\"Abigail Rogers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4889-6566\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061814672\",\"display_name\":\"Kiarash Shamardani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2548-705X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032516213\",\"display_name\":\"Pamelyn J. Woo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7509-8061\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113396393\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandre Ravel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042290000\",\"display_name\":\"Yahaya A Yabo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-6038\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106380250\",\"display_name\":\"Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Biagi-Junior\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017189301\",\"display_name\":\"Costanza Lo Cascio\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113526032\",\"display_name\":\"Robert C. Malenka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070799330\",\"display_name\":\"Boris D. Heifets\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-0379\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002271939\",\"display_name\":\"Mariella G. Filbin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2613-8126\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065000331\",\"display_name\":\"Dieter Henrik Heiland\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-3033\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014360828\",\"display_name\":\"Karl Deisseroth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-3967\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022800990\",\"display_name\":\"Michelle Monje\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3547-237X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S106908163\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuro-Oncology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaf201.0244\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416141312" }, { "id": 460, "title": "The emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain.", "normalized_title": "the emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain", "authors": "Moujaes F, Rieser NM, Belinger L, Herdener M, Zahid Z, Preller KH", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are being explored as treatments for a range of psychiatric conditions. Promising results in mood disorders indicate that their effects on emotional processing may play a central role in their therapeutic potential. However, mechanistic and clinical studies paint a complex picture of the impact of psychedelics on emotions and mood. Here, we review recent findings on the effects of psychedelics on emotion, emotional empathy, and mood. We discuss how psychedelics may impact long-term emotion management strategies, the significance of challenging experiences, and neuroplastic changes. More precise characterization of emotional states and greater attention to the temporal dynamics of psychedelic-induced effects will be critical for clarifying their mechanisms of action and optimizing their therapeutic impact.", "journal": "Trends in cognitive sciences", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.tics.2025.07.006", "pubmed_id": "40830011", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40830011/", "keywords": "amygdala, depression, mood, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40830011\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 458, "title": "The therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs: Legal, policy, and neuroscientific perspectives.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs legal policy and neuroscientific perspectives", "authors": "Rahmani S, Crupi R, Riley AL, Davidson T", "abstract": "After many years of stigma and neglect, there is a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs. Anecdotal and evidence-based reports indicate psychedelics as a possible treatment for depression, anxiety, PTSD, substance abuse, and other disorders resistant to conventional medical interventions. The available data, however, are limited and the use of psychedelic substances in therapy remains controversial. This paper presents a collection of reports based on the talks of eighteen renowned experts in science, policy, and law who spoke at a recent symposium organized by American University's Center for Neuroscience and Behavior titled \"The Therapeutic Uses of Psychedelic Drugs: Legal, Policy, and Neuroscientific Perspectives.\" These speakers presented their ideas and perspectives concerning (a) the safety and effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapies; (b) the brain systems on which psychedelic drugs act; (c) ethical issues for both research and clinical settings; (d) pathways to increasing access to psychedelics for medical and nonmedical purposes; (e) federal and state regulation of psychedelic drugs for research, therapy, and nonmedical uses; and (f) procedures and requirements for psychedelic drug patents and commercialization. In considering these topics, each speaker strove to make their views accessible to diverse audiences of professionals outside of their own disciplines. This paper aims to faithfully convey the substance of each talk, while also providing additional context and updates relevant to the presentations. The symposium revealed the potential of psychedelics for treating psychiatric and behavioral disorders and the scientific, legal, and policy challenges that must be met to realize this potential.", "journal": "Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174087", "pubmed_id": "40849009", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40849009/", "keywords": "Drug law, Drug policy, Medical ethics, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40849009\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3503, "title": "Precision Functional Brain Mapping to Understand the Mechanisms of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "precision functional brain mapping to understand the mechanisms of psilocybin", "authors": "Washington University School of Medicine", "abstract": "This project will employ functional brain imaging to study the mechanism and immediate and long-term effects of psilocybin, a serotonin receptor 2A agonist, on cortical and cortico-subcortical brain networks in healthy adults. Psilocybin shows promise as a safe, transformational therapeutic across several psychiatric conditions. However, little is know about its mechanism of action. This study aims to establish a neuroimaging paradigm for use in future clinical research testing the effectiveness of psilocybin in various clinical applications. In this study, we will assess both acute (during psilocybin exposure) and sustained (one week post-exposure) effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism on brain circuits using resting state functional connectivity and precision functional mapping (PFM). Using a randomized, controlled crossover study design, a small number of healthy volunteers will receive either psilocybin or methylphenidate (MTP) and will undergo MRI (structural, task, blood flow, extended resting state). After two weeks, participants will return for a second exposure with the alternate of what they received in the first session. This study involves up to five separate imaging sessions. Functional connectivity will be measured using the following PFM approach: 1. Extended functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) image acquisition 2. Aggressive data cleaning 3. Analysis designed to examine functional brain connectivity at the individual level This will allow us to map the effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism on cortical and cortico-subcortical brain networks at the individual level with precision that is unparalleled in the current literature. This is the first step in developing a precision neuroimaging approach for mechanistic understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic effects. If successful, this pharmacoimaging paradigm will have potential utility across psychiatric conditions, allowing us to better understand whether and how psilocybin might \"bend the curve\" in treatment course, preventing persistent suffering, disability, and suicide.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04501653", "keywords": "Psilocybin, psilocin, Methylphenidate, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Concerta, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04501653\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 466, "title": "Psychedelics and ketamine/esketamine in depressive disorders: biological mechanisms and associated neuroimaging and clinical changes.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and ketamine esketamine in depressive disorders biological mechanisms and associated neuroimaging and clinical changes", "authors": "d'Andrea G, Chiappini S, Ciavoni L, Tucci R, Martino F, Semeraro FM, Di Battista D, Mosca A, Miuli A, Di Carlo F, Russo M, Di Petta G, Fornaro M, Pettorruso M, Sensi SL, Martinotti G.", "abstract": "BackgroundOver the past ten years, several psychedelic compounds, including tryptamines like lysergic acid diethylamide/LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and dimethyltryptamine/DMT, have been tested in clinical trials for a range of psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depression. While these compounds are relatively available for treatment, ketamine and its S(+) enantiomer, esketamine, are increasingly used to manage treatment-resistant depression. The biological mechanisms set in motion by these compounds are still largely unexplored. Preliminary data indicate modulatory activity of distinct brain networks and selected neurotransmitter pathways (i.e., glutamate, serotonin).ObjectiveThis systematic review investigates functional changes in neural activity generated by these compounds (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT or ketamine/esketamine) in depressive disorders. Studies involving different techniques (i.e. Positron Emission Tomography/PET, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/SPECT, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging/fMRI and MRI) were included.MethodA literature search was conducted following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines of 2015. The search was performed using PubMed Web of Science and Scopus databases, taking into consideration publications up to March 2022, without any time restrictions.ResultsThe search produced a final set of 49 articles. Most were related to ketamine/esketamine (n = 44). A smaller number (n = 5) pertained to psychedelic tryptamines (one on ayahuasca and four on psilocybin). From the total of 49 studies, 9 were randomized-controlled trials, 25 were open-label studies, 4 were double-blind trials, 8 were observational studies, and 3 cross-over studies.ConclusionsPsylocibin seems to reset Default Mode Network (DMN) activity, thereby reducing depressive symptoms with long-term and sustainable antidepressant efficacy. Compared to psychedelics, ketamine exhibits a more specific action on networks involving prefrontal areas that act indirectly on the DMN. This effect may help explain ketamine's anti-anhedonic activity and its critical role in increasing cognitive control over emotional stimuli, thus reducing negative mood stages.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3", "pubmed_id": "41173871", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Neuroimaging, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41173871\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3566, "title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Mechanistic Study to Assess a Single Oral Dose of CYB003 in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Moderate to Severe Anxiety", "normalized_title": "a randomized double blind placebo controlled mechanistic study to assess a single oral dose of cyb003 in participants with major depressive disorder mdd and moderate to severe anxiety", "authors": "Ohio State University", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to learn how psychedelics may help symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants with major depressive disorder experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety will receive one dose of either a drug related to psilocybin or a placebo. Assessments include interviews, self-report questionnaires, EEG and fMRI to measure symptoms and brain function. Many patients with MDD do not respond or have an incomplete response to treatment with currently available antidepressants. The use of psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin) is being investigated as a new approach to improve depressive symptomatology, however their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin responsible for the psychedelic effects of the parent compound. CYB003 is a synthetic, deuterated isotopomer of psilocin, being developed by Cybin for the treatment of MDD. The study will investigate the changes in brain activity, connectivity, and microstructural neuroplasticity assessed using electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/ diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) after administration of one oral dose of CYB003. Up to 40 participants will be enrolled and randomized into two groups: one receiving 16 mg of CYB003, and one group receiving placebo. Psychological support will be provided before, during and after the administration session. Assessments performed at Baseline and on Day 2 and Day 21 after administration will include EEG/EMG, MRI, clinician (MADRS, HAM-A, C-SSRS) scales and self-report questionnaires to assess depression and anxiety symptoms, cognitive testing, self-report questionnaires to evaluate the psychedelic effects of CYB003 administration, and blood draw of the Gsα-AC biomarker assay.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06820723", "keywords": "Depression, Anxiety, Major Depressive Disorder, CYB003, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06820723\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3432, "title": "Investigating the Mechanisms of the Effects of Psilocybin on Visual Perception and Visual Representations in the Brain", "normalized_title": "investigating the mechanisms of the effects of psilocybin on visual perception and visual representations in the brain", "authors": "University of California, Berkeley", "abstract": "The long-term objective of this project is to characterize how psilocybin affects visual perception and the brain's representation of the visual environment. It is known that psilocybin alters aspects of visual perception, but the underlying brain mechanisms contributing to these effects are poorly understood. The proposed work will address these questions in a large, diverse sample of healthy human subjects by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the brain's responses to visual stimuli. The proposed research will document which brain areas mediate the effects of psilocybin. The technique of fMRI will be employed to measure brain activity in different brain areas while subjects are performing a visual perceptual task.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05265546", "keywords": "Perception Disorders, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05265546\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3281, "title": "Simulated 5-HT2A receptor activation accounts for the high complexity of brain activity during psychedelic states", "normalized_title": "simulated 5 ht2a receptor activation accounts for the high complexity of brain activity during psychedelic states", "authors": "Martin HM, Cofre R, Destexhe A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, have strong effects on human brain activity, yet their mechanisms of action at the whole-brain level are only partially understood. Here, we present a biophysically-based mean-field model that integrates cellular and network-level details to simulate the effects of these compounds at different spatial scales. By incorporating the brain-wide distribution of 5-HT2A receptors, our model mechanistically links receptor activation to a reduction in leak membrane potassium conductance, consistent with electrophysiological data. Our simulations reveal that this microscopic perturbation leads to the emergence of a brain state characterized by asynchronous and irregular dynamics with increased firing rates, as well as significant alterations in spectral power. Specifically, we find a robust decrease in power within the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands, a result consistent with empirical findings. This change in dynamics is accompanied by an increase in spontaneous complexity, as quantified by the Lempel-Ziv complexity index, as observed experimentally. Furthermore, our model accurately replicates experimental findings regarding the Perturbational Complexity Index (PCI), demonstrating that PCI does not increase significantly by psychedelic drug administration. This crucial dissociation, where spontaneous complexity and spectral power are increased while perturbational complexity is preserved, highlights the distinct neurophysiological substrates underlying different metrics in psychedelic states. Our multiscale model provides a robust, mechanistic framework for understanding how serotoninergic psychedelics modulate global brain activity, offering new insights consistent with empirical neuroimaging and electrophysiological data.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.20.683366", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.20.683366", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1104450\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 481, "title": "Psychedelic-induced behavioral and developmental effects on zebrafish: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced behavioral and developmental effects on zebrafish a systematic review", "authors": "de Oliveira AL, de Oliveira DP, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are mind-altering substances that have shown promising effects in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders owing to their antidepressant, anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects. However, data on their developmental toxicity is scarce, which might hinder its therapeutic suitability, and preclinical data on their behavioral effects is mainly restricted to rodents. In this context, zebrafish emerge as vertebrate model, since it shows well conserved genetic, neurodevelopment, molecular and physiological pathways that are comparable to humans. Additionally, high fecundity, clear embryo visualization, fast development and good nervous system homology make it an interesting model in assessing developmental toxicity and behavior. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the articles which evaluated these parameters after psychedelic exposure. Thirteen articles were included of which nine focused on adult behavioral alterations and four on developmental toxicity. Substances used included ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mescaline, noribogaine, psilocybin and psilocin. Overall, psychedelics did not elicit morphological abnormalities in embryo-larvae, although ayahuasca induced edemas and increased mortality at high concentrations. Ibogaine, MDMA and LSD were associated with locomotor impairments after exposure during development. DMT, psilocybin and psilocin elicited an anxiolytic effect on larvae, while LSD, MDMA, mescaline and noribogaine reduced anxiety in adult fish. Altogether, psychedelics present a safe toxicological profile at low concentrations in zebrafish, but it is yet unclear whether they induce offspring's neurodevelopment deficits. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the extent of these adverse effects and if they persist during development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111534", "pubmed_id": "41125218", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111534", "keywords": "Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41125218\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 473, "title": "Biological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "biological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies a systematic review", "authors": "Wong S, Jones BDM, Thiyagarajah MT, Sabbah SG, Thompson C, Solmi M, Umer M, Zrenner C, Voineskos D, Rosenblat JD, Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM, Husain MI.", "abstract": "BackgroundResults from contemporary clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelic therapies have led to an increasing focus on their potential clinical use across mental disorders. However, studies examining mechanisms of clinical response to psychedelic therapy in psychiatric populations are limited. This review aimed to synthesize evidence from studies examining biomarkers of clinical response to psychedelic therapies.Data sources and methodsA systematic search of four databases (MedLine, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science) for studies investigating treatment response to psychedelic therapies in psychiatric populations that included both clinical outcomes and a related biomarker was conducted on January 10, 2024. Studies were included if they reported on prospective clinical trials involving the use of a psychedelic in participants diagnosed with any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or International Classification of Diseases mental disorder, where a biological marker was measured and evaluated in association with treatment response.ResultsNine studies investigating the effects of Ayahuasca and psilocybin in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression were included in this review. Several potential biomarkers of response were explored through neuroimaging and blood samples, with significant associations found for serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serum C-reactive protein, cerebral activation of the amygdala, and functional connectivity between regions such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionResults of small studies suggest associations between several putative biomarkers and treatment response to psychedelic therapies. Future trials of psychedelic therapies should integrate biomarker assessment in longitudinal designs to advance the understanding of their mechanism of action in mental disorders.Trial registrationThis study protocol was registered to PROSPERO under the number CRD42021291171.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251384513", "pubmed_id": "41122434", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251384513", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41122434\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3057, "title": "Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behaviour and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia (ABA)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behaviour and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity based anorexia aba", "authors": "Shadani S, Greaves E, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa (AN). These disorders often share social deficits that may be effectively alleviated by psychedelics considering their use has been linked with emotional empathy and enhanced social cognition. However, the mechanisms through which psychedelics alter social behaviour are unclear, and mechanistic studies in animal models have largely focused on male subjects. This is problematic for understanding the therapeutic effects relevant for disorders that predominantly affect females, such as AN. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model to examine the effects of a single psilocybin dose on social behaviour in female mice and compared outcomes to mice exposed to food restriction (FR), exercise (RW) or standard housing (Controls). Together with these metabolic stressors, we also investigated the effects of psilocybin on the circulating proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is implicated in AN and is suppressed by psychedelics. Psilocybin did not alter sociability in ABA, RW, or FR mice but increased preference for familiarity in Controls. Novelty-seeking behaviour was elevated in both ABA and RW groups, although with distinct social patterns. Psilocybin elevated IL-6 levels in RW mice, which was positively correlated with preference for novelty. No such relationships were found in ABA or FR groups. These findings reveal subtle, context-dependent effects of psilocybin on social behaviour and inflammation in female mice, highlighting the need to clarify its temporal, neuroplastic, and immune-related mechanisms across sexes and disease models.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-10-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.14.682467", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.14.682467", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1102183\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3590, "title": "Psilocybin and Affective Function in Chronic Lower Back Pain Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and affective function in chronic lower back pain depression", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study seeks to provide insight on psilocybin's effects on mechanisms of chronic pain among patients with co-morbid chronic low back pain and depression (CLBP+D). Participants will receive either a single high-dose of psilocybin (25mg absolute dose) or methylphenidate (40mg absolute dose). Participants will be asked to complete assessments of pain, depressive symptoms, and more general questionnaires regarding the participants experiences during the experimental sessions and the associated enduring effects. This study will investigate the effects of a single experimental psilocybin (25 mg fixed dose) administration compared to a dose of methylphenidate (40 mg fixed dose). Assessments will be conducted during screening visits, before and after the drug session, at follow up visits up to 1-month after the drug session, as well as periodically throughout study participation via a multi-time-per-day survey application. Forty participants will complete all study visits including follow-up visits. Primary objectives: 1. Investigate the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of psilocybin for CLBP+D2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on self-report of positive affect, negative affect, and pain catastrophizing 3. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on a behavioral task called positive affective pain inhibition Secondary objectives: 1. Investigate the durability (1-month follow-up) effects of psilocybin on self-report of positive affect, negative affect, and pain catastrophizing 2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on dynamic associations between affective measures, pain, and function on a moment-to-moment basis.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06355414", "keywords": "Chronic Low-back Pain, Depression, Psilocybin, Methylphenidate, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06355414\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3160, "title": "Psilocybin’s effect on human brain synaptic plasticity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s effect on human brain synaptic plasticity", "authors": "Johansen A, Plavén-Sigray P, Madsen MK, Søndergaard A, Messel C, Geisler M, Nasser A, McCulloch DE, Beliveau V, Vassilieva A, Lund A, Lehel S, Ozenne B, Stenbæk DS, Fisher PM, Svarer C, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychedelics such as psilocybin have been linked to enhanced neuroplasticity and symptom relief in affective disorders, but the neurobiological mechanisms and impact of environmen-tal context remain unclear. Here, we tested whether a single dose of psilocybin alters synap-tic density in healthy individuals and whether setting-dependent subjective experience shapes this effect. Fifteen healthy participants had a psilocybin-induced psychedelic experi-ence either inside an MRI scanner or in a therapeutic-like room. We assessed synaptic densi-ty changes by measuring the Synaptic Vesicle glycoprotein 2A in the frontal cortex and hip-pocampus with [¹¹C]UCB-J PET at baseline and one-week post-dose, and assessed subjective experiences immediately afterwards and at three months. Participants treated in the thera-peutic-like setting exhibited more intense mystical-type experiences, longer-lasting psycho-logical benefits, and greater increases in synaptic density than those dosed in the MRI scan-ner. These findings indicate that psilocybin’s neuroplastic effects are modulated by envi-ronmental context, with important implications for psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469144/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469144/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1099975\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 438, "title": "Stabilizing Psilocybin Pharmacology and Tuning Safety with Atypical Antipsychotic Cotherapy.", "normalized_title": "stabilizing psilocybin pharmacology and tuning safety with atypical antipsychotic cotherapy", "authors": "Renner AC, Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "A crystalline cocrystal of psilocin and psilocybin enhances exposure, neuroplasticity biomarkers, and functional activity, while adjunctive atypical antipsychotics modulate serotonergic signaling to mitigate 5-HT2B-linked safety concerns. Together, these inventions advance formulation, mechanistic selectivity, and translational biomarkersoffering a chemistry-enabled path to scalable psychedelic therapy with improved cardiac safety and durable neuroplastic responses across organoid and animal models.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00595", "pubmed_id": "41256989", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00595", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41256989\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4275, "title": "Neurobiological and Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Psychiatric Disorders", "normalized_title": "neurobiological and therapeutic potential of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders", "authors": "M Loganathan, A Saravanakumar, P. Parthiban, G Anandharaj, S Gobika, D Dharshana, Mohamed Safir Ali", "abstract": "Psilocybin, an indoleamine alkaloid derived from various fungal species, is the subject of renewed, rigorous investigation for its therapeutic potential in psychiatry. This compound, a prodrug for the active metabolite psilocin, functions primarily as a partial agonist at the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Its administration within a structured psychotherapeutic context is associated with rapid and sustained antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, particularly in populations with treatment-resistant depression and existential distress related to life-threatening illnesses. The neurobiological mechanisms are multifaceted, initiated by acute 5-HT2A-mediated disruption of key brain networks, most importantly the Default Mode Network (DMN). This network destabilization correlates with subjective experiences of ego dissolution and is hypothesized to create a state of elevated brain entropy. This acute phase is followed by a period of enhanced neuroplasticity, driven by downstream signaling pathways involving BDNF and mTOR, which promotes synaptogenesis and dendritic spine growth in cortical neurons. This \"window of plasticity\" may facilitate the unlearning of maladaptive cognitive patterns and the formation of new, adaptive associations. Clinical trials demonstrate significant efficacy, though psychological risks necessitate careful screening, preparation, and a supportive therapeutic environment. The translation of psilocybin-assisted therapy from research to clinical practice presents challenges related to protocol optimization, clinician training, and scalability", "journal": "Journal of Pharma Insights and Research.", "publication_date": "2025-10-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.69613/thv1dn30", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.69613/thv1dn30", "keywords": "Context (archaeology), Antidepressant, Neurocognitive, Psychology, Default mode network, Cognition, Psilocybin, Anxiolytic, Medicine, Depression (economics), Neuroscience, Neuroplasticity, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Partial agonist, Psychotherapist, Disengagement theory, Mediator, Pharmacology, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Agonist, Distress, Sedative, Monoaminergic, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416779935\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4416779935\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112984043\",\"display_name\":\"M Loganathan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120707612\",\"display_name\":\"A Saravanakumar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101528304\",\"display_name\":\"P. Parthiban\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115659770\",\"display_name\":\"G Anandharaj\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120707613\",\"display_name\":\"S Gobika\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5120569896\",\"display_name\":\"D Dharshana\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Mohamed Safir Ali\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4404664124\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Pharma Insights and Research.\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.69613/thv1dn30\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4416779935" }, { "id": 454, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin rapidly and sustainably relieves allodynia and anxiodepressive-like behaviors in mouse models of chronic pain", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin rapidly and sustainably relieves allodynia and anxiodepressive like behaviors in mouse models of chronic pain", "authors": "Ahmad Hammo, Stephen Wisser, Joseph Cichon", "abstract": "Chronic pain and mood disorders co-occur, exacerbate one another and share neurobiological mechanisms, but whether a single intervention could promptly alleviate both conditions remains unclear. Here, in two chronic pain models, we show that a single dose of psilocybin induces a rapid and sustained reversal of both mechanical allodynia and anxiodepression-like states in adult male and female mice. Using local psilocin injections, the key active metabolite of psilocybin, we show that the engagement of prefrontal cortical circuits is critical for the concurrent alleviation of both conditions. Two-photon calcium imaging reveals that psilocin rapidly normalizes chronic pain-associated hyperactivity in anterior cingulate cortex layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Pharmacologic manipulations with full agonists of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors replicated some, but not all, of psilocin’s cellular and behavioral effects, suggesting that psilocin’s actions arise from partial agonism at these receptors within shared circuits governing pain and mood processing. Hammo et al. show that a single dose of psilocybin rapidly and sustainably relieves both chronic pain and anxiodepressive-like behaviors in mice by restoring prefrontal activity through partial agonism at 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors.", "journal": "Nature Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-10-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41593-025-02068-0", "pubmed_id": "41039182", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02068-0", "keywords": "Chronic pain, Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Anterior cingulate cortex, Allodynia, Mood, Prefrontal cortex, Medicine, Psychology, Hyperalgesia, Glutamate receptor, Hallucinogen, Antidepressant, NMDA receptor, Receptor, Cingulate cortex, Mood disorders, Psychopharmacology, Serotonin, Pharmacology, Dopamine, Anesthesia, Default mode network, Nociception, Neurotransmitter, Mediator, Anhedonia, Cortex (anatomy), Neurology, Neurochemical, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Pain Mechanisms and Treatments", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414747399\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414747399\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1963690073\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967630951\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968280685\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994153884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002255891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028380432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031156732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034894507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047010161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053237118\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053472601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058688855\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059642410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063938395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068616309\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088321899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103112801\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107352769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135450573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148694444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152297755\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159202946\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159612818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166572577\",\"https://openalex.org/W2184646443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400707620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2426802935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2614685571\",\"https://openalex.org/W2663084651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2702360522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789071553\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791689492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792463819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802693954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886232664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2915731753\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969537933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972243545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992915270\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113989724\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280491649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309933714\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366241046\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380684709\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386935684\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387039546\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389793820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389891609\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408540649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409152940\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119813974\",\"display_name\":\"Ahmad Hammo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8754-8672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042402363\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Wisser\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-2002\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063826264\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph Cichon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-9707\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2298632\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02068-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414747399" }, { "id": 3250, "title": "Gestational LSD exposure in mouse rapidly reaches embryonic CSF and is associated with altered choroid plexus signaling, cerebral cortical development, and offspring behavior", "normalized_title": "gestational lsd exposure in mouse rapidly reaches embryonic csf and is associated with altered choroid plexus signaling cerebral cortical development and offspring behavior", "authors": "Courtney Y, Anderson JM, Lagares-Linares C, Wenthur CJ, Lehtinen MK.", "abstract": "Abstract Classic serotonergic psychedelics engage 5-HT receptors throughout the nervous system, but how maternal exposure intersects with embryonic brain interfaces is poorly defined. Here we tested in mice whether maternally administered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) accesses embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and whether embryonic choroid plexus (ChP) - a CSF-secreting epithelium enriched for Htr2c - mounts an acute response. Following a single maternal injection (0.3 mg kg⁻¹, subcutaneous), LSD was detectable in embryonic CSF within 5-15 minutes at E12.5 and E16.5. Thirty minutes after maternal dosing, LSD induced Fos in embryonic ChP across ventricles and was accompanied by rapid apical remodeling and increased embryonic CSF protein. In parallel cohorts, psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT, and the 5-HT₂C agonist WAY-161503 elicited a similar Fos response in ChP. Prenatal LSD exposure during mid-gestation was associated with altered S1 cortical cellularity and projection-neuron subtype marker composition at P8; regimen-dependent effects included male-biased changes in SATB2⁺ and CTIP2⁺ populations after repeated exposure. In adulthood, offspring exhibited modest, male-predominant reductions in prepulse inhibition and increased rotational stereotypy. Together, these data identify embryonic CSF as a rapidly accessible compartment for maternal LSD and support a model in which serotonergic agonists can acutely engage ChP epithelium during cerebral cortical development. Significance Psychedelic use during pregnancy is increasing, but the speed and extent to which these drugs access the embryonic CNS remain unknown. We show that a single maternal dose of LSD appears in mouse embryonic cerebrospinal fluid within five minutes and provokes an immediate response in the choroid plexus, a serotonin receptor-rich epithelium that regulates CSF composition. Psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT, and a selective 5-HT₂C agonist trigger a similar response. Mid-gestational exposure alters cortical neuron composition in neonates and produces persistent behavioral abnormalities in adult offspring, including stereotypies evident from weaning. These data reveal that maternal serotonergic agonists rapidly access embryonic CSF, acutely activate choroid plexus epithelium, and are associated with lasting changes in cortical composition and offspring behavior.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.30.677638", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.677638", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1094348\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3507, "title": "An Exploratory Study of Feasibility, Efficacy, and Mechanisms of Mindfulness-Assisted Psychedelic Therapy", "normalized_title": "an exploratory study of feasibility efficacy and mechanisms of mindfulness assisted psychedelic therapy", "authors": "University of Southern California", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to test psilocybin in combination with mindfulness training in healthy adults. The main question it aims to answer is \"Does mindfulness training enhance the effects of psychedelic therapy (psilocybin) on mental health?\" Interested individuals will complete an initial eligibility session and eligible participants will then be randomized into one of two groups: one dose of psilocybin (administered under the supervision of study therapists) combined with 8 weeks of weekly mindfulness training classes (Arm 1) or psilocybin alone (Arm 2). Both groups will complete baseline and post-treatment assessment sessions where they will complete questionnaires, computerized cognitive tests, and have an EEG (a measure of electrical activity in the brain). Both groups will also complete 2 follow-up surveys (at 8 weeks and 1 year after the post-treatment assessment) either online through REDCap or by phone or video call with a research assistant. Psilocybin is a psychoactive compound found in a variety of mushrooms that has been used for centuries to facilitate spiritual experiences. Recent evidence suggests that the combination of psilocybin with mindfulness training may enhance the therapeutic effects of these interventions for mental health; however, to date, only few studies have investigated a combination approach, and no studies have yet investigated the effects of psilocybin in combination with a formal mindfulness training program in participants with little or no prior meditation experience. We propose here to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin administration in combination with 8 weeks of mindfulness training. Participants (N = 40) will complete an initial eligibility session and eligible participants will then be randomized into one of two groups: psilocybin integrated with mindfulness training (MT) (Arm 1) and psilocybin alone (Arm 2). Both groups will complete baseline and post-treatment assessment sessions where they will complete questionnaires and cognitive assessments. Both groups will also complete 2 brief follow-up surveys (at 8 weeks and 1 year after the post-treatment assessment) either online through REDCap or by phone or video call with a research assistant. The primary feasibility outcome will be retention rate at the 8-week follow-up time point (percent of eligible enrolled participants who complete the 8-week follow-up). Secondary efficacy outcomes include change in psychological and mood measures, blood inflammatory \\& neurotrophic markers and neurocognitive measures (EEG outcomes) from baseline to post-treatment. Safety outcomes will include the number of participants reporting adverse events and the mean severity of events. Logistic regression models will be used to examine the relationships between intervention group and the primary and secondary outcome variables. The results of this pilot study will be used to support a larger NIH and other external grant application as well as the extension of this intervention to clinical populations.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06233344", "keywords": "Mental Health, Psilocybin plus mindfulness training, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06233344\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 484, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression - A literature review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression a literature review", "authors": "Dorczok MC, Mittmann G, Ettl T, Steiner-Hofbauer V.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) has gained increasing attention in recent years as a potential treatment for depression, particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapies. This article aims to assess the efficacy of PAP in adults with various forms of depression by conducting a comprehensive review of the available literature.MethodA systematic search was conducted across several major databases (PubMed and Ebsco Host (incl. MEDLINE Ultimate, eBook Clinical Collection, DynaMed, APA PsycARTICLES, APA PsycINFO, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection), focusing on studies that investigated the effects of psilocybin in a therapeutic setting.ResultsThe overall systematic literature search identified 139 items, of which seven were selected for detailed analysis. The studies employed different dosing regimens and varied in their methodologies of psychological support before, during, and after psilocybin administration. Most studies found significant improvements in depression symptoms after administration of Psilocybin and sustained antidepressant effects up to twelve months post-treatment. Response and remission rates were consistently high across studies.ConclusionsPAP combined with structured psychological support shows sustained reductions in depressive symptoms for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. Higher doses generally yield stronger benefits. While PAP holds significant potential as a holistic treatment, methodological limitations, such as heterogeneity in study designs, inconsistent levels of psychological support and difficulties in blinding due to the nature of the drug's effect, highlight the need for more standardized protocols in future studies to ensure reliable outcomes. More research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508", "pubmed_id": "40998282", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40998282\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3200, "title": "Electrodynamics of the Psychedelic Experience", "normalized_title": "electrodynamics of the psychedelic experience", "authors": "Hunt T.", "abstract": "Electromagnetic field theories of consciousness propose that consciousness emerges from resonant electromagnetic field interactions rather than purely computational neural processes. This paper examines how psychedelic substances-LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and 5-MeO-DMT-modulate consciousness through their effects on brain electromagnetic fields, as measured by EEG, ECoG, and local field potential recordings. We present evidence that psychedelics act as \"field resonance enhancers,\" expanding consciousness by increasing electromagnetic field coherence, cross-frequency coupling, and epistemic depth. Our analysis reveals substance-specific field signatures: LSD produces sustained coherence enhancement across frequency bands; psilocybin increases oscillatory flexibility and field entropy; ketamine causes dissociative field fragmentation through NMDA-mediated disruption; and 5-MeO-DMT induces rapid field boundary dissolution. We propose that psychedelics' molecular mechanisms-primarily through 5-HT2A and NMDA receptor modulation-serve as energetic inputs that tune electromagnetic field computation rather than directly encode information. This field-centric perspective offers novel insights into psychedelic phenomenology, including ego dissolution, enhanced creativity, and therapeutic efficacy. The framework predicts specific, testable relationships between receptor activation patterns, field dynamics, and conscious experience, suggesting new approaches for optimizing psychedelic therapy through targeted field modulation.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-09-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202509.1813.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.1813.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1088799\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Creativity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 442, "title": "Dissimilar Reactions and Enzymes for Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Inocybe and Psilocybe Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "dissimilar reactions and enzymes for psilocybin biosynthesis in inocybe and psilocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Tim Schäfer, Fabian Haun, Bernhard Rupp, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 1) is the main indolethyl-amine natural product of psychotropic (so-called \"magic\") mushrooms. The majority of 1-producing species belongs to the eponymous genus Psilocybe, for which the biosynthetic events, beginning from l-tryptophan (2), and the involved enzymes have thoroughly been characterized. Some Inocybe (fiber cap) species, among them Inocybe corydalina, produce 1 as well. In product formation assays, we characterized four recombinantly produced biosynthesis enzymes of this species in vitro: IpsD, a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent l-tryptophan decarboxylase, the kinase IpsK, and two near-identical methyltransferases, IpsM1 and IpsM2. The fifth enzyme, the insoluble monooxygenase IpsH, was analyzed in silico. Surprisingly, none of the reactions intrinsic to the 1 pathway in Psilocybe species takes place in I. corydalina. Contrasting the situation in Psilocybe, the Inocybe pathway is branched and leads to baeocystin (4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine, 3) as a second end product. Our results demonstrate that mushrooms recruited distantly or entirely unrelated enzymes to evolve the metabolic capacity for 1 biosynthesis twice independently.", "journal": "Angewandte Chemie International Edition", "publication_date": "2025-09-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/anie.202512017", "pubmed_id": "40977073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202512017", "keywords": "Enzyme, Biosynthesis, Biochemistry, Natural product, Chemistry, Biology, Metabolic pathway, Psilocybin, Monooxygenase, Product inhibition, Transferase, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Fungal Biology and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414422195\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414422195\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1487554690\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970609319\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971439989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007093553\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017305805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018061252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035503835\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039278365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042374413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055043387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074715304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101084482\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102284364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104082588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106882534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121130826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158714788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161745371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2185845448\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319608565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328505805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2460438533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552318961\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2748593001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753941774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802656036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884472593\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885449523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949965849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953198950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970321499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2988070888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007311584\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023223035\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086082703\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090675239\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134912112\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211114943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214691004\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223953379\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225114051\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280501693\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280616839\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293247451\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307407928\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308053113\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309210963\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313334084\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377019741\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381309423\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385581859\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386765415\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387448719\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390725475\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393270574\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395467501\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396721167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403779143\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404004370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404138184\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404458588\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405841183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408739043\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409148851\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409288174\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103994261\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Schäfer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108894294\",\"display_name\":\"Fabian Haun\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068638612\",\"display_name\":\"Bernhard Rupp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-6965\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S67393510\",\"source_display_name\":\"Angewandte Chemie International Edition\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202512017\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414422195" }, { "id": 3199, "title": "Psychedelics Relax Priors and Reshape Orbitofrontal Dynamics", "normalized_title": "psychedelics relax priors and reshape orbitofrontal dynamics", "authors": "Delgado-Sallent C, Ahmed SA, Khawaja-Lopez A, Lee BS, Senne R, Scott BB, Ramirez S.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as psilocybin and ketamine are gaining attention as rapid-acting treatments for psychiatric disorders, yet the mechanisms by which they alter cognition remain unclear. A key hypothesis-the REBUS model-proposes that psychedelics relax high-level priors, allowing bottom-up sensory information to exert greater influence over perception and behavior. Here, we test this model in mice performing a free-response perceptual decision-making task that disambiguates prior-driven and sensory-driven decision strategies. Acute administration of psilocybin or ketamine significantly slowed decision times and improved accuracy. Behavioral modeling that combined drift diffusion and GLM-HMM frameworks revealed that these changes were mediated by increased decision thresholds and a marked shift into sensory-engaged cognitive states. Whole-brain c-Fos mapping identified a distributed decision-making network, with psychedelics selectively modulating cortical and subcortical nodes. Calcium imaging in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-a key region for integrating priors and sensory inputs-revealed preserved decision-related selectivity under psychedelics, while exhibiting reduced neuronal correlations-population-level signatures of weakened top-down influence and relaxed priors. Together, these results provide circuit-level support for the REBUS model, showing that psychedelics reconfigure brain-wide and local dynamics to promote more deliberate, flexible, and sensory-driven decision policies.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.18.677110", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.18.677110", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1088289\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 511, "title": "Evolution and Comparative Analysis of Clinical Trials on Psilocybin in the Treatment of Psychopathologies: Trends in the EU and the US", "normalized_title": "evolution and comparative analysis of clinical trials on psilocybin in the treatment of psychopathologies trends in the eu and the us", "authors": "Anastasia Calin, Ana Flavia Burlec, Cornelia Mircea, Irina Macovei, Monica Hăncianu, Andreia Corciovă", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: This study examines the development of clinical trials investigating psilocybin for the treatment of psychopathologies, with a comparative focus on the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). The objective is to identify regional differences in trial progression, research infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining case studies, qualitative and quantitative research. Key variables included trial phase, geographical distribution, demographic factors, funding, governmental support, and public health policies. Results: The US demonstrated a substantially higher number of psilocybin trials across both early and advanced phases. This reflects a strong research infrastructure, growing financial investment, and increasing interest in psychedelic-assisted therapies. In contrast, the EU showed fewer trials and slower advancement, reflecting a more cautious stance that emphasizes patient safety and therapeutic efficacy. These divergences are shaped by differences in regulation, funding mechanisms, and sociocultural attitudes toward psychedelics in psychiatry. Conclusion: This comparative analysis highlights the uneven pace of psilocybin research across different regions. It also emphasizes the importance of international collaboration, harmonization of public health policies, and the development of standardized procedures prioritizing safety and effectiveness. Integrating psilocybin-assisted interventions into psychiatric practice has the potential to expand treatment options and strengthen mental health care, but coordinated global efforts are essential to ensure both scientific rigor and patient protection.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Medicine", "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jcm14186613", "pubmed_id": "41010814", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186613", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Clinical trial, Harmonization, European union, Public health, Pace, Mental health, Psychological intervention, Psychiatry, Sociocultural evolution, Standardization, Alternative medicine, MEDLINE, Drug development, Health care, Clinical study design, Public relations, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414341779\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414341779\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2033580394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042181481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110747672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161339188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2291443053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2491859250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2831064708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940033607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200405004\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211189621\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382010877\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386314831\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391879161\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394684735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400311237\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401512431\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406246123\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406850204\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407595168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408151066\",\"https://openalex.org/W4414123257\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Anastasia Calin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035008326\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Flavia Burlec\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6675-2796\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034639074\",\"display_name\":\"Cornelia Mircea\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-8246\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052835824\",\"display_name\":\"Irina Macovei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-3217\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055827335\",\"display_name\":\"Monica Hăncianu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-681X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017793460\",\"display_name\":\"Andreia Corciovă\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4061-2143\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737969411\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Clinical Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186613\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414341779" }, { "id": 3053, "title": "Psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin-mediated analgesia", "normalized_title": "psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin mediated analgesia", "authors": "Askey T, Allen-Ross D, Luzyanin D, Lasrado R, Gilmour G, Hunt SP, Tamagnini F, Ahmed M, Stephens GJ, Maiarú M.", "abstract": "Chronic pain states are challenging to control with current drug therapies. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin can produce a sustained anti-nociceptive effect in a model of chronic neuropathic pain in male and female mice. Psilocybin anti-nociceptive effects were mediated by 5-HT2A receptors, although additional mechanisms might also be involved. Furthermore, a single dose of psilocybin caused a significant increase in the anti-nociceptive potential of gabapentin, a widely used treatment for neuropathic pain consistent with the establishment of longer lasting changes in network processing. Overall, these findings present the first preclinical evidence that psilocybin could be a valuable approach for treating chronic pain from nerve injury and serve as a new therapeutic addition for pain management.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.15.676273", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.15.676273", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1085617\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 456, "title": "Emerging mechanisms of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "emerging mechanisms of psilocybin induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Sonda S, Pendin D, Comai S, De Martin S, Manfredi P, Mattarei A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, is gaining attention for its rapid and sustained therapeutic effects in depression and other hard-to-treat neuropsychiatric conditions, potentially through its capacity to enhance neuronal plasticity. While its neuroplastic and therapeutic effects are commonly attributed to serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor activation, emerging evidence reveals a more nuanced pharmacological profile involving multiple serotonin receptor subtypes and nonserotonergic targets such as TrkB. This review integrates current findings on the molecular interactome of psilocin (psilocybin active metabolite), emphasizing receptor selectivity, biased agonism, and intracellular receptor localization. Together, these insights offer a refined framework for understanding psilocybin's enduring effects and guiding the development of next-generation neuroplastogens with improved specificity and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012", "pubmed_id": "40957728", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40957728\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 326, "title": "Temporal dynamics in neuroimaging as correlates of therapeutic response to psilocybin in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and critical appraisal.", "normalized_title": "temporal dynamics in neuroimaging as correlates of therapeutic response to psilocybin in major depressive disorder a systematic review and critical appraisal", "authors": "Sabbah SG, Li S, Wong S, Le GH, Badulescu S, Hawco C, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are emerging as promising treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a powerful tool to study neural mechanisms underlying therapeutic response.MethodsThis systematic review (PROSPERO #CRD42024557973) examined neuroimaging studies of psilocybin in MDD and TRD, with a focus on the temporal evolution of neuroimaging changes post-treatment. A secondary aim was to correlate imaging findings with validated clinical outcomes to assess their relevance in predicting treatment response.ResultsEleven eligible studies were included, using diverse fMRI modalities such as resting-state functional connectivity, task-based BOLD imaging, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), dynamic functional connectivity, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Early (0-4 weeks) post-treatment changes included reduced network modularity and increased global brain integration, alongside modulation of affective circuits involving the amygdala, default mode network, and prefrontal regions. These changes were significantly associated with reductions in BDI, QIDS, and SHAPS scores, reflecting improvements in mood and anhedonia. Longer-term changes (5+ weeks) involved sustained reorganization of large-scale networks, particularly increased connectivity between the prefrontal and parietal cortices and salience network.ConclusionsAlthough these findings suggest psilocybin is associated with dynamic and temporally distinct neuroplastic changes linked to clinical improvement, several limitations must be acknowledged. Many studies reused overlapping datasets with high exploratory flexibility and risk of bias. The generalizability of results is therefore constrained. Future research should emphasize independent datasets, pre-registered imaging endpoints, and longitudinal designs to clarify the mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120335", "pubmed_id": "40962065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120335", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Neuroimaging, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40962065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 488, "title": "Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Signaling Analysis Reveals Psychedelic Biased Agonism.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 5 ht2c receptor signaling analysis reveals psychedelic biased agonism", "authors": "Bonniwell EM, Alabdali R, Hennessey JJ, McKee JL, Cavalco NG, Lammers JC, Moore EJ, Franchini L, Orlandi C, McCorvy JD.", "abstract": "The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C) is a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in multiple physiological and psychological processes and has been investigated as a therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric conditions such as obesity, drug abuse, and depression. With renewed interest in serotonergic psychedelics for treating depression, 5-HT2C may contribute to psychedelic-induced therapeutic effects. Despite earlier evidence of 5-HT2C G protein coupling promiscuity, the full signaling landscape remains incompletely characterized, which may help explain the limited efficacy and potential cancer risks associated with lorcaserin. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of 5-HT2C signaling, confirming and building upon previous findings that the receptor engages Gi/o/z and G12/13 proteins in addition to its primary Gq/11 pathway, and that it preferentially recruits β-arrestin2 over β-arrestin1. We also show that increased RNA editing of the receptor attenuates signaling across all G protein pathways, particularly for G12/13, while preserving β-arrestin recruitment. Profiling of both 5-HT2C-selective and psychedelic ligands reveals diverse signaling profiles, with serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocin exhibiting a striking Gq/11 bias due to minimal secondary G protein activation. Altogether, this work provides a foundation for incorporating a broader view of 5-HT2C signaling modalities into future investigations of 5-HT2C drug development efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00647", "pubmed_id": "40944639", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00647", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, HEK293 Cells, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, beta-Arrestin 2", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40944639\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414162276" }, { "id": 3163, "title": "Effective connectivity of the human claustrum: Triple networks, subcortical circuits, and psychedelic modulation", "normalized_title": "effective connectivity of the human claustrum triple networks subcortical circuits and psychedelic modulation", "authors": "Masjedi NS, Razi A.", "abstract": "Decades of cross-species research highlight the claustrums extensive bidirectional connectivity with cortical and subcortical regions, implicating it in higher-order cognitive processes requiring synchronized brain states. Psychedelics may disrupt this synchrony by modulating claustro-cortical signaling, reflected by the dissolution of cortical network signatures. Using spectral dynamic causal modeling on resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project and PsiConnect datasets at 7T and 3T, we provide the first in vivo characterization of claustral effective connectivity with triple networks and subcortical regions in humans, both at rest and under the influence of psilocybin. Claustra displayed widespread bidirectional effective connectivity and a strong inhibitory influence on all target regions. Psilocybin enhanced claustral inhibition of cortical networks while disinhibiting subcortical areas, partially associated with psychedelic subjective effect scores. These findings are consistent with cellular and functional cross-species data, supporting the proposed mechanism of claustro-cortical inhibition in regulating network synchrony, while extending this influence to the subcortex, and revealing hierarchical and hemispheric asymmetries in claustral signaling modulation under psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.07.674759", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.07.674759", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1083522\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3089, "title": "Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use", "normalized_title": "mindset over molecule comparing self transcendent and mystical experiences across recreational psilocybin mdma and cannabis use", "authors": "Chwyl C, Spata A, Lucas W, Luoma JB.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Self-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics’ therapeutic effects, yet how these experiences differ across substances remains unclear. This study compared mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we examined the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Methods Adults aged 18 years and older ( N = 397) were recruited with general, non-psychedelic-targeted advertisements on a crowdsourcing platform, and randomized to report on their most intense use experience with either cannabis, psilocybin or MDMA in the past five years. Participants completed measures of self-transcendent and mystical experiences, emotions, and variables previously found to predict mystical experiences (e.g., personality traits, motivations for use, intentions/expectations for the experience). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions examined the effects of substance type (cannabis/psilocybin/MDMA) on outcomes, both alone and while adjusting for contextual (set/setting) variables. Results Most of the sample reported recreational reasons for use (83%) and concurrently used other substances (75%). Psilocybin and MDMA corresponded to greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after controlling for contextual factors. However, effect sizes were generally small (standardized regression coefficients β =.14-34, p s.33). Notably, mindset-particularly surrendering to the experience and having spiritual/prosocial motivations-emerged as the strongest predictors, with models including these variables accounting for up to 58% of variance (compared to ≤ 10% for substance alone). Conclusions Findings indicate a “mindset-over-molecule” pattern wherein psychological context (“set”) is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes than substance type alone.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1084679\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4296, "title": "The Legal Perspective on Psilocybin for Medical Use in Czechia: A Key Milestone and the Case for Broader Consideration Beyond the Clinical Setting", "normalized_title": "the legal perspective on psilocybin for medical use in czechia a key milestone and the case for broader consideration beyond the clinical setting", "authors": "Tereza Dleštíková", "abstract": "Czechia has recently approved the medical use of psilocybin, marking a pivotal shift in the country’s drug policy landscape. This development paves the way for regulated therapeutic applications of psilocybin within clinical settings, while simultaneously prompting a timely discussion on the potential uses of psychedelics beyond strictly medical contexts. This commentary first outlines the legal status of psilocybin for therapeutic use in Czechia and situates this reform within broader international policy trends. Drawing on the publication How to Regulate Psychedelics and qualitative findings from a ketamine-assisted therapy program conducted as part of the Czech Destigmatizing the Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics in Psychiatry project, it then examines the regulation of non-clinical psychedelic use, while also highlighting the persistent legal ambiguity surrounding the Czech offence of “spreading toxicomania.” The commentary advocates for a rational, evidence-based regulatory approach, arguing that while the medicalization of psilocybin constitutes a significant legal milestone, the framework will remain incomplete without clear pathways for non-clinical use to ensure safety and legal clarity.", "journal": "Psychoactives", "publication_date": "2025-09-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/psychoactives4030034", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives4030034", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Perspective (graphical), Milestone, Ambiguity, Medicalization, Engineering ethics, Psychology, Public relations, Political science, Key (lock), Interpretation (philosophy), Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Law, Sociology, Medicine, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Czech, Hallucinogen, Complaint, Corporate governance, Criminology, Thematic analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414123257\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414123257\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2234681180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308266180\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403257190\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405565174\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073300363\",\"display_name\":\"Tereza Dleštíková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-0678\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387280156\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychoactives\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives4030034\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414123257" }, { "id": 476, "title": "Psilocybin Enhances Cued Fear Extinction and Extinction Recall in Stress-Naïve, Acutely Stressed, and Chronically Stressed Mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin enhances cued fear extinction and extinction recall in stress naïve acutely stressed and chronically stressed mice", "authors": "John A. Razidlo, Noelle Cataldo, Cody J. Wenthur", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics have shown promise in clinical trials for treating an array of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite these findings, our understanding of how these drugs mechanistically exert their therapeutic effects remains incomplete. While researchers have regularly employed rodent preclinical models to assess such mechanisms, many of these findings arise from stress-naïve animals. Given that prior environmental stress is a critical component for the mental health disorders being studied in clinical trials of psychedelics, understanding the performance of these drugs in animals previously exposed to acute or chronic stress is of strong translational relevance. In this study, we examined the effects of psilocybin in male mice that were stress-naïve, as well as in those that underwent either single-prolonged stress (SPS) or chronic restraint stress (CRS). The effects of these treatments on corticosterone release, extinction of freezing behavior, and recall of extinction in Pavlovian fear conditioning were examined for each group. We observed that psilocybin challenge transiently increased serum corticosterone in stress-naïve mice relative to saline; however, this effect was not observed in SPS and CRS animals. Interestingly, psilocybin treatment enhanced fear extinction and promoted extinction recall 24 h later not only in stress-naïve animals but also in stressed animals. These findings indicate psilocybin's ability to acutely enhance fear extinction and promote enhanced extinction recall across animals with diverse environmental stress experiences prior to exposure.", "journal": "ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science", "publication_date": "2025-09-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00462", "pubmed_id": "41244305", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00462", "keywords": "Extinction (optical mineralogy), Psilocybin, Recall, Serotonergic, Anxiety, Neuroscience, Fear conditioning, Psychology, Corticosterone, Exposure therapy, Stressor, Cued speech, Medicine, Infralimbic cortex, Amygdala, Chronic stress, Conditioning, Fluoxetine, Developmental psychology, Cognition, Depression (economics), Freezing behavior, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Classical conditioning, Mediator, Serotonin, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414130775\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4414130775\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1520014704\",\"https://openalex.org/W1547500656\",\"https://openalex.org/W1547865271\",\"https://openalex.org/W1641610789\",\"https://openalex.org/W1859587519\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978891587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983954953\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996216020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032476754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042393288\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070508185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113167245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118659222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136341379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142277208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159338408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165937541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2236432672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2285774466\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581848244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2754408186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799742551\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799830923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911340901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954767806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2955504961\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962664096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985647112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991390907\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008102555\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046852106\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096045630\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3148351968\",\"https://openalex.org/W3178121559\",\"https://openalex.org/W3184493436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214649547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224257950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232755968\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241544471\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294631080\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321429266\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385257581\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385396235\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387047256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389428451\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390973319\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394872761\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396580667\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401212791\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405287906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405738640\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406131830\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409147414\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409310214\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410755082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4412424249\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057449473\",\"display_name\":\"John A. Razidlo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-2253\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005483548\",\"display_name\":\"Noelle Cataldo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1076-1534\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077505426\",\"display_name\":\"Cody J. Wenthur\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-3842\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207642\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00462\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4414130775" }, { "id": 4297, "title": "Five-year outcomes of psilocybin-assisted therapy for Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "five year outcomes of psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Alan K. Davis, Meghan DellaCrosse, Nathan D. Sepeda, Adam W. Levin, Mary P Cosimano, Hillary Shaub, Washington Taylor, Peter M. Gooch, Shoval Gilead, Skylar J. Gaughan, Stacey B. Armstrong, Frederick S. Barrett", "abstract": "Abstract Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability and economic loss, with high recurrence and treatment resistance. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) shows promise in reducing depressive symptoms, but long-term effects are unknown. We aimed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of PAT for MDD over a five-year follow-up period. Methods Individuals who previously participated in an RCT studying the effects of PAT for patients with MDD were contacted for a long-term follow-up (LTFU) study. This study uses a parallel convergent mixed methods design. Of the original 24 RCT participants, 21 enrolled in the LTFU study, with 18 (75%) completing it. For the six non-completers, baseline scores were used in quantitative analyses as conservative estimates. The primary outcome was clinician-rated change in depression severity from baseline to LTFU. Secondary outcomes included anxiety, functional impairment, and qualitative assessments of participants' experiences and mental health. Results Significant and sustained reductions in depression were observed, with 67% in remission for at least five years post-treatment. Anxiety and functional impairment also improved. Qualitative interviews revealed lasting positive changes in mindset, emotional health, and relationships. Participants reported enhanced empathy, self-acceptance, and improved interpersonal relationships. No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion This study supports the long-term efficacy and safety of PAT in reducing depressive symptoms and improving mental health in patients with MDD. Further research is needed to determine if these findings can be replicated, and to explore the mechanisms behind the sustained benefits of PAT, potentially validating an approach that could transform the treatment of MDD.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2025.00461", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00461", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Cognition, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413975912\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413975912\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1914972138\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979290264\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981198734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014087423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015666695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030962294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073441573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084779737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141217193\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141305471\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148083007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2201421223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418769740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2463496270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738334969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804876758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W3031742716\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048560297\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093223973\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157759986\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210887564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205567434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224044203\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229447912\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232488826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235220276\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236038590\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291162385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365444032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386894189\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388574768\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392797453\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406870441\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063981201\",\"display_name\":\"Meghan DellaCrosse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-277X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048202842\",\"display_name\":\"Adam W. Levin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-462X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025469924\",\"display_name\":\"Mary P Cosimano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119535269\",\"display_name\":\"Hillary Shaub\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028633108\",\"display_name\":\"Washington Taylor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-6706\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081593427\",\"display_name\":\"Peter M. Gooch\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119535270\",\"display_name\":\"Shoval Gilead\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115863901\",\"display_name\":\"Skylar J. Gaughan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-7430\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015911875\",\"display_name\":\"Stacey B. Armstrong\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-7511\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00461\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4413975912" }, { "id": 524, "title": "Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin in Depression: a Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of psilocybin in depression a systematic review of clinical evidence", "authors": "Andrade FRT, Buchborn T, Thalheimer G, Meinhardt MW, Joca S, de Almeida RMM.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant public health concern, and current treatments often have limitations in effectiveness and adherence. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, is being explored as a potential treatment for depression. It primarily acts through the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor but interacts with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors. Its precise mechanisms remain under investigation.Objectives(1) To consolidate evidence on psilocybin’s efficacy and safety for depression and the role of 5HT2a, (2) to identify limitations in the literature, and (3) to highlight areas needing further research.MethodsThis systematic review follows PRISMA guidelines and analyses 22 studies, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies. The studies cover various populations, including individuals with treatment-resistant depression, different dosing regimens, and adjunctive therapies.ResultsPsilocybin therapy shows substantial and rapid antidepressant effects, often after one or two sessions with psychological support. Improvements are sustained for weeks or months in many cases. Psilocybin is generally well-tolerated, with mild adverse effects such as anxiety during administration and transient headaches, which are manageable in controlled settings.ConclusionsPsilocybin demonstrates promise as a novel treatment for depression, especially for individuals unresponsive to conventional antidepressants. Further research is needed to refine dosing, explore long-term effects, and understand its mechanisms of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2025.10039", "pubmed_id": "40899152", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2025.10039", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40899152\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4305, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Chronic Somatoform Pain Disorder: A Case Report", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for chronic somatoform pain disorder a case report", "authors": "M Mercier, Cédric Mabilais, Vasileios Chytas, Leonice Furtado, Federico Seragnoli, Albert Buchard, Tatiana Aboulafia Brakha, Gabriel Thorens, Daniele Zullino, Louise Penzenstadler", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have experienced a resurgence of clinical interest in recent years, particularly for their promising effects in the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. While evidence regarding their role in chronic pain management remains limited, emerging studies suggest potential therapeutic benefits. This case report describes a patient with persistent somatoform pain disorder and recurrent depressive disorder who underwent four sessions of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. The intervention was associated with a reduction in the negative impact of pain on daily life, increased pain acceptance, improved quality of life, and reduction in depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature suggesting that psychedelics, when combined with psychotherapy, may offer a novel and holistic approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Further controlled studies are needed to explore the safety, efficacy, and underlying mechanisms.", "journal": "Psychoactives", "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/psychoactives4030030", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives4030030", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Chronic pain, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413893315\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413893315\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2023687307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041124713\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125228745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2217880633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2329316201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2462596148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2464715703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2512716401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2743855088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804789712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081126678\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165837403\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213721934\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211119836\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386019370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386466628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386624716\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402529371\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402697828\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404843727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406120474\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406510641\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411103150\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018529574\",\"display_name\":\"M Mercier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091929997\",\"display_name\":\"Cédric Mabilais\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065669141\",\"display_name\":\"Vasileios Chytas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1897-3578\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091929996\",\"display_name\":\"Leonice Furtado\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076109553\",\"display_name\":\"Federico Seragnoli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-770X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5098758615\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Buchard\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116852081\",\"display_name\":\"Tatiana Aboulafia Brakha\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-4276\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011794985\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriel Thorens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-9179\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024403583\",\"display_name\":\"Daniele Zullino\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-8965\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054543118\",\"display_name\":\"Louise Penzenstadler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-0243\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387280156\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychoactives\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives4030030\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4413893315" }, { "id": 4304, "title": "PSYCHEDELICS IN PSYCHIATRY - OVERVIEW OF PSILOCYBIN RESEARCH", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in psychiatry overview of psilocybin research", "authors": "Anna Blazhkova, Magdalena Czaja, Hanna Sitka, Sven Solisch, Anna Susłow, Ewa Szczęsna", "abstract": "Introduction: Recently, there has been a significant increase in interest in the use of psychedelics for various psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin is receiving particular attention as a psychoactive substance with significant therapeutic potential. Recent research focuses on its possible benefits in the treatment of major depressive disorders (MDD) and anorexia nervosa (AN). Purpose of the study: This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating MDD and AN by analyzing its mechanism of action, clinical trials results and further implications of PAT. Materials and methods: An overview of 26 articles sourced from PubMed and open-access databases was conducted, with a focus on randomized controlled trials, neurobiological mechanisms and also exploratory research. Conclusions: Psilocybin and PAT demonstrated significant antidepressant effects, enhancing neuroplasticity, connectivity and cognitive flexibility. While evidence in MDD is significantly more established, preliminary findings in AN are promising, but still require further controlled clinical trials. Psilocybin represents a novel approach to treatment of MDD and AN.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3650", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3650", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413888032\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413888032\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2749043159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994058197\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185477803\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308953446\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367840575\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381548553\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383820109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390732376\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395110324\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403620011\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408765639\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409824886\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410350230\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410487155\",\"https://openalex.org/W4410539818\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411265929\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411302754\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411347440\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115836808\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Blazhkova\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5105758586\",\"display_name\":\"Magdalena Czaja\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093527438\",\"display_name\":\"Hanna Sitka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3175-1305\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114721230\",\"display_name\":\"Sven Solisch\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115836809\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Susłow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115836811\",\"display_name\":\"Ewa Szczęsna\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206754\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3650\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4413888032" }, { "id": 606, "title": "Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review", "normalized_title": "biochemical insights into diverse psilocybe mushrooms and their metabolites as sources of neuroactive agents a review", "authors": "Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Aung San, Bharti SAK, Csaba V, Valan Arasu M, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J.", "abstract": "Psilocybe species, commonly known as “magic mushrooms”, are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin. These species have been the focus of scientific study due to their potential therapeutic applications, despite their classification as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various Psilocybe mushrooms, highlighting their chemical compositions, genetic diversity, and therapeutic potential, particularly in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, and cluster headaches. By reviewing existing scientific literature, this review examines the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of Psilocybe mushrooms. The review includes novel contributions such as the identification of alternative pathways for psilocybin synthesis and taxonomic consolidations among Psilocybe species. It also explores the cultural context and traditional uses of these mushrooms. The findings indicate that Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit significant potential for therapeutic use in mental health treatment. The review also underscores the importance of ongoing research into the pharmacological properties of these mushrooms to better understand their effects and potential benefits. Despite their current legal status, Psilocybe mushrooms hold considerable promise for future therapeutic applications. There is a need for further investigation to fully explore their potential in medical and cultural contexts. This review sets a foundation for future research and drug development endeavors, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of these complex biological entities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609227368", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609227368\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 545, "title": "Separate or inseparable? Serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "normalized_title": "separate or inseparable serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "McCoy K, Reed F, Conn K, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as a promising treatment for a range of mental health conditions, including anorexia nervosa. Recent insights from animal models and human imaging studies suggest psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility and modifies reward processing - two core processes disrupted in anorexia nervosa. Both cognitive flexibility and reward processing are highly dependent on interactions between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) systems in key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psilocybin’s influence on neuroplasticity, particularly in promoting structural and functional changes in neural circuits, underpins its therapeutic potential. While its effects are predominantly attributed to activity of the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, recent evidence suggests a broader network of brain receptor interactions, particularly those with dopaminergic pathways, plays a crucial role. Investigations using rodent models reveal that psilocybin induces both rapid and enduring neuroplastic changes, improving cognitive flexibility through these complex neurochemical mechanisms. Advances in real-time in vivo neurochemical recording now allow simultaneous monitoring of 5-HT and DA signalling, which will provide essential insights into their distinct and coordinated actions during cognitive performance. This integrative framework highlights the need for further research into psilocybin’s dual modulation of 5-HT and DA systems to optimize its therapeutic applications for anorexia nervosa, a life-threatening condition that is characterized by impairments in cognitive flexibility and reward processing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609297819", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609297819\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 416, "title": "Above the threshold, beyond the trip: the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity and antidepressant effects.", "normalized_title": "above the threshold beyond the trip the role of the 5 ht2a receptor in psychedelic induced neuroplasticity and antidepressant effects", "authors": "Drewko AJ, Habets RLP, Brunt TM.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, including the recreationally used psilocybin and LSD, have become promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression. While it is generally agreed that they exhibit their antidepressant effects by inducing rapid and sustained neuroplasticity, the molecular mechanisms responsible are widely debated. In particular, the role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, known to mediate the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics, is under scrutiny. However, many studies remain in conflict on whether action at the receptor is also required for neuroplastic effects. In this narrative review, we examine the available evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT2A receptor in neuroplasticity induction and the possibly antidepressant effects of psychedelics. Firstly, we review the role of decreased neuroplasticity in depression, the evidence for dendrito-, spino- and synaptogenesis promotion by psychedelics, and for its possible regional selectivity. We then discuss the current knowledge on psychedelic action at the 5-HT2A receptor, including its role in promoting hallucinogenic effects. Finally, we critically assess the studies testing the necessity for 5-HT2A signalling for neuroplastic effects and present a model of molecular mechanisms responsible for psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03169-9", "pubmed_id": "40849544", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03169-9", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40849544\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3079, "title": "Context-dependent structurally informed effective connectivity under psilocybin", "normalized_title": "context dependent structurally informed effective connectivity under psilocybin", "authors": "Greaves MD, Barta T, Novelli L, Stoliker D, Razi A.", "abstract": "The extent to which anatomical connectivity constrains pharmacologically altered brain dynamics remains poorly understood. Here, we combined psilocybin administration with a structurally informed effective-connectivity model to examine how structural connectivity shapes directed inter-regional influences across experiential contexts. Using dynamic causal modeling embedded in a hierarchical empirical Bayes framework, we analyzed fMRI data acquired from a hippocampo-thalamo-cortical network during rest, guided meditation, music listening and movie viewing. Across contexts, psilocybin reorganized directed interactions while preserving structure-based scaling. Effects converged on efferents (outgoing influences) from the left hippocampus-a hub interfacing mnemonic and associative systems with the default-mode network and thalamus. Notably, the left-hippocampus-to-thalamus pathway showed a sign-reversed association with mystical-experience scores (downregulation during guided meditation and upregulation during music listening). In model-based leave-one-out cross-validation, left-hippocampal efferents predicted individual differences in mystical-experience intensity. A minimal model-free benchmark (hippocampal signal variability) also showed modest associations with mystical experience. Together, these findings link context-specific, structurally informed effective connectivity to individual differences in the acute psychedelic experience, providing a mechanistic bridge between anatomy, neurodynamics, and phenomenology.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-08-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.18.671000", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.18.671000", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1071263\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 561, "title": "Psychedelics and the Serotonin Hypothesis of Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the serotonin hypothesis of eating disorders", "authors": "Bilenker D, Avena NM.", "abstract": "Recent advances in psychedelic research have renewed interest in their therapeutic potential for psychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive and behavioral rigidity. This review examines the rationale for using serotonergic psychedelics-particularly 5-HT2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin-in the treatment of eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). The paper contextualizes these interventions within the broader serotonin hypothesis of EDs, emphasizing serotonergic dysregulation and impaired cognitive flexibility as central features of these conditions. Drawing from animal models, human neuroimaging studies, and emerging clinical trials, the authors outline how psychedelics may promote neuroplasticity and psychological insight through modulation of 5-HT2A signaling. Preliminary evidence from open-label studies suggests psilocybin may improve ED symptoms and quality of life, though findings are early and methodologically limited. The paper also reviews data on ayahuasca, MDMA, and non-psychedelic serotonergic agents, highlighting both the promise and complexity of psychedelic-assisted therapy in EDs. The authors conclude that while further controlled trials are needed to clarify efficacy, safety, and optimal treatment parameters, psychedelics offer a novel, mechanistically distinct avenue for addressing entrenched ED psychopathology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15080893", "pubmed_id": "40867224", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080893", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40867224\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 430, "title": "Chronic psilocybin administration increases sociability and alters the gut microbiome in male wild-type mice but not in a preclinical model of obsessive-compulsive disorder", "normalized_title": "chronic psilocybin administration increases sociability and alters the gut microbiome in male wild type mice but not in a preclinical model of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "James J Gattuso, Geraldine Kong, Bilgenur Bezcioglu, Da Lu, Millicent N. Ekwudo, Carey Wilson, Carolina Gubert, Anthony J. Hannan, Thibault Renoir", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic compound that produces psychedelic effects primarily through activation of the 5-HT2A receptor, has shown promise in treating neuropsychiatric conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the effects of chronic psilocybin administration on gut function, microbiota, and behavioural phenotypes remain understudied. The present study investigated the impact of chronic psilocybin (0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, oral gavage) on gut and behavioural measures in wild-type (WT) and SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mice, a model of OCD-like phenotypes. We present novel evidence that SAPAP3 KO mice exhibit social deficits, and that chronic psilocybin increases sociability in male WT mice. Although no therapeutic effects were observed at either dose on anxiety-, compulsive-, or depressive-like behaviour, chronic psilocybin also did not induce psychosis-like behaviours. A dose-dependent effect of psilocybin was observed on gut motility. While chronic administration did not significantly affect overall gut microbiome diversity, reductions in Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus animalis and Alistipes dispar were observed in male WT, but not female, mice. Integrative analysis revealed that a microbial cluster, comprising Lactobacillus and Alistipes species, correlated with locomotion, head twitch response and gut motility, effectively differentiating psilocybin-treated mice from vehicle controls. This suggests a potential host-microbiome feedback mechanism regulating host serotonin signalling, linked to central and peripheral 5-HT2A receptor activation. Additionally, separate microbial clusters were associated with startle response and sociability, indicating that psilocybin may engage distinct neural pathways to mediate these behaviours. These findings highlight the importance of considering the microbiome and sex in future psychedelic research and open new avenues for exploring the microbiota-gut-brain axis as a target for future therapeutic strategies.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648", "pubmed_id": "40849086", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648", "keywords": "Gut microbiome, Psilocybin, Microbiome, Psychology, Obsessive compulsive, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Biology, Bioinformatics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Gut microbiota and health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413389430\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413389430\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W100895576\",\"https://openalex.org/W1893993890\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965526627\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975180862\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983746474\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992922886\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997452831\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997608252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008627757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012339641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016586816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016737143\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031832463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033386838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048272107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076743651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080914771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090842596\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100825937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132929849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145496597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150320991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153592313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167756235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171952745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408617109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769170966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899082737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902398393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909472027\",\"https://openalex.org/W2915979496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917608289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958413903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2967353456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991014851\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006326598\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016652770\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026296114\",\"https://openalex.org/W3033687039\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036538738\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107521351\",\"https://openalex.org/W3116827302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133450788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214823353\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220891506\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220936272\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226060882\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283726298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285276155\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291170424\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295292793\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311448180\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311577408\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318475634\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320732021\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323928485\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327616659\",\"https://openalex.org/W4376113773\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382630770\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383558762\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384663222\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385988534\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386056721\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387259638\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389137509\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390590130\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390732376\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392128142\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394602238\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394840003\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400865722\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403328142\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404007256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405137183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406874124\",\"https://openalex.org/W6618076328\",\"https://openalex.org/W6649587555\",\"https://openalex.org/W6791354067\",\"https://openalex.org/W6839808577\",\"https://openalex.org/W6860536185\",\"https://openalex.org/W6870243897\",\"https://openalex.org/W6873975181\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000395302\",\"display_name\":\"James J Gattuso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0543-8728\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015446722\",\"display_name\":\"Geraldine Kong\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9277-8650\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119340227\",\"display_name\":\"Bilgenur Bezcioglu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5736-1241\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Da Lu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-8911\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072645760\",\"display_name\":\"Millicent N. Ekwudo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-6573\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019635231\",\"display_name\":\"Carey Wilson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-9714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047853418\",\"display_name\":\"Carolina Gubert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8078-1390\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052976583\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony J. Hannan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-8922\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006545419\",\"display_name\":\"Thibault Renoir\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9262-3971\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S160566677\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Microbiome", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4413389430" }, { "id": 3557, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin on the Positive Valence System in Treatment-resistant Depression: a Pilot Clinical Neuroimaging Study", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on the positive valence system in treatment resistant depression a pilot clinical neuroimaging study", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes", "abstract": "The study hypothesis is that the antidepressant effect of psilocybin is mediated by a normalization of the functioning of the positive valence system. Depressive states, especially moderate to severe depressions that associate a certain level of anhedonia, produce an overvaluation of the cost of efforts and an infra-evaluation of the possible rewards derived from an action. Psilocybin would reduce anhedonia and the cost of efforts, facilitating the anticipation of reward. Thus, the antidepressant effect of psilocybin would be mediated by a greater anticipation of rewards (reduction of anhedonia) and a more optimistic estimation of the results of efforts (increase in motivation). Psilocybin-induced changes in the positive valence system will be observable on brain MRI images, particularly in the effort evaluation circuits: basolateral amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventral pallidum, ventral striatum (VS), ventral tegmental area (VTA). The mesolimbic circuit (VS, VTA) is the anatomical substrate of anticipation of rewarding stimuli (food, sex, drugs). The amygdala also fulfills an associative function between environmental cues and rewarding stimuli. Structural and functional alterations in this circuit are associated with depressive symptoms such as anhedonia or distortions in the perception and memories of rewards. This hypothesis will be tested on a population of patients with moderate or severe depressive symptoms who meet the criteria for TRD. Depressive disorders are strongly associated with suicide risk and are the leading cause of disability in the world. Psilocybin is a natural alkaloid with psychedelic and hallucinogenic effects, produced by its active metabolite: psilocin. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of research aimed at using psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, and in particular depression, combined or not with various psychotherapeutic programs. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is effective in treating cancer-associated depression and resistant depression. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has designated it as a \"Breakthrough Therapy\" in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Most researchers consider that the antidepressant effects of psilocybin are associated with the activation of the serotonin 5-HT2a receptor, with acute neuromodulation effects that modify the connectivity of cortico-striatal loops, but the mechanisms supporting this effect are unknown. The purpose of this study is to verify whether the antidepressant action of psilocybin is associated with an activation of the brain areas involved in the positive valence system, by comparing the activity of the neural circuits responsible for the evaluation of effort before and after taking psilocybin. The correlations between the activation of brain areas and the depression severity, behavioral activation and anhedonia scores will help establish a link with the response to treatment. Finally, the study authors wish to test the feasibility of a study with psilocybin in a French clinical population.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-08-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06650800", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Hallucinogens, Reinforcement, Psychology, Psilocybin, MRI, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06650800\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 562, "title": "Serotonin and psilocybin activate 5-HT1B receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum", "normalized_title": "serotonin and psilocybin activate 5 ht1b receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum", "authors": "Maxwell B. Madden, Chloe Schaefgen, Binita Vedak, Jian Kwon, Kiara S. Dresp Pedra, Samuel H. Sheats, Adam C. Puché, Steffen B. E. Wolff, Brian N. Mathur", "abstract": "Through its widespread reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, the claustrum is implicated in sleep and waking cortical network states. Yet, basic knowledge of neuromodulation in this structure is lacking. The claustrum is richly innervated by serotonergic fibers, expresses serotonin receptors, and is suggested to play a role in the ability of psilocybin, which is metabolized to the non-specific serotonin receptor agonist psilocin, to disrupt cortex-wide network states. We therefore addressed the possible role of serotonin, and the classic psychedelic psilocybin, in modulating cortical signaling through the claustrum. We show that serotonin activates 5-HT1B receptors on anterior cingulate cortex inputs - a primary driver of claustrum activity - to suppress signaling to parietal association cortex-projecting claustrum neurons. Additionally, we demonstrate that psilocybin injection also activates anterior cingulate cortex presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum. Thus, serotonin, via 5-HT1B, may provide gain-control of cortical input to the claustrum, a mechanism that may be directly targeted by psilocybin to modulate downstream cortical network states. Our basic understanding of neuromodulation in the claustrum remains limited. Here Madden et al., identify a key mechanism by which serotonin and the psychedelic psilocybin modulate cortical signalling through the claustrum, a brain region involved in regulating cognition and brain network states.", "journal": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2025-08-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-62980-8", "pubmed_id": "40830107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62980-8", "keywords": "Claustrum, Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Receptor, Hallucinogen, 5-HT receptor, Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Nucleus, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413322793\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4413322793\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1502362666\",\"https://openalex.org/W1557421799\",\"https://openalex.org/W1575653707\",\"https://openalex.org/W1831597539\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897852281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968019923\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969855549\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972464320\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975379532\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990724914\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991974510\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994356583\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998811784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004486666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008374290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011904344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013425429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016174164\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019400297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019535443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021963844\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022561563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025880338\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026480269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033831542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045346664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049691147\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051701625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052702693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071118483\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084007108\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099168883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115086145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121166877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132653427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163680698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166045982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167969517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2285903269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2295472897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781989649\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885746909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892801584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927836703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945258316\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006676863\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014163957\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015339861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023510342\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035425961\",\"https://openalex.org/W3119127404\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171015631\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193880105\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211274941\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223962547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225773355\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251222512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291618524\",\"https://openalex.org/W4298128020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312010221\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312085034\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382931954\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388486766\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393489617\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394748844\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400333801\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402097435\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086561787\",\"display_name\":\"Maxwell B. Madden\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3360-986X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047252189\",\"display_name\":\"Chloe Schaefgen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093819589\",\"display_name\":\"Binita Vedak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Jian Kwon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4706-6724\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119348156\",\"display_name\":\"Kiara S. Dresp Pedra\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077671120\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel H. Sheats\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4166-8252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039084536\",\"display_name\":\"Adam C. Puché\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6847-1218\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031985007\",\"display_name\":\"Steffen B. E. Wolff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4752-0751\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026298510\",\"display_name\":\"Brian N. Mathur\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-8625\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S64187185\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62980-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4413322793" }, { "id": 876, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care", "authors": "Garcia ACM, Maia LO.", "abstract": "Existential and spiritual suffering are frequently reported by individuals facing serious illnesses, particularly at the end of life, and are associated with diminished quality of life, increased psychological distress, and requests for hastened death. While Palliative Care (PC) aims to provide holistic support, existing therapeutic options often fail to adequately address the profound disruptions in meaning, connection, and dignity experienced by patients. Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies (PAT), notably those using psilocybin, have re-emerged as promising interventions capable of eliciting transformative experiences that may alleviate existential and spiritual distress. This chapter explores the potential role of PAT in PC, beginning with a historical and conceptual overview of PC and an analysis of existential and spiritual suffering in this context. It then reviews scientific evidence on the therapeutic applications of classical psychedelics, with a focus on existential and spiritual suffering. Practical, clinical, ethical, and legal considerations for the integration of PAT into PC are discussed, including the challenges of implementation and the need for spiritually and existentially informed treatment models. The chapter concludes by reinforcing the urgency of innovative and compassionate responses to existential suffering and highlighting PAT as an emerging pathway toward improving the quality of life-and death-of individuals with serious illnesses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002", "pubmed_id": "40967680", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Existentialism, Spirituality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40967680\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 563, "title": "Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ketamine and Psilocybin in Comparison to Current Treatment Regimens for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Mood Disorders, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in the Pediatric Population: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic potential of ketamine and psilocybin in comparison to current treatment regimens for treatment resistant depression mood disorders and post traumatic stress disorder in the pediatric population a narrative review", "authors": "Hughes B, Mirza S, Ponamala M, Sagaser J, Paredes R, Hematillake N, Tailor C, Khan R, Pemminati S.", "abstract": "The stresses of the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the burden of psychiatric disorders within the pediatric population, revealing a pre-existing need for rapid-onset therapies that have since driven efforts to expand effective therapeutic interventions. In this narrative review, we utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to direct our report and study selection. We explored the current-state efficacy and therapeutic potential of ketamine and psilocybin in comparison to current treatment regimens for pediatric non-psychotic disorders, including Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), mood disorders like anxiety and bipolar disorder, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We chose these pediatric disorders to eliminate concerns regarding reality orientation and the use of dissociative and/or psychedelic medicines in patients who are experiencing symptoms of psychosis. Also, we briefly discuss ketamine's more widely accepted utilization by medical providers as a pediatric anesthetic, and how this gives credence to further evaluation of ketamine's multifaceted indications in pediatric psychiatry. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of glutamate pathways in the pathophysiology of TRD, mood disorders, and PTSD, and both ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and psilocybin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5-HT2A) agonist, have emerged as promising options due to their ability to augment glutamate release. Ketamine's use for pediatric TRD demonstrated rapid-onset relief for signs and symptoms of depression in children and adolescents, and psilocybin also decreased symptoms in patients with longstanding or refractory depression. Ketamine has been well tolerated and exhibited symptom improvements for youth with mood disorders such as anxiety and bipolar depression, while psilocybin showed promise in fostering emotional processing. In youth suffering from PTSD, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) brought about decreases in PTSD symptom severity, though outcomes varied across populations. Psilocybin enhanced neural plasticity, allowing patients to revisit and reframe memories under therapeutic guidance, especially for those with complex or treatment-resistant PTSD. Ethical considerations are involved in the use of dissociative and hallucinogenic therapies like ketamine and psilocybin in the pediatric population, and we explore some ethical issues regarding their use. Further research exploring specific brain locations and mechanisms of action underlying glutamate modulation by ketamine and psilocybin, and the subsequent rapid-acting relief of psychiatric symptoms offered by these substances, could pave the way for innovative treatments targeting pediatric mental health disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.90425", "pubmed_id": "40970030", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.90425", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40970030\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 567, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy potential benefits and challenges in mental health treatment", "authors": "Silczuk A, Madejek RJ, Koweszko T, Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Adamska E, Gujski M, Szulc A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, derived from the Greek words \"psyche\" (soul) and \"deloun\" (revealing), are substances historically and currently considered \"soul-revealing\". Also termed hallucinogens due to their impact on sensory perception, they are further categorized into hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline; entactogens or empathogens, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); and dissociatives, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. The concept of using these substances to enhance psychotherapy emerged in the 1940s, leading to the first wave of psychedelic research, which yielded promising initial results. Following a period of restricted research, modern investigations began anew around 20 years ago. In this review, we analyze the last 10 years of research, exploring the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy. Current evidence reveals that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy remains an experimental approach. While preliminary studies suggest potential therapeutic benefits in treating various conditions, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders, a definitive assessment of efficacy and safety is hampered by the scarcity of large-scale, rigorous clinical trials. Psychedilics should rather be viewed as integral components of broader therapeutic frameworks than as standalone treatment. The unique mechanisms of psychedelics, notably their effect on neuroplasticity, hint at the potential to address treatment gaps in patients unresponsive to conventional methods. However, this potential requires validation through larger, more rigorously designed studies. Future research must prioritize high-quality, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials encompassing diverse populations to produce reliable, generalizable findings and ensure responsible clinical implementation. The aim of this article is to review the current status of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12659/msm.948302", "pubmed_id": "40781763", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.948302", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40781763\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 570, "title": "Substance Abuse and Cognitive Decline: The Critical Role of Tau Protein as a Potential Biomarker.", "normalized_title": "substance abuse and cognitive decline the critical role of tau protein as a potential biomarker", "authors": "Rebolledo-Pérez L, Hernández-Bello J, Martínez-Ramos A, Castañeda-Arellano R, Fernández-Quezada D, Sandoval-García F, Aguilar-García IG.", "abstract": "Tau protein is essential for the structural stability of neurons, particularly through its role in microtubule assembly and axonal transport. However, when abnormally hyperphosphorylated or cleaved, Tau can aggregate into insoluble forms that disrupt neuronal function, contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence suggests that similar Tau-related alterations may occur in individuals with chronic exposure to psychoactive substances. This review compiles experimental, clinical, and postmortem findings that collectively indicate a substance-specific influence on Tau dynamics. Alcohol and opioids, for instance, promote Tau hyperphosphorylation and fragmentation through the activation of kinases such as GSK-3β and CDK5, as well as proteases like caspase-3, leading to neuroinflammation and microglial activation. Stimulants and dissociatives disrupt insulin signaling, increase oxidative stress, and impair endosomal trafficking, all of which can exacerbate Tau pathology. In contrast, cannabinoids and psychedelics may exert protective effects by modulating kinase activity, reducing inflammation, or enhancing neuroplasticity. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin and harmine have been demonstrated to decrease Tau phosphorylation and facilitate cognitive restoration in animal models. Although the molecular mechanisms differ across substances, Tau consistently emerges as a convergent target altered in substance-related cognitive disorders. Understanding these pathways may provide not only mechanistic insights into drug-induced neurotoxicity but also identify Tau as a valuable biomarker and potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cognitive decline associated with substance use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26157638", "pubmed_id": "40806766", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157638", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alzheimer Disease, Substance-Related Disorders, tau Proteins, Phosphorylation, Biomarkers, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40806766\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 573, "title": "Psychedelics and the Gut Microbiome: Unraveling the Interplay and Therapeutic Implications.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the gut microbiome unraveling the interplay and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Wang X, Jun F, Lin C, Wang X", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics and the gut microbiome interact bidirectionally through mechanisms involving 5-HT receptor signaling, neuroplasticity, and microbial metabolism. This viewpoint highlights how psychedelics may reshape microbiota and how microbes influence psychedelic efficacy, proposing microbiome-informed strategies─such as probiotics or dietary interventions─to personalize and enhance psychedelic-based mental health therapies.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-08-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00418", "pubmed_id": "40631920", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40631920/", "keywords": "Gut Microbiome, Gut−Brain Axis, Inflammation, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40631920\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 574, "title": "Neurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models", "normalized_title": "neurobiology of psilocybin a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models", "authors": "Dotun Adeleye Adeyinka, Dayna Forsyth, Suzanne Currie, Nicoletta Faraone", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a compound found in Psilocybe mushrooms, is emerging as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder. Its potential therapeutic effects stem from promoting neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity, key factors in brain health. Psilocybin could help combat mild neurodegeneration by increasing synaptic density and supporting neuronal growth. With low risk for addiction and adverse effects, it presents a safe option for long-term use, setting it apart from traditional treatments. Despite their relatively simpler neuronal networks, studies using animal models, such as Drosophila and fish, have provided essential insights on the efficacy and mechanism of action of psilocybin. These models provide foundational information that guides more focused investigations, facilitating high-throughput screening, enabling researchers to quickly explore the compound’s effects on neural development, behavior, and underlying genetic pathways. While mammalian models are indispensable for comprehensive studies on psilocybin’s pharmacokinetics and its nuanced interactions within the complex nervous systems, small non-mammalian models remain valuable for identifying promising targets and mechanisms at early research stages. Together, these animal systems offer a complementary approach to drive rapid hypothesis generation to refine our understanding of psilocybin as a candidate for not only halting but potentially reversing neurodegenerative processes. This integrative strategy highlights the transformative potential of psilocybin in addressing neurodegenerative disorders, leveraging both small and mammalian models to achieve translational research success.", "journal": "Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-08-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367", "pubmed_id": "40894380", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Cognitive science, Computer science, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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Adeleye Adeyinka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7065-4830\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Dayna Forsyth\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091764470\",\"display_name\":\"Suzanne Currie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-7200\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025284474\",\"display_name\":\"Nicoletta Faraone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-3672\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S97434221\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Animal Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4413969371" }, { "id": 4319, "title": "Response to emotional stimuli weaker in SSRI users compared with psilocybin", "normalized_title": "response to emotional stimuli weaker in ssri users compared with psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants has been associated with reduced intensity of emotional experience. Conversely, some research has shown that use of psilocybin in patients with depression leads to an increase in responsiveness to emotional face stimuli, suggesting that the psychedelic generates a transient elevation in mood. Investigators conducted a randomized, double-blind trial comparing the effects of psilocybin and escitalopram on brain responsiveness in patients with depression. Participants, adults aged 18 to 80 with moderate to severe depression, were randomized into two groups. In the first, participants received escitalopram 10 mg/day for 3 weeks, which was then increased to 20 mg/day for another 3 weeks. In the second group, participants received placebo for 6 weeks. Prior to initiating escitalopram or placebo, the escitalopram group was administered a dose of psilocybin 1 mg (a sham dosage) and the placebo group received psilocybin 25 mg. The same psilocybin doses were administered to each group 3 weeks later. Both groups received psychological support during the study period. The primary clinical outcome was the score on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Participants also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline and after 6 weeks of escitalopram/placebo treatment, with testing of their responses to facial expressions depicting fear, happiness and a neutral emotion. A total of 45 participants completed the fMRI screenings. Clinical findings indicated a greater reduction in depressive symptoms in the psilocybin group, based on scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. Participant responses to emotional faces were significantly reduced in the escitalopram group, but remained stable or increased slightly in the psilocybin group. Results suggested that higher emotional function after psilocybin therapy was associated with greater improvement in depressive symptoms. “This study's findings lend support to the view that psilocybin therapy and SSRIs have distinct therapeutic mechanisms of action,” the authors wrote. [Wall, W., et al. (2025). American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230751]", "journal": "The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update", "publication_date": "2025-08-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/pu.31349", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31349", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Neuroscience, Cognitive psychology, Audiology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412941980\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412941980\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S1022177896\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31349\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412941980" }, { "id": 575, "title": "Therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer-related depression", "normalized_title": "therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer related depression", "authors": "Małgorzata Wierzbicka, Renata Kopczyk, Aleksandra Gerlach, Joanna Rymaszewska", "abstract": "Depression prevalence is markedly elevated in oncological patients, particularly among head and neck cancer (HNC) cohorts, who face twice the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to other cancer populations. MDD in this context independently predicts poorer clinical outcomes and increased morbidity. HNC management often involves acute surgical interventions with disfiguring effects, creating a narrow therapeutic window for conventional antidepressants requiring weeks to achieve efficacy. Psychological interventions face similar time constraints, complicating perioperative mental health support. Psilocybin - metabolized to psilocin - modulates serotonin (5-HT2A) and dopamine receptors, demonstrating rapid antidepressant effects within hours rather than weeks. Clinical trials validate its superiority over escitalopram in MDD treatment and efficacy in PTSD and treatment-resistant depression. Despite these benefits, no studies explore perioperative applications in HNC patients. Psilocybin lacks international scheduling under UN conventions, permitting variable national policies: Australia - MDMA/psilocybin prescriptions (2023), USA - Insurance billing codes (2024), Portugal - Decriminalized, South Africa - Prescription medicine. In Polish Context psilocybin remains restricted to research settings, classified as a Group I-P substance under the 1971 Psychotropic Convention. This legal framework complicates clinical implementation despite emerging evidence of therapeutic potential. The critical challenge lies in reconciling psilocybin's rapid antidepressant properties with regulatory barriers, particularly for HNC patients requiring immediate psychiatric support post-surgery. Interdisciplinary collaboration between oncologists, psychiatrists, and policymakers is essential to design ethical clinical pathways under current legislative constraints.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-08-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864", "pubmed_id": "40831528", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Psychiatry, Antidepressant, Context (archaeology), Psychological intervention, Major depressive disorder, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Mood, Biology, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412939048\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412939048\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1792556404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519296010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2571059493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789657269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895410484\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127661454\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197013128\",\"https://openalex.org/W4228999566\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283323819\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297146216\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312129061\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380550627\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389992534\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391109410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395010876\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396640466\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401405162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401700752\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403729127\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403809829\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403941109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404822426\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028381150\",\"display_name\":\"Małgorzata Wierzbicka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5119202440\",\"display_name\":\"Renata Kopczyk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Gerlach\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034602375\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Rymaszewska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8985-3592\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412939048" }, { "id": 3224, "title": "564. TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE THERAPEUTICALLY RELEVANT MECHANISMS OF PSILOCYBIN FOR ANOREXIA NERVOSA", "normalized_title": "564 toward an understanding of the therapeutically relevant mechanisms of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359394", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359394\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 580, "title": "Psilocybin as Transformative Fast-Acting Antidepressant: Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as transformative fast acting antidepressant pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms", "authors": "Adebo M, Bonnet M, Laouej O, Defaix C, McGowan JC, Butlen-Ducuing F, David DJ, Poupon E, Tritschler L, Gardier AM.", "abstract": "In the 1950s-60s, serotonergic psychedelic drugs were studied as potential adjuvants to psychotherapy to treat addiction and alcoholism. However, starting in the 70s, preclinical and clinical studies on psychedelics stopped for decades because legislation controlled its recreational use, citing their hallucinogenic and psychotomimetic effects, as well as their abuse potential. Amazingly, we are witnessing an impressive return of these drugs due to recent clinical trials suggesting a therapeutic potential of psychedelics, among them psilocybin, for treating patients with depression resistant to conventional antidepressant drugs. Yet, their underlying mechanisms of action remain incompletely elucidated. This review provides an update on seminal clinical trials using psilocybin, as well as preclinical work uncovering the pharmacological properties and experimental pharmacology of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin. These drugs are primarily serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists. Although there is a consensus that 5-HT2AR activation mediates its psychedelic effects in human and rodent models of anxiety/depression, its role in psilocin's antidepressant effects remains controversial. This review also provides an overview of neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity, and neural circuits activated by psilocin. Further research in developing effective antidepressants for depression is prescient now more than ever, as according to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression will be the main cause of disability in 2030. Understanding the mechanisms through which psilocybin/psilocin would be an effective antidepressant is crucial to ultimately validate its therapeutic potential when combined with SSRIs/SNRIs in mood disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/fcp.70038", "pubmed_id": "40670864", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.70038", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40670864\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 216, "title": "Psilocybin Prolongs the Neurovascular Coupling Response in Mouse Visual Cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prolongs the neurovascular coupling response in mouse visual cortex", "authors": "Zirkel RT, Isaacson M, Liao C, Yi M, Yamaguchi K, Rivera D, Kuceyeski A, Nishimura N, Kwan AC, Schaffer CB.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has profound therapeutic potential for various mental health disorders, but its mechanisms of action are unknown. Functional MRI studies have reported the effects of psilocybin on brain activity and connectivity; however, these measurements rely on neurovascular coupling to infer neural activity changes and assume that blood flow responses to neural activity are not altered by psilocybin. Using two-photon excited fluorescence imaging in the visual cortex of awake mice to simultaneously measure neural activity and capillary blood flow dynamics, we found that psilocybin administration prolonged the increase in visual stimulus-evoked capillary blood flow - an effect which was reduced by pretreatment with a 5-HT2A R antagonist - despite not causing changes in the stimulus-evoked neural response. Multi-modal widefield imaging also showed that psilocybin extends the stimulus-evoked vascular responses in surface vessels with no observed effect on the population neural response. Computational simulation with a whole-brain neural mass model showed that prolonged neurovascular coupling responses can lead to spurious increases in BOLD-based measures of functional connectivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that psilocybin broadens neurovascular responses in the brain and highlights the importance of accounting for these effects when interpreting human neuroimaging data of psychedelic drug action.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.25.666803", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.25.666803", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1057821\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3312, "title": "Meditation, Psychedelics, and Brain Connectivity: A Randomised Controlled Resting-State fMRI Study of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Harmine in a Meditation Retreat", "normalized_title": "meditation psychedelics and brain connectivity a randomised controlled resting state fmri study of n n dimethyltryptamine and harmine in a meditation retreat", "authors": "Egger K, Meling D, Polat F, Seifritz E, Avram M, Scheidegger M.", "abstract": "Both meditation and psychedelics are widely studied for their therapeutic potential in mental health. Recent research suggests potential synergies between mindfulness practice and psychedelics, though empirical studies have primarily focused on psilocybin. This study investigates the distinct and combined effects of mindfulness practice and an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmine on brain functional connectivity (FC), with implications for advancing clinical interventions. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmaco-fMRI study, 40 meditation practitioners participated in a three-day meditation retreat. They were randomized to receive either placebo or buccal DMT-harmine (120 mg each) and underwent fMRI scans two days before and after administration. Neural changes were assessed using multiple connectivity metrics, including within- and between-network connectivity, network and global connectivity, and cortical gradient analyses. Within-group changes showed that meditators in the placebo group exhibited increased network segregation across several resting-state networks, while the DMT-harmine group showed increased FC within the visual network (VIS) and between VIS and attention networks. Between-group differences similarly showed increased FC between VIS and the salience network (SAL) in the DMT-harmine group compared to placebo post-retreat. No evidence of prolonged cortical gradient disruption, which is characteristic of acute psychedelic action, was observed. This suggests a return to typical brain organization shortly after the experience. These findings reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying meditation and psychedelic-augmented meditation. While meditation alone reduced FC between networks, DMT-harmine increased within- and between-network connectivity. Given the potential of meditation and psychedelics for improving mental health, further exploration of their synergistic potential in clinical contexts is warranted. This study advances the understanding of how psychedelics and mindfulness practice shape brain function, offering insights into their complementary roles in emotional and psychological well-being.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.30.25332422", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.30.25332422", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1058004\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3424, "title": "Modulation of Serotonin Pathways Using Psilocybin in Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)", "normalized_title": "modulation of serotonin pathways using psilocybin in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder asd", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "This study will test the hypothesis that brain systems are differentially regulated by serotonin in individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. To do this, the brain response to two single acute doses of partial serotonin (5HT)1A/2A receptor agonist psilocybin (COMP360) relative to a single dose of placebo (baseline serotonin activity) will be compared in healthy autistic and non-autistic adults. Brain function will be assessed using a range of MRI (fMRI and MRS), EEG and sensory tasks. Unimodal and multimodal analyses will be conducted. Please note that this study uses psilocybin as a probe of the serotonin system in a Case-Control science study and, following Scope protocol review, the U.K. MHRA confirmed that it is not a 'Clinical Trial of an Investigational Medicinal Product' (IMP) as defined by the EU Directive 2001/20/EC.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05651126", "keywords": "Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psilocybin 5 mg, COMP360, Psilocybin 2 mg, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05651126\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 600, "title": "Molecular Pathways Potentially Involved in Hallucinatory Experiences During Sleep Paralysis: The Emerging Role of β-Arrestin-2.", "normalized_title": "molecular pathways potentially involved in hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis the emerging role of β arrestin 2", "authors": "Rudy LM, Godlewski MM.", "abstract": "Sleep paralysis (SP), an REM parasomnia, can be characterized as one of the symptoms of narcolepsy. The SP phenomenon involves regaining meta-consciousness by the dreamer during REM, when the physiological atonia of skeletal muscles is accompanied by visual and auditory hallucinations that are perceived as vivid and distressing nightmares. Sensory impressions include personification of an unknown presence, strong chest pressure sensation, and intense fear resulting from subjective interaction with the unfolding nightmare. While the mechanism underlying skeletal muscle atonia is known, the physiology of hallucinations remains unclear. Their complex etiology involves interactions among various membrane receptor systems and neurotransmitters, which leads to altered neuronal functionality and disruptions in sensory perception. According to current knowledge, serotonergic activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor-2A (5-HT2A)-associated pathways plays a critical role in promoting hallucinogenesis during SP. Furthermore, they share similarities with psychedelic-substance-induced ones (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine). These compounds also target the 5-HT2A receptor; however, their molecular mechanism varies from serotonin-induced ones. The current review discusses the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for promoting hallucinations in SP, highlighting the critical role of β-arrestin-2. We propose that the β-arrestin-2 signaling pathway does not directly induce hallucinations but creates a state of network susceptibility that facilitates their abrupt emergence in sensory areas. Understanding the molecular basis of serotonergic hallucinations and gaining better insight into 5-HT2A-receptor-dependent pathways may prove crucial in the treatment of multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorders associated with the dysfunctional activity of serotonin receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26157233", "pubmed_id": "40806366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157233", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Sleep Paralysis, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Signal Transduction, beta-Arrestin 2", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40806366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 555, "title": "An overview of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic-assisted therapy: Insights, limitations and future directions.", "normalized_title": "an overview of psilocybin lsd mdma and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic assisted therapy insights limitations and future directions", "authors": "Askariyan K, Joghataei MT, Dehghan S, Nohesara S, Riahi Pour L, Mohammadi MH, Ahmadirad N.", "abstract": "The resurgence of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health treatment, challenging traditional paradigms by integrating compounds such as psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine into clinical practice. Historically marginalized due to regulatory and societal concerns, these agents are now gaining recognition for their unique neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic potential in addressing complex conditions like depression, PTSD, and addiction. Unlike conventional treatments, psychedelics exert their effects primarily through modulation of serotonin receptors and brain network connectivity, with each substance demonstrating distinct pharmacological profiles and clinical applications. Notably, psilocybin and LSD share serotonergic pathways but differ in receptor specificity and subjective effects, while MDMA's empathogenic properties and ketamine's rapid antidepressant action offer alternative therapeutic avenues. Recent FDA breakthrough therapy designations for psilocybin and MDMA underscore a shift toward evidence-based acceptance, yet the field remains challenged by methodological limitations, regulatory barriers, and ethical considerations. This narrative review synthesizes historical developments, mechanistic insights, and clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need for rigorous research, diverse patient cohorts, and thoughtful integration of psychedelics with psychotherapeutic modalities to realize their full therapeutic promise.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111461", "pubmed_id": "40716639", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111461", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40716639\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3071, "title": "Epigenome-wide Association Study of Psilocybin-Induced Methylome Changes in Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "epigenome wide association study of psilocybin induced methylome changes in alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Urban MM, Zillich L, Rieser NM, Herdener M, Vollenweider FX, Spanagel R, Preller KH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "The serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin has shown potential as a treatment for psychiatric conditions like alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depression in clinical studies. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, are hypothesized to contribute to its lasting therapeutic benefits. In this exploratory study, we present the first methylome-wide analysis of psilocybin-induced changes in a cohort of detoxified patients with AUD. The longitudinal study design included three assessment days in 40 patients with blood sampling and acquisition of psychometrics - at baseline, 24 hours after administration of psilocybin (25 mg) or placebo (mannitol), and one month after treatment. Our epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) identified one CpG site in TLE4 ( p = 1.1e-7) associated with psilocybin treatment. Screening for differentially methylated regions, we observed altered methylation in the gene RASGRP4 ( pFDR = 3.2e-4). Network analysis revealed co-methylation modules related to psilocybin treatment, as well as modules associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms and drinking behavior. Gene ontology analysis indicated involvement of these modules in neuroplasticity and immune functions, suggesting that they may reflect abstinence-related recovery processes. Investigating candidate genes at nominal significance ( p < 0.05) uncovered promoter-associated methylation changes in HTR2A and TNF. Furthermore, at p < 0.05, we found baseline differences between treatment responders (< 1 standard unit alcohol in 4-week follow-up) and non-responders in genes related to synaptic plasticity and different neurotransmitter systems. While these findings are limited by the modest sample size, they align well with previous literature and might provide starting points for further, large-scale investigations or hypothesis-driven experiments.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.18.664368", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.18.664368", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1052183\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Observational Study,Genomics,Immune Function", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 395, "title": "Mapping psilocybin therapy: A systematic review of therapeutic frameworks, adaptations, and standardization across contemporary clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "mapping psilocybin therapy a systematic review of therapeutic frameworks adaptations and standardization across contemporary clinical trials", "authors": "Kittur ME, Burgos M LA, Jones BDM, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Rosenblat JD, Husain MI.", "abstract": "Accumulating evidence suggests that psilocybin can produce rapid and sustained clinical benefits when administered in conjunction with psychological support. Though non-pharmacological procedures are considered integral, the field lacks therapeutic guidelines and little is known about current practices. This systematic review sought to provide a comprehensive and cross-diagnostic synthesis of current psilocybin therapy (PT) protocols across contemporary mental health related trials. Primary objectives were to define and compare PT models with respect to overall therapeutic framework, evidence-based psychotherapeutic adaptations, and therapeutic standardization measures. Database search identified 22 recent trials assessing psilocybin as treatment for major and treatment-resistant depression, medical condition-related distress, substance use, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and eating disorders. Cross-diagnostic review revealed broad consistency in therapeutic structure (i.e. before, during, and after psilocybin treatment), session themes, and external context during drug administration. However, trials varied in therapeutic intensity, diagnostic adaptations, and incorporation of evidence-based psychotherapies. Less than half of reviewed trials reported standardization measures such as manualized procedures, PT-specific training, or adherence and fidelity monitoring. With non-pharmacological treatment mechanisms still unclear, results highlight potential confounds and standardization gaps that undermine the replicability and generalizability of recent psilocybin interventions. Until adjunctive support protocols are adequately operationalized, mechanistic insight and uptake into clinical practice will remain a challenge.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952", "pubmed_id": "40684956", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40684956\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3306, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1051705\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3097, "title": "Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review.", "normalized_title": "biochemical insights into diverse psilocybe mushrooms and their metabolites as sources of neuroactive agents a review", "authors": "Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Bharti SAK, Csaba V, Valan Arasu M, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J.", "abstract": "Psilocybe species, commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\", are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin. These species have been the focus of scientific study due to their potential therapeutic applications, despite their classification as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various Psilocybe mushrooms, highlighting their chemical compositions, genetic diversity, and therapeutic potential, particularly in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, and cluster headaches. By reviewing existing scientific literature, this review examines the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of Psilocybe mushrooms. The review includes novel contributions such as the identification of alternative pathways for psilocybin synthesis and taxonomic consolidations among Psilocybe species. It also explores the cultural context and traditional uses of these mushrooms. The findings indicate that Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit significant potential for therapeutic use in mental health treatment. The review also underscores the importance of ongoing research into the pharmacological properties of these mushrooms to better understand their effects and potential benefits. Despite their current legal status, Psilocybe mushrooms hold considerable promise for future therapeutic applications. There is a need for further investigation to fully explore their potential in medical and cultural contexts. This review sets a foundation for future research and drug development endeavors, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of these complex biological entities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8", "pubmed_id": "40663181", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40663181\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 479, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Hypothesis Visual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation. Study Design This narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology. Study Results Both LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation. Conclusions Examining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7x8q4_v3", "keywords": "Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance, Hallucinogenesis, Phenomenology, Sensory Deprivation, Serotonin Receptors, Visual Hierarchy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7x8q4_v3\",\"version\":3,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 556, "title": "Examining the potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury.", "normalized_title": "examining the potential of psilocybin and 5 meo dmt as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Plummer Z, Allen J, Brand J, Mayo LM, Shultz SR, Christie BR.", "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global health challenge, with limited effective treatments for its acute and chronic consequences. TBI is characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired neuroplasticity, imbalances in neurotransmission, and cell death - factors that contribute to the development of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) may hold promise as treatments for TBI. These compounds promote neuroplasticity, exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and have shown efficacy in treating psychiatric conditions that share pathophysiological features with TBI. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors are implicated in their effects, but psilocybin also targets neurotrophic TrkB receptors, whereas 5-MeO-DMT targets sigma-1 receptors, known to have neuroprotective properties. This review integrates current preclinical and clinical research, highlighting both the shared and distinct mechanistic pathways through which psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT may alleviate TBI-related impairments, such as cognitive and affective dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Additionally, the safety profiles, dosing paradigms, and clinical challenges of these psychedelics are critically examined. By bridging insights from psychedelic science and neurotrauma research, this review underscores the innovative potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as adjunctive treatments for TBI, paving the way for novel interventions in neurorehabilitation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448", "pubmed_id": "40669813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Neuroprotective Agents, Psilocybin, Brain Injuries, Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40669813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 536, "title": "A systematic review and narrative summary of the therapeutic potential of classic serotonergic psychedelics for smoking cessation and reduction.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review and narrative summary of the therapeutic potential of classic serotonergic psychedelics for smoking cessation and reduction", "authors": "Glenn DL, Choi SH, Zimmerman RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic serotonergic psychedelics are 5-HT2A partial agonists that induce non-ordinary states of consciousness. Many have demonstrated anti-addictive properties; however, their impact on smoking behaviors remains under-researched. This review provides a synthesis of the therapeutic potential of these compounds in promoting smoking cessation and reduction.MethodsA systematic review of peer-reviewed studies on psychedelics and smoking outcomes, published in English, was conducted. Database searches of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE resulted in 3547 records. ASReview, an open-source machine-learning tool, was used to improve the screening process. Abstract and initial review screening excluded 2336 articles, leaving 29 full-text articles for review. After further exclusion based on the inclusion of psychedelics and reported outcomes, eight studies were included in the analysis. All studies were assessed for risk of bias using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.ResultsHeterogeneity in the data was observed. All studies showed a serious risk of bias. Psilocybin was the most frequently reported compound (n = 7), followed by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; n = 5), mescaline (n = 4), ayahuasca (n = 4), peyote (n = 2), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (n = 1). Psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca revealed preliminary therapeutic potential for facilitating smoking cessation.ConclusionsCurrent literature on psychedelics' anti-addictive effects on smoking behaviors is promising but limited by weak study designs and low generalizability. Future research should allow for stronger sampling methods to improve statistical power and include comparative groups within experimental or quasi-experimental designs to strengthen inference for causal mechanisms between drug and nondrug influences on smoking outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251353251", "pubmed_id": "40643107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251353251", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40643107\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 538, "title": "Psychedelics for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Narrative Review with Candidate Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for alcohol use disorder a narrative review with candidate mechanisms of action", "authors": "Miller EA, Capone C, Eaton E, Swift RM, Haass-Koffler CL.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have been studied since the 1950s as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), with over a dozen clinical trials of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and several contemporary trials of psilocybin and ayahuasca for this indication. Herein, we characterize foundational studies from the 1950s to the present, with emphasis on key design factors that varied considerably between published studies. Critically, those design factors include pharmacological factors, such as presence or absence of a placebo control and the nature of the placebo (e.g., ephedrine, dextroamphetamine, diphenhydramine, or low-dose LSD), and non-pharmacological factors, such as the treatment setting and the presence or absence of psychotherapy. We found that observational studies nearly uniformly show promising results, but trials in which psychedelics were tested against placebo or standard of care control groups have been more inconsistent in both outcomes and methodologies. Given the inconsistency in published results, we review candidate mechanisms of action for psychedelics in the context of AUD. We take a biopsychosocial approach, reviewing mechanisms spanning several different hierarchical levels of analysis, including cellular neuroplasticity, cognitive neuroscience, subjective experience, and social connection. Taken together, this review highlights key findings on both the efficacy and potential mechanisms of psychedelics for the treatment of AUD, which could motivate future studies in this rapidly developing field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z", "pubmed_id": "40640527", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40640527\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4347, "title": "The Medial PrefrontalCortex Modulates Psychedelic-likeEffects of Psilocin", "normalized_title": "the medial prefrontalcortex modulates psychedelic likeeffects of psilocin", "authors": "Miyuan Zhang (21677016), Haojiang Zhai (21677019), Longwei Yang (21677022), Haohong Li (5164970), Xiaohui Wang (19899)", "abstract": "Recent advancements in the study of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin have highlighted their unique psychedelic properties and potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the rapid and sustained treatment of depression. However, the potent acute psychedelic effects of psilocybin necessitate a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying its action. In this study, we investigated the psilocin-induced neural activity in male mice using c-Fos immunofluorescent labeling and identified brain regions associated with psychedelic-like activity. Among the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and dorsomedial striatum (DMS), only the mPFC was specifically associated with the head twitch response (HTR), a hallmark of psychedelic-like behavior. A picomolar dose of psilocin in the mPFC was sufficient to induce significant HTR, suggesting that c-Fos-positive neurons in this region modulate psychedelic-like activity. To validate this hypothesis, optogenetic activation of these neurons significantly increased spontaneous HTR in TRAP2 mice, whereas acute inhibition suppressed drug-induced HTR. These findings establish the mPFC as a critical regulator of psilocin-induced psychedelic-like activity and provide valuable insights for enhancing the clinical safety and therapeutic application of psychedelics.", "journal": "Figshare", "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324.s001", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex_Modulates_Psychedelic-like_Effects_of_Psilocin/29500347", "keywords": "Optogenetics, Prefrontal cortex, Neuroscience, Nucleus accumbens, Neural activity, Psilocybin, Hippocampus, Orbitofrontal cortex, Striatum, Cortex (anatomy), Infralimbic cortex, Hippocampal formation, Regulator, Premovement neuronal activity, Chemistry, Caudate nucleus, Electrophysiology, Central nervous system, Biology, Long-term potentiation, Dopamine, Psychology, Cerebral cortex, Slice preparation, Nucleus, Frontal cortex, Brain mapping, Local field potential, Neuroplasticity, Thalamus, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7111003529\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7111003529\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Miyuan Zhang (21677016)\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Haojiang Zhai (21677019)\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Longwei Yang (21677022)\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Haohong Li (5164970)\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Xiaohui Wang (19899)\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196282\",\"source_display_name\":\"Figshare\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex_Modulates_Psychedelic-like_Effects_of_Psilocin/29500347\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7111003529" }, { "id": 612, "title": "Psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice", "authors": "Kosuke Kato, Jennifer Kleinhenz, Yoon-Joo Shin, Cristian Coarfa, Ali John Zarrabi, Louise Hecker", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received attention due to considerable clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential to treat various psychiatric and neurodegenerative indications. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic, and few studies have explored its systemic impacts. We provide the first experimental evidence that psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) treatment extends cellular lifespan and psilocybin treatment promotes increased longevity in aged mice, suggesting that psilocybin may be a potent geroprotective agent.", "journal": "npj Aging", "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41514-025-00244-x", "pubmed_id": "40628762", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-025-00244-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Metabolite, Pharmacology, Medicine, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412102657\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412102657\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1972466562\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984431812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013379214\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027686080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056269088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057735852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078448804\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083099355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120826795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133204282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133416128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154200356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290466312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2905573083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2975681496\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006891752\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162774823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3184729641\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205085416\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281558645\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283700520\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291170424\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362722045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386624716\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221259\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406306242\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034734544\",\"display_name\":\"Kosuke Kato\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-3262\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000173386\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer Kleinhenz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100997612\",\"display_name\":\"Yoon-Joo Shin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052755605\",\"display_name\":\"Cristian Coarfa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4183-4939\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016408488\",\"display_name\":\"Ali John Zarrabi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-2250\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090676224\",\"display_name\":\"Louise Hecker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-5437\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387279016\",\"source_display_name\":\"npj Aging\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-025-00244-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Longevity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412102657" }, { "id": 569, "title": "The Medial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Psychedelic-like Effects of Psilocin", "normalized_title": "the medial prefrontal cortex modulates psychedelic like effects of psilocin", "authors": "Miyuan Zhang, Haiyan Zhai, Longwei Yang, Haohong Li, Xiaohui Wang", "abstract": "Recent advancements in the study of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin have highlighted their unique psychedelic properties and potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the rapid and sustained treatment of depression. However, the potent acute psychedelic effects of psilocybin necessitate a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying its action. In this study, we investigated the psilocin-induced neural activity in male mice using c-Fos immunofluorescent labeling and identified brain regions associated with psychedelic-like activity. Among the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and dorsomedial striatum (DMS), only the mPFC was specifically associated with the head twitch response (HTR), a hallmark of psychedelic-like behavior. A picomolar dose of psilocin in the mPFC was sufficient to induce significant HTR, suggesting that c-Fos-positive neurons in this region modulate psychedelic-like activity. To validate this hypothesis, optogenetic activation of these neurons significantly increased spontaneous HTR in TRAP2 mice, whereas acute inhibition suppressed drug-induced HTR. These findings establish the mPFC as a critical regulator of psilocin-induced psychedelic-like activity and provide valuable insights for enhancing the clinical safety and therapeutic application of psychedelics.", "journal": "ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science", "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324", "pubmed_id": "40810162", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324", "keywords": "Prefrontal cortex, Neuroscience, Psychology, Consumer neuroscience, Cognition, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412100010\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412100010\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1974195654\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058601367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089436854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095268995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549067465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2905212694\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953204260\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183649366\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223932635\",\"https://openalex.org/W4306888870\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307167512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620578\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378647709\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395688958\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402758733\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403350173\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403605401\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404297527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404349949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404723884\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405703294\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406627764\",\"https://openalex.org/W4407686798\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408221975\",\"https://openalex.org/W4408244928\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409147414\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409620999\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051743657\",\"display_name\":\"Miyuan Zhang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112467693\",\"display_name\":\"Haiyan Zhai\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Longwei Yang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101832733\",\"display_name\":\"Haohong Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-9075\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100618787\",\"display_name\":\"Xiaohui Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-5612\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207642\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4412100010" }, { "id": 496, "title": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine", "authors": "Park D, Lee G, Lee WG, Kim B, Lee Y, Kim JW.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder is a debilitating condition, with many patients unresponsive to conventional monoaminergic antidepressants. Rapid-acting antidepressants such as ketamine and psilocybin offer promising alternatives, relieving symptoms within hours. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic primarily targeting 5-HT2A receptors, both enhance synaptic plasticity in mood-regulating circuits through distinct mechanisms. This review synthesizes recent clinical and preclinical findings on ketamine and psilocybin, emphasizing their molecular targets, circuit-level effects, and converging downstream pathways. A key shared mechanism involves BDNF-TrkB signaling, which promotes spinogenesis and synaptogenesis critical for sustained antidepressant efficacy. We also discuss 5-HT2A receptor biased agonism as a potential strategy to dissociate psilocybin's therapeutic effects from its hallucinogenic actions. By comparing their mechanistic profiles, we identify both overlapping and distinct features that may inform the development of next-generation rapid-acting antidepressants. Understanding how serotonergic, glutamatergic, and neurotrophic systems converge may guide the development of fast-acting, durable, and non-hallucinogenic antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2", "pubmed_id": "40624295", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Signal Transduction, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40624295\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3216, "title": "Accurate and Interpretable Prediction of Antidepressant Treatment Response from Receptor-informed Neuroimaging", "normalized_title": "accurate and interpretable prediction of antidepressant treatment response from receptor informed neuroimaging", "authors": "Tolle HM, Luppi AI, Lawn T, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL, Mediano PAM.", "abstract": "Conventional antidepressants show moderate efficacy in treating major depressive disorder. Psychedelic-assisted therapy holds promise, yet individual responses vary, underscoring the need for predictive tools to guide treatment selection. Here, we present graphTRIP (graph-based Treatment Response Interpretability and Prediction) - a geometric deep learning architecture that enables three advances: 1) accurate prediction of post-treatment depression severity using only pretreatment clinical and neuroimaging data; 2) identification of robust biomarkers; and 3) causal analysis of treatment effects and underlying mechanisms. Trained on data from a clinical trial comparing psilocybin and escitalopram ( NCT03429075 ), graphTRIP achieves strong predictive accuracy ( r = 0.72, p = 6.8 ×10 −8 ), and shows clear generalization to both an independent dataset and across brain atlases. The model identifies stronger functional connectivity within sensory networks as a robust predictor of poorer response across both treatments. In contrast, causal analysis implicates frontoparietal and default mode networks as key moderators of differential response, with stronger 5-HT1A- and 5-HT2A-related signalling in the frontoparietal network predicting escitalopram response but psilocybin resistance. Overall, this work advances precision medicine and biomarker discovery in depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.02.662710", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.02.662710", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1046304\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 497, "title": "Single-dose (10 mg) psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pharmacological challenge study", "normalized_title": "single dose 10 mg psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder a pharmacological challenge study", "authors": "Luca Pellegrini, Naomi Fineberg, Sorcha O'Connor, Ana Maria Frota Lisbôa Pereira de Souza, Kate Godfrey, Sara Reed, Joseph Peill, Mairead Healy, Cyrus Rohani-Shukla, Hakjun Lee, Robin Carhart-Harris, Trevor W. Robbins, David Nutt, David Erritzøe", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and disabling condition. A large proportion of patients fail to respond to first-line treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors either selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or clomipramine. Preliminary evidence suggests psilocybin, a serotonin receptor agonist, might be efficacious. We conducted a pharmacological challenge study to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of effect of psilocybin in OCD. This analysis reports the clinical outcomes only. METHODS: Participants with a diagnosis of OCD of at least moderate severity, received two single doses of oral psilocybin, 1 mg followed by 10 mg, administered in fixed order separated by 4 weeks. On the day of dosing, they were treated in a day-care facility in the presence of clinicians experienced in the use of psychedelics for treating mental disorders. Psychological support was provided before, during and after dosing. Participants and raters were blinded to the order of treatment. They were assessed on the day before each dose (baseline 1, 2), on the day of dosing and at intervals over a 4-week period afterward using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) (primary clinical outcome) and secondary clinical outcomes including the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Adverse effects were also recorded. RESULTS: Nineteen adult participants (aged 20-60) entered the study and 18 completed all assessments. Clinical outcomes following 1 mg and 10 mg psilocybin were compared using a linear mixed-effects model and ANOVA. A significant between-dosage effect favouring 10 mg psilocybin was found one-week after dosing on the Y-BOCS (Cohen's d = 0.82, p = 0.002). In particular, the effect one-week after dosing was statistically significant on the compulsion subscale of the Y-BOCS (Cohen's d: 0.74, p = 0.003), compared to obsession (Cohen's d: 0.50, p = 0.06). The effect diminished over the subsequent 3 weeks. No effect of psilocybin was detected on the MADRS. Psilocybin was well tolerated, with few adverse events reported at both dosages and no serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, which was limited by a small sample size and the absence of randomisation, a 10 mg dose of oral psilocybin was found to be well-tolerated and potentially efficacious in patients with OCD. Psilocybin produced a rapid-onset, moderate to large effect on compulsive symptoms, which lasted up to one week after dosing. Future randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating a longer course of multiple weekly doses of 10 mg psilocybin are indicated in OCD and in other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders characterised by compulsions.", "journal": "Comprehensive Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-07-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619", "pubmed_id": "40618640", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Obsessive compulsive, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4411969620\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":17,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1520909142\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981722146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993810702\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994762590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017152382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054860630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092175415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105875973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120747195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123822033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132322340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132908303\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136170254\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804047202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914312460\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914467484\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020190048\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027044460\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163455677\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210913256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285809014\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318052073\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386580791\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386961159\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391109410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391678591\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392369508\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393183628\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394566107\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588870\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401339608\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402747955\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403392138\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404836981\",\"https://openalex.org/W6852241356\",\"https://openalex.org/W6856462751\",\"https://openalex.org/W6863609036\",\"https://openalex.org/W6869077535\",\"https://openalex.org/W6878706972\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056272459\",\"display_name\":\"Luca Pellegrini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2855-2865\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046416771\",\"display_name\":\"Naomi Fineberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-6900\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Sorcha O'Connor\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007953125\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Maria Frota Lisbôa Pereira de Souza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-7863\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056222921\",\"display_name\":\"Kate Godfrey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-2382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110741678\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Reed\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089523890\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph Peill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-4617\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011649514\",\"display_name\":\"Mairead Healy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106285226\",\"display_name\":\"Cyrus Rohani-Shukla\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101784305\",\"display_name\":\"Hakjun Lee\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-4256\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080762339\",\"display_name\":\"Trevor W. Robbins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-5977\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S110368005\",\"source_display_name\":\"Comprehensive Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4411969620" }, { "id": 635, "title": "Exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders.", "normalized_title": "exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders", "authors": "Carrithers BM, Roberts DE, Weiss BM, King JD, Carhart-Harris RL, Gordon AR, Pagni BA, Moreau M, Ross S, Zeifman RJ", "abstract": "Both psychotherapeutic interventions and pharmacological agents have demonstrated limited efficacy in the treatment of personality disorders (PDs). Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic therapy, already showing promise in treating various psychiatric conditions commonly comorbid with PDs, may exert therapeutic effects by promoting adaptive changes in personality. Thus, psychedelic therapy could hold potential for addressing core features of PDs through shared mechanisms of personality modulation. Although historical literature and observational studies suggest the potential clinical utility of psychedelics in treating PDs, rigorous research is lacking, and individuals with PDs are often excluded from modern psychedelic therapy trials. In the present review, we first discuss research on the effects of psychedelics in individuals with a PD through the conventional lens of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR) categorical model. Next, using the dimensional DSM Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (DSM-AMPD) as a framework, we examine how psychedelics may affect self-functioning, interpersonal functioning, and pathological personality traits. We conclude by discussing the clinical relevance of psychedelic therapy as a treatment for personality pathology, including safety considerations, gaps and limitations, and recommendations for approaching psychedelic therapy within these more complex clinical populations.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413", "pubmed_id": "40081794", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40081794/", "keywords": "Personality disorders, Personality traits, Psilocybin-assisted therapy, Psychedelics, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40081794\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 622, "title": "What fMRI studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "what fmri studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect a scoping review", "authors": "Beneš M, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Research on psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD or DMT, is a burgeoning field, with an increasing number of studies showing their promise in treatment of mental disorders as well as examining their mechanism of action. Determining their effect on the brain is crucial from clinical standpoint, but also offers highly promising avenues of advancement in basic neuroscience-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most useful techniques to do so, with a number of newly published studies increasing every year. Here we present a scoping review of existing fMRI studies of serotonergic psychedelics to date, with a focus on finding unifying themes among them, in order to comprehensively grasp current directions within this field. We cluster the existing studies by fMRI modality and find several lines of developing concepts complementing the established models of psychedelic actions on the brain: namely, we describe a general picture of de-differentiation with the default mode network at its core captured by a diverse array of different techniques, complex changes to the thalamus, amygdala and medial temporal lobe structures, and the importance of the phenomenon of ego dissolution. Finally, contrasts to phenomenologically similar states and the successful process of anchoring fMRI findings to other markers are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798", "pubmed_id": "40666257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40666257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 595, "title": "Natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin: action and potentialapplications - a narrative review.", "normalized_title": "natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin action and potentialapplications a narrative review", "authors": "Ciszowski K, Ziaja A, Niedzielska-Andres E, Pomierny-Chamioło L.", "abstract": "IntroductionNatural hallucinogens derived from fungi and animals have been used for centuries in shamanic, ritualistic, and medicinal practices across diverse cultures. These compounds exhibit a widerange of structures and mechanisms of action, affecting various neurotransmitter systems pathways. Fungal hallucinogens, primarily indole alkaloids like psilocybin and ergot alkaloids, as well as animal-derived toxins, such as bufotenine, ciguatoxins, or semiochemicals from insects, can induce profound alterations in perception, cognition, and mood. Despite their traditional use and psychoactive effects, many of these substances remain underexplored in terms of pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Recent studies suggest their possible roles in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory conditions, and chronic pain, highlighting the need for a systematic review of their biological activity and medical applications.Aim of the studyThis review aims to provide an overview of hallucinogenic compounds of fungal and animal origin, focusing on their chemical nature, pharmacodynamic properties, and current evidence for potential therapeutic use.MethodologyThe review was based on publications retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 1983 to 2025. Search terms included: fungal hallucinogens, animal-derived psychedelics, natural psychoactive compounds, toxicity, therapeutic application of hallucinogens, and psychedelic drug research.ResultsThe analyzed hallucinogens differ markedly in terms of chemical structure, receptor activity, intensity of hallucinogenic effects, and potential for clinical use. Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest beneficial effects in mood and anxiety disorders, treatment-resistant depression, pain syndromes, and potentially neurodegenerative diseases. Some compounds show promise as leads for the synthesis of novel bioactive molecules.ConclusionsHallucinogens of fungal and animal origin represent a biologically diverse and pharmacologically rich group of natural substances. Further interdisciplinary research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and therapeutic potential. Their continued investigation may lead to the development of innovative treatments in neuropsychiatry and beyond.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.24425/fmc.2025.156119", "pubmed_id": "41329968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24425/fmc.2025.156119", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Fungi, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41329968\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 540, "title": "Examining mystical experiences as a predictor of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "examining mystical experiences as a predictor of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Ryan M. Brudner, Erica Kaczmarek, Marc G. Blainey, Christian Schulz, Shakila Meshkat, Zoe Doyle, Orly Lipsitz, Hilary Offman, Rickinder Sethi, Geneva Weiglein, Roger S. McIntyre, Joshua D. Rosenblat", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders. However, the exact biological and psychological mechanisms of action of PAP remain to be determined. Examining predictors of PAP outcomes may help identify necessary processes for positive treatment outcomes. Mystical experiences are considered a key aspect of the subjective effects of ingesting psilocybin. Mystical experiences have been observed to be possibly predictive of positive outcomes in psilocybin treatments. Therefore, some argue that mystical-type experiences are necessary to achieve therapeutic benefits. AIMS: The current study examines mystical experiences as a predictor of antidepressant treatment outcomes in PAP, in a complex clinical sample. METHODS: Participants included 31 individuals with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) or Bipolar II Disorder (BDII), with treatment resistance to symptoms of their disorder. Participants had one, two, or three PAP treatments with a fixed dose of 25 mg of psilocybin. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline, at a pre-dose visit and at 2 weeks post-dosing. The presence of mystical experiences was measured on the dosing day after the acute effects had resolved. RESULTS: For the first psilocybin dose, participants with greater levels of mystical experiences exhibited a greater antidepressant effect from PAP. This effect was not found at the second or third doses. CONCLUSION: These results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that mystical experiences have therapeutic importance in PAP and extend the literature to include a clinical sample of individuals with treatment-resistant depression in the context of MDD or BDII.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251346697", "pubmed_id": "40590216", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251346697", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Context (archaeology), Major depressive disorder, Antidepressant, Psychology, Psychiatry, Mysticism, Psychotherapist, Dosing, Clinical psychology, Depression (economics), Treatment-resistant depression, Medicine, Anxiety, Internal medicine, Cognition, Hallucinogen, Philosophy, Biology, Paleontology, Macroeconomics, Theology, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4411880520\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4411880520\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903884088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911147930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134098691\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247582466\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292262959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295449270\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318393298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362623650\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379093876\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385230722\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386046484\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386209201\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386686242\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389397550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391069738\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392550813\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392799954\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399584694\",\"https://openalex.org/W4411392672\",\"https://openalex.org/W6869523170\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093927192\",\"display_name\":\"Ryan M. Brudner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8381-7434\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104243612\",\"display_name\":\"Erica Kaczmarek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089394793\",\"display_name\":\"Marc G. Blainey\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101948096\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Schulz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-2113\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037985605\",\"display_name\":\"Shakila Meshkat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-1785\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048402159\",\"display_name\":\"Zoe Doyle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-8994\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091793322\",\"display_name\":\"Orly Lipsitz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9110-7951\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029059594\",\"display_name\":\"Hilary Offman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6781-2420\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077689458\",\"display_name\":\"Rickinder Sethi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-5859\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114681119\",\"display_name\":\"Geneva Weiglein\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068850044\",\"display_name\":\"Roger S. McIntyre\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-2523\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050740394\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua D. Rosenblat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-2191\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251346697\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4411880520" }, { "id": 3682, "title": "Visual Surround Suppression and Perceptual Expectation Under Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "visual surround suppression and perceptual expectation under psilocybin", "authors": "University of Minnesota", "abstract": "The prospective pilot study will address the critical need for more precise characterizations of the acute visual effects of the drug psilocybin by measuring the impact of acute psilocybin intoxication on a perceptual task known as visual surround suppression, compared to an active placebo control. The proposed pilot study will address the critical need for more precise characterizations of the acute visual effects of the drug psilocybin by measuring the impact of acute psilocybin intoxication on a perceptual task known as visual surround suppression, compared to an active placebo control. The data collected in the proposed experiment will make important contributions to knowledge of how psilocybin impacts contextual processing in the brain. Moreover, this will in turn inform the neurobiology of visual surround suppression in general, providing the first investigation of links between surround suppression and serotonergic pathways in humans. Furthermore, the impact of psilocybin on surround suppression will complement recent discoveries of differences in surround suppression present in certain clinical populations. Taken together, these points suggest that this relatively simple and straightforward study could have significant payoff in its contribution to knowledge, not only of the effects of psilocybin but also of key brain processes underpinning human vision and context processing more broadly.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04424225", "keywords": "Perception Disturbance, Visual Suppression, Psychedelic Experiences, Psilocybin, Niacin, Vitamin B3, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04424225\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3096, "title": "The Emerging Use of Psilocybin in Adult Populations with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "the emerging use of psilocybin in adult populations with alcohol use disorder a scoping review", "authors": "Daroui D, Mastrostefano A, Davini F, Giuseppe G, Terracina S.", "abstract": "Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic pathological condition with significant burdens throughout the world. Despite the effectiveness of the current pharmacological treatments, the ongoing issues with AUD and the high relapse rates necessitate the exploration of innovative therapies, including the use of psychedelic drugs, which have shown promising initial results. The purpose of the current study is to map the evidence on potential uses of psilocybin and its neurobiological pathways, highlighting gaps in knowledge and suggesting research opportunities. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was performed according to the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. Data were synthesized in tabular form to summarize key study characteristics. Results and discussion: After screening 757 records, we included 12 studies published between 1968 and 2025: 7 RCTs, 4 open-label studies, and 1 case report. Early Polish studies suggested long-term remission of alcohol cravings, while recent U.S.-based RCTs showed that psilocybin, when paired with psychotherapy, reduced heavy drinking days and alcohol-related and mental problems. Limitations have been identified in small sample sizes and short follow-up periods in patient safety data, particularly in those with comorbidities. Most of the studies have been carried out in a hospital and university psychiatry department setting involving physicians and psychologists. Conclusion: Psilocybin has emerged as a promising and innovative compound for the treatment of AUD in an experimental phase. Future research should be conducted to assess pharmacological effects, efficacy, and patient safety through rigorous RCTs across diverse populations. To achieve better outcomes, it is essential to address drug development and pharmaceutical legislation regarding safe therapeutic algorithms.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-06-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1039854\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3283, "title": "Molecular, haemodynamic and functional effects of LSD in the human brain", "normalized_title": "molecular haemodynamic and functional effects of lsd in the human brain", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Larsen K, Johansen A, Reveles Jensen KH, Nykjaer CH, Holze F, Falck N, Neufeld VAB, Steenstrup E, Skov-Andersen PM, Spangaard A, Geisler M, Randrup PP, Jensen PS, Shulganov V, Johansen SS, Nielsen MKK, Andersen TL, Stenbaek DS, Svarer C, Fisher PM, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "In this study, we provide the first study to integrate molecular and functional neuroimaging during psychedelic drug effects in humans. Using simultaneous PET-MRI technology, we describe multiple brain actions of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy volunteers. We quantify the occupancy of LSD at cerebral serotonin 2A receptors and show that LSD increases global cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery flow without affecting the diameter of the internal carotid artery, opposite effects to those observed following psilocybin. Functional connectivity analyses showed widespread decreases in global connectivity, particularly in visual networks, alongside increases in network-wise sample entropy and spatial complexity. We observed an anticlockwise hysteresis loop between plasma drug levels and subjective effects, suggesting atypical pharmacodynamic mechanisms. By establishing the dose-occupancy relation of LSD in humans, our findings provide critical insights for the clinical development of psychedelic compounds and demonstrate unique neurophysiological effects that distinguish LSD from related psychedelics. Our findings challenge the leading hypotheses of psychedelic brain-action, until now thought to be instrumental for therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.06.17.25329677", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.17.25329677", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1039139\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 653, "title": "The molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide: evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses", "normalized_title": "the molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses", "authors": "Ying Zhang, Lei Yang, Qiuyu Zhang, Chao Li, Fuqiang Mao, Chuanjun Zhuo", "abstract": "Psilocybin is among the most extensively studied psychedelics, with previous research suggesting its potential therapeutic role in suicide prevention. However, the precise mechanisms through which psilocybin may aid in suicide prevention remain unclear. This study thus employed network pharmacology and molecular docking tools to explore the mechanisms by which psilocybin may contribute to suicide prevention. Relevant drug- and disease-related targets were identified. Overlapping drug- and disease-related targets were extracted from the bioinformatics platform and imported into the STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Key targets were selected based on topological parameters derived from network analyses conducted using Cytoscape 3.10.1. These key targets were further analyzed using GO and KEGG enrichment approaches conducted with the DAVID tool. A drug-disease-target-pathway network was subsequently constructed in Cytoscape 3.10.1. Finally, molecular docking analyses were performed to assess psilocybin's potential to interact with key targets using AutoDock Vina and the PyMOL software. A total of 46 potential targets associated with psilocybin and relevant to suicide treatment were identified, of which 13 were imported into the DAVID tool for enrichment analyses. Network analyses identified four targets-HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR7, and PRKACA-that may serve as therapeutic targets for psilocybin in suicide prevention. Enrichment analysis outcomes suggested that psilocybin may prevent suicide by modulating the serotonergic synapse and calcium signaling pathways. Molecular docking analyses revealed that HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR7, and PRKACA strongly bind to psilocybin. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential role of psilocybin in suicide prevention, offering a novel basis for further research.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-06-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03410-7", "pubmed_id": "40523911", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03410-7", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Docking (animal), Medicine, Psychology, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4411347440\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4411347440\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998901719\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002221330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003586939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043368216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049882268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066848874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067786443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078018408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080775338\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088136344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090728253\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096021562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096173332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101505741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122683221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130479394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135159454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152174011\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159675211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162011385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168938595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419443498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2474747771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537623931\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581696375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2611406986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2611425558\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741251623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757390367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894431596\",\"https://openalex.org/W2904112223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970046390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979686202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983166786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3041655619\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136918052\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197156699\",\"https://openalex.org/W3199575241\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207449839\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215766429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205403234\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206661393\",\"https://openalex.org/W4207016700\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210298392\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213432315\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226081049\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286449579\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292262959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307468223\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308957173\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311908682\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324045013\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366823295\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382133350\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382517556\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385173532\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385295839\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385334804\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386758612\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387267866\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388340501\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388522045\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391480382\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403001381\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405122998\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405675944\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100386224\",\"display_name\":\"Ying Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-3825\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101418657\",\"display_name\":\"Lei Yang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-3344\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048966242\",\"display_name\":\"Qiuyu Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2794-6777\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Chao Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6950-9413\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091598396\",\"display_name\":\"Fuqiang Mao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-1058\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087792260\",\"display_name\":\"Chuanjun Zhuo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-550X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03410-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4411347440" }, { "id": 656, "title": "Evaluation of behavioural and neurochemical effects of psilocybin in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress", "normalized_title": "evaluation of behavioural and neurochemical effects of psilocybin in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress", "authors": "Ines Erkizia-Santamaría, Igor Horrillo, Nerea Martínez-Álvarez, Daniel Pérez-Martínez, Guadalupe Rivero, Amaia M. Erdozain, J. Javier Meana, Jorge E. Ortega", "abstract": "Depression and anxiety are disabling and high incidence mental disorders characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity. Currently available treatments show severe limitations. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective treatments in this population. In the search for novel rapid-acting antidepressants, the psychedelic psilocybin has emerged as a promising therapy in several clinical trials. However, its antidepressant mechanism of action is still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in ameliorating the adverse behavioural and neurochemical consequences of chronic stress. To this end, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) animal model was used, and psilocybin treatment was administered (two doses of 1 mg/kg, i.p., administered 7 days apart). Psilocybin reversed impairments in anhedonia and behavioural despair dimensions of depressive phenotype but not in apathy-related behaviour. Psilocybin administration was also able to exert an anxiolytic-like effect on treated animals. Physiological alterations caused by stress, indicative of a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), were not reversed by psilocybin. When neuroplasticity-related proteins were assessed in cerebral cortex, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found to be decreased in stressed animals, and treatment did not reverse such impairment. Psilocybin administration increased the expression and function of serotonin-2A-receptor (5HT2AR) in brain cortex of control and CUMS groups. Furthermore, psilocybin treatment caused a selective increase in the expression of glucocorticoid-receptor (GR) in brain cortex of CUMS mice. In conclusion, psilocybin was able to rescue impairments in the depressive phenotype, and to induce anxiolytic-like effects. Furthermore, an enhancement in sensitivity to psilocybin-induced HTR was observed following a booster dose. Altogether, this work provides new knowledge on the putative benefit/risk actions of psilocybin and contributes to the understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of action of psychedelics.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-06-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03421-4", "pubmed_id": "40517150", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03421-4", "keywords": "Neurochemical, Psilocybin, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Psychology, Neuroscience, Chronic stress, Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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Erkizia-Santamaría\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6163-4571\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028869928\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Horrillo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-5884\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115558540\",\"display_name\":\"Nerea Martínez-Álvarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Daniel Pérez-Martínez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066437036\",\"display_name\":\"Guadalupe Rivero\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-4047\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000178647\",\"display_name\":\"Amaia M. Erdozain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-9122\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024198476\",\"display_name\":\"J. Javier Meana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-6714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033481973\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge E. Ortega\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-874X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03421-4\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4411302754" }, { "id": 4362, "title": "Is there mush-room to improve the environmental sustainability of psilocybin production?", "normalized_title": "is there mush room to improve the environmental sustainability of psilocybin production", "authors": "Luke Lanham, Alistair R. McTaggart, James R. Falconer", "abstract": "Mental health disorders and associated economic impact continue to rise domestically and globally. In 2023, to expand treatment options for individuals suffering Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD), the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia has permitted psychiatrist lead psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Psilocybin, a psychedelic tryptamine found naturally in psychedelic mushrooms is presently synthesised, for clinical use, through synthetic or chemoenzymatic methods. Unfortunately, the synthesis-based methods are limited by low production yields, high material costs, multiple steps, and laborious in-process controls. Use of neoteric (“new”) solvents, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) offers an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic techniques. Favoured for its selective extraction, low supercritical process parameters (31.7°C and 72 bar), high permeability through plant matrices, and a lack of post-extraction residues, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) presents a promising option for extracting novel psychedelic tryptamines from the fungi biomass. Presently, no publications demonstrate the use of scCO 2 in the extraction of psychedelic tryptamines from any plant biomass. Herein, to better understand the plausibility and need of alternative psilocybin supply pathways, the current synthetic, biosynthetic and chemoenzymatic production options are reviewed and compared to the possibility of scCO 2 extraction from the fungi biomass as a viable, environmentally conscious alternative. Additionally, a brief overview of psychedelic mushrooms and the medicinal importance of their psychedelic tryptamines is provided.", "journal": "Journal of CO2 Utilization", "publication_date": "2025-06-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Production (economics), Sustainability, Environmental science, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Economics, Ecology, Biology, Macroeconomics, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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Lanham\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-7727\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084720096\",\"display_name\":\"Alistair R. McTaggart\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1313\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050602271\",\"display_name\":\"James R. Falconer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-6605\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210172371\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of CO2 Utilization\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4411163945" }, { "id": 663, "title": "Clinical conceptualisation of PTSD in psilocybin treatment: disrupting a pre-determined and over-determined maladaptive interpretive framework.", "normalized_title": "clinical conceptualisation of ptsd in psilocybin treatment disrupting a pre determined and over determined maladaptive interpretive framework", "authors": "Modlin NL, Williamson V, Maggio C, Stubley J, Kirlic N, Cleare A, Rucker J.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated trauma and stressor-related disorders are common and debilitating, presenting significant treatment challenges due to their complex interplay of biological, cognitive, affective, somatic and social factors. Current treatments, while advancing and effective, yield limited efficacy for many individuals, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This review explores the multifaceted nature of PTSD, emphasising its intricate predisposing and maintaining factors and explores the potential of psilocybin, a classical psychedelic, as a therapeutic agent. This review synthesises recent literature on the safety, efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action and change of psychedelic therapies for psychiatric conditions associated with traumatic stress, including treatment-resistant depression, end-of-life anxiety and anorexia nervosa. Correspondingly, it proposes a conceptual framework for psilocybin treatment in PTSD, framing the condition as a complex, maladaptive interpretive framework that is both predetermined and over-determined. A clinical narrative illustrates how psilocybin's unique psychopharmacological properties and catalysed subjective effects may facilitate therapeutic progress by disrupting this rigid and restricting framework. Finally, we offer recommendations for the safe administration of psilocybin for traumatised patients in medical research settings, emphasising the importance of rigorous and trauma-informed protocols and comprehensive patient care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251342319", "pubmed_id": "40492108", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251342319", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40492108\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 652, "title": "Classic Psychedelics in Pain Modulation: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Future Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in pain modulation mechanisms clinical evidence and future perspectives", "authors": "Czopek A, Jończyk J, Fryc M, Kluzik D, Zagórska A.", "abstract": "Millions worldwide suffer from chronic pain, a complex condition often accompanied by depression and anxiety, highlighting the urgent need for innovative treatments. Classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), primarily act on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and have emerged as potential modulators of pain perception and mood regulation. These substances may offer an alternative to conventional analgesics, such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by influencing neuroplasticity, descending pain modulation pathways, and inflammatory processes. Evidence from case studies, preclinical research, and early phase clinical trials suggests that psychedelics may alleviate pain in conditions such as cluster headaches, migraines, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain syndromes. However, the exact mechanisms underlying their analgesic properties are yet to be fully understood. While psychedelics show promise in reshaping pain management strategies, rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish their safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for chronic pain and emphasizes the necessity of further research to validate their role in modern pain medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00152", "pubmed_id": "40474592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00152", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Pain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Management, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40474592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3672, "title": "Low-Income Group Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression: A Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "low income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a feasibility study", "authors": "Matthew Hicks", "abstract": "Due to psilocybin-assisted therapy's success in previous research, growing cultural awareness and use of psilocybin and other psychedelics, the Oregon Psilocybin Services Act passed by ballot measure in 2020 and began offering services in 2023. While the program has had many successes, a significant problem it faces is affordability and no research to date has investigated the therapy in a low-income population. Psychedelic research in recent decades has used the model of two therapists to one client to demonstrate an abundance of caution and safety to regulators, but no evidence has demonstrated this model to be safer or more effective than one with less practitioner oversight. This feasibility study would be the first investigation of Oregon Psilocybin Services as a model of care and among the first few to use a group therapy model. This study aims to test the feasibility of the model by assessing recruitment, retention, acceptability and safety of the treatment. In addition to an appropriate medical screening and intake the following questionnaire data will be collected: the Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) questionnaire, Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ), Hamilton Depression Inventory, PROMIS-29, Altered States of Consciousness (11-ASC) rating scale, and a survey and structured interview. Participants will consist of adults in Oregon with an income at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. Inclusion criteria will include DSM-5 diagnosis of major depression. Participants will be individually screened by a study investigator and placed into groups of five to six participants. Treatment will consist of two group preparation sessions, two psilocybin sessions, and two group integration sessions. An additional follow-up visit to collect further data will take place three months after conclusion of the treatment. The proposed study will provide valuable information for designing future clinical trials investigating the efficacy, mechanisms, and cost-effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for depression in low-income populations.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06372197", "keywords": "Depression, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06372197\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 462, "title": "Psychedelics in the Treatment of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders: Coincidence or a New Point of View.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders coincidence or a new point of view", "authors": "Lashgari NA, Khalaji M, Rana P, Badrabadi F, Rahnama M, Nasoori H, Momeni Roudsari N, Khosravi Nia MM, Shafaroodi H.", "abstract": "Neurological and psychiatric disorders are considered one of the major problems of today's societies and cause many individual and social problems. Current treatments are effective, but due to their burdens, there is always an effort to introduce novel treatments. Psychedelics, a diverse group of psychoactive compounds, including LSD, psilocybin, DMT, MDMA, and ketamine, have shown potential in modulating neurologic and psychiatric disorders due to several mechanisms. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in both neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders due to their several mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and biological properties. This study was conducted across major databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Medline, due to the systematically searched literature including clinical, preclinical, and in vitro studies. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA have demonstrated beneficial effects across various models of neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders, including depression, PTSD, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory actions (e.g., downregulation of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α), antioxidant activity (e.g., induction of SOD), and enhancement of neuroplasticity through increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor such as BDNF. Additionally, psychedelics modulate key neurotransmitter systems, notably increasing synaptic levels of serotonin and dopamine, which are critically involved in mood regulation and cognitive function. Compared to conventional treatments, psychedelics offer faster onset, durable effects, and possible disease-modifying properties, making them promising candidates for future neurotherapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9", "pubmed_id": "40461729", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40461729\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 587, "title": "Neurocognitive effects of psilocybin: A systematic and comprehensive review of neuroimaging studies in humans.", "normalized_title": "neurocognitive effects of psilocybin a systematic and comprehensive review of neuroimaging studies in humans", "authors": "Berkovitch L, Fauvel B, Preller KH, Gaillard R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic serotonergic compound that is renowned for its potent psychoactive effects. Over the past 15 years, an increasing number of controlled clinical trials showed that it has a fast-acting and sustainable efficacy in treating various psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have been conducted with the objective of elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin. However, the diversity of neuroimaging techniques, tasks, and analytical approaches makes it difficult to gain a comprehensive overview of psilocybin's effects on the brain. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review in the Medline, Psychinfo and Cochrane databases between January 1, 1990, and May 9, 2025, following PRISMA recommendations. A total of 81 articles met the inclusion criteria. A variety of neuroimaging techniques were employed in small samples of healthy volunteers and patients with medical conditions. The studies investigated the effects of psilocybin on brain activity and connectivity, both at rest and during cognitive tasks. They revealed that psilocybin reproducibly impacted neuronal networks such as the default mode network. However, other findings were more inconsistent. Psilocybin effects on the brain were associated with acute alterations in self-experience, sensory and emotional processing, and sustained effects on mood, personality, and social functioning. In patients with depression, clinical outcomes correlated with brain changes. This review indicates that psilocybin induces acute and long-lasting functional brain changes. While these neuroimaging data require confirmation and further expansion, they shed light on the mechanisms of psilocybin's acute subjective and therapeutic effects in humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239", "pubmed_id": "40456393", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40456393\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3081, "title": "Converging pathways: shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "converging pathways shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants ketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Joseph K, Collins J, Genovese T, Maxwell M, Lieberman JA, Osten P.", "abstract": "Ketamine has transformed depression treatment by providing therapeutic relief within a single day, unlike monoaminergic antidepressants that require weeks to take effect. Here, we conducted whole-brain screening in mice to compare drug-evoked c-fos expression-acting as a marker of brain activity leading to protein synthesis-dependent forms of plasticity-following treatment with monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin. Our findings reveal a shared limbic brain circuit comprising subcortical and frontal cortical regions, with a key distinction: c-fos-based activity in the prelimbic and infralimbic frontal cortex-areas strongly implicated in depression-was acutely induced by ketamine and high-dose psilocybin, but emerged only after chronic dosing with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine or psilocybin microdosing. These results suggest the existence of a core limbic subcortico-cortical circuit underlying antidepressant efficacy, provide mechanistic insight into the delayed therapeutic effects of monoaminergic antidepressants, and reveal a close similarity in brain activity evoked by monoaminergic antidepressants and psilocybin microdosing.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.05.26.655791", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.26.655791", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1028717\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Microdosing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 544, "title": "Effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression - comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium.", "normalized_title": "effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression comparison with ketamine fluoxetine and lithium", "authors": "Vella Y, Syrová K, Petrušková A, Koutrouli I, Kútna V, Pala J, Šíchová K, Nikolič M, Mazoch V, Jurok R, Kuchař M, Bendová Z, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that psychedelics can induce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. The generally acknowledged explanation for these traits is the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, although the exact underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.AimsThis study investigates the effects of psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes (IEGs) expression in direct comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium after acute (1 h) and/or prolonged (24 h) treatment in vitro.MethodsRat primary cortical cultures were treated with 10 µM psilocin, 1 µM LSD, 90 µM DMT, 1 µM ketamine, 10 µM fluoxetine and 5 mM lithium. Analysis of synaptic puncta was performed; puncta of presynaptic marker synapsin I/II, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and their co-localization (established synapse) were assessed 24 h after drug treatment. Next, expressions of IEGs encoding activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), early growth response 1 (Egr1), and neuronal PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) domain protein 4 (Npas4) were analysed 1 and 24 h after drug treatments.ResultsPsilocin increased synaptic puncta count and induced Arc expression. The effect to promote synaptogenesis was comparable to ketamine and lithium; ketamine additionally increased PSD-95 puncta count. LSD and DMT did not induce any significant effects. Interestingly, fluoxetine had no effect on synaptic puncta count, but upregulated Egr1 and Npas4.ConclusionsPsilocin demonstrated synaptogenic effects comparable to those of ketamine and lithium, and acutely upregulated IEG Arc expression, adding another piece of evidence to its profile as a promising therapeutic agent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251338232", "pubmed_id": "40437853", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251338232", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Lithium, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Fluoxetine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Organ Culture Techniques, Gene Expression Regulation, Neuronal Plasticity, Genes, Immediate-Early, Female, Early Growth Response Protein 1, Psilocybin, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40437853\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410841687" }, { "id": 647, "title": "Psilocybin and psilocin regulate microglial immunomodulation and support neuroplasticity via serotonergic and AhR signaling", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and psilocin regulate microglial immunomodulation and support neuroplasticity via serotonergic and ahr signaling", "authors": "Salma Laabi, Claire LeMmon, Callie Vogel, M. Chacón, Víctor M. Jiménez", "abstract": "", "journal": "International Immunopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-05-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114940", "pubmed_id": "40424654", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114940", "keywords": "Serotonergic, Psilocybin, Neuroplasticity, Neuroscience, Neuroinflammation, Microglia, Biology, Inflammation, Medicine, Serotonin, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Receptor, Internal medicine, Immunology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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",\"https://openalex.org/W4323361230\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324045013\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4360952624\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381252723\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382777664\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384925775\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385834760\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389793820\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392119029\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394009974\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395006819\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400513312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400844758\",\"https://openalex.org/W6634686509\",\"https://openalex.org/W6847188910\",\"https://openalex.org/W6847267209\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093992338\",\"display_name\":\"Salma Laabi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4946-1723\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093992339\",\"display_name\":\"Claire LeMmon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3794-8817\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101308813\",\"display_name\":\"Callie Vogel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014528999\",\"display_name\":\"M. Chacón\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4495-9802\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082760525\",\"display_name\":\"Víctor M. Jiménez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3771-6072\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S158377717\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Immunopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114940\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410735628" }, { "id": 690, "title": "Therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa", "normalized_title": "therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Stéphanie Knatz Peck, Timothy D. Brewerton, Hannah M. Fisher, Julie Trim, Samantha Shao, Nadav Liam Modlin, Jessie Kim, Daphna M. Finn, Walter H. Kaye", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psychedelic treatment is a rapidly emerging therapeutic approach for a host of chronic, difficult to treat psychiatric disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN). Trauma and its sequelae, such as dissociation, often contribute to comorbidity and treatment refractoriness. AIMS: In this report, we describe the therapeutic emergence of previously dissociated traumatic memories of sexual assault in 2 of 10 research participants with AN while receiving psilocybin treatment. METHODS: Ten female adults who met DSM-5 criteria for AN or pAN (partial remission) participated in an open pilot study evaluating the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Participants received a 25-mg dose of investigational drug COMP360, a proprietary pharmaceutical-grade synthetic psilocybin formulation developed by COMPASS Pathfinder Ltd. administered in conjunction with psychological support. Participants also received two integration therapy sessions on days 1 and 7 after dosing, and they were reassessed at 1 and 3 months. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview to understand qualitative perspectives of treatment and its effect on AN. RESULTS/OUTCOMES: Both patients described in this report significantly benefited from the emergence and processing of previously dissociated information (dissociative amnesia), and both patients subsequently attained remission of their AN psychopathology at 3-month follow-up as determined by global scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and clinically meaningful weight gain. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: PT may hold promise not only in the treatment of eating disorders but also trauma-related disorders, including PTSD and dissociative amnesia. Potential mechanisms of psilocybin's facilitation of remembering and processing traumatic material is reviewed.", "journal": "Journal of Eating Disorders", "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2", "pubmed_id": "40420197", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anorexia nervosa, Psychotherapist, Anorexia, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Medicine, Eating disorders, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410748059\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410748059\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W200611915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1550747465\",\"https://openalex.org/W1670638839\",\"https://openalex.org/W1700831417\",\"https://openalex.org/W1745013798\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981459575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985388019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016528883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018758190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047326118\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058396187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074099337\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080226432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080942111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087755851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090755443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091537705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103550195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108198599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121654107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124556602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128395670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146205180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152313829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2274028393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413044490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2478045598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2495524933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2574342053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2578935374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594295003\",\"https://openalex.org/W2614942140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760803310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790387088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801553051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890244914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890413513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2986535718\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083797211\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086711439\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095504969\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100349700\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118672806\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132599860\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3189409675\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203772461\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215956939\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211102005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214560099\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220695431\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220877964\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220956513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224926134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229073012\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293242421\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308899803\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308953446\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309561826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311498973\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312064886\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318052287\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320896428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362457938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382813188\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385664009\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385812248\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385812348\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389274137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396789594\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401228042\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011897192\",\"display_name\":\"Stéphanie Knatz Peck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-9158\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015213864\",\"display_name\":\"Timothy D. Brewerton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-3600\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041834457\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-6060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002166417\",\"display_name\":\"Julie Trim\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057873669\",\"display_name\":\"Samantha Shao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037169539\",\"display_name\":\"Nadav Liam Modlin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-4354\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104262515\",\"display_name\":\"Jessie Kim\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051999008\",\"display_name\":\"Daphna M. Finn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-7778\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086371093\",\"display_name\":\"Walter H. Kaye\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-4906\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210234357\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Eating Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410748059" }, { "id": 3655, "title": "Psilocybin-facilitated Smoking Cessation Treatment: A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitated smoking cessation treatment a pilot study", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "One of the most promising lines of investigation for the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the 1960s and 1970s was in the treatment of drug dependence. The investigators propose to examine psilocybin administration combined with a structured smoking cessation treatment program in nicotine dependent individuals in order to provide preliminary data on the efficacy of this combined treatment for smoking cessation. Prior work in the investigators laboratory has shown that under carefully prepared and supportive conditions, psilocybin administration can facilitate highly salient experiences with enduring personal meaning and spiritual significance. It is plausible that embedding such highly meaningful experiences into a drug dependence cessation attempt may provide an enduring motivation for remaining abstinent. Cigarette smoking is a good model system for studying drug dependence because users are less likely to be challenged by the many social and economic impairments that often accompany dependence on other drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or alcohol. More specifically, the investigators propose to conduct a randomized controlled comparative efficacy study in which either psilocybin or transdermal nicotine patch are administered under highly supportive conditions to individuals who are nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers, who have had multiple unsuccessful quit attempts, and who continue to desire to quit smoking. Other than nicotine dependence, participants will be healthy. Fifteen participants have already completed a preliminary open-label pilot-study with no control condition. Eighty additional participants will be enrolled and randomized to either psilocybin (n=40), or nicotine patch (n=40) treatment. Participants will receive a 13-week course of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation, with Target Quit Date set for week 5. After several preparation meetings with study monitors, participants will have either a single day-long psilocybin session using a high dose (30 mg/70 kg), or a standard 8 to 10-week course of nicotine patch treatment. Participant smoking status will be assessed repeatedly for 8 weeks after the Target Quit Date, including biological verification of smoking status through breath and urine samples. Smoking status will also be assessed at three follow up sessions approximately 3, 6, and 12 months after the Target Quit Date. Additionally, 50 of these participants (25 per treatment condition) will undergo MRI scanning before and after Target Quit Date to assess the brain-based mechanisms associated with these treatments. Individuals assigned to the nicotine patch study treatment condition will be eligible to undergo an optional high dose psilocybin session after completing the 6-month follow-up meeting.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01943994", "keywords": "Nicotine Dependence, Psilocybin-assisted treatment, O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT), Transdermal Nicotine Patch, Nicoderm CQ, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT01943994\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 665, "title": "Role of endogenous serotonin in psychedelic-like effects of psilocybin in mice", "normalized_title": "role of endogenous serotonin in psychedelic like effects of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Ines Erkizia-Santamaría, Nerea Martínez-Álvarez, Leyre Salinas-Novoa, J. Javier Meana, Jorge E. Ortega", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The psychedelic psilocybin has been posited as efficacious for the treatment of depression. However, the potential link between the intensity of acute psychedelic effects and long-term therapeutic outcomes remains undiscovered. Moreover, the impact of classical antidepressant drugs that modulate serotonergic activity on psilocybin's effects is a clinically relevant concern. The aim of the present study was to assess serotonergic mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the intensity of the psilocybin-induced acute effects. METHODS: The head-twitch response (HTR), the most translational behavioral assay to characterize the psychedelic-like effect in rodents was performed. Moreover, the role of endogenous serotonin (5-HT) on psilocybin-induced HTR was studied by in vivo brain microdialysis technique. RESULTS: Maximally effective psilocybin dose (1 mg/kg) induced progressively lower HTR in heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice for serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR), compared to wild type. Synaptic increase of 5-HT by citalopram dose-dependently attenuated psilocybin-induced HTR after both acute and chronic dosing regimens. Conversely, depletion of 5-HT by p-chlorophenylalanine potentiated psilocybin-evoked HTR. Serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1AR) agonist 8-OH-DPAT dose-dependently decreased psilocybin-induced HTR, demonstrating functional interaction between 5HT2AR and 5HT1AR for psychedelic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings reveal an inverse correlation between cortical 5-HT levels and the acute psychedelic-like effects of psilocybin. Consequently, the enhancement of serotonergic activity induced by prior antidepressant treatment may underlie interindividual variability in the acute response to psychedelics. Investigating these mechanisms in relation to the sustained therapeutic outcomes of psilocybin could contribute to optimizing the efficacy of psychedelic-based therapies.", "journal": "The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-05-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyaf035", "pubmed_id": "40413648", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf035", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonin, Endogeny, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Psychology, Medicine, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410718370\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4410718370\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1435813042\",\"https://openalex.org/W1563937250\",\"https://openalex.org/W1921464947\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965363587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980779249\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994153884\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026643634\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030313035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128437336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135447632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2777548161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047879827\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112904824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3116452987\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213217218\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W4233435953\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252518069\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377142748\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379967727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384130479\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391286658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391574526\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396518351\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396588878\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400013914\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404349949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406097304\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406874124\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409147414\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064629089\",\"display_name\":\"Ines Erkizia-Santamaría\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6163-4571\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115558540\",\"display_name\":\"Nerea Martínez-Álvarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117691312\",\"display_name\":\"Leyre Salinas-Novoa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024198476\",\"display_name\":\"J. Javier Meana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-6714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033481973\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge E. Ortega\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-874X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S199972112\",\"source_display_name\":\"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf035\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410718370" }, { "id": 881, "title": "Clinical pharmacology.", "normalized_title": "clinical pharmacology", "authors": "Vogt SB, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "To design therapeutic trials and select the most appropriate substance and dose for an indication, a detailed understanding of clinical pharmacology is crucial. In recent years, several studies have explored the human pharmacology of different psychedelics and 3,4-methylendioxymethylamphetamin (MDMA). This chapter summarizes pharmacological characteristics of the serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-DMT (5-MeO-DMT), and MDMA. We summarize their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, metabolism, and safety, with a focus on human data from modern clinical trials. Additionally, we provide recommendations for dosing, dose adjustment, and interactions with other medications. We show that the different serotonergic psychedelics produce overall comparable acute subjective and somatic effects primarily through interactions with 5-HT2A receptors. However, the exact mechanisms of their potential therapeutic benefits in patients remain to be elucidated. Moreover, classic psychedelics differ substantially in their pharmacokinetics and metabolism, resulting mainly in different durations of action, which may influence their suitability for specific therapeutic uses and indications. In contrast, MDMA has a psychopharmacological profile that is distinct from serotonergic psychedelics, characterized by acute stimulant-like and empathogenic effects. In terms of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships, acute effects of the psychedelics mirror their plasma-concentration-time curves, whereas acute effects of MDMA are shorter-lasting than its presence in the body. Thus, MDMA, but not the psychedelics, exhibits marked acute pharmacological tolerance. A good understanding of the pharmacology of classic psychedelics and MDMA forms the basis for their clinical use and the design of clinical therapeutic trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.003", "pubmed_id": "40541320", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.003", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmacology, Clinical, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541320\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3747, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "authors": "Hooper J, Williams S, Mueller R, Hutchison K.", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional study examined 365 current psilocybin users, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder subjective effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/dczw2_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dczw2_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1024536\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3090, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional study examined 365 current psilocybin users, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder subjective effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dczw2_v1", "keywords": "age, cannabis, harms, psilocybin, psychedelic, public health, well being, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"dczw2_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3103, "title": "Separate or inseparable? Serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa.", "normalized_title": "separate or inseparable serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "McCoy K, Reed F, Conn K, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as a promising treatment for a range of mental health conditions, including anorexia nervosa. Recent insights from animal models and human imaging studies suggest psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility and modifies reward processing - two core processes disrupted in anorexia nervosa. Both cognitive flexibility and reward processing are highly dependent on interactions between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) systems in key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psilocybin's influence on neuroplasticity, particularly in promoting structural and functional changes in neural circuits, underpins its therapeutic potential. While its effects are predominantly attributed to activity of the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, recent evidence suggests a broader network of brain receptor interactions, particularly those with dopaminergic pathways, plays a crucial role. Investigations using rodent models reveal that psilocybin induces both rapid and enduring neuroplastic changes, improving cognitive flexibility through these complex neurochemical mechanisms. Advances in real-time in vivo neurochemical recording now allow simultaneous monitoring of 5-HT and DA signalling, which will provide essential insights into their distinct and coordinated actions during cognitive performance. This integrative framework highlights the need for further research into psilocybin's dual modulation of 5-HT and DA systems to optimize its therapeutic applications for anorexia nervosa, a life-threatening condition that is characterized by impairments in cognitive flexibility and reward processing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114957", "pubmed_id": "40403997", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114957", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Reward, Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40403997\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 696, "title": "Can the gut-brain axis provide insight into psilocybin's therapeutic value in reducing stress?", "normalized_title": "can the gut brain axis provide insight into psilocybin s therapeutic value in reducing stress", "authors": "Kit A, Conway K, Makarowski S, O'Regan G, Allen J, Shultz SR, Bodnar TS, Christie BR.", "abstract": "There is growing interest in exploring the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of psilocybin on stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), addiction, and disordered eating. Despite promising progressions in preclinical and clinical research, the neurobiological and physiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocybin remain complex, involving multiple systems with numerous homeostatic feedback signaling pathways throughout the body. This review paper explores how psilocybin mechanistically interacts with the gut microbiota, enteric nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and how psilocybin influences the bidirectional communication between peripheral and neuronal systems. Shifting towards a more integrated paradigm to unravel the mechanisms through which psilocybin affects the bidirectional gut-brain axis holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of psilocybin-based therapies from preparation of treatment, administration, to proceeding long-term integration. Such an understanding can extend beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders, further encompassing a broader spectrum of inflammatory-related disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100732", "pubmed_id": "40496249", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100732", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40496249\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 590, "title": "Pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of psychedelics", "authors": "Abrahms ZN, Sen AK, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Naturally occurring psychoactive compounds have been used for cultural and ethnomedical purposes for centuries. Several more such molecules continue to be chemically synthesized, exhibiting a wide range of potency, therapeutic, and hallucinogenic effects. Promising clinical data and a renewed interest in understanding the cellular mechanisms of action have inspired synthetic biology efforts to develop alternative production routes for psychedelic compounds. Here, we highlight the latest biosynthetic accomplishments for indolamines (psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and bufotenine), ergolines (lysergic acid), and phenethylamines (mescaline) in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic production hosts. We further curate a list of relevant biosynthetic enzymes that have reports of successful in vivo heterologous activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103314", "pubmed_id": "40381450", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103314", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthetic Biology, Metabolic Engineering", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40381450\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3694, "title": "Investigating the Role of Serotonin in the Mechanism of Action of Psilocybin in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "investigating the role of serotonin in the mechanism of action of psilocybin in patients with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai", "abstract": "This is an interventional, parallel arm assignment treatment study in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Each individual will be treated with a single dose of pimavanserin or placebo plus a single dose of psilocybin. Evaluations will be taken before dosing and following dosing at several timepoints up to 5 weeks post-dosing. In this study, the researchers want to probe the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in mediating the subjective effects of psilocybin. While previous studies have shown that blockage of the 5-HT2A receptor reduces the psychedelic experience in humans, an animal study revealed that blockage of the 5-HT2A receptor abolished the psychedelic effects without affecting the antidepressant response. This suggests that the pathway responsible for the antidepressant response is dissociated from the psychedelic experience pathway, which is mediated by 5-HT2A signaling.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06592833", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Pimavanserin, Nuplazid, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06592833\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 885, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: A comprehensive overview.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for depression a comprehensive overview", "authors": "Wingert AM, Agnorelli C, Peill J, Reed S, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Depressive disorders continue to pose a major clinical challenge worldwide, particularly given the high prevalence and increasing number of treatment-resistant cases. Over the past decade, advances in research have elucidated the antidepressant potential of psilocybin and other 5-HT₂A receptor agonists in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Phase I and II clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that even a single administration can yield rapid and sustained symptom reduction. These effects compare favourably with conventional pharmacotherapies such as SSRIs and ketamine. The distinctive pharmacological profile and robust safety data associated with serotonergic psychedelics make them particularly promising candidates, especially for patients who do not respond to standard treatments. Nonetheless, several challenges impede their integration into routine clinical practice, including the resource-intensive nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy, which demands specialized training and controlled settings. Despite those limitations, some countries including Australia, Switzerland or Canada are paving the way by allowing the use of psilocybin in TRD cases. This chapter reviews the antidepressant potential of psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT based on modern clinical trial data, comparing effect sizes of psychedelics to conventional treatments like SSRIs and ketamine, and provides a brief overview of their potential neurobiological mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009", "pubmed_id": "40541312", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541312\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3088, "title": "Psilocybin Mitigates Behavioral Despair and Cognitive Impairment in Treatment-resistant Depression Model using Wistar Kyoto Rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in treatment resistant depression model using wistar kyoto rats", "authors": "Wang Z, Robbins B, Zhuang R, Bruggen Rv, Sandini T, Li X, Zhang Y.", "abstract": "Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability that affects over 300 million people globally. Despite multiple antidepressant trials, approximately one-third of MDD patients remain symptomatic, progressing to treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This persistence possibly is due to the multifaceted etiology of TRD, encompassing biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Chronic stress, prevalent in modern life, significantly contributes to mental health disorders and complicates TRD treatment. This study investigated psilocybin as a potential TRD treatment using a diathesis-stress animal model. Twenty-two male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into control and stress groups, with the stress group further subdivided to receive either sham treatment or psilocybin as early intervention. Behavioral assessments demonstrated a significant and sustained beneficial effect of psilocybin on behavioral despair and cognitive impairment. Biochemical analyses revealed psilocybin-induced increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels without significant changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The ability of psilocybin to counter stress-induced TSH reductions suggested that TSH may serve as a proxy marker of therapeutic response, although its causal role in mood regulation remains unclear. Additionally, following psilocybin administration, changes in cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R) suggest a potential modulation of psilocybin intervention on the component of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), though causal links remain unconfirmed without antagonist studies. These findings highlight the potential of psilocybin to treat TRD through the targeting of previously unexplored biological pathways.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-5493661/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5493661/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1015165\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 703, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of variations among psychedelic interventions for psychological suffering associated with the end-of-life.", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of variations among psychedelic interventions for psychological suffering associated with the end of life", "authors": "Kratina S, Strike C, Schwartz R, Nayfeh A, Jopling S, Lo C, Rush B.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, a wide range of both substances (such as ayahuasca, psilocybin, ketamine) and therapeutic approaches (such as psychedelics alone, or psychotherapy assisted with a psychedelic) in the use of psychedelic interventions specifically for end-of-life populations, has not been adequately covered by reviews to date. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and learn from the variety of psychedelic substances and therapeutic approaches that exists within the research on therapeutic psychedelic interventions reported in populations coping with psychological suffering associated with life-threatening illness and the end of life itself. We will follow Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Health science databases such as Medline, Embase, APA PsychINFO, and CINAHL will be searched. The search will be limited to empirical published data on 'end-of-life', 'psychedelics', and 'psychological suffering'. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, and theorised mechanisms. The insights gained from this review will be used to inform future research and discussions on how psychedelics can be integrated into care strategies for populations coping with end-of-life concerns. This scoping review does not require ethics approval.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0318343", "pubmed_id": "40327705", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318343", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin, Scoping Reviews As Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40327705\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 539, "title": "Cross-Species Evidence for Psilocin-Induced Visual Distortions: Apparent Motion Is Perceived by Both Humans and Rats.", "normalized_title": "cross species evidence for psilocin induced visual distortions apparent motion is perceived by both humans and rats", "authors": "Vejmola Č, Šíchová K, Syrová K, Janečková L, Koudelka V, Tesař M, Nikolič M, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Korčák J, Viktorin V, Kelemen E, Nekovářová T, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Kuchař M, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics, particularly psilocin, are increasingly being studied for their mind-altering effects and potential therapeutic applications in psychiatry. Visual hallucinations, especially the illusion of motion in static images, are a hallmark of their action. Despite growing interest, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, as their systematic evaluation in both humans and animals is challenging.MethodsTo investigate psilocin-induced visual distortions, we designed a 2-choice visual discrimination task. Human participants and male rats indicated whether an image appeared static or moving while the image either actually moved or did not. In humans, performance was compared with self-reported hallucination intensity, Altered States of Consciousness scale scores, and psilocin plasma levels. Rats were tested in 2 distinct tasks, a luminance-based task and a motion-based task. Their performance was evaluated alongside decision time.ResultsBoth species exhibited significant impairment in distinguishing static from dynamic visual stimuli while under psilocin's influence. In humans, this impairment followed the time course of psilocin plasma levels and hallucination intensity. In rats, psilocin selectively impaired performance in the motion-based task, while performance in the luminance-based task remained intact, indicating a specific effect on visual perception. Decision time was linked to discrimination impairment.ConclusionsPsilocin impaired static-dynamic discrimination in both species, providing the first evidence that rats experience visual distortions similar to those reported by humans. The correlations between discrimination impairment, psilocin levels, and hallucination intensity in humans reinforce psilocin's effects on visual perception. This approach provides a valuable tool for investigating the neurobiology of altered visual perception in drug-induced states and psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100524", "pubmed_id": "40599633", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100524", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40599633\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4410022119" }, { "id": 705, "title": "From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "from molecules to meaning unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Acero VP, Flatt TA, Gooch PM, Gaughan SJ, Levin AW, Davis AK", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds are emerging treatments for depression, capable of producing rapid and lasting symptom reduction after 1-2 administrations in the context of psychotherapy - a stark contrast to traditional antidepressants. Despite promising outcomes, the mechanisms underlying psychedelics' reported antidepressant effects remain poorly understood and are often framed in fragmented ways. Clarifying these mechanisms is crucial for guiding future research and clinical innovation with psychedelics. This review critically examines current evidence on the mechanisms by which psychedelics may exert antidepressant effects. We highlight key mechanisms of action within biological, psychological, social, and spiritual domains that we believe are among the most compelling and deserving of further investigation. Throughout, we compare these mechanisms to those proposed for traditional antidepressants, identifying points of overlap and divergence. Although mechanistic research is valuable, an overemphasis on identifying discrete pathways may limit psychedelic science. Psychedelics likely work through complex, interwoven biological, psychological, and experiential processes that cannot be fully reduced to single mechanisms. Future research should move beyond frameworks and metrics used to validate conventional antidepressants to explore how suprapharmacological factors - set, setting, therapy modality, and integration - shape outcomes. Embracing this complexity is essential to realizing psychedelics' full therapeutic potential for depression.", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2025.2515866", "pubmed_id": "40470809", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40470809/", "keywords": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca, and 5-MeO-DMT for depression, psychedelic mechanism of action, psychedelic pharmacology, psychedelic transdiagnostic mechanisms, psychedelics for depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40470809\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 631, "title": "Dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises", "normalized_title": "dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises", "authors": "Rebecca Harding, Neomi Singer, Matthew B. Wall, Talma Hendler, David Erritzøe, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris, Leor Roseman", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy (PT) is emerging as an effective intervention for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), offering comparable efficacy to conventional treatments like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Music, an emotionally evocative stimulus, provides a valuable tool to explore changes in hedonic and predictive processing mechanisms via expectancy violations, or 'surprises'. This study sought to compare behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to musical surprises in MDD patients treated with either PT or the SSRI, escitalopram. In this secondary analysis of a trial, 41 MDD patients (with usable fMRI data) were randomly assigned to either PT (n = 22) or escitalopram (n = 19) treatment groups. Participants listened to music during fMRI and tracked their emotional experience, both before and after a 6-week intervention. Surprise-related valence and arousal indices were calculated. Musical surprises were entered as regressors for whole-brain and region of interest fMRI analyses. PT caused a greater decrease in anhedonia scores compared with escitalopram. While escitalopram led to reductions in surprise-related affective responses, PT showed no significant change. Escitalopram was associated with increased activation in memory and emotional processing areas during musical surprises (versus control events) when compared with PT. Following PT, there was decreased activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus, and greater activation in sensory regions. PT may allow for the subjective response to musical surprises to be maintained through a lasting reduction in the salience of prediction errors, or, alternatively, by increasing hedonic priors. Contrastingly, escitalopram may diminish hedonic priors, highlighting fundamental differences in treatment mechanisms.", "journal": "Molecular Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-04-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03035-8", "pubmed_id": "40281226", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03035-8", "keywords": "Escitalopram, Psychology, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Major depressive disorder, Audiology, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Cognitive psychology, Amygdala, Anxiety, Antidepressant, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409788022\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409788022\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W835957587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1710428390\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972659678\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975398216\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977628053\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988603612\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991754315\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994477474\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998274826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016526030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028969637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038509004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051697612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056835885\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068715462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074895886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085281696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097456989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097820550\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098294305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101540672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105771114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111621157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121938245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124270977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126819724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133852590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134248637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141317245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146282882\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151422895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152287648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153777989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155959499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156809536\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157376352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161185297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169442707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2294151124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337964085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398774478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605144346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624535799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767772099\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791796165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796695613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801890140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897541226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921439445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2924792926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949303212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969792281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981446641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981670329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993128957\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3030446149\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084129590\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094026898\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3141277936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154128718\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220729694\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247883378\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290860874\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310295919\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313251651\",\"https://openalex.org/W4353057135\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366748155\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367053025\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379284995\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390571425\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402975017\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110297305\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca Harding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2701-6930\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009187908\",\"display_name\":\"Neomi Singer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-1605\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063798638\",\"display_name\":\"Talma Hendler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-4335\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S71149355\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03035-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409788022" }, { "id": 626, "title": "5-HT2A receptors: Pharmacology and functional selectivity.", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a receptors pharmacology and functional selectivity", "authors": "Cummins BR, Billac GB, Nichols DE, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors were one of the first serotonin receptors to be pharmacologically characterized. In mammals, they are expressed throughout the body in nearly every cell and tissue type, with the highest density in cortical layer V of the brain. They are involved in several aspects of normal physiological processes and behaviors and have been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics have targeted blockade of 5-HT2A receptors as part of their therapeutic mechanism. More recently, 5-HT2A receptors have come to prominence for their role as the primary target for psychedelic drugs, which activate this receptor subtype to produce their characteristic behavioral effects. 5-HT2A receptor agonists like psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide have each demonstrated long-lasting therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials for psychiatric disorders such as major depression and substance use disorders. There is a significant effort in both academia and industry to develop new agonists of 5-HT2A receptors with therapeutic efficacy. There are 3 primary scaffolds for agonists: tryptamines, ergolines, and phenylalkylamines, each engaging different subsets of amino acid residues in the receptor binding pocket. Differences can lead to differential responses between ligands for functionally selective outcomes. Here, we provide a historical perspective on 5-HT2A receptors, their key structural features and motifs involved in ligand-receptor interactions, and how these interactions can affect signaling pathways downstream of the receptor. Understanding how ligands interact with the 5-HT2A receptor will fundamentally inform future drug discovery to optimize therapeutics for a variety of disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic drugs have demonstrated long-lasting therapeutic efficacy for several conditions in multiple clinical trials. Their target, serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, are GPCRs with complex pharmacology. Having knowledge of how ligands interact with 5-HT2A receptors in the orthosteric binding pocket at the structural level to induce specific signal transduction pathways will inform on efforts to design and develop functionally selective drugs to potentially treat a variety of diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100059", "pubmed_id": "40418878", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100059", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40418878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 500, "title": "Incremental efficacy systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression RCTs.", "normalized_title": "incremental efficacy systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin for depression rcts", "authors": "Borgogna NC, Owen T, Petrovitch D, Vaughn J, Johnson DAL, Pagano LA, Aita SL, Hill BD.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin is a potentially paradigm-shifting depression intervention. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression randomized controlled trials (RCTs).ObjectivesSystematically assess harm reporting, risk of bias, action mechanism specification, and incremental therapeutic effect sizes in the psilocybin-for-depression RCT literature.MethodsAssessed databases included PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms \"Psilocybin\" or \"Psychedelic\" were paired with \"Depression\", and \"Randomized Controlled Trial\" or \"RCT\".ResultsWe identified k = 9 RCTs (k = 10 subgroups) involving n = 602 participants (56% psilocybin). Five studies had low/very low harm quality reporting, opposed to two with high. Most studies demonstrated a high risk of bias. Therapeutic mechanisms of action (MoAs) were discussed in varying detail but rarely assessed in original publications. Psilocybin was moderately superior to controls at reducing depression (g = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.98). Effects were heterogenous (τ =.47). Smaller studies evidenced stronger effects that favored psilocybin (Egger's b0 = 3.63, p =.014). Almost all studies documented financial conflicts of interests.ConclusionPsilocybin demonstrates significant depression reduction relative to controls. However, researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders should consider several contextual factors. Effects were moderate and attenuated in larger and better-controlled studies. Harms reporting and risk of bias was high, though partly driven by unique challenges of psilocybin research. MoAs were variably specified but rarely assessed; suggesting it is unclear how depression is reduced. We advise researchers conduct RCTs with active control conditions, larger samples, and include MoA assessments. Independent RCTs from researchers without financial conflicts of interest are needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w", "pubmed_id": "40266291", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40266291\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 735, "title": "Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol", "normalized_title": "probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol", "authors": "Butler M, Bird C, Maggio C, Durden A, Modlin N, Campbell-Coker K, Edwards M, Pick S, Millman LM, Lowery E, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Golder D, Mildon B, Mehta M, Rucker J, Nicholson TR.", "abstract": "Background: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of neurological symptoms including seizures and movement disorders. It can be debilitating, is associated with high health and social care costs, and can have a poor prognosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has suggested FND is a multi-network disorder. Converging evidence suggests that other mechanisms including dissociation, interoception, and motor agency may be abnormal in people with FND. Psychedelics are currently under investigation for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and have been shown to disrupt functional brain networks. Administering psychedelics to people with FND will help us to probe mechanistic theories of the disorder. Protocol In this open-label neuroimaging study, we will administer 25mg oral psilocybin with psychological support to people with chronic FND (target n = 24). Participants will undergo resting-state and task-based (Libet’s clock, a measure of motor agency) fMRI sequences which will be compared in a pre-post manner. Additional mechanistic outcomes including measures of interoception (heartbeat tracking task), somatisation, illness perceptions, suggestibility, and dissociation will be collected. Data on expectancy, preparedness, and subjective experience of the psychedelic experience will also be gathered. Participants will be followed up for three months following psilocybin administration. fMRI changes in networks will be analysed using seed-based approaches, and additional exploratory analysis of resting-state imaging will take place. Discussion The study will help us to probe the mechanisms thought to potentially underpin FND. As the first modern study of psychedelics in FND, it will also help us to understand whether psychedelic administration alongside psychological support might be safe and feasible in this patient population.", "journal": "Wellcome Open Res", "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1007277\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Wellcome Open Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 888, "title": "Effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity", "authors": "Godfrey K, Luan LX, Timmermann C.", "abstract": "This chapter reviews the effects of classic psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity, as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Across moderate to high doses of LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT, a consistent reduction in alpha power (8-13 Hz) emerges, particularly in occipital regions. Below 30 Hz, desynchronization is typical, although DMT can preserve or even increase delta/theta activity, possibly reflecting its immersive, immersive visual phenomenology. Complementing these spectral findings, measures of signal diversity (e.g., Lempel-Ziv complexity) reliably increase during psychedelic states, indicating a more variable and unpredictable pattern of neural firing. Retrospective subjective ratings of the psychedelic experience often fail to align consistently with M/EEG changes, possibly because fleeting, key experiences are obscured by data averaging or recording short segments of a long experience. In contrast, real-time evaluations of subjective intensity and plasma levels robustly covary with changes in spectral power and complexity, highlighting the potential for objective, real-time EEG biomarkers of drug activity. Limited research on functional connectivity and cortical travelling waves suggest that directed, top-down control may decrease while bottom-up signaling increases, indicating a transient reversal of typical hierarchical organization, though replications are warrented. Future work should implement more unified methodological approaches, alongside high-resolution behavioral sampling, to further our understanding of how these altered brain dynamics give rise to the distinctive qualities of the psychedelic experience. Notably, EEG has yet to be evaluated in clinical studies, and future work should aim to explore the relationship between acute EEG changes and clinical responses to psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012", "pubmed_id": "40541309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, Brain Waves", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 709, "title": "Psilocybin and ketamine affect novel neuropeptides gene expression in the rat hypothalamus", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and ketamine affect novel neuropeptides gene expression in the rat hypothalamus", "authors": "Artur Pałasz, Marta Pukowiec, Katarzyna Bogus, Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek, Łukasz Filipczyk, Kinga Mordecka-Chamera, John J. Worthington, Maria Sygidus, Adam Wojtas, Agnieszka Bysiek, Krystyna Gołembiowska", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: Psychedelics are able to trigger highly intense and profound alterations in self-consciousness, perception, affective, and cognitive processes. Indeed, recent studies show that ketamine and psilocybin could be used as fast-acting antidepressants. However, the molecular and neurochemical mechanisms of these psychedelics and their actions at the level of diverse brain structures remains so far unclear. Hypothalamic neuropeptides are involved in a wide spectrum of neuronal activities being responsible for the central control of all fundamental autonomic functions. METHODS: The purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to assess the gene expression of both classical and novel neuropeptides, including nesfatin-1, phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), neuromedin U (NMU), neuropeptide S (NPS), and their known receptors in the hypothalamus of male Wistar-Han rats subjected to single injections of psilocybin (dose 2 or 10 mg/kg) and ketamine (dose10 mg/kg). Total mRNA was isolated from homogenized tissue and real-time PCR was used for estimation of related gene expression. RESULTS: It was found that a single administration of the higher dose of psilocybin increased the mRNA expression of most noncanonical neuropeptides examined in the study, with only the case of NMU there with a decrease in gene expression. Interestingly, psilocybin administration also increased mRNA expression of the serotonin receptors: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B, but not 5HT-2C. In contrast, the effect of ketamine on the expression of neuropeptides was much more limited compared to psilocybin, only increasing transcripts of NUCB2, GPR173, and POMC were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest for the first time that selected psychedelics may enhance the signaling of 5-HT2A receptors or inhibit NMDA receptor activity, affecting neuropeptide signaling and serotonin transmission in the rat hypothalamus, which may contribute to a better understanding of psychedelic action in the brain.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-04-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251330783", "pubmed_id": "40243003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251330783", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuropeptide, Neurochemical, Serotonin, Hypothalamus, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, 5-HT receptor, Receptor, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Biology, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409567941\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409567941\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W70805046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1891846574\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967117235\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980776054\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993254538\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995844603\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995981925\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999914606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005348933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010591185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011885273\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016521818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017105746\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018420238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050005079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052132767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066433847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080992988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094885706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116939383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126841876\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128497690\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160415307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164096103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167814096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2258423914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2281749991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2299277295\",\"https://openalex.org/W2410812161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2531168951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2746691417\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773111675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789175114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793403693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886998343\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889761695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909119546\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2955979325\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008785684\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110821178\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154588246\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158512805\",\"https://openalex.org/W3184710039\",\"https://openalex.org/W3189488959\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214937728\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229073012\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281941124\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317698893\",\"https://openalex.org/W4320495426\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378782174\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385197359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388407376\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388574768\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388641010\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389042154\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389992534\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391451404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393198452\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394694105\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006211966\",\"display_name\":\"Artur Pałasz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-1211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114564714\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Pukowiec\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019337660\",\"display_name\":\"Katarzyna Bogus\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-6445\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056100362\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4176-7035\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089065962\",\"display_name\":\"Łukasz Filipczyk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9352-0715\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083603747\",\"display_name\":\"Kinga Mordecka-Chamera\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1806-7716\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019050839\",\"display_name\":\"John J. Worthington\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-5669\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117202539\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Sygidus\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067587745\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Wojtas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7785-8396\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022505011\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Bysiek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053954553\",\"display_name\":\"Krystyna Gołembiowska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-1394\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251330783\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409567941" }, { "id": 633, "title": "Regulatory Alignment of Psilocybin Clinical Trials in Major Depressive Disorder on ClinicalTrials.gov: A Cross-Sectional Analysis", "normalized_title": "regulatory alignment of psilocybin clinical trials in major depressive disorder on clinicaltrials gov a cross sectional analysis", "authors": "Damian Świeczkowski, Aleksander Kwaśny, Michał Pruc, Zuzanna Gaca, Łukasz Szarpak, Wiesław Jerzy Cubała", "abstract": "Regulatory compliance is crucial in the clinical development of psychedelic substances, including psilocybin. This study aimed to examine the alignment of clinical trial protocols for psilocybin in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) with established regulatory requirements.A cross-sectional investigation was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov using the keywords: \"Psilocybin\" and \"Psilocin\" to identify interventional studies with posted trial protocols. Only protocols for MDD and TRD were included. Data extraction focused on key regulatory aspects, including safety, functional unblinding, expectancy bias, and the distribution of investigational medical products.Eleven psilocybin trial protocols were identified, with four meeting the inclusion criteria. The most commonly studied psilocybin dose was 25 mg. Two trials were double-blind. Although the analyzed protocols superficially adhered to regulatory requirements, there were gaps in addressing potential drug interactions, the acute and chronic concurrent use of antidepressants, and prohibited medications. Certain aspects, such as functional unblinding or expectancy bias, did not share all pathways. Risk mitigation strategies were primarily based on external criteria. Patients with bipolar spectrum disorders or schizoaffective disorders were excluded.This study underscores the importance of conducting clinical trials on psychedelics in strict adherence to regulatory standards. Future research should focus on improving regulatory compliance and exploring the efficacy of psychedelics in broader patient populations.", "journal": "Pharmacopsychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-04-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1055/a-2529-7029", "pubmed_id": "40245934", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2529-7029", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Clinical trial, Expectancy theory, Major depressive disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Medicine, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychosis, Cognition, Internal medicine, Social psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409534321\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409534321\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1992059353\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588071311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789034326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794420673\",\"https://openalex.org/W3031683123\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157866107\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210932781\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220708535\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225982601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285091545\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291227674\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292262959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293194637\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301605941\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378549583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378640469\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378783566\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382133350\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383197511\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383998917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386138110\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386765496\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388014221\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389397550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389606379\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484734\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390484761\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395034174\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399864483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402221705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402625697\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403502370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403667484\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037446509\",\"display_name\":\"Damian Świeczkowski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-4652\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113262565\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksander Kwaśny\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065893595\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Pruc\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2140-9732\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050968304\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Gaca\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7200-0402\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022117993\",\"display_name\":\"Łukasz Szarpak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0973-5455\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070339940\",\"display_name\":\"Wiesław Jerzy Cubała\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-8454\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4122505\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmacopsychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2529-7029\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409534321" }, { "id": 3465, "title": "A Phase 2a, Open-label, Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin Administration in Concert With Psychotherapy Among Adult Patients With Fibromyalgia", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a open label pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin administration in concert with psychotherapy among adult patients with fibromyalgia", "authors": "Kevin Boehnke", "abstract": "The pressing need for effective fibromyalgia (FM) treatments, the known safety of psilocybin therapy, and the mechanistic plausibility for potential benefit provide a backdrop for investigating psilocybin therapy as a treatment for FM. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical benefit of oral psilocybin in concert with psychotherapy to treat chronic pain symptoms in patients with FM. Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome of widespread musculoskeletal pain that often manifests with a cluster of co-occurring symptoms, including sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and mood problems including anxiety and depression. Recent studies have provided evidence of altered central pain pathways. Current management of FM typically takes a multidimensional approach including behavioral therapy, exercise, and medication. However, current medications provide only modest benefit and carry significant side effect burden, leading many people with FM to seek other alternatives. Psilocybin therapy (psilocybin delivered in concert with psychotherapy) may be a potentially safe and effective treatment for symptoms associated with FM. Indeed, psilocybin therapy has shown positive effects in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress, depression and anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, and nicotine or alcohol addiction. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted a Breakthrough Therapy designation for psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. Psilocybin therapy is generally safe and well-tolerated when conducted under controlled conditions. While no clinical studies have explored psychedelic effects among people with FM, a recent review outlined potential mechanisms through which psychedelics could alleviate chronic pain symptoms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05128162", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05128162\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 501, "title": "Psilocin alleviates acute itch in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT2A receptors and kynurenine pathway", "normalized_title": "psilocin alleviates acute itch in mice possible involvement of 5 ht2a receptors and kynurenine pathway", "authors": "Arya Afrooghe, Elham Ahmadi, Ali Lesani, Mahya Soleymani Mehranjani, Mohammad Elahi, Mohammadreza Babaei, Maryam Shayan, Hamed Shafaroodi, Razieh Mohammad Jafari, Alireza Foroumadi, Mohammad Amin Manavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour", "abstract": "", "journal": "Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-04-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00210-025-04152-5", "pubmed_id": "40232378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-025-04152-5", "keywords": "Kynurenine, Receptor, Kynurenine pathway, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Pharmacology, Medicine, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Biology, Internal medicine, Biochemistry, Tryptophan, Amino acid, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": 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Afrooghe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0697-7042\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109596986\",\"display_name\":\"Elham Ahmadi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043314768\",\"display_name\":\"Ali Lesani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5117150139\",\"display_name\":\"Mahya Soleymani Mehranjani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112949766\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammad Elahi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083085778\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammadreza Babaei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-9718\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080943824\",\"display_name\":\"Maryam Shayan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6881-3436\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101455750\",\"display_name\":\"Hamed Shafaroodi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5471-674X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029077125\",\"display_name\":\"Razieh Mohammad Jafari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7082-0838\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066965145\",\"display_name\":\"Alireza Foroumadi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022448138\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammad Amin Manavi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-9063\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034729928\",\"display_name\":\"Ahmad Reza Dehpour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-5565\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S159534381\",\"source_display_name\":\"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-025-04152-5\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409445284" }, { "id": 678, "title": "Exploring psilocybin's role in mental health and palliative medicine: a path to improved well-being.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybin s role in mental health and palliative medicine a path to improved well being", "authors": "Umbacia MA, Leon MX, Quintero JM, Castro LM, Paez V, Dodd S, Bustos RH.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlthough long known for their psychoactive effects, psychedelic drugs have only recently been investigated for medicinal use. Psilocybin has attracted the greatest interest with studies suggesting that it may be a useful agent in psychiatry and in palliative care.Areas coveredClinical trials that included psilocybin were searched in PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov, demonstrating that adult psychiatry and palliative care are the medical fields that show the greatest interest in psilocybin treatment.Expert opinionPsilocybin is a powerful drug that needs to be used with caution but may benefit some patients, including when other options have failed. It is best evidenced in treatment resistant depression and in palliative care, where patients are usually treated in specialist care centers. It has a novel mechanism of action, targeting the 5HT2A receptor, and can show rapid onset of action. There are many questions regarding its use that remain to be clarified, including its efficacy for other indications and its role as adjunctive treatment in psychotherapy. The psychoactive, or psychedelic effects are well documented, but their clinical importance is disputed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/14728214.2025.2488786", "pubmed_id": "40178229", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2025.2488786", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40178229\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 745, "title": "The Emergence of Psilocybin in Psychiatry and Neuroscience.", "normalized_title": "the emergence of psilocybin in psychiatry and neuroscience", "authors": "Omidian H, Omidian A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, has garnered renewed scientific interest for its potential in treating psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review systematically examines the latest research on psilocybin's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile. Emerging evidence supports its efficacy in conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), anxiety, alcohol use disorders (AUD), and cancer-related distress. Despite promising outcomes, significant barriers remain, including methodological constraints, regulatory hurdles, and limited population diversity in clinical trials. Advances in biosynthetic production and optimized psychotherapeutic integration are necessary to ensure scalability and accessibility. Future research should focus on long-term safety, dosing precision, and neurobiological mechanisms to refine its therapeutic applications. This review provides a critical foundation for advancing evidence-based clinical integration of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18040555", "pubmed_id": "40283990", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040555", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40283990\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 746, "title": "The compulsive eating paradigm: can psychedelics help in treating obesity?", "normalized_title": "the compulsive eating paradigm can psychedelics help in treating obesity", "authors": "Ammineni D, Park R.", "abstract": "Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving a behavioural aetiology in subsets of patients that traditional therapeutic approaches have failed to address. Drawing parallels with addiction, the rewarding aspects of a chronic energy-dense diet can compromise dopaminergic reward circuits, eventually causing individuals to become habitually responsive to food-related stimuli despite adverse health consequences. The maladaptive prediction of reward and motivational salience that becomes associated with food-related stimuli can exert top-down influence on perception and attention, promoting compulsive eating behaviour. Emerging research suggests that psychedelics, e.g., psilocybin and LSD, induce non-ordinary mental states where the influence of such behaviours could potentially be reduced and modified. Based on current evidence, mechanisms have been proposed which suggest that psychedelics might relax the top-down influence of high-level predictions encoded within neuronal hierarchies and sensitise them to bottom-up information flow. Additionally, psychedelics are thought to open a window of psychological flexibility, allowing people to potentially become open to new cognitive and behavioural strategies that can be offered via assisted psychotherapy. Therefore, psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy may encourage beneficial changes to eating behaviour, in those with maladaptive eating habits. While promising in theory, new research is needed to assess the potential efficacy of psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy in treating compulsive eating behaviour.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01186-7", "pubmed_id": "40197427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01186-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40197427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 710, "title": "Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity and psychedelics a comprehensive examination of classic and non classic compounds in pre and clinical models", "authors": "Agnorelli C, Spriggs M, Godfrey K, Sawicka G, Bohl B, Douglass H, Fagiolini A, Parastoo H, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity, the ability of the nervous system to adapt throughout an organism's lifespan, offers potential as both a biomarker and treatment target for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelics, a burgeoning category of drugs, are increasingly prominent in psychiatric research, prompting inquiries into their mechanisms of action. Distinguishing themselves from traditional medications, psychedelics demonstrate rapid and enduring therapeutic effects after a single or few administrations, believed to stem from their neuroplasticity-enhancing properties. This review examines how classic psychedelics (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, N,N-DMT) and non-classic psychedelics (e.g., ketamine, MDMA) influence neuroplasticity. Drawing from preclinical and clinical studies, we explore the molecular, structural, and functional changes triggered by these agents. Animal studies suggest psychedelics induce heightened sensitivity of the nervous system to environmental stimuli (meta-plasticity), re-opening developmental windows for long-term structural changes (hyper-plasticity), with implications for mood and behavior. Translating these findings to humans faces challenges due to limitations in current imaging techniques. Nonetheless, promising new directions for human research are emerging, including the employment of novel positron-emission tomography (PET) radioligands, non-invasive brain stimulation methods, and multimodal approaches. By elucidating the interplay between psychedelics and neuroplasticity, this review informs the development of targeted interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders and advances understanding of psychedelics' therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "pubmed_id": "40185376", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40185376\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Longevity,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 752, "title": "De Novo Biosynthesis of Antidepressant Psilocybin in Escherichia coli", "normalized_title": "de novo biosynthesis of antidepressant psilocybin in escherichia coli", "authors": "Zhangrao Huang, Yongpeng Yao, Rong Di, Jianchao Zhang, Yuanyuan Pan, Gang Liu", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid, has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the U.S. FDA for treatment-resistant depression, underscoring its clinical importance. Therefore, sustainable and economic production is urgently needed. Manufacturing of psilocybin in Escherichia coli has drawn great attention. However, due to the low expression and activity of the eukaryotic cytochrome P450 enzyme PsiH in the psilocybin biosynthetic pathway, de novo synthesis of psilocybin in prokaryotic cells has been hampered. To overcome this dilemma, we herein demonstrated de novo synthesis of psilocybin in E. coli by constructing PsiH variants with N-terminal domain modifications and expressing the entire biosynthetic pathway at a concordantly low temperature. Improving the supply of precursor and engineering the P450 electron transfer chain resulted in a 33-fold increase in the titre of norbaeocystin (105.3 mg/L), a key intermediate of psilocybin biosynthesis, and a 17-fold increase in the titre of psilocybin (14 mg/L). Further enhancement of psilocybin production was achieved by converting norbaeocystin to psilocybin by overexpressing an extra copy of the methyltransferase gene psiM. Finally, 79.4 mg/L of psilocybin was produced by optimising flask fermentation conditions, a 100-fold improvement over the starting strain. Our work demonstrates the successful fungal P450 engineering to improve the catalytic activity in E. coli and will advance the sustainable production of the important antidepressant psilocybin in prokaryotic microbial cells.", "journal": "Microbial Biotechnology", "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/1751-7915.70135", "pubmed_id": "40177917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70135", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Escherichia coli, Tryptamine, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Chemistry, Biology, Enzyme, Pharmacology, Gene, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:33", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409148851\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4409148851\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W119296709\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965476257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968589180\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990226486\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992286049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003110335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134248\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037710061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045251037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052024371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100100451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120263648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131381401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340833294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506970187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775630394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792496404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802656036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884828036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005141077\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048120269\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095180119\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133754725\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207367196\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200305173\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205923280\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210686592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213368369\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286461889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289783494\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289829536\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321018184\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381309423\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387521434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388917552\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389309544\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393270574\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404004370\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047949853\",\"display_name\":\"Zhangrao Huang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062520552\",\"display_name\":\"Yongpeng Yao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-1683\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069476646\",\"display_name\":\"Rong Di\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-0077\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100698678\",\"display_name\":\"Jianchao Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2489-4523\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113438003\",\"display_name\":\"Yuanyuan Pan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9793-6363\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100412488\",\"display_name\":\"Gang Liu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-2985\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210238104\",\"source_display_name\":\"Microbial Biotechnology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70135\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4409148851" }, { "id": 3092, "title": "Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet-induced weight loss in obese mice", "normalized_title": "effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet induced weight loss in obese mice", "authors": "Keenan R, Haque R, Jin X, Mustafa T, Homman-Ludiye J, Elysee K, Wee ZS, Simonds S, Foldi C, Cowley M.", "abstract": "Abstract Prolonged obesity induces enduring structural changes within neural circuits that contribute to maintaining the body at an elevated/obese body weight. These circuits regulate various mechanisms which can inhibit extreme or persistent weight loss. Therefore, a potential therapeutic strategy to facilitate weight loss is to promote structural plasticity within the brain. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, promote neural plasticity caused by a rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines, which can facilitate the remodelling of neural circuits. Preclinical and clinical studies using psychedelic compounds have demonstrated efficacy for various neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often comorbid with obesity, and share underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we evaluate the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on body weight, food intake and energy expenditure in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice switched onto a low-fat chow. Psilocybin exacerbated diet-induced weight loss over a four-week period in DIO mice and increased the susceptibility for mice to exhibit more profound weight loss. Psilocybin appears to exert these effects predominantly through modulating food intake, with no influence on energy expenditure. No differences were observed in body weight or food intake in DIO mice maintained on a high-fat diet, indicating psilocybin does not necessarily directly promote weight loss or reduce food intake. Rather, it may help facilitate weight loss, provided it is administered in combination with other weight loss promoting interventions. Additional experimentation is required to examine the precise mechanisms involved; however, this data supports further investigation into the use of psychedelic compounds as an adjunct therapy for obesity.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-03-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6225000/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6225000/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR996923\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3635, "title": "Psilocybin for Enhanced Analgesia in Chronic nEuropathic PAIN", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for enhanced analgesia in chronic neuropathic pain", "authors": "Unity Health Toronto", "abstract": "This is a feasibility study to examine the use of use of Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) to alleviate pain in chronic neuropathic pain. While theoretical mechanisms demonstrate promise, there is no clinical evidence. This vacuum of clinical evidence has been occupied by a \"psychedelic hype bubble\" with media communications touting psychedelics as a 'miracle cures'. The mismatch between evidence and perception creates an urgent need for RCT to fill this significant gap. This trial aims to address this gap by conducting a pilot trial assessing the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin for chronic neuropathic pain to inform a future larger, multi-centre study. The purpose is to conduct a randomized control double-blinded trial of psilocybin and active placebo (dextromethorphan). At this time, the aim of the trial is to recruit 30 participants from St. Michael's Hospital, to learn whether it will be feasible to plan a larger study in the future. Brief title PEACE-PAIN Trial Indication Adult patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain Condition(s) of focus of study Moderate-to-severe chronic neuropathic pain Number of participants 30 Primary outcome Feasibility (recruitment success, consent rate, adherence, patient withdrawal, missing data, adverse outcomes) Secondary outcome Change in pain intensity and pain interference Study design Study type: An intervention trial Allocation: Randomized Intervention model: 2-Arm Parallel Group Primary purpose: Feasibility Phase: Phase II Masking Participants, all study team including outcome assessors Test Products, Dose, and Mode of Administration Treatment arm: Psilocybin 25mg + placebo PO single dose plus psychological support Placebo arm: Dextromethorphan 400mg PO single dose plus psychological support Follow-Up Days: 1, 7, 14, 30, and 90", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06731335", "keywords": "Chronic Neuropathic Pain, Pain Management, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, Active Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06731335\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3421, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Hypothesis Visual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation. Study Design This narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology. Study Results Both LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation. Conclusions Examining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/schbul/sbaf068", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7x8q4_v2", "keywords": "Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance, Hallucinogenesis, Phenomenology, Sensory Deprivation, Serotonin Receptors, Visual Hierarchy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7x8q4_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3321, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR996323\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 770, "title": "LPS-Induced Liver Inflammation Is Inhibited by Psilocybin and Eugenol in Mice", "normalized_title": "lps induced liver inflammation is inhibited by psilocybin and eugenol in mice", "authors": "Gregory Ian Robinson, Marta Gerasymchuk, Timur Zanikov, Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani, Shima Asghari, Alyssa Groves, Lucie Haselhorst, Sanjana Nandakumar, Cora Stahl, Ceejay Cruz, Mackenzie Cameron, Yeva Zahoruiko, Dongping Li, Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez, Alex Snelling, Darryl Hudson, Anna Fiselier, Olga Kovalchuk, Igor Kovalchuk", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Liver inflammatory diseases are a major global health burden and are often exacerbated by inflammation driven by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) through toll-like receptor 4 signaling. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin and eugenol in an LPS-induced liver inflammation model in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: Mice were treated with psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg) and/or eugenol (17.59 mg/kg) either before (pre-treatment) or after (post-treatment) LPS injection. Results: Psilocybin and eugenol, individually and in combination, significantly reduced the LPS-induced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with post-treatment administration exhibiting stronger effects than pre-treatment. Psilocybin alone displayed the most pronounced anti-inflammatory response, especially for IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1, while its combination with eugenol in 1:50 ratio demonstrated similar results, with strongly reduced COX-2 and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed improved nuclear circularity and reduced inflammatory infiltration in the treatment groups. Eugenol alone showed potential adverse effects, including increased MCP-1 and GM-CSF, but this was mitigated by the co-administration of psilocybin. Conclusions: These findings highlight psilocybin and its combination with eugenol as promising therapies for hepatic inflammation, suggesting their application in treating acute and chronic liver diseases. Future research should explore their long-term effects, the mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory actions, and their therapeutic efficacy in humans.", "journal": "Pharmaceuticals", "publication_date": "2025-03-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18040451", "pubmed_id": "40283890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040451", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Eugenol, Pharmacology, Inflammation, Medicine, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Hallucinogen, Immunology, Chemistry, Organic chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Plant-based Medicinal Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408792078\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408792078\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1547227174\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968494226\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969549633\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976777085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014830013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021736602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022446807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023408885\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023818817\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025449580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027387871\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032426302\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045076787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088645772\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105882416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117551460\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145766029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146578632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155772701\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157650174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169144885\",\"https://openalex.org/W2183418542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2317516000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2564546499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626842659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783469772\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2924207539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993190047\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002411083\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012527800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3098043085\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109152315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153631010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216630867\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206907302\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213179772\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214530843\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281747529\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294295639\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295110297\",\"https://openalex.org/W4303614593\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309732831\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310212429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312222272\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361000000\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385834760\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389794307\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391234203\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406851907\",\"https://openalex.org/W6685236838\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090284179\",\"display_name\":\"Gregory Ian Robinson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-2788\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025253146\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Gerasymchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-8086\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033350413\",\"display_name\":\"Timur Zanikov\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1321-7107\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063575688\",\"display_name\":\"Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031621850\",\"display_name\":\"Shima Asghari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-3402\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057389293\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa Groves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-4755\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057280753\",\"display_name\":\"Lucie Haselhorst\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075135524\",\"display_name\":\"Sanjana Nandakumar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-5521\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005046153\",\"display_name\":\"Cora Stahl\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Ceejay Cruz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059745101\",\"display_name\":\"Mackenzie Cameron\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1259-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092641253\",\"display_name\":\"Yeva Zahoruiko\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100779876\",\"display_name\":\"Dongping Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-9326\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069482413\",\"display_name\":\"Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116775861\",\"display_name\":\"Alex Snelling\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006199499\",\"display_name\":\"Darryl Hudson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8828-0435\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002192129\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Fiselier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015793767\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-8111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042868572\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-6928\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S16322639\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmaceuticals\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040451\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408792078" }, { "id": 772, "title": "Structural basis for psilocybin biosynthesis", "normalized_title": "structural basis for psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Chunyan Meng, Wenting Guo, Xiao Chuan, Yan Wen, Xudong Zhu, Qingrong Zhang, Yuxuan Liang, Hongwei Li, Sha Xu, Yuntan Qiu, Haitao Chen, Wei-Jye Lin, Baixing Wu", "abstract": "Psilocybin shows significant therapeutic potential for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in addressing various psychiatric conditions. The biosynthetic approach promises rapid and efficient production of psilocybin. Understanding the enzymes that contribute to the biosynthesis of psilocybin can enhance its production process. In this study, we elucidate the crystal structures of L-tryptophan-specific decarboxylase PsiD in both its apo and tryptamine-bound states, the 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK bound to its substrate, and several forms of the methyltransferase PsiM in either apo or substrate-bound forms derived from the psychedelic mushroom. Structure-based evaluations reveal the mechanisms of self-cleavage and self-inhibition in PsiD, along with the sequential catalytic steps from 4-hydroxytryptamine to the final compound, psilocybin. Additionally, we showcase the antidepressant properties of biosynthetic intermediates of psilocybin on female mice experiencing depression-like behaviors induced by sub-chronic variable stress. Our studies establish a structural basis for the future biosynthetic production of psilocybin using these enzymes and emphasize the clinical potential of norbaeocystin. Here, the authors provide structural and mechanistic insights into psilocybin biosynthesis enzymes, encompassing L-tryptophan-specific decarboxylase PsiD, 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK, and methyltransferase PsiM. The antidepressant properties of psilocybin intermediates in mice are evaluated.", "journal": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2025-03-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58239-x", "pubmed_id": "40121242", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58239-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Biosynthesis, Computational biology, Computer science, Hallucinogen, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biology, Pharmacology, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408739043\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408739043\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W561083445\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978558133\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987350479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008996638\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016371428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028978429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053275587\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071256705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088578578\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094013612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101973479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122976061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126454725\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139669250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144081223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159211495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163341755\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334295439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418815503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626632307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2749229904\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884828036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903438963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913614159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949965849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973457155\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003287532\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007311584\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009264042\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025476024\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039457381\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134892199\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177828909\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210586598\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230766242\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248872320\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308053113\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383533322\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893450\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390755783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392382063\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393270574\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394602238\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399276098\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399999771\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400335852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404046121\",\"https://openalex.org/W4405738640\",\"https://openalex.org/W6768045174\",\"https://openalex.org/W6863557582\",\"https://openalex.org/W6873829334\",\"https://openalex.org/W6925247836\",\"https://openalex.org/W6925483380\",\"https://openalex.org/W7073696094\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101566883\",\"display_name\":\"Chunyan Meng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-9697\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065941768\",\"display_name\":\"Wenting Guo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1370-7764\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102277711\",\"display_name\":\"Xiao Chuan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086792341\",\"display_name\":\"Yan Wen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-5334\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026325513\",\"display_name\":\"Xudong Zhu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0324-9042\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101996491\",\"display_name\":\"Qingrong Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2972-3685\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018828723\",\"display_name\":\"Yuxuan Liang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-7337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100325333\",\"display_name\":\"Hongwei Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1762-1327\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088865922\",\"display_name\":\"Sha Xu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-6296\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001707383\",\"display_name\":\"Yuntan Qiu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-7956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075551283\",\"display_name\":\"Haitao Chen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-5039\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057627410\",\"display_name\":\"Wei-Jye Lin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-7325\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070194869\",\"display_name\":\"Baixing Wu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-9785\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S64187185\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58239-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408739043" }, { "id": 756, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Disorders: Current Clinical Scope and Deep Learning-Based Advanced Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in mental disorders current clinical scope and deep learning based advanced perspectives", "authors": "Kim SH, Yang S, Jung J, Choi J, Kang M, Joo JY.", "abstract": "Mental disorders are a representative type of brain disorder, including anxiety, major depressive depression (MDD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), that are caused by multiple etiologies, including genetic heterogeneity, epigenetic dysregulation, and aberrant morphological and biochemical conditions. Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been renewed as fascinating treatment options and have gradually demonstrated potential therapeutic effects in mental disorders. However, the multifaceted conditions of psychiatric disorders resulting from individuality, complex genetic interplay, and intricate neural circuits impact the systemic pharmacology of psychedelics, which disturbs the integration of mechanisms that may result in dissimilar medicinal efficiency. The precise prescription of psychedelic drugs remains unclear, and advanced approaches are needed to optimize drug development. Here, recent studies demonstrating the diverse pharmacological effects of psychedelics in mental disorders are reviewed, and emerging perspectives on structural function, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and the transcriptome are discussed. Moreover, the applicability of deep learning is highlighted for the development of drugs on the basis of big data. These approaches may provide insight into pharmacological mechanisms and interindividual factors to enhance drug discovery and development for advanced precision medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/advs.202413786", "pubmed_id": "40112231", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413786", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Deep Learning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40112231\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Review Article,Transcriptomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3457, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder With Comorbid Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder with comorbid depression", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes", "abstract": "Up to 40% of people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) experience depression. Depression is a risk factor for early relapse of AUD after withdrawal in a controlled environment. Promising data suggest the effectiveness of psilocybin, a psychedelic-type treatment, in depression and AUD. Following the acute effects of the psychedelic experience, which lasts approximately 6 hours, psilocybin action appears to be beneficial for preventing alcohol relapse in recently weaned people suffering from comorbid depression. Whilst the public perception of psilocybin therapy is poorly documented in France, the rapid changes in the legal status of psilocybin elsewhere, the positive media coverage of recent trials in depression, and the recent designation as an \"innovative therapy\" by the FDA could lead to the refusal of randomization of eligible participants. It is therefore essential to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of psilocybin treatment and blinded randomized design in our clinical population of hospitalized patients with AUD and depressive symptoms. Recent data suggest that the effect size of psilocybin is much higher than other currently available treatments. However, this paradigm shift must be confirmed in our cohort of people with AUD and depressive symptoms, and in the context of treatment in addition to usual care, by an estimation of the expected effect size based on real data. This will allow the sample size to be accurately calculated for a large-scale randomized clinical trial. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action of psilocybin to prevent relapse in AUD with comorbid depression after withdrawal need to be documented. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, neural mechanisms and preliminary results of the effectiveness of psilocybin in the treatment of AUD and depressive symptoms after withdrawal, in addition to usual treatment. The study authors hypothesize that two oral administrations of 25 mg psilocybin at three-week intervals versus a control condition (1 mg psilocybin), in addition to the usual treatment, will be acceptable and feasible in recently withdrawn individuals suffering from AUD and depressive symptoms, between 14 and 60 days after their last alcohol consumption", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06235411", "keywords": "Alcohol-Related Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Addiction, Psilocybin therapy, Inactive Psilocybin therapy, Electroencephalogram, Blood samples for the analysis of immune and inflammatory profiles, stool samples, MRI functional and cerebral, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06235411\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 777, "title": "The psychedelic psilocybin and light exposure have similar and synergistic effects on gene expression patterns in the visual cortex", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic psilocybin and light exposure have similar and synergistic effects on gene expression patterns in the visual cortex", "authors": "Ram Harari, Dmitriy Getselter, Evan Elliott", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in specific hallucinogenic mushrooms, is known to induce changes in visual perception and experience in humans. However, there is little knowledge of the molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin affects vision-associated regions in the brain, such as the visual cortex. The current study determined both psilocybin-induced and experience-dependent changes (exposure to light) in visual cortex gene expression in mice. Of great interest, psilocybin induced robust gene expression changes in the visual cortex that closely mirror light-induced gene expression changes, even when the mice are kept in the dark. These gene expression changes correspond to specific molecular pathways, including synaptic functioning, and represent genes expressed in specific subtypes of neurons. In addition, exposure to both psilocybin and light induced synergetic changes in genes involved in epigenetic programming. Overall, the study determined that psilocybin induces robust changes in gene expression in the visual cortex that may have functional consequences in visual perception both in the absence and in synergy with visual experience.", "journal": "Molecular Brain", "publication_date": "2025-03-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s13041-025-01191-0", "pubmed_id": "40102929", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-025-01191-0", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Visual cortex, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Gene expression, Psychology, Visual perception, P200, Biology, Perception, Gene, Genetics, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408574959\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408574959\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1608481794\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993676097\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2293311540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2800605171\",\"https://openalex.org/W3042473031\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127399862\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281682505\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367723807\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381853005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387047256\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064865259\",\"display_name\":\"Ram Harari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113073983\",\"display_name\":\"Dmitriy Getselter\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027372594\",\"display_name\":\"Evan Elliott\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1630-969X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S182046277\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular Brain\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-025-01191-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408574959" }, { "id": 4430, "title": "PSYCHEDELIC PHARMACOLOGY IN PSYCHIATRY: THE MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PSILOCYBIN, MDMA, AND LSD IN MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS", "normalized_title": "psychedelic pharmacology in psychiatry the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of psilocybin mdma and lsd in mental health disorders", "authors": "Dr Hafiz Shafique Ahmad, Muhammad Waqar Ali, Usman Ul Haq", "abstract": "Psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD have recently emerged as popular psychedelic substances for use in psychopharmacology in managing various disorders including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and anxiety. These substances mainly affect the serotonergic receptors that involve the regulation of consciousness, perceptions, and cognition. These unique alterations in brain connectome show the influence of psilocybin and LSD on neuroplasticity and DMN, therefore supporting the sustained improvement in depressive symptoms and existential anxiety. MDMA, as compared to classical psychedelics, evokes positive changes in emotional processing and reduction of specific fear in PTSD patients. Scientific trials show that the problem can abate after several recurrences after a few sessions, unlike the cases of traditional antidepressants where constant use is necessary. However, there are some shortcomings, like legal regulation, ethical issues, and possible negative impacts, including temporary increased anxiety and cardiovascular issues. This paper aims to analyze the neurobiological effects and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics along with their legal contexts in the context of modern psychiatry, stressing the importance of future research, policy changes, and a rational clinical prescription of psychedelics for their maximal beneficial impact on mental health.", "journal": "Journal of medical & health sciences review.", "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.62019/r713mw08", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.62019/r713mw08", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Hallucinogen, Mescaline, Psychiatry, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Serotonin, Receptor, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408376371\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408376371\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Dr Hafiz Shafique Ahmad\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Waqar Ali\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116470053\",\"display_name\":\"Usman Ul Haq\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4404661011\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of medical & health sciences review.\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.62019/r713mw08\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408376371" }, { "id": 3116, "title": "Revealing Changes in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Connectivity After Psilocybin and Escitalopram Treatment in Patients with Depression", "normalized_title": "revealing changes in linear and nonlinear functional connectivity after psilocybin and escitalopram treatment in patients with depression", "authors": "Quah S, Glick C, Roseman L, Pasquini L, Carhart-Harris R, Saggar M.", "abstract": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is typically characterized by altered linear functional connectivity (FC) across large-scale brain networks. Yet, it is unclear whether similar alterations are observed when nonlinear FC is examined. This study investigated how antidepressant treatment (i.e., psilocybin and escitalopram) modulates both linear FC and nonlinear FC in individuals with MDD. Here, we focused specifically on five key canonical brain networks: the Default Mode Network (DMN), Frontoparietal Network (FPN), Salience Network (SAL), Dorsal Attention Network (DAN), and Ventral Attention Network (VAN). Across both treatments, using resting-state fMRI data, we first compared changes in linear and nonlinear FC between responders and non-responders. Responders exhibited increased linear FC within the VAN and greater nonlinear FC within the DMN and VAN than non-responders. We also observed more between-network linear FC for DMN-DAN and nonlinear FC for DMN-VAN in responders than non-responders. Next, we compared treatments and observed that Psilocybin responders showed greater connectivity between FPN-VAN (linear FC), DMN-VAN (nonlinear FC), and SAL-VAN (nonlinear FC) integration than Escitalopram responders, reflecting enhanced coordination and integration between higher-order networks. Conversely, Escitalopram responders exhibited reduced within-network linear FC within the DMN and SAL and between the DMN and VAN, consistent with a dampening of self-referential and salience processing and altered attentional control. These findings highlight potentially distinct mechanisms of action for psilocybin and escitalopram. Incorporating both linear and nonlinear FC analyses provided a novel characterization of these effects, emphasizing the role of these different interactions in antidepressant response. Future studies should investigate the long-term stability of these network changes and their relationship to clinical outcomes.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.05.641592", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.05.641592", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR987622\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 565, "title": "Current Evidence for the Role of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in Bipolar Depression: A Perspective and Plan for Action.", "normalized_title": "current evidence for the role of rapid acting antidepressants in bipolar depression a perspective and plan for action", "authors": "Repple J, Bayas M, Möser C, Kobayashi NF, Reif A.", "abstract": "After decades of limited progress in depression treatment, recent advancements have sparked renewed interest in developing novel antidepressants, particularly rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs). Despite these promising developments, there remains a significant gap in research on bipolar depression. While several antipsychotics have been investigated for their efficacy in bipolar depression due to the reduced risk of mania induction, research on RAADs, such as (es)ketamine, remains scarce despite their demonstrated safety and effectiveness. In this review, we give an overview of current developments in RAADs in the context of bipolar disorder. Both published studies as well as phase II, III, and IV studies on bipolar depression (based on ClinicalTrials.gov) are reviewed in this work. The following RAAD substance classes have been or are currently being investigated as possible treatments for bipolar depression: NMDA antagonists and indirect AMPA agonists (ketamine, esketamine, riluzole, felbamate), GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) activators or positive allosteric modulators (zuranolone, pregnenolone, PEA), psychedelics (psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT), muscarine receptor antagonists (scopolamine), and kappa opioid receptor antagonists (navacaprant). Other than the well-established efficacy and safety of (es)ketamine in treating bipolar depression, there has been little research effort in the treatment of bipolar depression. Recent research into RAADs demonstrates the growing field of novel mechanisms of action in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression. However, there is an urgent need for well-controlled clinical studies on RAADs in bipolar depression to expand treatment options and improve outcomes for millions of affected individuals worldwide.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903", "pubmed_id": "40064389", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40064389\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4433, "title": "Could psilocin rescue chronic, stress-accelerated, transcriptional aging in brain?", "normalized_title": "could psilocin rescue chronic stress accelerated transcriptional aging in brain", "authors": "Craig, Danny R, Blalock, Eric M.", "abstract": "Brain aging (BA) processes are complex, often affect multiple systems, and frequently lead to cognitive decline and increased susceptibility to insults. BA appears to be a primary risk for the development of many prominent neurodegenerative pathologies. The US Census Bureau predicts that the aging population (65+) will represent a greater proportion of the US population than children (under 18) by 2034, dramatically increasing the burden on health-care infrastructure.17 Several mechanisms of stress driven, aging-related neurologic dysfunction have been advanced in the past 50 years and include: Stress hormone exposure and glucocorticoid cascade;7, 16 calcium ion dyshomeostasis;8 allostatic load;10 and neuroinflammation.14 Taken together, these data suggest that many aspects of BA are accelerated, or even recapitulated, by stress. Here, the hippocampus (HIP) is an appropriate model structure based on its well-established role in cognition and memory, its manifestation of aging and stress-driven changes in gray (GM) and white matter (WM) transcriptional profiles, and its vulnerability to neurodegeneration; further, the HIP is a major target for stress hormones. It is well-recognized that stress’ influence on the limbic system is long-lasting. This may be due to its subcortical localization, evolutionarily conserved pathways, and potentially novel entrainment mechanism compared to the highly plastic neocortical memory processes ordinarily associated with cognition. Despite years of research clearly establishing a link between stress exposure and BA, no interventions targeting this interaction have been approved. We hypothesize that healthy BA and successful resilience to chronic stress would be indicated by improved hippocampal dependent, cognition, reduced stress-behavior, and reduced inflammatory transcriptional signatures; and not merely the persistence of youthful brain dynamics. Taken together, we refer to this constellation of beneficial responses in the aged and/or stressed subject as adaptive remodeling. Psilocin (PSI), the active metabolite of psilocybin, has agonist or partial agonist activity at serotonin [5-Hydroxtryptamine (5-HT)] receptors, including the G-protein coupled receptor subtypes: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C; functional interactions with central dopaminergic systems have also been demonstrated.12 Despite PSI’s known role in 5-HT and dopaminergic signaling, other agents engaging with these systems do not appear to exert similar effects; moreover, it is not clear to what extent PSI engages other glial and neuronal monoaminergic (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) systems. PSI has shown strong benefits in human studies and has twice been designated by the FDA as breakthrough therapy; first in 2018 for treatment resistant depression, and again in 2019 for major depressive disorder. Despite substantial interest in the therapeutic potential of PSI, little is known about the mechanisms through which it exerts its effects. An exhaustive search on the Gene Expression Omnibus revealed a single study using transcriptional profiling in ‘brain’ in conjunction with ‘PSI’ treatment (Donovan et al., 2021; GSE172074). Our lab analyzed raw RNAseq data from this study and identified genes associated with myelin sheath, synapse, and neuron, among others, to be significantly down regulated (p < 0.001) one week after treatment in pig prefrontal cortex. We propose a multi-level study in balanced groups of young and aged, male and female, Fischer 344 rats to investigate PSI’s effects on stress-accelerated BA. In Aim 1, using an ex-vivo hippocampal slice preparation, we will study the acute effects of PSI treatment on HIP. This model will be used to establish PSI concentration-effect relationships, identify responding HIP cell-types using immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization, as well as to investigate, using RNA-seq, transcriptional profiles from laser capture microdissected hippocampal GM vs WM. Using this nonbiased approach to look at sub-region-specific profiles, will help establish a more complete account of PSI’s mechanism of action. In this prep, we will also measure PSI’s influence on basic electrophysiology properties like synaptic strength, conduction velocity and after-hyperpolarizing potential. PSI’s chronic effect on HIP-dependent cognitive behavior has also not been fully elucidated in prior studies. We will address this gap in Aim 2 of our study by using the Morris water maze test after 12-week chronic restraint [3hrs/day, 4days/week, using disposable DecapiCone restraint (or 3D printed ‘Restraint Device’ if approved)]. In human trials,1, 3, 5, 15 PSI has been used as an adjunct to guided psychotherapy (PT). To date, there are no recognized animal models of PT; though, enriched environments such as, social interaction, have been shown to be beneficial in animal models of neurodegenerative disease.9 We will attempt to mimic PT in our animal model with enriched group housing vs single housing. Regardless of whether results support our hypothesis, the significance of this project derives from its potential both for elucidating basic mechanisms of interactions between stress and BA, and for suggesting new therapeutic approaches to major health-related problems that widely affect the elderly. References Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(7):619-627. Dalva MB, McClelland AC, Kayser MS. Cell adhesion molecules: signaling functions at the synapse (2007). Nat Rev Neurosci 8:206-220. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn20 75. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, Finan PH, Griffiths RR. Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 May 1;78(5):481-489. Donovan LL, Johansen JV, Ros NF, Jaberi E, Linnet K, Johansen SS, Ozenne B, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Hansen HD, & Knudsen GM. Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on behaviour, brain 5-HT2A receptor occupancy and gene expression in the pig. (2021). European neuropsychopharmacology: The journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 1-11. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1181-1197. Hargis K, Buechel HM, Popovic J, Blalock EM: Acute psychosocial stress in mid-aged male rats causes hyperthermia, cognitive decline, and increased deep sleep power, but does not alter deep sleep duration. Neurobiol Aging 2018, 70:78-85. Landfield PW. An endocrine hypothesis of brain aging and studies on brain-endocrine correlations and monosynaptic neurophysiology during aging. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. (1978). 113, 179-199.doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8893-7_11. Landfield PW, Pitler TA. Prolonged Ca2+-dependent afterhyperpolarizations in hippocampal neurons of aged rats. Science (New York, N.Y.) 226, 4678 (1984): 1089-92. Laviola G, Hannan AJ, Macrì S, Solinas M, & Jaber M. (2008). Effects of enriched environment on animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Neurobiology of Disease, 31, 159-168. McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Sep 27;153(18):2093-101. PMID: 8379800. Nichols CD, Martin DA (2015). Serotonergic hallucinogens preferentially activate subsets of cortical neurons, interneurons, and glial cells in the mPFC, somato- sensory cortex, and claustrum, and induce rapid redistribution of 5-HT2A receptor protein in neurons ACNP 54th Annual meeting, Abstract T182. Passie T, Seifert J, Schneider U, Emrich H M. The pharmacology of psilocybin. Addict. Biol. 7, 357-364 (2002). Pourhamzeh M, Moravej FG, Arabi M, Shahriari E, Mehrabi S, Ward R, Ahadi R, Joghataei MT. The Roles of Serotonin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Mar 2. doi: 10.1007/s10571-021-01064-9. Rogers J, Webster S, Lue LF, Brachova L, Civin WH, Emmerling M, Shivers B, Walker D, McGeer P. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. (1996) Neurobiol Aging 17:681-686. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1165-1180. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC, McEwen BS. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. 1986. Endocr.Rev. 7, 284-301. doi: 10.1210/edrv-7-3-284. United States Census Bureau. (2018). An Aging Nation. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2018/comm/pop-projections-1.jpg.", "journal": "UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)", "publication_date": "2025-03-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://uknowledge.uky.edu/jpns/vol2/iss1/1", "keywords": "Hippocampal formation, Neuroscience, Cognition, Population, Cognitive decline, Biology, Chronic stress, Hippocampus, Affect (linguistics), Disease, Glucocorticoid, Psychology, Mechanism (biology), Vulnerability (computing), Medicine, Allostatic load, Bioinformatics, Psychological resilience, Transcriptome, Zebrafish, Aging brain, Hormone, Torpor, Amygdala, Stressor, Allostasis, Senescence, Fight-or-flight response, Cognitive aging, Psychological intervention, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sleep and Wakefulness Research, Memory and Neural Mechanisms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7110662772\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7110662772\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Craig, Danny R\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Blalock, Eric M.\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402623\",\"source_display_name\":\"UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://uknowledge.uky.edu/jpns/vol2/iss1/1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Cellular Senescence,Resilience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Older Adults,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Transcriptomics,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7110662772" }, { "id": 790, "title": "Results From a Long-Term Observational Follow-Up Study of a Single Dose of Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "results from a long term observational follow up study of a single dose of psilocybin for a treatment resistant episode of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Guy M. Goodwin, Ania Nowakowska, Merve Atli, Boadie W. Dunlop, David Feifel, David J. Hellerstein, Lindsey Marwood, Zainib Shabir, Sunil Mistry, S. C. Stansfield, Emma Teoh, Joyce Tsai, Matthew B. Young, Ekaterina Malievskaia", "abstract": "The largest randomized study of psilocybin to date demonstrated the efficacy of COMP360 25 mg (Compass Pathways' investigational proprietary pharmaceutical-grade synthesized psilocybin formulation) in participants with treatment-resistant depression (COMP001), compared with 10 mg and 1 mg doses. Here, we report findings from COMP004, a 52-week observational follow-up of patients from COMP001 and COMP003, a small open-label study of the coadministration of 25 mg COMP360 with continuing antidepressant treatment. Adverse events (AEs) were collected over the full 52-week period. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to a prespecified depressive event over the 52 weeks following COMP360 administration in COMP001 participants, presented as Kaplan-Meier estimates. A post hoc analysis included only participants that entered COMP004. Data were collected from July 2020 to July 2022. Sixty-six participants entered COMP004 (COMP001, n = 58 [25 mg group n = 22, 10 mg group n = 19, 1 mg group n = 17]; COMP003, n = 8). Few AEs were reported post-entry into COMP004, with 1 AE of mild suicidal ideation in the 1 mg group deemed possibly related to study drug. For all COMP001 patients (n = 233), median time to depressive event was greater for the 25 mg group (92 days) compared to the 10 mg (83 days) and 1 mg (62 days) groups, with the majority of participants having had a depressive event by Week 12 (25 mg n = 37/75, 10 mg n = 38/79, 1 mg n = 44/75). The post hoc supplementary analysis of those who enrolled in COMP004 from COMP001 exhibited the difference between groups more strikingly (25 mg, 189 days; 10 mg, 43 days; 1 mg, 21 days); however, only 10 participants experienced a depressive event post-COMP004 enrollment (25 mg n = 6, 10 mg n = 3, 1 mg n = 1) from COMP001 and none from COMP003. At COMP004 entry, the 1 mg group had the highest number of participants on antidepressant medication (n = 10; 10 mg, n = 9; 25 mg, n = 6) and generally initiated treatment earlier. Over 52 weeks, a single administration of 25 mg psilocybin suggested longer maintenance of antidepressant effect than both 1 mg and 10 mg. Larger long-term studies are required to confirm these findings and provide clarity on the longer-term effects of psilocybin. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04519957.", "journal": "The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-03-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.24m15449", "pubmed_id": "40047545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.24m15449", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Observational study, Term (time), Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Physics, Cognition, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408151066\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408151066\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037628078\",\"display_name\":\"Guy M. Goodwin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-2816\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Ania Nowakowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085127841\",\"display_name\":\"Merve Atli\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056637382\",\"display_name\":\"Boadie W. Dunlop\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-0483\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000063591\",\"display_name\":\"David Feifel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8185-0220\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048687842\",\"display_name\":\"David J. Hellerstein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8031-4354\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080462431\",\"display_name\":\"Lindsey Marwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-2199\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076970739\",\"display_name\":\"Zainib Shabir\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-7241\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108850316\",\"display_name\":\"Sunil Mistry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019711791\",\"display_name\":\"S. C. Stansfield\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Emma Teoh\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103816856\",\"display_name\":\"Joyce Tsai\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091177873\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Young\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-3190\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021278348\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Malievskaia\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S17992710\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.24m15449\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4408151066" }, { "id": 3748, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR984247\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3110, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR984267\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3109, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/93x5h_v3", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"93x5h_v3\",\"version\":3,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 758, "title": "Psilocin, A Psychedelic Drug, Exerts Anticonvulsant Effects Against PTZ- and MES-Induced Seizures in Mice via 5-HT1A and CB1 Receptors: Involvement of Nitrergic, Opioidergic, and Kynurenine Pathways", "normalized_title": "psilocin a psychedelic drug exerts anticonvulsant effects against ptz and mes induced seizures in mice via 5 ht1a and cb1 receptors involvement of nitrergic opioidergic and kynurenine pathways", "authors": "Mohammad Balabandian, Mohammad Amin Manavi, Ali Lesani, Razieh Mohammad Jafari, Hamed Shafaroodi, Neda Heidari, Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh, Alireza Foroumadi, Arya Afrooghe, Ahmad Reza Dehpour", "abstract": "Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting around 65 million people globally, is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked epileptic seizures. Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, a well-known psychedelic compound, has recently gained attention for its potential antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. This study aims to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of psilocin. The study utilizes behavioral seizure models and electrophysiological recordings in mice to assess the anticonvulsant efficacy of psilocin. The pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test for clonic seizures and the maximal electroshock (MES) test for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are employed. Cortical electrical activity is monitored to provide insights into the compound's effects on neuronal activity. The involvement of kynurenine pathway, opioidergic and nitrergic systems, as well as cannabinoid receptors using agonist/antagonist paradigms. Western blotting was employed to evaluate the expression levels of key receptors and enzymes implicated in psilocin's anticonvulsant effects. The findings indicate a possible modulation of seizure activity by psilocin, with modest doses (3 mg/kg, i.p.) demonstrating potential anticonvulsant effects. Remarkably, the administration of 1-MT, L-NAME, naltrexone, sildenafil, and AM-251 led to a diminishment of the anticonvulsant effects of psilocin, underscoring the involvement of the kynurenine pathway, nitrergic and opioidergic systems, cGMP, and the CB1 receptor in mediating the anticonvulsant effects of psilocin, respectively. Based on western blotting analysis, the upregulation of 5-HT1A but not 5-HT2A and the downregulation of IDO and CB1 expression following psilocin administration were observed. Acute administration of psilocin exerts anticonvulsant effects that might be mediated at least in part through the kynurenine pathway, opioidergic, serotonergic, and nitrergic systems.", "journal": "Pharmacology Research & Perspectives", "publication_date": "2025-02-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/prp2.70079", "pubmed_id": "39996441", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.70079", "keywords": "Opioidergic, Anticonvulsant, Pharmacology, Drug, Hallucinogen, Tiagabine, Kynurenine, Epilepsy, Medicine, Cannabinoid receptor, Receptor, Chemistry, Opioid, Psychiatry, Antagonist, Internal medicine, Tryptophan, Biochemistry, (+)-Naloxone, Amino acid, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4407945019\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4407945019\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W51306571\",\"https://openalex.org/W1805299948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004465982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018104037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043949690\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046807199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063464796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083313877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102873601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120420582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127666007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133503999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153227444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170971246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2485446928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2771328536\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885449523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911226018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913550797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2988260994\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016929102\",\"https://openalex.org/W3024222468\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046756186\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118029755\",\"https://openalex.org/W3123347947\",\"https://openalex.org/W3131902604\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135059561\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136889773\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160183306\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182695044\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182937852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220846576\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286817082\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291002705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291170424\",\"https://openalex.org/W4303509980\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308154318\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309160050\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315619317\",\"https://openalex.org/W4322491052\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323825498\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382752858\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387893450\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388714298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388775619\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390030343\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390665254\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390671187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391418480\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392049752\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392214290\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392287240\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392586575\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394602238\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4398159085\",\"https://openalex.org/W4402508040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403290179\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404691026\",\"https://openalex.org/W4404733669\",\"https://openalex.org/W4406873551\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054823288\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammad Balabandian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-0915\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022448138\",\"display_name\":\"Mohammad Amin Manavi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-9063\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043314768\",\"display_name\":\"Ali Lesani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029077125\",\"display_name\":\"Razieh Mohammad Jafari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7082-0838\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008607938\",\"display_name\":\"Hamed Shafaroodi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-4077\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056199122\",\"display_name\":\"Neda Heidari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001454608\",\"display_name\":\"Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-9052\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066965145\",\"display_name\":\"Alireza Foroumadi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040278060\",\"display_name\":\"Arya Afrooghe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0697-7042\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034729928\",\"display_name\":\"Ahmad Reza Dehpour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-5565\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764487716\",\"source_display_name\":\"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.70079\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4407945019" }, { "id": 816, "title": "Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and suicide related outcomes a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Malik T, Zeifman R, Swainson J, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw AJ, Claire Reichelt A, Vermetten E, Erritzoe D, Jha MK, Dunn W, Jetly R, Husain MI, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscores the need for alternatives. Psychedelic therapies may rapidly reduce suicide risk. This systematic review evaluates impact of psychedelic therapies on suicide-related outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to November 2024. Results: Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated suicidality as a secondary outcome or safety measure, showing significant reductions in suicidal ideation with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT; one study). Effect sizes, measured by Cohen's d, ranged from =0.52 to 1.25 (p = 0.01 to 0.005), with no safety issues reported. Five additional RCTs assessed suicidality as a safety measure, showing reductions in suicidal ideation with psilocybin (two studies) and MDMA-AT (three studies; p = 0.02 to 0.04). Among 24 non-randomized and cross-sectional studies, results were mixed. Psilocybin (three studies) reduced suicidal ideation, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.40-0.75. MDMA-AT (five studies in PTSD patients) had a pooled effect size of d = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.32-0.89). LSD (six studies) showed increased odds of suicidality, with odds ratios ranging from 1.15 to 2.08. Studies involving DMT (two studies) and multiple psychedelics (three studies) showed mixed results, with DMT studies not showing significant effects on suicidality and studies involving multiple psychedelics showing varying outcomes, some reporting reductions in suicidal ideation and others showing no significant change. Conclusions: The effect of psychedelic therapies on suicide-related outcomes remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further trials to clarify safety and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jcm14051416", "pubmed_id": "40094838", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051416", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40094838\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 719, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted Therapy as a Promising Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy as a promising treatment for irritable bowel syndrome", "authors": "Mauney E, King F, Burton-Murray H, Kuo B.", "abstract": "Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is prevalent and can be disabling. Many patients remain symptomatic despite behavioral and medical therapies. Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), in which serotonergic agents like psilocybin are administered in a psychotherapeutic context, has shown promise for refractory psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Emerging evidence suggests PAT may also be beneficial for chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia, low back pain, and migraines. IBS is highly comorbid with depression, anxiety, and other chronic pain disorders, suggesting shared cognitive and neurological roots and potentially shared therapeutic targets. In this editorial, we discuss 3 lines of evidence for PAT as a treatment for IBS, under the overarching themes of (1) psychological mechanisms (the findings from historic studies of psychedelics for chronic pain and the elements of psychobiological dysfunction targeted by PAT), (2) central nervous system mechanisms (default mode network modulation and induction of neuroplasticity), and (3) the neurointestinal pathophysiology of IBS that may be modified by PAT. We argue that this evidence suggests PAT is worthy of study as a new therapy for IBS, and potentially for other disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Successful application of PAT to gastrointestinal disease would represent a major step beyond mind-body dualism, with potential implications for other functional somatic disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/mcg.0000000000002149", "pubmed_id": "39998940", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000002149", "keywords": "Humans, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39998940\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3328, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR978411\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 826, "title": "Emerging Medications for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Review with Perspective on Mechanisms and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "emerging medications for treatment resistant depression a review with perspective on mechanisms and challenges", "authors": "Lucido MJ, Dunlop BW.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Non-response to initial treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common clinical challenge with profound deleterious impacts for affected patients. Few treatments have received regulatory approval for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: A systematic search of United States and European Union clinical trials registries was conducted to identify Phase II, III, or IV clinical trials, with a last update posted on or after 1 January 2020, that were evaluating medications for TRD. For both the US and EU registries, the condition term \"treatment resistant depression\" and associated lower-level terms (per registry search protocol) were used. For the US registry, a secondary search using the condition term \"depressive disorders\" and the modifying term \"inadequate\" was also performed to capture registrations not tagged as TRD. Two additional searches were also conducted in the US registry for the terms \"suicide\" and \"anhedonia\" as transdiagnostic targets of investigational medications. Trials were categorized based on the primary mechanism of action of the trial's investigational medication. Results: Fifty clinical trials for TRD, 20 for anhedonia, and 25 for suicide were identified. Glutamate system modulation was the mechanism currently with the most compounds in development, including antagonists and allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, metabotropic type 2/3 glutamate receptors, and intracellular effector molecules downstream of glutamate signaling. Psychedelics have seen the greatest surge among mechanistic targets in the past 5 years, however, with psilocybin in particular garnering significant attention. Other mechanisms included GABA modulators, monoamine modulators, anti-inflammatory/immune-modulating agents, and an orexin type 2 receptor antagonist. Conclusions: These investigations offer substantial promise for more efficacious and potentially personalized medication approaches for TRD. Challenges for detecting efficacy in TRD include the heterogeneity within the TRD population stemming from the presumed variety of biological dysfunctions underlying the disorder, comorbid disorders, chronic psychosocial stressors, and enduring effects of prior serotonergic antidepressant medication treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15020161", "pubmed_id": "40002494", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020161", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40002494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 825, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics in Treating Substance Use Disorders: A Review of Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders a review of clinical trials", "authors": "Hogea L, Tabugan DC, Costea I, Albai O, Nussbaum L, Cojocaru A, Corsaro L, Anghel T.", "abstract": "Background and Objectives: Substance use disorders (SUDs) affect millions worldwide. Despite increasing drug use, treatment options remain limited. Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), integrating psychedelic substances with psychotherapy, offers a promising alternative by addressing underlying neural mechanisms. Materials and Methods: This review's purpose is to investigate the current understanding of psychedelic therapy for treating SUDs, including tobacco, alcohol, and drug addiction. The systematic review approach focused on clinical trials and randomized controlled trials conducted from 2013 to 2023. The search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Consensus AI, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies involving psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, ibogaine, and ayahuasca for treating various addictions were included, excluding naturalistic studies and reviews. Results: Our results highlight the key findings from 16 clinical trials investigating psychedelic therapy for SUDs. Psychedelics like psilocybin and ayahuasca showed promise in reducing alcohol and tobacco dependence, with psilocybin being particularly effective in decreasing cravings and promoting long-term abstinence. The studies revealed significant improvements in substance use reduction, especially when combined with psychotherapy. However, the variability in dosages and study design calls for more standardized approaches. These findings emphasize the potential of psychedelics in SUD treatment, though further large-scale research is needed to validate these results and develop consistent protocols. Conclusions: This research reviewed the past decade's international experience, emphasizing the growing potential of psychedelic therapy in treating SUDs pertaining to alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine dependence. Psychedelics such as psilocybin and ketamine can reduce cravings and promote psychological well-being, especially when combined with psychotherapy. However, regulatory barriers and specialized clinical training are necessary to integrate these therapies into mainstream addiction treatment safely. Psychedelics offer a promising alternative for those unresponsive to conventional methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/medicina61020278", "pubmed_id": "40005395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020278", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40005395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 820, "title": "Psilocybin as a Treatment for Repetitive Mild Head Injury: Evidence from Neuroradiology and Molecular Biology", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a treatment for repetitive mild head injury evidence from neuroradiology and molecular biology", "authors": "Brengel EK, Axe B, Maheswari A, Abeer MI, Ortiz RJ, Woodward TJ, Walhof R, Utama R, Sawada C, Balaji S, Kulkarni PP, Bradshaw HB, Gitcho MA, Ferris CF.", "abstract": "Repetitive mild head injuries incurred while playing organized sports, during car accidents and falls, or in active military service are a major health problem. These head injuries induce cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits that can last for months and even years with an increased risk of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. There is no approved medical treatment for these types of head injuries. To this end, we tested the healing effects of the psychedelic psilocybin, as it is known to reduce neuroinflammation and enhance neuroplasticity. Using a model of mild repetitive head injury in adult female rats, we provide unprecedented data that psilocybin can reduce vasogenic edema, restore normal vascular reactivity and functional connectivity, reduce phosphorylated tau buildup, enhance levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor TrkB, and modulate lipid signaling molecules.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.02.03.636248", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.03.636248", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR975392\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 830, "title": "Investigating novel pharmacological strategies for treatment-resistant depression: focus on new mechanisms and approaches.", "normalized_title": "investigating novel pharmacological strategies for treatment resistant depression focus on new mechanisms and approaches", "authors": "de Miranda AS, C B Toscano E, Venna VR, Graeff FG, Teixeira AL.", "abstract": "IntroductionA substantial number of patients exhibit treatment-resistant depression (TRD), posing significant challenges to clinicians. The discovery of novel molecules or mechanisms that may underlie TRD pathogenesis and antidepressant actions is highly needed.Areas coveredUsing the PubMed database, the authors searched for emerging evidence of novel approaches for TRD based on experimental and human studies. Herein, the authors discuss the mechanisms underlying glutamatergic antagonists, modulators of the opioid system, and tryptamine-derivate psychedelics as well as the emerging platforms to investigate novel pharmacological targets for TRD. A search for clinical trials investigating novel agents and interventions for TRD was also conducted.Expert opinionThe understanding of the multiple pathophysiological mechanisms involved in TRD may add further value to the effective treatment, contributing to a more personalized approach. Esketamine was approved for the treatment of TRD and novel drugs with rapid antidepressant actions such as psilocybin and buprenorphine have also been investigated as potential therapeutic strategies. Over the past decades, technological advances such as omics approaches have broadened our knowledge regarding molecular and genetic underpinnings of complex conditions like TRD. Omics approaches could open new avenues for investigating glial-mediated mechanisms, including their crosstalk with neurons, as therapeutic targets in TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/17460441.2025.2460674", "pubmed_id": "39885729", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2025.2460674", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39885729\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3344, "title": "PSILOCYBIN MITIGATES BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR AND COGNITIVE RECOGNITION IMPAIRMENTS BY REGULATING THE HYPOTHALAMIC- PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS VIA THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) SIGNALING PATHWAY MEDIATED BY THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates behavioral despair and cognitive recognition impairments by regulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal hpa axis via the brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf signaling pathway mediated by the endocannabinoid system ecs", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11814968", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11814968\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 775, "title": "Psychedelics in neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in neuroinflammation mechanisms and therapeutic potential", "authors": "de Deus JL, Maia JM, Soriano RN, Amorim MR, Branco LGS.", "abstract": "Neuroinflammation is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depressive disorder. Psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects on neuroinflammation, primarily through interactions with serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. Activation of these receptors by psychedelics modulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulates microglial activity, and shifts the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites. Additionally, psychedelics affect critical signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, promoting neuroplasticity and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Beyond the serotonergic system, other neurotransmitter systems-including the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic), and cholinergic systems-also play significant roles in mediating the effects of psychedelics. This review examines the intricate mechanisms by which psychedelics modulate neuroinflammation and underscores their potential as innovative therapeutic agents for treating neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111278", "pubmed_id": "39892847", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111278", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Neuroinflammatory Diseases", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39892847\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 848, "title": "Study Protocol for ‘PsilOCD: A Pharmacological Challenge Study Evaluating the Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on the Neurocognitive and Clinical Correlates of Compulsivity’", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocd a pharmacological challenge study evaluating the effects of the 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on the neurocognitive and clinical correlates of compulsivity", "authors": "Sorcha O'Connor, Kate Godfrey, Sara Reed, Joseph Peill, Cyrus Rohani-Shukla, Mairead Healy, Trevor W. Robbins, Ana Frota Lisboa Pereira de Souza, Robin J. Tyacke, Maria Papasyrou, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Pedro Castro-Rodrigues, Martina Chiera, Hakjun Lee, Jonny Martell, Robin Carhart-Harris, Luca Pellegrini, Naomi Fineberg, David Nutt, David Erritzøe", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex condition marked by persistent distressing thoughts and repetitive behaviours. Despite its prevalence, the mechanisms behind OCD remain elusive, and current treatments are limited. This protocol outlines an investigative study for individuals with OCD, exploring the potential of psilocybin to improve key components of cognition implicated in the disorder. The PsilOCD study strives to assess the effects of low-moderate psilocybin treatment (10 mg) alongside non-interventional therapy on several facets of OCD. The main focus points of PsilOCD are cognitive flexibility, measured with cognitive tests, and neuroplasticity, assessed through electroencephalography (EEG). METHODS: 20 blinded participants with OCD will complete two dosing sessions, separated by four weeks, where they will receive 1 mg of psilocybin on the first and 10 mg on the second. The first dose serves as an active placebo, and the latter is a low-moderate dose that induces relatively mild-moderate emotional and perceptual effects. Participants will be supported by trained psychedelic therapists, who will sit with them during each dosing session and provide virtual preparation and integration sessions over the 12-week study period. Therapeutic support will be the same for both the 1 mg and 10 mg sessions. PsilOCD's primary outcomes include scores in the intradimensional-extradimensional (ID-ED) shift task, which is an established measure of cognitive flexibility, and neuroplasticity as quantified by a visual long-term potentiation (vLTP) task. This task is delivered as part of an EEG paradigm and measures acute quantified changes in neuroplasticity in the brain's visual system. The ID-ED task will be conducted twice, two days after each dosing session, and the EEG recordings will also be taken twice, immediately after each session. Secondary outcome assessments will include OCD and affective symptom severity, as well as an array of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), in the form of questionnaires designed to assess well-being, dissociable and well-established mood-related (affective) measures, and participants' subjective experience of the psilocybin experience. DISCUSSION: This study's results are expected to offer critical insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy in treating OCD, and whether these correlate with changes in the cognitive features of the condition. As a secondary aim, it will ascertain whether a low, tolerable dose is a feasible and efficacious clinical treatment, and will provide crucial data to guide the design of a potential follow-up randomised control trial (RCT).", "journal": "Cureus", "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.78171", "pubmed_id": "39882198", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.78171", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Neurocognitive, Agonist, Protocol (science), Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Cognition, Internal medicine, Receptor, Biology, Pathology, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406932478\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406932478\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W122113993\",\"https://openalex.org/W200847362\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988699227\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999995516\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012149173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015749594\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016434222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033538767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039051284\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040106357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044829464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048637110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051109413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057906075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063764296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072467374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081132633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119413842\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120747195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122888374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134361504\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147797459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171169522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2470545286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2486004373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2514460021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2516231809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2593476122\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756509241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756634820\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2831064708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887188667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888326641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2908731132\",\"https://openalex.org/W2920559226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948343048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996270584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023228745\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027044460\",\"https://openalex.org/W3089605233\",\"https://openalex.org/W3103896643\",\"https://openalex.org/W3131592764\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160183306\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165684389\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210570735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210954664\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221031753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239620161\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251555974\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281891940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285727516\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296613147\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310735641\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313251651\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321097757\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321377299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4376256921\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387477163\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391678591\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Sorcha O'Connor\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056222921\",\"display_name\":\"Kate Godfrey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-2382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110741678\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Reed\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089523890\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph Peill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-4617\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106285226\",\"display_name\":\"Cyrus Rohani-Shukla\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011649514\",\"display_name\":\"Mairead Healy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080762339\",\"display_name\":\"Trevor W. Robbins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-5977\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003996958\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Frota Lisboa Pereira de Souza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1304-1613\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108727800\",\"display_name\":\"Robin J. Tyacke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5116069795\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Papasyrou\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000697877\",\"display_name\":\"Pedro Castro-Rodrigues\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-7164\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001148992\",\"display_name\":\"Martina Chiera\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101784305\",\"display_name\":\"Hakjun Lee\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-4256\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036560266\",\"display_name\":\"Jonny Martell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-7669\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056272459\",\"display_name\":\"Luca Pellegrini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2855-2865\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046416771\",\"display_name\":\"Naomi Fineberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-6900\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2738950867\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cureus\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.78171\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406932478" }, { "id": 668, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Mouse Brain Microstructure", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on mouse brain microstructure", "authors": "Paloma C. Frautschi, Ajay Paul Singh, Nicholas A. Stowe, Sean M. Grady, Zarmeen Zahid, Matthew I. Banks, John-Paul J. Yu", "abstract": "ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is surging interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds like psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses like major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent studies point to the rapid antidepressant effect of psilocybin; however, the biological mechanisms underlying these differences remain unknown. This study determines the feasibility of using diffusion MRI to characterize and define the potential spatiotemporal microstructural differences in the brain following psilocybin treatment in C57BL/6J male mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 11-15 week-old C57BL/6J male mice were randomized to receive psilocybin, 6F-DET (6-fluoro-N,Ndiethyltryptamine), or saline and ex vivo imaged 24h (n=18) and 72h (n=18) post treatment. A one-way ANOVA with multiple comparison testing (Bonferroni correction) assessed diffusion metric differences (tractography, DTI, NODDI) between the three groups and was performed in the following regions of interest: amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, primary visual cortex area, frontal association cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex at 24h and 72h post drug administration. RESULTS: Psilocybin treated mice demonstrated structural connectivity differences at 72h in the frontal association cortex (compared to saline, mean tract length increases, p=0.03). Psilocybin also induced microstructural differences at 24h post-injection in the primary visual cortex (compared to saline, MD increases, p=0.02) and 72h post-injection in the striatum (compared to saline; MD increases, p= 0.02, NDI decreases, p=0.02) and hippocampus (compared to saline; MD increases, p=0.04, NDI decreases, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion microstructure imaging and white matter tractography are sensitive methods to detect and characterize the neural substrates and microstructural differences accompanying psilocybin treatment. These findings suggest the potential role for diffusion microstructure imaging to quantify the bioeffects of psychedelics like psilocybin on the brain, monitor treatment response, and identify salient clinical endpoints in an emerging therapeutic option for patients with MDD. ABBREVIATIONS: dMRI= diffusion-weighted MRI; 6F-DET= 6-fluoro-N,N-diethyltryptamine; NODDI= neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging; DTI= diffusion tensor imaging; NDI= neurite density index; ODI= orientation dispersion index; FA= fractional anisotropy; MD= mean diffusivity; MTL= mean tract length; mPFC= medial prefrontal cortex.", "journal": "American Journal of Neuroradiology", "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a8634", "pubmed_id": "39880687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a8634", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Functional Brain Connectivity Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406946828\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406946828\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1968789258\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978481169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032254014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042662378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053472601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515280853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2530124087\",\"https://openalex.org/W2599826853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917228042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2936495870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205085416\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283070601\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291398459\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297905880\",\"https://openalex.org/W4304690665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620578\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367601593\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389137509\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391838869\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392203910\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400729513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4403392138\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093239036\",\"display_name\":\"Paloma C. Frautschi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053387944\",\"display_name\":\"Ajay Paul Singh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7650-8519\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049513042\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas A. Stowe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076428581\",\"display_name\":\"Sean M. Grady\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062926830\",\"display_name\":\"Zarmeen Zahid\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0514-3409\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037469144\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew I. Banks\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1936-7529\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019409937\",\"display_name\":\"John-Paul J. Yu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-052X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S101278519\",\"source_display_name\":\"American Journal of Neuroradiology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a8634\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406946828" }, { "id": 805, "title": "Molecular insights into the modulation of the 5 HT2 A receptor by serotonin, psilocin, and the G protein subunit Gqα", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into the modulation of the 5 ht2 a receptor by serotonin psilocin and the g protein subunit gqα", "authors": "Niklas Viohl, Ali Asghar Hakami Zanjani, Himanshu Khandelia", "abstract": "5HT 2A R is a G-protein-coupled receptor that drives many neuronal functions and is a target for psychedelic drugs. Understanding ligand interactions and conformational transitions is essential for developing effective pharmaceuticals, but mechanistic details of 5HT 2A R activation remain poorly understood. We utilized all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations to investigate 5HT 2A R's conformational dynamics upon binding to serotonin and psilocin. We show that the active state of 5HT 2A R collapses to a closed state in the absence of Gqα, underscoring the importance of G-protein coupling. We discover an intermediate “partially-open” receptor conformation. Both ligands have higher binding affinities for the orthosteric than the extended binding pocket. These findings enhance our understanding of 5HT 2A R's activation and may aid in developing novel therapeutics. Impact statement This study sheds light on 5HT 2A R activation, revealing intermediate conformations and ligand dynamics. These insights could enhance drug development for neurological and psychiatric disorders, benefiting researchers and clinicians in pharmacology and neuroscience.", "journal": "FEBS Letters", "publication_date": "2025-01-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/1873-3468.15099", "pubmed_id": "39865564", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.15099", "keywords": "5-HT receptor, Serotonin, Gq alpha subunit, Protein subunit, Receptor, Chemistry, G protein-coupled receptor, Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biology, Gene, Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling, Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406851907\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406851907\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1031578623\",\"https://openalex.org/W1560061125\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980374511\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991794210\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993177346\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997772366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001994823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017162980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017196167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021294213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021520922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029667189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035687084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046614626\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047567287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049617698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057477511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065283382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067174909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067805628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070753604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077936290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078108096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081693079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093290512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109154308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112154906\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128572087\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141273392\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162109316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167857702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173531201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2206954826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2323178299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2520075163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2555870966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2777807685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790705492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898210859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911542458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946834818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970224096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981386611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981484830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990099050\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035076119\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082909526\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"https://openalex.org/W3102022293\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105170187\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109908198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110321636\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132500005\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134734702\",\"https://openalex.org/W3137816310\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138672441\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177828909\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210500140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3211795435\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200060484\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210474529\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210809282\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211204095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220993284\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280500709\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283016060\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292056146\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295136939\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297497355\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307167512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309093708\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313680817\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324129669\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362588191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383484147\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388049865\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388249137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389164252\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389819389\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390628394\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392747552\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396732522\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400271270\",\"https://openalex.org/W4401324569\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093933921\",\"display_name\":\"Niklas Viohl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9764-108X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017250248\",\"display_name\":\"Ali Asghar Hakami Zanjani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-9074\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079782164\",\"display_name\":\"Himanshu Khandelia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9913-6394\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S104830714\",\"source_display_name\":\"FEBS Letters\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.15099\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406851907" }, { "id": 683, "title": "Acute effects of psilocybin on attention and executive functioning in healthy volunteers: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin on attention and executive functioning in healthy volunteers a systematic review and multilevel meta analysis", "authors": "Yousefi P, Lietz MP, O'Higgins FJ, Rippe RCA, Hasler G, van Elk M, Enriquez-Geppert S.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin shows promise for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. However, insight into its acute effects on cognition is lacking. Given the significant role of executive functions in daily life and treatment efficacy, it is crucial to evaluate how psilocybin influences these cognitive domains.ObjectivesThis meta-analysis aims to quantify the acute effects of psilocybin on executive functions and attention, while examining how dosage, timing of administration, cognitive domain, and task characteristics moderate these effects.MethodsA systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis were conducted on empirical studies assessing psilocybin's acute effects on working memory, conflict monitoring, response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and attention. Effect sizes for reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) were calculated, exploring the effects of timing (on-peak defined as 90-180 min post-administration), dosage, cognitive function categories, and task sensitivity to executive functions as potential moderators.ResultsThirteen studies (42 effect sizes) were included. In the acute phase, psilocybin increased RTs (Hedges' g = 1.13, 95% CI [0.57, 1.7]) and did not affect ACC (Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.034]). Effects on RT were dose dependent. Significant between-study heterogeneity was found for both RT and ACC. Task sensitivity to executive functions moderated RT effects. Publication bias was evident, but the overall effect remained significant after adjustment for this.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis shows that psilocybin impairs executive functions and results in a slowing down of RT. We discuss potential neurochemical mechanisms underlying the observed effects as well as implications for the safe use of psilocybin in clinical and experimental contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06742-2", "pubmed_id": "39847068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06742-2", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Memory, Short-Term, Attention, Reaction Time, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Executive Function, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39847068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 722, "title": "Catalyst for change: Psilocybin's antidepressant mechanisms-A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "catalyst for change psilocybin s antidepressant mechanisms a systematic review", "authors": "Liebnau J, Betzler F, Kerber A.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent clinical trials suggest promising antidepressant effects of psilocybin, despite methodological challenges. While various studies have investigated distinct mechanisms and proposed theoretical opinions, a comprehensive understanding of psilocybin's neurobiological and psychological antidepressant mechanisms is lacking.AimsSystematically review potential antidepressant neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of psilocybin.MethodsSearch terms were generated based on existing evidence of psilocybin's effects related to antidepressant mechanisms. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 15 studies were systematically reviewed, exploring various therapeutic change principles such as brain dynamics, emotion regulation, cognition, self-referential processing, connectedness, and interpersonal functioning.ResultsWithin a supportive setting, psilocybin promoted openness, cognitive and neural flexibility, and greater ability and acceptance of emotional experiences. A renewed sense of connectedness to the self, others, and the world emerged as a key experience. Imaging studies consistently found altered brain dynamics, characterized by reduced global and within default mode network connectivity, alongside increased between-network connectivity.ConclusionsTogether, these changes may create a fertile yet vulnerable window for change, emphasizing the importance of a supportive set, setting, and therapeutic guidance. The results suggest that psilocybin, within a supportive context, may induce antidepressant effects by leveraging the interplay between neurobiological mechanisms and common psychotherapeutic factors. This complements the view of purely pharmacological effects, supporting a multileveled approach that reflects various relevant dimensions of therapeutic change, including neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241312866", "pubmed_id": "39829391", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241312866", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Cognition, Psilocybin, Emotional Regulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39829391\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 854, "title": "Uncovering Psychedelics: From Neural Circuits to Therapeutic Applications.", "normalized_title": "uncovering psychedelics from neural circuits to therapeutic applications", "authors": "Melani A, Bonaso M, Biso L, Zucchini B, Conversano C, Scarselli M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, historically celebrated for their cultural and spiritual significance, have emerged as potential breakthrough therapeutic agents due to their profound effects on consciousness, emotional processing, mood, and neural plasticity. This review explores the mechanisms underlying psychedelics' effects, focusing on their ability to modulate brain connectivity and neural circuit activity, including the default mode network (DMN), cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops, and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model. Advanced neuroimaging techniques reveal psychedelics' capacity to enhance functional connectivity between sensory cerebral areas while reducing the connections between associative brain areas, decreasing the rigidity and rendering the brain more plastic and susceptible to external changings, offering insights into their therapeutic outcome. The most relevant clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrate significant efficacy in treating treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, with favorable safety profiles. Despite these advancements, critical gaps remain in linking psychedelics' molecular actions to their clinical efficacy. This review highlights the need for further research to integrate mechanistic insights and optimize psychedelics as tools for both therapy and understanding human cognition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18010130", "pubmed_id": "39861191", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010130", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39861191\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 855, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted massed cognitive processing therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Protocol for an open-label pilot feasibility trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted massed cognitive processing therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder protocol for an open label pilot feasibility trial", "authors": "Shakila Meshkat, Richard J. Zeifman, Kathleen E. Stewart, Reinhard Janssen-Aguilar, Wendy Lou, Rakesh Jetly, Candice M. Monson, Venkat Bhat", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 3.9% of the general population. While massed cognitive processing therapy (CPT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating chronic PTSD, a substantial proportion of patients still continue to meet PTSD criteria after treatment, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Preliminary evidence supports the potential therapeutic action of psilocybin to alleviate PTSD symptoms. This open-label pilot study aims to evaluate the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of a single dose 25 mg psilocybin in combination with one week of massed CPT in patients with chronic PTSD. METHOD: Fifteen participants with chronic PTSD will undergo 12 CPT sessions, two psilocybin-related psychotherapy sessions, and one psilocybin dosing session over a 7-days period. The primary outcomes are feasibility and tolerability, which will be measured by recruitment rates, withdrawal, data completion, adherence, number and nature of adverse events. Secondary objectives include assessing the preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted CPT in reducing PTSD severity, self-reported treatment outcomes and exploring putative mechanisms of change. Participants will be monitored weekly for 12 weeks post-treatment and passive data relevant to mental health and well-being will be collected using a wearable device. DISCUSSION: This trial will generate important preliminary data on the use of psilocybin-assisted CPT for treating PTSD. The findings will guide the design of a multi-site, large-scale randomized control trial to more rigorously assess the efficacy of this intervention. De-identified data from this study will be available upon request after publication of the results. This study represents a promising and innovative approach to PTSD treatment, potentially offering an alternative therapeutic option for individuals unresponsive to conventional therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06386003.", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "publication_date": "2025-01-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0313741", "pubmed_id": "39823496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313741", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Posttraumatic stress, Medicine, Cognition, Cognitive processing therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406512218\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406512218\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":10,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W98962507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1704280769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007100403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014553268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037445719\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043705607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047503435\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130232395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132322340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138959943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147791664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154051205\",\"https://openalex.org/W2242133324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2269592175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330001440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412976663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612417324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798096119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801115059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973210190\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011233335\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080571288\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082540939\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169261903\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185477803\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211189621\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211262802\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213100499\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220989975\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221108429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230198769\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236983761\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292528167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293003987\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367840575\",\"https://openalex.org/W6941129350\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037985605\",\"display_name\":\"Shakila Meshkat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-1785\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000949886\",\"display_name\":\"Richard J. Zeifman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-4483\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070956539\",\"display_name\":\"Kathleen E. Stewart\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9674-8720\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007543039\",\"display_name\":\"Reinhard Janssen-Aguilar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-9078\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014930895\",\"display_name\":\"Wendy Lou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5590-8719\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054146035\",\"display_name\":\"Rakesh Jetly\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-9365\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048101320\",\"display_name\":\"Candice M. Monson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-0788\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054349344\",\"display_name\":\"Venkat Bhat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-1173\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S202381698\",\"source_display_name\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313741\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406512218" }, { "id": 857, "title": "Exploring the Potential of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache Disorders: Clinical Considerations and Exploratory Insights.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of headache disorders clinical considerations and exploratory insights", "authors": "Henderson I, Elsaadany R, Chan G, Bajaj V, Duarte D, Goodman S, Grunstein M, Vadhan NP, Duarte RA.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewExploration of the potential of serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, as potential treatments for headache disorders. This review addresses the need for well-informed physician guidelines and discusses mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of these treatments. Further research, including the consideration of combination with psychotherapy, is needed.Recent findingsPsychedelics demonstrate promising outcomes as treatments for headache disorders. Recent findings indicated that some patients who underwent brief periods of treatment with psychedelics experienced a reduction in headache attack frequency, severity, or duration. When prescription medications are ineffective at treating headache disorders, or are habit-forming, patients often turn to alternative options. There is anecdotal evidence that psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin can effectively treat and prevent pain in patients with headache disorders, such as migraine or cluster headache. It is vital that physicians treating patients who self-treat with psychedelics be well-informed about the mechanisms and their effects to best advise their patients and coordinate their care well. This is a review assessing the literature on the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of psychedelic drugs as a headache management intervention. We believe there is evidence that may support further investigation into the clinical use of psychedelic medications to treat cluster headache and migraine, including the consideration of use in conjunction with other interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy or acceptance and commitment training.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8", "pubmed_id": "39820774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8", "keywords": "Humans, Headache Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39820774\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 856, "title": "Self-reported experiences and perspectives on using psychedelics to manage opioid use among participants of two Reddit communities.", "normalized_title": "self reported experiences and perspectives on using psychedelics to manage opioid use among participants of two reddit communities", "authors": "Krawczyk N, Miller M, Gu EY, Irvine N, Ramirez E, Santaella-Tenorio J, Lippincott T, Bogenschutz M, Bunting AM, Meacham MC", "abstract": "The opioid crisis continues to exert a tremendous toll in North America, with existing interventions often falling short of addressing ongoing needs. Psychedelics are emerging as a possible alternative therapy for mental health and substance use disorders. This study aimed to gather insights on how people use or are considering using psychedelics to manage opioid use disorder (OUD), how these experiences are perceived to impact opioid use and what these lessons imply for future research and practice. We conducted a qualitative study using the Reddit online community platform. We extracted posts that contained key psychedelic terms from the two most subscribed-to subreddits dedicated to discussions of OUD treatment (r/OpiatesRecovery and r/Methadone) from 2018 to 2021. We thematically analyzed content from 151 relevant posts and their respective comments. Two prominent themes identified in discussions were perspectives on the effectiveness of psychedelics in treating OUD, and mechanisms through which psychedelics were thought to impact use and desire to use opioids. For many, psychedelics were deemed to have a strong impact on opioid use via multiple mechanisms, including alleviating physical symptoms of dependence, shifting motivations around desire to use opioids and addressing underlying mental health problems and reasons for use. Others saw the potential promise around psychedelics as exaggerated, acknowledging many people eventually return to use, or even considered psychedelics dangerous. There appear to be diverse perspectives on the effects of using psychedelics to treat opioid use disorder and an urgent need for controlled studies to better understand the impact of different psychedelics on opioid use, how they may be used in the context of existing treatments and what strategies they must be combined with to ensure safety and effectiveness. Integrating the experiences of people who use drugs will help guide psychedelics research toward effective person-centered interventions to enhance health and wellness.", "journal": "Addiction (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.16767", "pubmed_id": "39821493", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39821493/", "keywords": "ibogaine, on-line communities, opioid use disorder, opioids, peer support, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelics-assisted recovery, reddit, treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39821493\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 860, "title": "Social pain: A systematic review on interventions.", "normalized_title": "social pain a systematic review on interventions", "authors": "Brooks BM, Cordero FJ, Alchermes SL, Brooks BM.", "abstract": "Social pain is emotional distress caused by harm or threat to social connections that results in social exclusion, rejection, or loss. Social Pain is also a potentiator of physical pain. Supportive social relationships are widely recognized for their impact on maintaining health and well-being. The Passion of Jesus Christ serves as a quintessential example of social pain (i.e., desertion, betrayal, denial) potentiating physical pain (i.e., beatings, Crown of Thorns, crucifixion). Christ opts to forgive. Although forgiveness is one solution to reduce social pain, other interventions exist. This review seeks to identify and summarize interventions associated with reducing social pain. We conducted a systematic review using Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane CENTRAL to identify relevant articles. Results: The database searches produced 548 articles. Fourteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review. Acetaminophen, both deceptive and open-label placebos, mindfulness training, and psilocybin were found to reduce social pain. Of note, the combination of acetaminophen and forgiveness yielded superior results compared to either acetaminophen or forgiveness alone. Pharmacological interventions operate on the premise that the neural pathways responsible for physical pain also play a role in social pain. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are available for reducing social pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.159561.1", "pubmed_id": "40144800", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159561.1", "keywords": "Humans, Acetaminophen, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Forgiveness, Mindfulness, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40144800\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3107, "title": "Cell-type specific transcriptional modulation by psilocybin induces sustained plasticity in mouse medial prefrontal cortex", "normalized_title": "cell type specific transcriptional modulation by psilocybin induces sustained plasticity in mouse medial prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Schuler H, Zhou D, Savignac C, Cvetkovska V, Tse Y, Meccia J, Lopez J, Harutyunyan AS, Ragoussis J, Bzdok D, Bagot RC.", "abstract": "Despite enormous interest in psychedelics for psychiatric interventions, potential underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we confirm that a single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic transmission in mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Using scRNA-sequencing, we identify cell-type specific mechanisms of sustained neuroplastic effects. We show that, 24h post-psilocybin, expression of plasticity-related genes is increased in excitatory neurons and that transcription in a type of deep layer near projecting neuron, L5/6 NP, is robustly altered. Analyzing receptor expression patterns reveals that this cell-type specificity does not align with 5-HT2A expression but aligns with 5-HT2C expression patterns. Further, multivariate analyses identify psilocybin-induced gene expression patterns in L5/6 NP neurons predict 5-HT2C, but not 5-HT2A, transcript levels. Pharmacologic manipulation with a 5-HT2C antagonist attenuates the post-acute sustained effect of psilocybin on synaptic transmission, highlighting 5-HT2C signaling and L5/6 NP neurons as key mediators of psychedelic drug action’s sustained neuroplastic effects in mPFC.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.08.631940", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.08.631940", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR963790\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 869, "title": "Pain and Perception: Exploring Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutic Agents in Chronic Pain Management.", "normalized_title": "pain and perception exploring psychedelics as novel therapeutic agents in chronic pain management", "authors": "Strand NH, Whitney M, Johnson B, Dunn T, Attanti S, Maloney J, Misra L, Gomez D, Viswanath O, Emami E, Leathem J.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewChronic pain affects approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide, representing the leading cause of disability and a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Conventional treatments, such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are frequently linked to adverse effects, including dependency and gastrointestinal issues, and often offer limited long-term relief. This review explores the potential of psychedelics, including psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine, as alternative therapeutic agents in chronic pain management.Recent findingsThese substances modulate pain perception through actions on serotonergic and glutamatergic systems and may promote neuroplasticity, offering novel pathways for pain relief. Specifically, the review details the pharmacologic actions of psychedelics, their effects on chronic pain syndromes such as cancer pain, migraines, and neuropathic pain, and their clinical implications. The safety profiles, patient responses, and analgesic properties of these compounds are examined, highlighting the need for further research to validate their efficacy and optimize their therapeutic use in pain management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-024-01353-0", "pubmed_id": "39775134", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01353-0", "keywords": "Humans, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39775134\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 862, "title": "Neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin: A systematic review of blood biomarkers.", "normalized_title": "neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin a systematic review of blood biomarkers", "authors": "Constantino JL, van Dalfsen JH, Massetti S, Kamphuis J, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin represents a novel therapeutic approach for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) who do not respond to conventional antidepressant treatment. Investigating the influence of psilocybin on the pathophysiological processes involved in MDD could enhance our neurobiological understanding of the presumed antidepressant action mechanism. This systematic review aims to summarize the results of human studies investigating changes in blood-based biomarkers of MDD to guide future research on potentially relevant analytes that could be monitored in clinical trials. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science to retrieve studies investigating changes in serum and plasma levels of neurotrophic, immunologic, neuroendocrine, and metabolic markers. Nine studies were included, describing findings on 15 biomarkers, exclusively in healthy participants. Studies consistently reported a decrease in interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and eosinophils, and an increase in cortisol, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and free fatty acids following psilocybin administration. Less consistent effects were observed on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and growth hormone. The results are in line with preclinical studies and provide initial support from human studies that psilocybin potentially leads to beneficial effects on biomarkers of MDD. However, given the limited number of studies, findings should be approached with caution prior to replication. Further research should include larger samples, clinical populations, longer-term assessment, rigorous experimental designs, and account for the potential confounding of psychological stress related to the psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251", "pubmed_id": "39788410", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39788410\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 863, "title": "Clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant. A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant a narrative review", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Horrillo I, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "In the rapidly growing field of psychedelic research, psilocybin (and active metabolite psilocin) has been proposed as a promising candidate in the search for novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical trials have revealed that psilocybin has a large, rapid, and persistent effect in the improvement of symptoms of depression and anxiety. The safety profile is considered favourable, with low toxicity and good tolerance. Several preclinical studies have also been carried out to determine the long-term mechanism of action of this drug. In this sense, preclinical studies in naïve animals as well as in animal models of disease have shown somewhat discrepant results in conventional tests for assessment of depression- and anxiety-like phenotype in response to psilocybin, but overall suggest positive outcomes. Additionally, several valuable assays in rodent models have been developed over the years to elucidate the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) activation in the brain, primary molecular target of psilocin. This review aims to provide a general overview of the current and most recent literature in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin through a description of clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and to showcase the scene in the up-to-date preclinical research. A detailed description of preclinical rodent models and experimental approaches that have been used to study the neurobiological and behavioural actions of psilocybin is provided, and potential therapeutic mechanisms of action are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249", "pubmed_id": "39778644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Disease Models, Animal, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39778644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 807, "title": "Elucidating the Phase I metabolism of psilocin in vitro.", "normalized_title": "elucidating the phase i metabolism of psilocin in vitro", "authors": "Chen J, Wang Z, Yong CY, Goh EML, Moy HY, Chan ECY.", "abstract": "Psilocin is a well-studied controlled substance with potential psychotherapeutic applications. However, research gaps remain regarding its metabolism. Our objective was to elucidate a comprehensive Phase I metabolic profile of psilocin to support its forensic management and clinical development. We utilized human enzymes from various sources to characterize the Phase I metabolism of psilocin and estimated its hepatic and extrahepatic clearances via in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. We identified 2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetaldehyde (4-HIA) as the Phase I intermediate metabolite for the first time. Psilocin was metabolized to 4-HIA by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), and further metabolized to the terminal metabolite 2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetic acid (4-HIAA) by cytosolic aldehyde oxidase (AO) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). MAO-A-mediated hepatic clearance of psilocin (CLH,MAO-A) was estimated to be 158.74 mL/min, accounting for 80.9% of the total hepatic metabolism of psilocin (CLH,all). MAO-A primarily contributed to the Phase I metabolism of psilocin. Total MAO-A-mediated organ clearance (CLall organs,MAO-A) was estimated to be 614.81 mL/min, with CLH,MAO-A accounting for 25.8%, indicating extensive MAO-A-mediated extrahepatic clearance of psilocin. Overall, our study sheds novel insights on Phase I metabolic pathway of psilocin and illuminated the importance of MAO-A-mediated hepatic and extrahepatic clearances of psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00204-024-03952-7", "pubmed_id": "39751877", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03952-7", "keywords": "Liver, Microsomes, Liver, Animals, Humans, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Aldehyde Oxidase, Monoamine Oxidase, Hallucinogens, Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39751877\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406036520" }, { "id": 873, "title": "Mushroom poisoning: An updated review.", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning an updated review", "authors": "Tuğcan MO, Akpınar AA.", "abstract": "Mushrooms have been consumed frequently worldwide since ancient times. In addition to edible and harmless species, there are also poisonous species that cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, from simple gastrointestinal (GI) irritation to death. However, it is not possible to distinguish the poisonous species from some edible species morphologically. Therefore, the unintentional consumption of mushrooms is an important public health problem. Mushrooms can be categorized according to their toxins, such as cyclopeptides, gyromitrin, muscarine, coprine, orellanine, psilocybin, and GI irritants. Mushrooms containing cyclopeptide-amatoxin are responsible for more than 90% of deaths due to mushroom poisoning. Amanita phalloides is responsible for many fatal cases because of the toxicity of this species. This article reviews the clinical syndromes that may develop after the consumption of various poisonous mushroom species, the mechanisms of action of their toxins, and the current treatments applied.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.4103/tjem.tjem_129_24", "pubmed_id": "39882097", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/tjem.tjem_129_24", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39882097\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4502, "title": "The Right to 'Trip:' Navigating Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy Under the Right to Try Pathway", "normalized_title": "the right to trip navigating psilocybin assisted psychotherapy under the right to try pathway", "authors": "Caitlyn S. Greenspun", "abstract": "This Comment explores the legal, ethical, and regulatory challenges surrounding the use of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for terminally ill patients under the federal Right to Try (RTT) Act. While psychedelics like psilocybin are demonstrating extraordinary therapeutic potential, particularly in easing end-of-life psychological distress, patients remain barred from access due to the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) narrow interpretation of its authority. Through a comprehensive analysis of legislative history, regulatory frameworks, and administrative law principles, this Comment argues that the DEA's position not only misinterprets the statutory relationship between the RTT Act and the CSA, but also undermines the core purpose of the RTT: to empower patients facing life-threatening conditions to pursue promising investigational treatments when all other options have failed. Using AEIS v. DEA as a focal lens, this Comment examines how the federal government's restrictive scheduling system has created a deadlock between evolving medical innovation and rigid drug enforcement. It situates this conflict within the broader psychedelic renaissance and highlights how evolving regulatory debates, particularly around scheduling and patient autonomy, open new legal and legislative pathways to resolve longstanding barriers. Ultimately, this Comment proposes a range of reforms, from harmonizing RTT and CSA provisions, to establishing new drug schedules for psychedelics, to advancing legislation like the Right to Try Clarification Act. In doing so, it makes the case for a compassionate, pragmatic legal framework that honors patient autonomy at the end of life while upholding public health goals in the age of psychedelic medicine.", "journal": "eYLS (Yale Law School)", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol56/iss3/6", "keywords": "Statutory law, Legislature, Legislation, Psychotherapist, Autonomy, Psychology, Statutory interpretation, Law, Legislative intent, Public relations, Law and economics, PsycINFO, Enforcement, Political science, Therapeutic jurisprudence, Interpretation (philosophy), Legislative history, Compassionate Use, Delegation, Public policy, Statute, Discernment, Sociology, Licensure, Engineering ethics, Proposition, Position paper, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160738229\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7160738229\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5135748051\",\"display_name\":\"Caitlyn S. Greenspun\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401049\",\"source_display_name\":\"eYLS (Yale Law School)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol56/iss3/6\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7160738229" }, { "id": 4484, "title": "Alternative therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders using psilocybin", "normalized_title": "alternative therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders using psilocybin", "authors": "Henrique Tofoli Vieira Machado, GEOVANA MENDES DE SEIXAS, L. Silva, Mariana Duarte Garcia Brito, Gabriella Assink de Castro", "abstract": "Introduction: In recent years, psilocybin has been explored as an alternative therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance dependence. Studies suggest that when administered under professional supervision, psilocybin can offer relief for patients with treatment-resistant disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating difficult-to-treat conditions, including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, anxiety, and substance dependence. Methods: A systematic review of clinical and experimental studies published in the past 5 years was conducted. The research was based on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, prioritizing studies on psilocybin in psychiatric disorder treatment. Randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case studies were reviewed. Results: Studies showed that psilocybin positively affected patients with treatment-resistant depression, improving symptoms significantly with just a few doses. In patients with anxiety and PTSD, psilocybin reduced symptom intensity and improved emotional well-being. It also showed efficacy in reducing addictions such as alcohol and nicotine, offering new perspectives on addiction. The mechanisms of action suggest that psilocybin enhances brain connectivity, aiding in trauma reprocessing and restructuring negative thought patterns. Conclusion: Psilocybin is a promising alternative therapy for hard-to-treat disorders, including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and substance dependence. Administered under professional supervision, it offers benefits and a favorable safety profile. However, more research is required to understand its mechanisms, effects, and risks.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.5327/1516-3180.cpn.1123", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.cpn.1123", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Medicine, Anxiety, Addiction, Clinical trial, Randomized controlled trial, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Substance use, Clinical psychology, Relapse prevention, Exposure therapy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417514861\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4417514861\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068591211\",\"display_name\":\"Henrique Tofoli Vieira Machado\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0332-9071\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008778192\",\"display_name\":\"GEOVANA MENDES DE SEIXAS\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062744880\",\"display_name\":\"L. Silva\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-2484\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039308215\",\"display_name\":\"Mariana Duarte Garcia Brito\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113236876\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriella Assink de Castro\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.cpn.1123\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4417514861" }, { "id": 904, "title": "Psilocybin: From Psychiatric Pariah to Perceived Panacea.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin from psychiatric pariah to perceived panacea", "authors": "Fonzo GA, Wolfgang AS, Barksdale BR, Krystal JH, Carpenter LL, Kraguljac NV, Grzenda A, McDonald WM, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Nemeroff CB.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe authors critically examine the evidence base for psilocybin administered with psychological support/therapy (PST) in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and offer practical recommendations to guide future research endeavors.MethodsPubMed was searched for English-language articles from January 1998 to November 2023, using the search term \"psilocybin.\" A total of 1,449 articles were identified and screened through titles and abstracts. Of these, 21 unique open-label or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified that examine psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (N=2), anxiety/depression associated with a cancer diagnosis (N=5), major depressive disorder (MDD; N=8), substance use disorders (N=4), anorexia (N=1), and demoralization (i.e., hopelessness, helplessness, and poor coping) in AIDS survivors (N=1).ResultsThe most developed evidence base is for the treatment of MDD (three double-blind RCTs with positive signals spanning a range of severities). However, the evidence is tempered by threats to internal and external validity, including unsuccessful blinding, small samples, large variability in dosing and PST procedures, limited sample diversity, and possibly large expectancy effects. Knowledge of mechanisms of action and predictors of response is currently limited.ConclusionsThe evidence is currently insufficient to recommend psilocybin with PST as a psychiatric treatment. Additional rigorously designed clinical trials are needed to definitively establish efficacy in larger and more diverse samples, address dosing considerations, improve blinding, and provide information on mechanisms of action and moderators of clinical response. Head-to-head comparisons with other evidence-based treatments will better inform the potential future role of psilocybin with PST in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230682", "pubmed_id": "39741437", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230682", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741437\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 883, "title": "Post-traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "post traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research", "authors": "Bostoen T, Tap S, Breeksema J, Schoevers R", "abstract": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition that develops after exposure to trauma such as combat, natural disasters, or assault. It is characterized by re-experiencing trauma, avoidance, hyperarousal, and negative alterations in cognition and mood. Since its formal inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III in 1980, PTSD has been extensively researched. Current guideline-recommended treatments include trauma-focused psychotherapies and medications. However, a significant proportion of patients show limited response to these treatments. Psychedelic-assisted therapies, particularly 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy, offer an innovative approach for treating PTSD. Over the past two decades, MDMA-assisted therapy has emerged as one of the most promising psychedelic treatments, especially for patients resistant to conventional therapies. MDMA can enhance the processing of traumatic memories during psychotherapy and holds potential for other psychiatric disorders. Recent clinical trials highlight the effectiveness of MDMA-assisted therapy, demonstrating substantial and sustained reductions in PTSD symptoms. The FDA has designated MDMA-assisted therapy as a \"breakthrough therapy\" for PTSD in 2017. However, due to methodological concerns such as unblinding and potential expectancy effects, the FDA decided in 2024 not to approve MDMA- assisted therapy for clinical use, requiring additional research to address these issues. This chapter explores the clinical research on psychedelic-assisted therapies for PTSD, with a particular focus on MDMA-assisted therapy. It will examine the potential psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of action, as well as the methodological challenges and future directions in the field. The growing body of evidence supporting MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD is promising, especially for individuals who have not responded to traditional treatments.", "journal": "International review of neurobiology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.004", "pubmed_id": "40541315", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40541315/", "keywords": "Ketamine, MDMA, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, Neurobiological mechanisms, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Trauma-focused therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40541315\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 864, "title": "Early psilocybin intervention alleviates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in stressed Wistar rats", "normalized_title": "early psilocybin intervention alleviates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in stressed wistar rats", "authors": "Zitong Wang, Brett Robbins, Ryan Zhuang, Thaísa Meira Sandini, Rebekah van Bruggen, Xin-Min Li, Yanbo Zhang", "abstract": "Chronic stress exerts profound effects on mental health, contributing to disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. This study examines the potential of psilocybin to alleviate behavioral despair and cognitive deficits in a rodent model of chronic stress, focusing on the interplay between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). Twenty-two male Wistar rats were divided into control and stress groups. Animals within the stress group were exposed to predator odor and chronic social instability to induce chronic stress, and were either sham treated, or given psilocybin. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the Open Field Test, Sucrose Preference Test, Novel Object Recognition, Elevated Plus Maze, and Forced Swimming Test to evaluate locomotion, anhedonia, memory, anxiety, and behavioral despair, respectively. Blood and brain samples were analyzed for biochemical markers. Results indicated that psilocybin significantly reduced stress-induced behavioral despair and cognitive impairments, likely through ECS-mediated downregulation of the HPA axis. These findings suggest that early intervention with psilocybin has sustained beneficial effects on stress-related behavioral and cognitive disturbances, underscoring its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for stress-related mental health disorders. • Early psilocybin intervention significantly ameliorates chronic stress-induced behavioral changes. • Early psilocybin intervention downregulates stress-induced HPA-axis hyperactivity. • Early psilocybin intervention restores BDNF levels and enhanced activation of BDNF-mTOR signaling in the mediation of TrkB. • Early psilocybin intervention dampens the stress-induced ECS dysregulation.", "journal": "Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243", "pubmed_id": "39756636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Intervention (counseling), Psychology, Cognitive impairment, Cognition, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406062303\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4406062303\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1886084954\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964160578\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998711474\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999762915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000875771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003966687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012129255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013598219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033284293\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036315082\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041093488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056031943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067657652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071004391\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071256705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074290211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079369179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082590168\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109158936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114429914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119605567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133859389\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145691687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152287997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2180085345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2257383498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266543467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413515606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518679370\",\"https://openalex.org/W2535896286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2570811930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623470214\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2730900010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790631595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791642915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807484787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2865698779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887960602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891172532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901277446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912588922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2932190178\",\"https://openalex.org/W2977895995\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011092710\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014275743\",\"https://openalex.org/W3043559483\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046433489\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046681374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082493405\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093454394\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095199530\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107486322\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111245076\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3115034346\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118784694\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133692162\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167686282\",\"https://openalex.org/W3176823604\",\"https://openalex.org/W3206654703\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200212764\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200351169\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210332402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214683565\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214779885\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220653200\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280614952\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286853920\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295183047\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302293782\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307494802\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308294447\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310675742\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366220780\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379383539\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380084109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383745134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385858302\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386504040\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387661757\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388202635\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388486766\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389164252\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390732376\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390755783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391444130\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391617258\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391810199\",\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"https://openalex.org/W4400335852\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409121577\",\"https://openalex.org/W4409140261\",\"https://openalex.org/W6634905416\",\"https://openalex.org/W6657785908\",\"https://openalex.org/W6674368379\",\"https://openalex.org/W6676943765\",\"https://openalex.org/W6738943673\",\"https://openalex.org/W6781693652\",\"https://openalex.org/W6787709646\",\"https://openalex.org/W6808219749\",\"https://openalex.org/W6838310239\",\"https://openalex.org/W6860256658\",\"https://openalex.org/W6870626673\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100738301\",\"display_name\":\"Zitong Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-5223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103075741\",\"display_name\":\"Brett Robbins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0540-7751\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Ryan Zhuang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028136846\",\"display_name\":\"Thaísa Meira Sandini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7095-4243\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004119835\",\"display_name\":\"Rebekah van Bruggen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-1918\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100678721\",\"display_name\":\"Xin-Min Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8546-8590\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100732244\",\"display_name\":\"Yanbo Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-157X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S142279999\",\"source_display_name\":\"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4406062303" }, { "id": 921, "title": "Exploring the neurobiological correlates of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in eating disorders: a review of potential methodologies and implications for the psychedelic study design.", "normalized_title": "exploring the neurobiological correlates of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in eating disorders a review of potential methodologies and implications for the psychedelic study design", "authors": "Koning E, Chaves C, Kirkpatrick RH, Brietzke E.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of debilitating mental illnesses characterized by maladaptive eating behaviors and severe cognitive-emotional dysfunction, directly affecting 1-3% of the population. Standard treatments are not effective in approximately one third of ED cases, representing the need for scientific advancement. There is emerging evidence for the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to improve treatment outcomes in individuals with EDs. However, the limited knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PAP restricts the ability to confirm its clinical utility. This narrative review presents an overview of methodologies used to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of EDs or the effects of psilocybin that could be employed to probe the neurobiological correlates of PAP in EDs, including magnetic resonance imaging and molecular neuroimaging techniques, electrophysiological approaches, and neuroplasticity markers. Finally, the implications of these methodologies are described in relation to the unique features of the psychedelic study design, challenges, limitations, and future directions to advance the field. This paper represents a valuable resource for scientists during study conceptualization and design phases and stimulates advancement in the identification of effective therapeutic interventions for EDs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01185-8", "pubmed_id": "39731144", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01185-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39731144\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 723, "title": "ALSUntangled #77: Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "alsuntangled 77 psilocybin", "authors": "Bakshi B, Yerraguntla S, Armon C, Barkhaus P, Bertorini T, Bowser R, Breevoort S, Bromberg M, Brown A, Carter GT, Chang V, Crayle J, Fullam T, Greene M, Heiman-Patterson T, Jackson C, Jhooty S, Mallon E, Cadavid JM, Mcdermott CJ, Pattee G, Pierce K, Ratner D, Sun Y, Wang O, Wicks P, Wiedau M, Bedlack R.", "abstract": "ALSUntangled reviews alternate and off-label treatments prompted by patient interest. Here, we review psilocybin, a chemical derived from mushrooms and belonging in the category of drugs known as psychedelics. Psilocybin has plausible mechanisms for slowing ALS progression because of its ability to cross the blood brain barrier and effect neurogenesis and inflammation. Currently, there are no pre-clinical ALS models, case reports, or trials for psilocybin and ALS in the context of disease modifying therapy. Depending on dosing, there can be a high risk of psychological side effects including hallucinations and physical harm. Based on the above information, we do not currently support the use of psilocybin as a means to slow ALS progression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/21678421.2024.2441274", "pubmed_id": "39709547", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2024.2441274", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39709547\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 684, "title": "Psilocybin increases emotional empathy in patients with major depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases emotional empathy in patients with major depression", "authors": "Johannes Jungwirth, Robin von Rotz, Isabel Dziobek, Franz X. Vollenweider, Katrin H. Preller", "abstract": "Empathy plays a crucial role in interpersonal relationships and mental health. It is decreased in a variety of psychiatric disorders including major depression. Psilocybin, a promising candidate for treating depression, has been shown to acutely increase emotional empathy in healthy volunteers. However, no study has investigated this effect and its relevance for symptom improvement in a clinical population. This study examines the enduring effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on empathy in depressed patients using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. Fifty-one depressed patients were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of psilocybin (0215 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo embedded in a 4-week psychological support intervention. Empathy was measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test at baseline and 2 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after substance administration. Changes in empathy were compared between treatment conditions. Patients who received psilocybin showed significant improvements in explicit emotional empathy driven by an increase in empathy towards positive stimuli compared to the placebo group for at least two weeks. This study highlights the potential of psychedelics to enhance social cognition in individuals living with depression and contributes to a better understanding of the psychological mechanisms of action of psychedelics. Further studies are necessary to investigate the interaction between social cognition and clinical efficacy.The trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03715127) and KOFAM (Identifier: SNCTP000003139).", "journal": "Molecular Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0", "pubmed_id": "39695323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Empathy, Psychology, Placebo, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Cognition, Medicine, Pathology, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4405510726\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4405510726\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":18,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1582806089\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976073163\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992745256\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001594024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003490123\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005210865\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012860496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023687307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042011957\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048501566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069138677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072933323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076371757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078650938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087143426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087252276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088779903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093274439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134813353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148003635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150537415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245489791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2407696122\",\"https://openalex.org/W2536565412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790872326\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2928737933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944434778\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948321106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991157178\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993940948\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045713183\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180562559\",\"https://openalex.org/W3202537739\",\"https://openalex.org/W3206512987\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221001769\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232576989\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280508917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288457129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389137509\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389900078\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391967348\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392797453\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004899435\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes Jungwirth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8142-5874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058976475\",\"display_name\":\"Robin von Rotz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4087-3650\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073232278\",\"display_name\":\"Isabel Dziobek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-5353\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S71149355\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4405510726" }, { "id": 3101, "title": "Psilocybin causes sex, time, and dose dependent alterations in brain signaling pathways", "normalized_title": "psilocybin causes sex time and dose dependent alterations in brain signaling pathways", "authors": "Barnett JH, Todd KT, Benetatos J, Rabichow BE, Gibson KA, Olney KC, Fryer JD.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic tryptamine that has emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including treatment resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical trials which have assessed the efficacy of psilocybin for these conditions report a rapid and sustained improvement in patient- and clinician-rated depression scores. The established mechanism of action for psychedelics such as psilocybin is agonism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT 2A R), however, the downstream events that mediate their therapeutic effects remain uncertain. As high doses of psychedelics are known to induce strong perceptual alterations, an additional outstanding question is whether subperceptual doses induce similar molecular effects as psychoactive dosages. Here, we report the first analysis of dose- and sex-dependent transcriptional changes in forebrains of female and male mice at 3 timepoints (8 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days) following a single administration of psilocybin at low (0.25 mg/kg) or high (1 mg/kg) doses. Grouped analysis of both sexes reveals dose- and time-dependent transcriptomic alterations. We report more rapid transcriptional changes and attenuation of such changes in females following a single low-dose relative to males treated identically. Females also responded more robustly to high-dose administration relative to males at 8 and 24 hours, with signal attenuation in both sexes by 7 days. A notable observation was the persistent transcriptional effect of low-dose psilocybin at 7 days, which outlasted high-dose changes, and which suggests that low doses may have prolonged biological effects. A myriad of pathways were altered depending on sex and timepoint, but common features included functions related to neuronal differentiation, neurogenesis, and changes in receptor signaling. These data reveal dose- and sex-dependent molecular effects of psilocybin and support previous studies demonstrating its effect on dendritogenesis. Given ongoing clinical interest in psilocybin for treating mental health disorders, our results suggest that these sexually divergent changes should be considered when weighing treatment strategies. Additional consideration should be given to temporal effects of low vs high dosages on gene transcription, especially when timing psilocybin with adjuvant cognitive behavioral therapy.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.16.628764", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.16.628764", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR961267\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 834, "title": "Exploring the role of psychedelic-assisted therapy in enhancing spirituality and mystical experiences in patients with life-threatening illnesses: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the role of psychedelic assisted therapy in enhancing spirituality and mystical experiences in patients with life threatening illnesses a systematic review", "authors": "Ferreira AE, Reis-Pina P.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic-Assisted Therapy (PAT) is gaining traction as a novel approach to addressing the psychological and existential distress experienced by patients.ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of PAT on spirituality, mystical experiences, and spiritual well-being (SpWB) in patients with life-threatening, incurable, or terminal illnesses.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases to identify relevant studies published between 2013 and 2023. The study population comprised patients diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses. Various forms of PAT, encompassing both typical and atypical psychedelic substances, were considered as interventions, with no specific comparators outlined. The primary outcomes of interest included spirituality, mystical experience, and SpWB. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Cochrane's tools.ResultsSix studies with a high risk of bias were included in the review, all conducted in the United States of America, involving 140 patients, the majority of whom had cancer (99 %). PAT, especially with psilocybin, demonstrated significant enhancements in spirituality, mystical experiences, and SpWB. Notably, SpWB showed improvements in all studies which assessed this spiritual outcome following PAT. Mystical experiences were correlated with improvements in spirituality in one study.ConclusionsThis systematic review underscores the potential of PAT to address unmet spiritual needs and enhance SpWB in patients with life-threatening illnesses. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects. Rigorous evaluation of healthcare practitioners' role in guiding patients through PAT protocols is essential to ensure safe and effective implementation in palliative care settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.112020", "pubmed_id": "39705901", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.112020", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mysticism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39705901\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3627, "title": "The Neurobiological Effect of 5-HT2AR Modulation", "normalized_title": "the neurobiological effect of 5 ht2ar modulation", "authors": "Gitte Moos Knudsen", "abstract": "The investigators wish to investigate neurobiological effects of serotonin 2A receptor modulation in healthy volunteers, contrasting effects of an agonist (psilocybin) and an antagonist (ketanserin). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) will be used as neuroimaging tools. This project applies an experimental medicine strategy coupled with human functional and molecular neuroimaging to elucidate the effects of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) modulation on brain function and mood in healthy individuals. We compare psilocybin (5-HT2AR agonist) and ketanserin (5-HT2AR antagonist) effects on brain function to identify neural mechanisms mediating the clinical effects of psilocybin and, more broadly, to establish this comparative strategy as a pathway for delineating pharmacological effects on the brain in humans.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-12-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03289949", "keywords": "Basic Science, Psilocybine, Psilocybin, Ketanserin, Ketensin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03289949\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 368, "title": "Psychedelics as an intervention for psychological, existential distress in terminally ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as an intervention for psychological existential distress in terminally ill patients a systematic review and network meta analysis", "authors": "Marchi M, Farina R, Rachedi K, Laonigro F, Žuljević MF, Pingani L, Ferrari S, Somers M, Boks MPM, Galeazzi GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe interest in psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for existential distress of people with terminal illness grounds on their mechanism of action and effect on the spiritual/existential aspects accompanying end-of-life experiences.AimsThis systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed at examining the efficacy and safety of psychedelic compounds for existential distress in terminally ill people.MethodsPubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) administering psychedelics for existential distress in people with terminal illnesses. Meta-analysis estimated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), between treated and control groups in pairwise and network comparisons, using random-effects models. Post-treatment measures of depression and anxiety, as proxies of existential distress, and tolerability were the primary outcomes.ResultsNine studies, involving 606 participants (362 treated with psychedelics: psilocybin, ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) were included. The meta-analysis supported the efficacy of psychedelics on depression (SMD: -0.80 (95% CI: -0.98, -0.63)) and anxiety (SMD: -0.84 (95% CI: -1.20, -0.48)). Network meta-analysis identified psilocybin as the most effective compound for depression, and LSD for anxiety. However, head-to-head comparison between psychedelics did not reach statistical significance. The rates of treatment discontinuation and adverse events between psychedelics and controls were comparable.ConclusionsPsychedelics, especially psilocybins and LSD, showed promising effects on depression and anxiety in people with terminal illnesses. Limitations include the small number of RCTs, methodological issues related to blinding, and the lack of direct comparisons between psychedelic compounds. Larger studies and comparative research are needed to consolidate these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241303594", "pubmed_id": "39655749", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241303594", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Terminally Ill, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psychological Distress, Network Meta-Analysis as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39655749\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 915, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Navigating High Hopes, Strong Claims, Weak Evidence, and Big Money.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs navigating high hopes strong claims weak evidence and big money", "authors": "Humphreys K, Todd Korthuis P, Stjepanović D, Hall W.", "abstract": "Therapeutic claims about many psychedelic drugs have not been evaluated in any studies of even modest rigor. The science of psychedelic drugs is strengthening, however, making it easier to differentiate some promising findings amid the hype that suffuses this research area. Ketamine has risks of adverse side effects (e.g., addiction and cystitis), but multiple studies suggest it can benefit individuals with treatment-resistant depression. Other therapeutic signals from psychedelic drug research that merit rigorous replication studies include 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psilocybin for depression, end of life dysphoria, and alcohol use disorder. The precise mechanisms through which psychedelic drugs can produce benefit and harm are not fully understood. Rigorous research is the best path forward for evaluating the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs. Policies governing the clinical use of these drugs should be informed by evidence and prioritize the protection of public health over the profit motive.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-psych-020124-023532", "pubmed_id": "39094057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020124-023532", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39094057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 944, "title": "Psychedelics for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy and Proposed Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder efficacy and proposed mechanisms", "authors": "Collins HM.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are emerging as potential treatments for a range of mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression, treatment-resistant depression, and substance use disorders. Recent studies have also suggested that the psychedelic psilocybin may be able to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Since the 1960s, case studies have reported improvements to obsessive and compulsive behaviors in patients taking psychedelics recreationally. The effects of psilocybin were then systematically assessed in a small, open-label trial in 2006, which found that psilocybin significantly reduced the symptoms of OCD. Reduced compulsive behaviors have also been seen in rodent models of OCD after administration of psilocybin. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying the effects of psychedelics for OCD are unclear, with hypotheses including their acute pharmacological effects, changes in neuroplasticity and resting state neural networks, and their psychological effects. This review will evaluate the evidence supporting the theory that psychedelics can be used for the treatment of OCD, as well as the data regarding claims about their mechanisms. It will also discuss issues with the current evidence and the ongoing trials of psilocybin that aim to address these knowledge gaps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyae057", "pubmed_id": "39611453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyae057", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39611453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 922, "title": "Psilocybin as a Disease-Modifying Drug-A Salutogenic Approach in Psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a disease modifying drug a salutogenic approach in psychiatry", "authors": "Spangemacher M, Mertens LJ, Färber LV, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Gründer G.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment with so-called psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and others, is among the most promising recent developments in psychiatry. This review focuses on psilocybin, a substance found in all mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe, because the largest amount of available evidence relates to this drug.MethodsThis review is based on pertinent publications (since 1969) that were retrieved by a selective search carried out in August 2024 in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases employing the keywords \"psilocybin\" AND \"long-term effects\" AND \"mental disorders\", with an emphasis on randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs).ResultsThe available RCTs document the efficacy of psilocybin mainly against depression, including otherwise medically refratory depression. Most of the trials revealed a strong effect, with Cohen's d ranging from 0.67 to 2.6; they used a variety of depression scales and follow-up intervals. Evidence was also found for the efficacy of psilocybin against substance use disorders (alcohol in particular) and symptoms of anxiety accompanying life-threatening somatic illnesses, such as cancer. Initial uncontrolled studies have also shown significant improvement after the administration of psilocybin for other indications.ConclusionTreatment with psilocybin differs fundamentally from classic psychopharmacotherapy. Its potentially transdiagnostic, rapid, and sustainable efficacy and its positive effect on further dimensions of mental health beyond the patient's symptoms and psychopathology imply that it may have diseasemodifying and salutogenic mechanisms of action. Psychotherapy accompanied by the administration of psychedelic drugs may turn out to be the first disease-modifying treatment in the history of psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224", "pubmed_id": "39628414", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39628414\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 895, "title": "Evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Miller CE, Zoladz PR.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition that develops following exposure to a traumatic event. Individuals with this condition experience numerous physiological and behavioral alterations, including intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, heightened anxiety, hypervigilance, impaired cognition, elevated resting heart rate and blood pressure, and altered neuroendocrine function, to name a few. In most patients, currently available pharmacological and psychological treatments are insufficient to alleviate the array of symptoms associated with the disorder. Thus, novel treatment options that can more effectively target the core etiology of PTSD are desperately needed. Recent work demonstrating the psychoplastogenic effects of psychedelics has reinvigorated research to examine their therapeutic potential in psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin, a psychedelic found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms, has exhibited promising antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in preclinical and clinical studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing research that has examined the behavioral effects of psilocybin and link it to potential efficacy in treating PTSD-related symptoms. The proposed mechanisms for psilocybin's effects are then explored, as are the benefits and drawbacks for the agent's therapeutic use. Finally, the challenges faced by investigators aiming to study psilocybin as a therapeutic aid in future studies are discussed in order to shed light on this budding area of research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Current pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder is insufficient. Traditional antidepressants and anxiolytics help reduce symptom severity, but nonresponse rates often reach levels greater than 50%, emphasizing the need for more effective treatment options. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing evidence for and the potential mechanisms of the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. The observed effects are then related to psilocybin's potential use as a treatment for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1124/jpet.124.002237", "pubmed_id": "39893004", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.124.002237", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39893004\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4521, "title": "Psilocybin Fungi Unveiled: Morphological Characteristics and Pharmacological Potentials", "normalized_title": "psilocybin fungi unveiled morphological characteristics and pharmacological potentials", "authors": "Raj Nashikkar, Kavita Mane, Rajendra Patil", "abstract": "Abstract: Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as \"magic mushrooms,\" have garnered significant attention for their psychoactive properties and potential therapeutic applications. This review explores the comprehensive morphology, pharmacognostic properties, and pharmacological activities of psilocybin-producing fungi. The unique morphological characteristics of these mushrooms, including their microscopic structure and macroscopic features, contribute to their identification and classification within various Psilocybe species. The pharmacognostic analysis delves into the identification, sourcing, and quality control of these fungi, essential for therapeutic and research applications. Moreover, the pharmacological profile of psilocybin, the primary bioactive compound, is discussed in detail, highlighting its mechanism of action, therapeutic potential in mental health treatments, and effects on the central nervous system. With an increasing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in managing depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders, this paper provides a foundational understanding for future research and clinical applications. Ultimately, this review aims to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern scientific insights, contributing to the broader understanding of psilocybin mushrooms' potential as therapeutic agents.", "journal": "International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology", "publication_date": "2024-11-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.22214/ijraset.2024.65160", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65160", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Biology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4404448166\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4404448166\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106359026\",\"display_name\":\"Raj Nashikkar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Kavita Mane\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108539397\",\"display_name\":\"Rajendra Patil\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764566388\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65160\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4404448166" }, { "id": 970, "title": "Preliminary Evidence of Sleep Improvements Following Psilocybin Administration, and their Involvement in Antidepressant Therapeutic Action.", "normalized_title": "preliminary evidence of sleep improvements following psilocybin administration and their involvement in antidepressant therapeutic action", "authors": "Reid MJ, Kettner H, Blanken TF, Weiss B, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Purpose of the studyPsilocybin is a rapidly-emerging treatment for depression, yet its impact on sleep is not well understood. We sought to explore the literature on sleep and psilocybin use, and explore the topic using our own primary data.FindingsWhilst clinical trials demonstrate large depressive symptom improvements, the impact of psilocybin on sleep quality or insomnia symptoms, has not been directly studied. Using our own preliminary-data we demonstrated that both depressive-symptoms and sleep-disturbances decreased significantly following psilocybin use, though sleep improvements were smaller compared to depressive symptoms. More severe sleep-disturbances at baseline were linked to lower probability of depression remission, underscoring a potential interaction between sleep and psilocybin's efficacy. Addressing sleep disturbances could enhance therapeutic outcomes in psilocybin-assisted therapy and could lead to more effective, personalized treatment-strategies. Future research should focus on populations with sleep disorders, and on examining causal-pathways of sleep physiology's impact on psilocybin efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01539-8", "pubmed_id": "39532819", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01539-8", "keywords": "Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Adult, Female, Male, Sleep Wake Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39532819\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3128, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR937024\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3127, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR984269\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3108, "title": "Long-term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits", "normalized_title": "long term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto striatal thalamic circuits", "authors": "Pasquini L, Vohryzek J, Escrichs A, Sanz Perl Y, Ponce-Alvarez A, Idesis S, Girn M, Roseman L, Mitchell JM, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach M, Nutt DJ, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained improvements in mental well-being across various populations, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we apply empirical methods and computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first show increases in FST dynamic activity four weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceed to mechanistically account for these increased dynamics, by showing that reduced structural constraints underlie increased FST dynamic activity post psilocybin. Further, we show that these reduced structural constraints come along with increased bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. While cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relate to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings show that increased FST flexibility weeks after psilocybin administration is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism underling the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia. Significance Statement Fronto-striatal-thalamic systems, which underlie motivation and reward, go through profound functional and structural changes following psilocybin administration. We leveraged longitudinal fMRI data from a within-subject psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy participants to show that psilocybin increases fronto-striatal-thalamic dynamic activity as well as flexibility four weeks after dosing. Computational modeling revealed that this increased flexibility is mechanistically caused by reduced structural constraints on functional dynamics. Further long-term changes included increased bottom-up and reduced top-down information flow mediated by the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. This long-term functional re-organization of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits may reflect a common mechanism underlying clinical symptoms improvements across diagnostic groups, such as increased openness, improved well-being, and reductions in anhedonia, apathy, and substance craving.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.11.06.622302", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.06.622302", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR936542\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 965, "title": "Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: Psychophysical results from a pilot randomized controlled trial", "normalized_title": "enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects psychophysical results from a pilot randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Link Swanson, Sophia Jungers, Ranji Varghese, Kathryn R. Cullen, Michael D. Evans, Jessica L. Nielson, Michael-Paul Schallmo", "abstract": "In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). Data on harms were collected, and no serious adverse events were reported. After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective psychedelic visuals induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential relevance of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in both major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Our findings are thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of visual disruption in mental health disorders.", "journal": "Journal of Vision", "publication_date": "2024-11-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1167/jov.24.12.5", "pubmed_id": "39499526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.24.12.5", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Contrast (vision), Randomized controlled trial, Psychology, Audiology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Physics, Optics, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": 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Swanson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3175-347X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093712112\",\"display_name\":\"Sophia Jungers\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059740050\",\"display_name\":\"Ranji Varghese\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003393701\",\"display_name\":\"Kathryn R. Cullen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-3770\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000078211\",\"display_name\":\"Michael D. Evans\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-3993\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086634784\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica L. Nielson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3677-3959\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014000711\",\"display_name\":\"Michael-Paul Schallmo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-8607\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S137468011\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Vision\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.24.12.5\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4404059935" }, { "id": 986, "title": "A narrative exploration of psilocybin's potential in mental health.", "normalized_title": "a narrative exploration of psilocybin s potential in mental health", "authors": "Min H, Park SY, Park J, Na S, Lee HS, Kim T, Ham J, Park YT.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive substance, has recently garnered attention for its high therapeutic potential in psychiatry. In this study, we investigated the multifaceted aspects of psilocybin, highlighting its chemical properties, mechanisms of action, and burgeoning role in psychiatric treatment. Furthermore, we examined the clinical applications and potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin in the treatment of various mental health disorders, supported by accumulating clinical evidence. This review aims to deepen our understanding of the clinical impact of psilocybin, elucidate its therapeutic value, and propose directions for future research, thereby paving the way for its integration into mainstream psychiatric treatments. Psilocybin has been shown to be safe in clinical trials with manageable side effects. However, additional safety measures are required after this discussion, including dosing protocols, patient monitoring, and distress management strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373", "pubmed_id": "39540010", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39540010\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3644, "title": "Psilocybin vs Escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder: Comparative Mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin vs escitalopram for major depressive disorder comparative mechanisms", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "This is a randomised double-blind clinical trial. The aim is to compare the efficacy and mechanisms of action of psilocybin, the primary psychoactive substance in 'magic mushrooms', with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram for major depressive disorder (MDD).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03429075", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybin + Placebo, Psilocybin + Escitalopram, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03429075\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 989, "title": "Expert recommendations for Germany's integration of psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "expert recommendations for germany s integration of psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Perez Rosal SR, La Torre JT, Birnkammer S, Chernoloz O, Williams MT, Faber SC.", "abstract": "As clinical trials for psychedelics move into phase III in the USA, Europe must address its lag in integrating professional education around psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) and supporting psychedelic drug research. This paper evaluates the necessary frameworks for implementing PAT in Germany, emphasizing the nation's potential leadership role within the European Union. With Australia having already approved MDMA and psilocybin for mental health indications, the Ukrainian government exploring MDMA treatment for war-related PTSD, and initial clinical trials involving MDMA and LSD with patients in Switzerland which restarted the restricted medical use of these substances around 2014, the medical authorization of psychedelics in these countries establishes precedent showcasing both the promise and challenges of researching and implementing PAT in nations where the substances were formally scheduled as illicit substances. Key challenges include establishing rigorous standards for practitioner training, accessibility, and defining regulatory oversight. This paper focuses on the development of robust infrastructure in Germany, which will support the roll out of PAT, and details ethical considerations, training protocols, and governmental roles in the formulation of treatment frameworks. This approach aims not only to guide Germany in adopting PAT but also to influence broader European policy, ensuring that patients receive ethically sound and proficient care. The findings suggest pathways for Europe to reclaim its historical lead in psychiatric and therapeutic innovation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12909-024-06141-3", "pubmed_id": "39443907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06141-3", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Germany", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39443907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 937, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions: a randomized semi-naturalistic-lab feasibility study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions a randomized semi naturalistic lab feasibility study", "authors": "Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert, Jaroslav Krc, Fiachra O'Higgins, Morten Peter Lietz", "abstract": "Executive function deficits, common in psychiatric disorders, hinder daily activities and may be linked to diminished neural plasticity, affecting treatment and training responsiveness. In this pioneering study, we evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted frontal-midline theta neurofeedback (NF), a neuromodulation technique leveraging neuroplasticity, to improve executive functions (EFs). Thirty-seven eligible participants were randomized into an experimental group ( n = 18) and a passive control group ( n = 19). The experimental group underwent three microdose sessions and then three psilocybin-assisted NF sessions, without requiring psychological support, demonstrating the approach’s feasibility. NF learning showed a statistical trend for increases in frontal-midline theta from session to session with a large effect size and non-significant but medium effect size dynamical changes within sessions. Placebo effects were consistent across groups, with no tasks-based EF improvements, but significant self-reported gains in daily EFs-working memory, shifting, monitoring and inhibition-showing medium and high effect sizes. The experimental group’s significant gains in their key training goals underscored the approach’s external relevance. A thorough study with regular sessions and an active control group is crucial to evaluate EFs improvement and their specificity in future. Psilocybin-enhanced NF could offer significant, lasting benefits across diagnoses, improving daily functioning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation’.", "journal": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", "publication_date": "2024-10-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1098/rstb.2023.0095", "pubmed_id": "39428872", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0095", "keywords": "Neurofeedback, Psychology, Neurocognitive, Psilocybin, Neuroplasticity, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Neuroscience, Electroencephalography, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Cognition, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": 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Enriquez-Geppert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7305-0111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093050979\",\"display_name\":\"Jaroslav Krc\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060008089\",\"display_name\":\"Fiachra O'Higgins\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019827939\",\"display_name\":\"Morten Peter Lietz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-3698\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S91660768\",\"source_display_name\":\"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0095\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Microdosing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403615858" }, { "id": 3453, "title": "Neurobiological Effects of Psilocybin in Treatment Resistant Bipolar Depression: An Emotional-Processing fMRI Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "neurobiological effects of psilocybin in treatment resistant bipolar depression an emotional processing fmri pilot study", "authors": "University Health Network, Toronto", "abstract": "This study is an open-label, single-arm, proof-of-concept study, wherein treatment resistant bipolar depression (TRBD) participants will receive one 25 mg dose of oral psilocybin accompanied by preparatory, monitoring, and integration psychotherapy sessions (psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, or PAP). Using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), the findings of this study will provide data on the neurobiological mechanism of psilocybin in TRBD. The primary objective is to understand the dynamic role of amygdala activity by evaluating the neurobiological effects of a single psychedelic dose (25 mg) of oral psilocybin in individuals with a moderate to severe major depressive episode and a primary diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder, with 2 or more failed treatment trials (i.e., treatment resistant bipolar depression \\[TRBD\\]). Neurobiological effects will be determined by evaluating the association between post-treatment right amygdala activity during the facial affect task (determined by fMRI one day after the psilocybin dose) and antidepressant effects (determined by changes in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale \\[MADRS\\] scores over time, during the one-week period post-psilocybin dose). This is a single-arm, open-label clinical trial wherein all participants will receive the same study intervention. Hypothesis: Increased right amygdala activity on fMRI with emotional stimuli one day after psilocybin treatment will be associated with greater antidepressant effects in the one-week period post-treatment in individuals with TRBD. Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) spend a third of their lives in the midst of a depressive episode. BD is a severe and persistent mental illness with a lifetime prevalence of 2-3%. Bipolar depression remains a significant treatment challenge, with a paucity of evidence-based treatments. Only four pharmacological treatments for acute bipolar depression (cariprazine, olanzapine-fluoxetine combination, quetiapine, and lurasidone) are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Other medications often used for the treatment of BD are those primarily used to treat mania or psychosis (i.e., lithium; antipsychotics) or major depressive disorder (MDD) (i.e., antidepressants). Lamotrigine, which is recommended by international guidelines as a maintenance treatment for BD to prevent depressive recurrence, has limited efficacy for acute BD. Current medication options are also limited by adverse effects, including renal and thyroid impairment with long-term lithium therapy and weight gain and metabolic abnormalities with atypical antipsychotics. Furthermore, treatment outcomes remain poor, particularly for depressive episodes, with over one-third of patients failing to respond to two or more first-line treatments. Hence, there is a clear need for novel and efficacious treatments for BD. However, there is a limited understanding of the neurobiology of BD, which poses as a major barrier to identifying truly innovative treatments. Psilocybin is a chemical compound that naturally occurs in certain species of mushrooms, (for example, in the psilocybe genus, among others). It belongs to a class of drugs referred to as \"psychedelics\". Psilocybin is a tryptamine which is chemically similar to the neurotransmitter, serotonin, and the essential amino acid, tryptophan. It is considered a 5-hydroxytrptamineric (serotonergic) psychedelic along with other similar drugs such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid dieythamide (LSD). Psilocybin is a product for the pharmacologically active ingredient psilocin, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts as a potential partial agonist at serotonin 5HT2A and 5HT2c receptors in the brain. Typical effects of psilocybin include significantly altered states of consciousness, experienced through visual and auditory effects, changes in perception, distortions of time; and a range of effects including a sense of awe, novel perspectives, existential and personal insight, dramatically heightened empathy and feelings of compassion, strong emotions, and unitive experience. With proper screening and preparation, psilocybin has a safe physiological and psychological profile. Psilocybin is currently the preferred compound for use in clinical research involving 5-hydroxytrptaminergic psychedelics because it has a shorter duration of action and suffers from less notoriety and stigma than other similar drugs. Two recently completed clinical trials have assessed the effects of psilocybin on TRD in participants with BDII. The first study was a non-randomized controlled trial that demonstrated a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin with accompanying PAP led to a decrease in MADRS scores in all study participants (n=15) at the 3-week primary endpoint. The second study was a randomized controlled trial that included participants with both unipolar (n=27) and bipolar treatment-resistant depression (n=4), wherein all participants received at least one 25 mg dose of psilocybin with accompanying PAP (with the exception of one participant who dropped out of the study before receiving the study intervention). Participants had the opportunity to receive up to two additional 25 mg doses of psilocybin with accompanying PAP, if they were eligible to receive a repeat dose as per the study protocol. Both trials demonstrated that 25 mg of psilocybin resulted in a decrease of depressive symptoms in participants with treatment-resistant bipolar depression, without increased incidence of manic or hypomanic symptoms. Beyond the clinical benefits observed, psilocybin has provided several new insights into the neurobiology of depression, with dozens of additional, ongoing mechanistic studies underway. Neuroimaging studies evaluating the effects of psilocybin in treatment-resistant (unipolar) depression (TRD) have provided surprising neurobiological insights that have called into question several assumptions of mood disorders. In an open-label TRD trial evaluating the antidepressant and neurobiological effects of psilocybin, increased activity of the right amygdala was observed in response to fearful and happy faces post-treatment. Psilocybin's antidepressant effects were associated with increased right amygdala responses to negative emotional stimuli, an opposite effect to previous findings with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Wherein SSRIs mitigate negative emotions, psilocybin might allow patients to feel, confront and work through them. These findings also suggest that neurobiological targets and mechanisms required to alleviate TRD, may be different from non-resistant depression, where SSRIs are often effective by reducing amygdala response to negative stimuli. Notably, the impact of psilocybin on amygdala function varies inter-individually depending on baseline mood state. More specifically, in healthy volunteers, psilocybin has been shown to decrease amygdala response to emotional stimuli, whereas in TRD, psilocybin was associated with increased amygdala response. Evaluating the effects of psilocybin in TRBD may improve the investigator's understanding of the neurobiology of bipolar depression by dynamically evaluating altered amygdala function and associated changes in depressive symptoms over time.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06506019", "keywords": "Bipolar Depression, Psilocybin, Functional MRI, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06506019\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 946, "title": "Psilocybin and the glutamatergic pathway: implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and the glutamatergic pathway implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases", "authors": "Szpręgiel I, Bysiek A.", "abstract": "In recent decades, psilocybin has gained attention as a potential drug for several mental disorders. Clinical and preclinical studies have provided evidence that psilocybin can be used as a fast-acting antidepressant. However, the exact mechanisms of action of psilocybin have not been clearly defined. Data show that psilocybin as an agonist of 5-HT2A receptors located in cortical pyramidal cells exerted a significant effect on glutamate (GLU) extracellular levels in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Increased GLU release from pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex results in increased activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and, consequently, increased release of the GABA neurotransmitter. It seems that this mechanism appears to promote the antidepressant effects of psilocybin. By interacting with the glutamatergic pathway, psilocybin seems to participate also in the process of neuroplasticity. Therefore, the aim of this mini-review is to discuss the available literature data indicating the impact of psilocybin on glutamatergic neurotransmission and its therapeutic effects in the treatment of depression and other diseases of the nervous system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-024-00660-y", "pubmed_id": "39412581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00660-y", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39412581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 993, "title": "Snapshot of 5-HT2A receptor activation in the mouse brain via IP1 detection", "normalized_title": "snapshot of 5 ht2a receptor activation in the mouse brain via ip1 detection", "authors": "de la Fuente Revenga M, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The distinct subjective effects that define psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin or DOI as drug class are causally linked to activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R). However, some aspects of 5-HT2A R pharmacology remain elusive, such as what molecular drivers differentiate psychedelic from non-psychedelic 5-HT2A R agonists. We developed an ex vivo platform to obtain snapshots of drug-mediated 5-HT2A R engagement of the canonical G q/11 pathway in native tissue. This non-radioactive methodology captures the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic events leading up to changes in inositol monophosphate (IP1 ) in the mouse brain. The specificity of this method was assessed by comparing IP1 levels in homogenates from the frontal cortex in DOI-treated wild-type and 5-HT2A R-KO animals compared to other brain regions, namely striatum and cerebellum. Furthermore, we encountered that head-twitch response (HTR) counts and IP1 in the frontal cortex were correlated. We observed that IP1 levels in frontal cortex homogenates from mice treated with LSD and lisuride vary in magnitude, consistent with LSD’s 5-HT2A R agonism and psychedelic nature, and lisuride’s lack thereof. MDMA evoked an increase of IP1 signal in the frontal cortex that were not matched by the serotonin precursor 5-HTP or the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. We attribute differences in the readout primarily to the indirect stimulation of 5-HT2A R by MDMA via serotonin release from its presynaptic terminals. This methodology enables capturing a snapshot of IP1 turnover in the mouse brain that can provide mechanistic insights in the study of psychedelics and other serotonergic agents pharmacodynamics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.11.617861", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.11.617861", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR923549\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4537, "title": "The therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of psilocybin-assisted therapy in anorexia nervosa treatment", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of psilocybin assisted therapy in anorexia nervosa treatment", "authors": "Hannah Douglass", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder (ED) with high rates of mortality and chronicity. Given the ambivalence towards engaging in treatment and recovery that is characteristic of this condition, the identification of novel treatment avenues that can target motivation and demonstrate superior efficacy to existing treatment options is desperately needed. Psilocybin-therapy has demonstrated efficacy in safely alleviating symptoms of multiple psychiatric conditions, primarily depressive disorders. Although indicated by psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of action, the efficacy of psilocybin-therapy in AN had not been investigated at the commencement of this PhD project. The study detailed in this thesis was a single-blind and within-subject feasibility study in which 21 adult female participants diagnosed with AN were administered with 1mg, 25mg, and 25mg psilocybin in a fixed-order design over a 6-week period, with a subsequent remote 12-month follow-up period. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this psilocybin-therapy protocol. The feasibility and safety of this treatment protocol was demonstrated. Efficacy in improving ED psychopathology and readiness and motivation to change up to the 12-month follow-up was also reported. The second aim of this thesis was to elucidate causal mechanisms of action of psilocybin-therapy in AN, specifically neuroplasticity and interoception. An electroencephalography (EEG) paradigm reported ED severity-dependent deficits in neuroplasticity at baseline and demonstrated trend-level enhancements in neuroplasticity after high-dose psilocybin. Increases in interoceptive sensibility (IS) were demonstrated via a self-report questionnaire, with trend-level improvements in interoceptive accuracy (iACC) reported via a cardioceptive behavioural task. Enhanced interoception was found to correlate with positive clinical outcomes. This thesis demonstrates the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this psilocybin-therapy protocol to treat this cohort of adult females with AN. Using multimodal methodologies, potential causal mechanisms of enhanced neuroplasticity and interoception were indicated, warranting their further investigation.", "journal": "Open MIND", "publication_date": "2024-10-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.25560/118978", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/118978", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Psychopathology, Neuroplasticity, Psychology, Interoception, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Disengagement theory, Medicine, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Behaviour therapy, Action (physics), Major depressive disorder, Eating disorders, Ambivalence, Exposure therapy, Affect (linguistics), Electroencephalography, Convalescence, Mindfulness, Prodrome, Anorexia, Bulimia nervosa, Neural correlates of consciousness, Neuropsychiatry, Endophenotype, Allostasis, Anxiety disorder, Psychological resilience, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Bipolar Disorder and Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166080670\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7166080670\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063975352\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah Douglass\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-8875\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4406922384\",\"source_display_name\":\"Open MIND\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/118978\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Resilience,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7166080670" }, { "id": 4540, "title": "Plain Language Summary Publication: Low-dose psilocybin in short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks: Results from an open-label phase Ib ascending dose study", "normalized_title": "plain language summary publication low dose psilocybin in short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks results from an open label phase ib ascending dose study", "authors": "James Rucker, Matthew Butler, Sadie Hambleton, Catherine Bird, Mathieu Seynaeve, Sanjay Cheema, Kete Campbell-Coker, Carolina Maggio, Fiona Dunbar, Giorgio Lambru, Manjit Matharu", "abstract": "Matt Butler has nothing to declare. Sanjay Cheema: Received a research fellowship sponsored by Abbott. Giorgio Lambru: Co-chair of the Medical Advisory Board of the Trigeminal neuralgia Association (TNA) UK; received personal fees from Abbvie, Teva, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck; participated in clinical trials as principal investigator for Novartis, Eli Lilly, Teva, Nevro. Manjit Matharu: Chair of the Medical Advisory Board of the CSF Leak Association, serves on the advisory board for AbbVie, Abbott, Eli Lilly, Kriya, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Salvia and TEVA and has received payment for the development of educational presentations from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lunbeck and TEVA. James Rucker: Paid advisory boards for Clerkenwell Health and Delica Therapeutics, paid articles for Janssen, assistance for attendance at conferences from Compass Pathways and Janssen, grant funding from Compass Pathfinder, Beckley PsyTech, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, National Institute for Health Research, Wellcome Trust, Biomedical Research Centre at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. No shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies. No shareholdings in companies developing psychedelics. Mathieu Seynaeve and Fiona Dunbar are employed by Beckley PsyTech. Catherine Bird, Sadie Hambleton, Kete Campbell-Coker, and Carolina Maggio have no conflicts to disclose.", "journal": "Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain", "publication_date": "2024-10-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/head.14846", "pubmed_id": "39382331", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14846", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Phase (matter), Open label, Dermatology, Pharmacology, Physics, Adverse effect, Hallucinogen, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403248178\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403248178\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037837514\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew Butler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-6539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107421289\",\"display_name\":\"Sadie Hambleton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033191459\",\"display_name\":\"Catherine Bird\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-6931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063914720\",\"display_name\":\"Mathieu Seynaeve\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069926672\",\"display_name\":\"Sanjay Cheema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-6549\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071185535\",\"display_name\":\"Kete Campbell-Coker\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047075726\",\"display_name\":\"Carolina Maggio\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-5557\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015903430\",\"display_name\":\"Fiona Dunbar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023034194\",\"display_name\":\"Giorgio Lambru\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-4776\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016058429\",\"display_name\":\"Manjit Matharu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4960-2294\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S96331937\",\"source_display_name\":\"Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14846\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403248178" }, { "id": 994, "title": "Neuroprotective effects of psilocybin in a rat model of stroke", "normalized_title": "neuroprotective effects of psilocybin in a rat model of stroke", "authors": "Seong-Jin Yu, Kuo-Jen Wu, Yu-Syuan Wang, Eun-Kyung Bae, Fabio Chianelli, Nicholas C. Bambakidis, Yun Wang", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is a psychedelic 5HT2A receptor agonist found in \"magic mushrooms\". Recent studies have indicated that 5HT2A agonists, such as dimethyltryptamine, given before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), improve staircase behavior, increased BDNF expression, and reduce brain infarction in stroke rats. The objective of this study is to determine the protective effect of psilocybin in cellular and animal models of stroke. METHODS: Adult male and timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. The neural protective effects of psilocybin were determined in primary rat cortical neurons and adult rats. Rats were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain tissues were collected for histological and qRTPCR analysis. RESULTS: Psilocybin reduced glutamate-mediated neuronal loss in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures. Psilocybin-mediated protection in culture was antagonized by the BDNF inhibitor ANA12. Pretreatment with psilocybin reduced brain infarction and neurological deficits in stroke rats. Early post-treatment with psilocybin improved locomotor behavior, upregulated the expression of MAP2 and synaptophysin, and down-regulated the expression of IBA1 in the stroke brain. ANA12 significantly attenuated psilocybin-mediated reduction in brain infarction and improvements in locomotor behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Psilocybin reduced brain infarction and improved locomotor behavior in stroke rats; the protective mechanisms involve regulating BDNF expression. Our data support a novel therapeutic approach of psilocybin in stroke.", "journal": "BMC Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2024-10-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00903-x", "pubmed_id": "39379834", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00903-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Neuroprotection, Stroke (engine), Glutamate receptor, Anesthesia, Medicine, Pharmacology, NMDA receptor, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Receptor, Mechanical engineering, Engineering, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403209589\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403209589\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1923056893\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969521177\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981082943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997530403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009214717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012359897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014035493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030603509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038157352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052566611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061138867\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071289935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084847443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086679639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092486191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098184104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125683177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144994572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152091665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2344557407\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2514230508\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2730045692\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735104323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2797188567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801418002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810374266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002350370\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006005031\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088903353\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3116827302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163351333\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201625402\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213463597\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214649547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4284665615\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321482533\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011962611\",\"display_name\":\"Seong-Jin Yu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-5883\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027594849\",\"display_name\":\"Kuo-Jen Wu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022068530\",\"display_name\":\"Yu-Syuan Wang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082069599\",\"display_name\":\"Eun-Kyung Bae\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-716X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107820224\",\"display_name\":\"Fabio Chianelli\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008385581\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas C. Bambakidis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-9432\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100377623\",\"display_name\":\"Yun Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4720-636X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S82595977\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMC Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00903-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403209589" }, { "id": 973, "title": "Psilocybin reduces functional correlation and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces functional correlation and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "authors": "Victorita E. Ivan, David P. Tomàs-Cuesta, Ingrid M. Esteves, Artur Luczak, Majid H. Mohajerani, Bruce L. McNaughton, Aaron J. Gruber", "abstract": "Abstract Psychedelic drugs have profound effects on perception, cognition and mood. How psychedelics affect neural signaling to produce these effects remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of the classic psychedelic psilocybin on neural activity patterns and spatial encoding in the retrosplenial cortex of head-fixed mice navigating on a treadmill. The place specificity of neurons to distinct locations along the belt was reduced by psilocybin. Moreover, the stability of place-related activity across trials decreased. Psilocybin also reduced the functional correlation among simultaneously recorded neurons. The 5-HT2A R (serotonin 2A receptor) antagonist ketanserin blocked these effects. These data are consistent with proposals that psychedelics increase the entropy of neural signaling and provide a potential neural mechanism contributing to disorientation frequently reported by humans after taking psychedelics.", "journal": "European Journal of Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2024-10-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/ejn.16558", "pubmed_id": "39364682", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16558", "keywords": "Retrosplenial cortex, Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Perception, Cortex (anatomy), Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403136437\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4403136437\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W878533373\",\"https://openalex.org/W975385166\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966066878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990914734\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004824191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006297964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008936540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016201534\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028909059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045027219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071869259\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112090702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129440177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151239423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161119575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162833336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2229908198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2231009150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2469581795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2595012769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2724140672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2743651283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773072410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2800566182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883512183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923100148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949283084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952684909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014316040\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015902292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093454394\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3104329671\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205345942\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4287981303\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321377299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385607029\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029312421\",\"display_name\":\"Victorita E. Ivan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-2326\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092788056\",\"display_name\":\"David P. Tomàs-Cuesta\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079389616\",\"display_name\":\"Ingrid M. Esteves\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047020510\",\"display_name\":\"Artur Luczak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-5781\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042713751\",\"display_name\":\"Majid H. Mohajerani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-2977\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041993733\",\"display_name\":\"Bruce L. McNaughton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-5258\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044129448\",\"display_name\":\"Aaron J. Gruber\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2700-5429\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S171130801\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Journal of Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16558\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4403136437" }, { "id": 813, "title": "Exploring the biocatalysis of psilocybin and other tryptamines: Enzymatic pathways, synthetic strategies, and industrial implications.", "normalized_title": "exploring the biocatalysis of psilocybin and other tryptamines enzymatic pathways synthetic strategies and industrial implications", "authors": "Junges LH, Müller-Santos M.", "abstract": "Tryptamines play diverse roles as neurotransmitters and psychoactive compounds found in various organisms. Psilocybin, a notable tryptamine, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential in treating mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. Despite its promising applications, current extraction methods for psilocybin are labor-intensive and economically limiting. We suggest biocatalysis as a sustainable alternative, leveraging enzymes to synthesize psilocybin and other tryptamines efficiently. By elucidating psilocybin biosynthesis pathways, researchers aim to advance synthetic methodologies and industrial applications. This review underscores the transformative potential of biocatalysis in enhancing our understanding of tryptamine biosynthesis and facilitating the production of high-purity psilocybin and other tryptamines for therapeutic and research use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/btpr.3513", "pubmed_id": "39366919", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3513", "keywords": "Humans, Tryptamines, Biocatalysis, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39366919\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 373, "title": "Mechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.", "normalized_title": "mechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Choi C, Johnson DE, Chen-Li D, Rosenblat J.", "abstract": "Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that can develop after a traumatic event, causing distressing symptoms, including intrusive re-experiencing symptoms, alterations in mood and cognition, and changes in arousal and reactivity. Few treatment options exist for patients who find conventional psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy to be inaccessible, ineffective, or intolerable. We explore psilocybin as a potential treatment option for PTSD by examining the neurobiology of PTSD as well as psilocybin's mechanism of action. Based on both pharmacodynamic and psychoanalytic principles, psilocybin may be an underexplored treatment option for patients with PTSD, though further research is required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241286771", "pubmed_id": "39360403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241286771", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39360403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1016, "title": "Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behaviour in rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time computational modelling of behaviour in rats", "authors": "Elizabeth L. Fisher, Ryan Smith, Kyna-Anne Conn, Andrew W. Corcoran, Laura K Milton, Jakob Hohwy, Claire J. Foldi", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin treatment have been associated with increased positive mood and decreased pessimism. Although psilocybin is proving to be effective in clinical trials for treatment of psychiatric disorders, the information processing mechanisms affected by psilocybin are not well understood. Here, we fit active inference and reinforcement learning computational models to a novel two-armed bandit reversal learning task capable of capturing engagement behaviour in rats. The model revealed that after receiving psilocybin, rats achieve more rewards through increased task engagement, mediated by modification of forgetting rates and reduced loss aversion. These findings suggest that psilocybin may afford an optimism bias that arises through altered belief updating, with translational potential for clinical populations characterised by lack of optimism.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7", "pubmed_id": "39349428", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Cognitive psychology, Psychotherapist, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:34", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402975017\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402975017\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1519457851\",\"https://openalex.org/W1951245330\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966037459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000576846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015005796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045833919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050383033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066463984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070972521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080439366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080737120\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083254456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096022216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113257799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113338864\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117107695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129972322\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140308441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140641091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147335186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152437364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156653674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166385830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168359464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170487891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172647928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2176365174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2276520418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2293194104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2511946169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2522341857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2535059860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2550455161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552810632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2597330569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623815636\",\"https://openalex.org/W2746329718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765691357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783542416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793943160\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801086494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806513910\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889504249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2893663527\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944624840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952908749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964026977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990427812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003886363\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109908198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118769118\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139430135\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146164047\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210522543\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210540540\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226023986\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226207502\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226400653\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232964083\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238293282\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282916454\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286684975\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291162385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293462124\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294281159\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295138812\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297460559\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312129061\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321377299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4395688958\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089758560\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth L. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-9291\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002511145\",\"display_name\":\"Ryan Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-185X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016384733\",\"display_name\":\"Kyna-Anne Conn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-7885\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035909452\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew W. Corcoran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0449-4883\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010010872\",\"display_name\":\"Laura K Milton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1664-8337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083789193\",\"display_name\":\"Jakob Hohwy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3906-3060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003584852\",\"display_name\":\"Claire J. Foldi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-8242\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4402975017" }, { "id": 866, "title": "Comparing psilocybin to metformin as neuroprotective agents against Parkinson's dementia: A systematic review of evidence and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "comparing psilocybin to metformin as neuroprotective agents against parkinson s dementia a systematic review of evidence and efficacy", "authors": "Ordovich-Clarkson RD, Jabbour M, Pelayo DA, Lara D, La Croix S, Mumman M, Stukas S, Anderson R, Meraz D, Bangura A, Anderson B, Bamrud L, Blake C.", "abstract": "Background & aimTreatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained largely unchanged and focuses primarily on symptomatic relief through activation of dopaminergic pathways. Currently, there are no proven prophylactic approaches to the prevention of PD. This systematic review seeks to compare two separate compounds, metformin (MTF) and psilocybin, as potential prophylactic therapeutics against the development of PD.MethodsThe authors conducted a systematic review focusing on primary studies that test these compounds on cell and animal models to determine if they might have any neuroprotective or neuroplastic effects.ResultsThe results of this review found that MTF may halt the progression of diseases such as PD through multiple mechanisms including reduced oxidative stress at the level of the mitochondria, thereby reducing α-synuclein related damage. Psilocybin, on the other hand, may increase repair of damaged neurons through psychoplastogenic activation of serotonergic pathways, particularly 5-HT2A receptor activation, ultimately increasing the release of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and the reduction of α-synuclein accumulation.ConclusionImplications of this study include a need for further research in off-label use of MTF as well as further research into serotonergic compounds such as psilocybin for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111155", "pubmed_id": "39357666", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111155", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Dementia, Metformin, Neuroprotective Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39357666\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 991, "title": "Impact of Protonation Sites on Collision-Induced Dissociation-MS/MS Using CIDMD Quantum Chemistry Modeling.", "normalized_title": "impact of protonation sites on collision induced dissociation ms ms using cidmd quantum chemistry modeling", "authors": "Lee J, Tantillo DJ, Wang LP, Fiehn O.", "abstract": "Protonation is the most frequent adduct found in positive electrospray ionization collision-induced mass spectra (CID-MS/MS). In a parallel report Lee, J. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2024, 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00760, we developed a quantum chemistry framework to predict mass spectra by collision-induced dissociation molecular dynamics (CIDMD). As different protonation sites affect fragmentation pathways of a given molecule, the accuracy of predicting tandem mass spectra by CIDMD ultimately depends on the choice of its protomers. To investigate the impact of molecular protonation sites on MS/MS spectra, we compared CIDMD-predicted spectra to all available experimental MS/MS spectra by similarity matching. We probed 10 molecules with a total of 43 protomers, the largest study to date, including organic acids (sorbic acid, citramalic acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid, and taurine) as well as aromatic amines including uracil, aniline, bufotenine, and psilocin. We demonstrated how different protomers can converge different fragmentation pathways to the same fragment ions but also may explain the presence of different fragment ions in experimental MS/MS spectra. For the first time, we used in silico MS/MS predictions to test the impact of solvents on proton affinities, comparing the gas phase and a mixture of acetonitrile/water (1:1). We also extended applications of in silico MS/MS predictions to investigate the impact of protonation sites on the energy barriers of isomerization between protomers via proton transfer. Despite our initial hypothesis that the thermodynamically most stable protomer should give the best match to the experiment, we found only weak inverse relationships between the calculated proton affinities and corresponding entropy similarities of experimental and CIDMD-predicted MS/MS spectra. CIDMD-predicted mechanistic details of fragmentation reaction pathways revealed a clear preference for specific protomer forms for several molecules. Overall, however, proton affinity was not a good predictor corresponding to the predicted CIDMD spectra. For example, for uracil, only one protomer predicted all experimental MS/MS fragment ions, but this protomer had neither the highest proton affinity nor the best MS/MS match score. Instead of proton affinity, the transfer of protons during the electrospray process from the initial protonation site (i.e., mobile proton model) better explains the differences between the thermodynamic rationale and experimental data. Protomers that undergo fragmentation with lower energy barriers have greater contributions to experimental MS/MS spectra than their thermodynamic Boltzmann populations would suggest. Hence, in silico predictions still need to calculate MS/MS spectra for multiple protomers, as the extent of distributions cannot be readily predicted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00761", "pubmed_id": "39329341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00761", "keywords": "Protons, Quantum Theory, Models, Chemical, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Dynamics Simulation", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39329341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4402925957" }, { "id": 3099, "title": "Ketamine and Psilocybin Differentially Impact Sensory Learning During the Mismatch Negativity", "normalized_title": "ketamine and psilocybin differentially impact sensory learning during the mismatch negativity", "authors": "Allohverdi S, Soltanzadeh M, Schmidt A, Charlton C, Hauke D, Karvelis P, Vollenweider F, Diaconescu A.", "abstract": "Abstract Ketamine and psilocybin show potential as therapies for various mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder. However, further investigation into their neural mechanisms is required to understand their effects on the brain. By combining computational modelling with electroencephalography (EEG), we examine the effects of ketamine and psilocybin on hierarchical sensory precision-weighted prediction error (pwPE) learning in the context of the auditory mismatch negativity, an event-related potential consistently shown to be reduced under psychotomimetic interventions. We employed a Bayesian framework and re-analyzed a previously acquired EEG dataset (Schmidt et al., 2012) by modelling single-trial EEG data using the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. Using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design, healthy subjects were administered either S-ketamine or psilocybin during an auditory roving paradigm of pure sinusoidal tones. Our findings elucidate distinct neural impacts of ketamine and psilocybin on sensory learning: ketamine led to a larger reduction in the effect of sensory precision compared to placebo from 207 to 316 ms peaking at 277 ms in the frontal central channels, while psilocybin showed no significant effect. Both drugs reduced the expression of belief precision between 160 to 184 ms, peaking at 172 ms. For higher-level volatility pwPEs, ketamine reduced the expression while psilocybin had null effect at 312 ms. For perception of elementary imagery, ketamine had a greater effect than psilocybin on sensory and volatility precision, while psilocybin had a greater effect on volatility pwPEs. Our findings suggest hallucinogens have distinct effects on sensory learning that could inform tailored therapies for major depression.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-09-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4492873/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4492873/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR916682\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1267, "title": "Psychedelics: From Cave Art to 21st-Century Medicine for Addiction.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics from cave art to 21st century medicine for addiction", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic substance use in ritualistic and ceremonial settings dates back as early as 8,500 BCE. Only in recent years, from the mid-20th century, we have seen the re-emergence of psychedelics in a therapeutic setting and more specifically for the treatment of addiction. This article aims to review research over the past 40 years using classic (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], dimethyltryptamine [DMT], mescaline) and atypical (ketamine, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) psychedelics for the treatment of addiction.SummaryWe will start with an overview of the pharmacology and physiological and psychological properties of psychedelic substances from pre-clinical and clinical research. We will then provide an overview of evidence gathered by studies conducted in controlled research environments and naturalistic and ceremonial settings, while we identify the proposed therapeutic mechanisms of each psychedelic substance.Key messagesClassic and atypical psychedelics show promise as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of addiction, through the improvement of psychological and physiological symptoms of dependence. A more comprehensive understanding of the ancient and present-day knowledge of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics can facilitate hope for psychedelic therapeutics in the treatment of addiction, especially for individuals who have failed other conventional treatment methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1159/000540062", "pubmed_id": "39321788", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000540062", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Addictive, History, Ancient, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39321788\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3151, "title": "Distinct classes of antidepressants commonly act to shape pallidal structure and function in mice", "normalized_title": "distinct classes of antidepressants commonly act to shape pallidal structure and function in mice", "authors": "Abe Y, Sugiura Y, Maeda R, Taira S, Yoshida K, Ibi D, Moritoh S, Hashimoto K, Yagishita S, Tanaka KF.", "abstract": "Antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ketamine, and psilocybin are all effective for treating depression despite their distinct primary mechanisms. We hypothesized that these drugs may share a common mechanism that underlies their therapeutic actions. We treated mice with one of the following: escitalopram, R- / S -/ RS- ketamine, or psilocin. Additionally, groups exposed to electroconvulsive stimulation and a saline control were included. Following treatment, fixed brains underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, and voxel-based morphometry was performed to evaluate brain-wide volumetric changes. Compared with control treatment, we observed greater volumes in the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and external globus pallidus across all antidepressant treatments, and a smaller volume in the mediodorsal thalamus. Specifically, R -ketamine, RS -ketamine, and psilocin induced more pronounced hypertrophy of the ventral pallidum, whereas selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and S -ketamine predominantly increased the volume of the external globus pallidus. Further analyses using super-resolution microscopy and imaging mass spectrometry revealed corresponding microstructural and molecular changes. Greater pallidal volume was associated with striatal medium spiny neuron terminal hypertrophy and elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Interestingly, all antidepressants were also associated with higher striatal dopamine content. Moreover, striatal vesicular GABA transporter overexpression reproduced the medium spiny neuron terminal hypertrophy and increased pallidal GABA content, and was associated with a reduction in innate anxiety. These findings indicate that despite their pharmacological diversity, antidepressant treatments lead to shared pallidum-centered structural and molecular changes. We propose that these shared changes may potentiate the striato-pallidal inhibitory circuit, thereby contributing to the overall antidepressant effect.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.09.23.614626", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.23.614626", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR914838\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1019, "title": "CCNP Innovations in Neuropsychopharmacology Award: The psychopharmacology of psychedelics: where the brain meets spirituality.", "normalized_title": "ccnp innovations in neuropsychopharmacology award the psychopharmacology of psychedelics where the brain meets spirituality", "authors": "Gobbi G.", "abstract": "For 3000 years, psychedelics have been used in religious contexts to enhance spiritual thinking, well-being, and a sense of community. In the last few years, a renaissance in the use of psychedelic drugs for mental disorders has occurred in Western society; consequently, a pressing scientific need to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying their actions has arisen. Psychedelics mainly bind to serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly 5-HT2A receptors, but may also bind to other receptors. Unlike conventional psychotropic drugs used in psychiatry, psychedelics introduce a distinctive complexity. They not only engage in receptor activation, but also exert influence over specific neural circuits, thereby facilitating transformative cognitive experiences and fostering what many have identified as a spiritual contemplation or mystical experience. This comprehensive review describes clinical studies that have examined the propensity of psychedelics to enhance spiritual, mystical, and transcendent cognitive states. This multifaceted nature, encompassing diverse components and paradigms, necessitates careful consideration during the investigation of psychedelic mechanisms of action to avoid oversimplification. The present review endeavours to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the actions of 2 principal psychedelic substances, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), with a focus on monoamine and glutamate receptor mechanisms; molecular aspects, such as neuroplasticity and epigenetics; as well as the impact of psychedelics on brain circuits, including the default mode network and the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical network. Given their distinctive and intricate mechanisms of action, psychedelics necessitate a novel conceptual framework in psychiatry, offering insight into the treatment of mental health disorders and facilitating the integration of the realms of brain, mind, and spirituality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1503/jpn.240037", "pubmed_id": "39299781", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.240037", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mental Disorders, Psychopharmacology, Awards and Prizes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39299781\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Epigenetics,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 949, "title": "Exploring the regulatory framework of psychedelics in the US & Europe.", "normalized_title": "exploring the regulatory framework of psychedelics in the us europe", "authors": "Behera HK, Joga R, Yerram S, Karnati P, Mergu T, Gandhi K, M S, Nathiya D, Singh RP, Srivastava S, Kumar S.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drug therapy has gained prominence for its potential in treating various mental health conditions, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. Psychedelic treatment differs from conventional psychiatric approaches in mode of action, legal status, and treatment approach. This work delves into the therapeutic potential, mechanisms, and regulatory approvals of key psychedelic substances like psilocybin, 3,4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), mescaline, ketamine, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It also provides an overview of legal aspects, and regulations surrounding psychedelics in the US & Europe, emphasizing their Schedule I classification due to potential misuse. The United States Food & Drug Administration (USFDA) closely monitors psychedelics, employing expedited pathways for evaluation. Further, recent guidance from the FDA on considerations for clinical Investigations supports the safe development of psychedelics for human welfare. European Medicines Agency (EMA) regulators focus on atypical psychedelics, addressing challenges in safety and efficacy. Marketed products, such as Spravato nasal spray, face limited distribution due to safety concerns. The call for careful regulation and legislation is essential for harnessing psychedelics' potential for therapeutic benefits and human welfare.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104242", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104242", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Approval, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States, Europe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39305768\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W39305768" }, { "id": 950, "title": "New frontiers in the biosynthesis of psychoactive specialized metabolites.", "normalized_title": "new frontiers in the biosynthesis of psychoactive specialized metabolites", "authors": "Li G, Facchini PJ.", "abstract": "The recent relaxation of psychedelic drug regulations has prompted extensive clinical investigation into their potential use to treat diverse mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and substance-abuse disorders. Most clinical trials have relied on a small number of known molecules found in nature, such as psilocybin, or long-known synthetic analogs of natural metabolites, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways leading to several psychedelic compounds has established an opportunity to use synthetic biology as a complement to synthetic chemistry for the preparation of novel derivatives with potentially superior pharmacological properties compared with known drugs. Herein we review the metabolic biochemistry of pathways from plants, fungi and animals that yield the medicinally important hallucinogenic specialized metabolites ibogaine, mescaline, psilocybin, lysergic acid, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). We also summarize the reconstitution of these pathways in microorganisms and comment on the integration of native and non-native enzymes to prepare novel derivatives.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102626", "pubmed_id": "39288539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102626", "keywords": "Animals, Fungi, Plants, Hallucinogens, Biosynthetic Pathways", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39288539\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 977, "title": "Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Zhen Z, Sun X, Yuan S, Zhang J.", "abstract": "In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as hallucinogens, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and ketamine for the treatment of severe mental health disorders. This review provides a detailed evaluation of these substances, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the profound clinical outcomes observed in controlled environments. Hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin primarily target the 5-HT2A receptor agonist-2 (5-HT2AR), inducing substantial perceptual and cognitive shifts that facilitate deep psychological introspection and significant therapeutic advances, particularly in patients suffering from depression and anxiety disorders. MDMA, influencing multiple neurotransmitter systems including 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine, and norepinephrine, has been demonstrated to effectively alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, enhancing patients' emotional engagement and resilience during psychotherapy. Meanwhile, ketamine, a glutamate receptor antagonist, rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms, offering a lifeline for individuals with treatment-resistant depression through its fast-acting antidepressant properties. The integration of these substances into psychiatric practice has shown promising results, fundamentally changing the therapeutic landscape for patients unresponsive to traditional treatment modalities. However, the potent effects of these agents also necessitate a cautious approach in clinical application, ensuring careful dosage control, monitoring, and risk management to prevent potential abuse and mitigate adverse effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104193", "pubmed_id": "39243659", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104193", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39243659\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1031, "title": "Mind over matter: the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut-brain axis.", "normalized_title": "mind over matter the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut brain axis", "authors": "Caspani G, Ruffell SGD, Tsang W, Netzband N, Rohani-Shukla C, Swann JR, Jefferies WA", "abstract": "Psychedelics have emerged as promising therapeutics for several psychiatric disorders. Hypotheses around their mechanisms have revolved around their partial agonism at the serotonin 2 A receptor, leading to enhanced neuroplasticity and brain connectivity changes that underlie positive mindset shifts. However, these accounts fail to recognise that the gut microbiota, acting via the gut-brain axis, may also have a role in mediating the positive effects of psychedelics on behaviour. In this review, we present existing evidence that the composition of the gut microbiota may be responsive to psychedelic drugs, and in turn, that the effect of psychedelics could be modulated by microbial metabolism. We discuss various alternative mechanistic models and emphasize the importance of incorporating hypotheses that address the contributions of the microbiome in future research. Awareness of the microbial contribution to psychedelic action has the potential to significantly shape clinical practice, for example, by allowing personalised psychedelic therapies based on the heterogeneity of the gut microbiota.", "journal": "Pharmacological research", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107338", "pubmed_id": "39111558", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39111558/", "keywords": "2, 3, 4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), 5-methoxy-N, DMT, Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Gut microbiota, Gut-brain axis, Ketamine, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), Personalised medicine, Precision medicine, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin, ayahuasca", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39111558\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Microbiome", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1027, "title": "Traditional Medicine, Culture, and Psychedelic Science: New Pathways for Recovery From Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "traditional medicine culture and psychedelic science new pathways for recovery from substance use disorders", "authors": "Loizaga-Velder A, Loizaga Pazzi A.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis article provides an intercultural transdisciplinary perspective on the Indigenous roots of the resurging field of psychedelic science in the management of substance use disorders (SUDs). Ritual uses of entheogens (i.e., psychedelics of natural origin) are elaborate technologies for navigating, containing, and therapeutically directing non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by these compounds.MethodA narrative review of the literature on the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca, peyote, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, Incilius alvarius-derived 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and iboga for the treatment of SUDs was conducted. This article also describes the application of some of these entheogens within a pilot intercultural clinical program implemented by the Yaqui tribe in Sonora, Mexico, for the treatment of SUDs and other mental health challenges.ResultsObservational research and preliminary clinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential and relative safety of these compounds in appropriate contexts, including the use of careful screening practices and complementary psychotherapeutic interventions.ConclusionsPreliminary research points to the potential therapeutic value of integrating entheogenic plant and fungi medicine with culturally attuned therapeutic strategies. Respectful intercultural dialogue across worldviews and scientific paradigms allows for the further development of new perspectives at the intersection of entheogens, addiction treatment, mental health, and traditional medicine. More interdisciplinary research is necessary in this field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.15288/jsad.23-00011", "pubmed_id": "39400118", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.23-00011", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Medicine, Traditional, Culture, Mexico, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39400118\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1023, "title": "Refractory CRPS pain treated with psilocybin: A case report", "normalized_title": "refractory crps pain treated with psilocybin a case report", "authors": "David S. Jevotovsky, Harman Chopra, Court Wing, Carlton J. Spotswood, Joel Castellanos", "abstract": "Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for CRPS, offering significant pain relief and functional improvement in a patient with refractory symptoms. This case highlights the need for further research into psilocybin's efficacy and optimal dosing for chronic pain management.", "journal": "Clinical Case Reports", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/ccr3.9421", "pubmed_id": "39281029", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.9421", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Refractory (planetary science), Anesthesia, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Physics, Astrobiology, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Mechanisms and Treatments", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402529371\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4402529371\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1892003845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080049061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099498263\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108978334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142155886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143824438\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759359680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804789712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942544765\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981752126\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224121984\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226275346\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309832620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4328143758\",\"https://openalex.org/W4365511141\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386624716\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392660340\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015898636\",\"display_name\":\"David S. Jevotovsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0236-2600\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090111607\",\"display_name\":\"Harman Chopra\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-278X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106714446\",\"display_name\":\"Court Wing\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093811787\",\"display_name\":\"Carlton J. Spotswood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-8978\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017645194\",\"display_name\":\"Joel Castellanos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-7260\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737168579\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinical Case Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.9421\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4402529371" }, { "id": 3593, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "University of Arizona", "abstract": "This study will evaluate whether psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug, improves symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), whether it is safely tolerated as treatment of OCD, and will investigate the mechanisms by which it works. The study seeks to improve our ability to treat and improve the lives of people who have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by exploring the benefits of psilocybin, a mind-altering drug that changes activity in brain areas believed to be involved in OCD. Anecdotal reports and results from previous research support this idea. This two-phase study will enroll patients with symptomatic OCD who are not taking mind-altering medications or street drugs. During Phase One, neither participants nor the investigators will know which drugs or doses are administered. This information will be available if it is medically necessary to reveal which drugs and doses were administered. Five subjects in each group will receive study drug a total of four times, separated by one week. During Phase Two, participants will not know which drugs or doses they receive, but the investigators will know. All participants will receive psilocybin at some point during study participation. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1. Low dose (100 µg/kg) psilocybin, 2. High dose (300 µg/kg) psilocybin, or 3. Lorazepam (1 mg), a calming medication. Lorazepam is used often for anxiety and will be used to mask which drug participants receive. Participants will spend approximately 12 hours at the research site under observation during each visit, until they are free of the mind-altering effects of the drug and are determined by the psychiatrist to be safe to go home accompanied by a responsible adult. The effects of low versus high doses, and the additive effects of repeated doses will be analyzed and will be compared to the effects of lorazepam.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03300947", "keywords": "Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD), Psilocybin 100 mcg/kg, Psilocybine, \"magic mushrooms\", Psilocybin 300 mcg/kg, Lorazepam 1 mg, Ativan, Intensol, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03300947\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1022, "title": "Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Entheogens in Postoperative Cognitive Decline and Psychological Resilience.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic potential of entheogens in postoperative cognitive decline and psychological resilience", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent advancements in medical research have focused on the utilization of entheogens, particularly psilocybin and its related compounds, as therapeutic agents in mitigating cognitive decline and enhancing psychological resilience in patients undergoing anesthesia and sedation. This Patent Highlight integrates findings from three patent applications, each contributing unique insights into the potential applications of these substances in medical settings. The article examines the therapeutic mechanisms, proposed treatment methods, and potential clinical outcomes, offering an overview of this innovative approach to postoperative care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00412", "pubmed_id": "39291007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00412", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39291007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Resilience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1021, "title": "Current Trends in Psychedelic Science: Integrating Modified Lysergic Acid Derivatives and Psilocybin in Modern Medicine.", "normalized_title": "current trends in psychedelic science integrating modified lysergic acid derivatives and psilocybin in modern medicine", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "This article explores groundbreaking advancements in psychedelic research, highlighting the development of novel lysergic acid derivatives with modified LSD-like actions and innovative dosing methods based on ABCF1 gene expression for psilocybin. It also examines new strategies for treating binge eating disorder using psychedelics and techniques for neuroenhancement to enhance emotional responses. These developments offer fresh insights into the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, underscoring their significance in personalized medicine and mental health treatment. The article delves into the implications of these novel approaches, signaling a transformative phase in the application of psychedelics in clinical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00414", "pubmed_id": "39291015", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00414", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39291015\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4568, "title": "Acute Effects of Psilocybin and Salvinorin-A on Functional Connectivity", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin and salvinorin a on functional connectivity", "authors": "Frederick A. Bagdasarian, Hanne D. Hansen, Chi-Hyeon Yoo, Michael S. Placzek, Jacob M. Hooker, Hsiao-Ying Wey", "abstract": "This work utilized fMRI to assess the influence of the psychedelics, Psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist, and Salvinorin-A, a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, on functional connectivity (FC) in non-human primates. We used a seed-based FC analysis, probing regions of interest associated with psychedelic hallucinogens. Our findings highlight the overlapping and differing influence of these substances on FC relative to the subcomponents of the default mode network and the claustrum. This work may provide insight on the mechanisms of action of psychedelics that target differing receptor systems. Key Words: Functional connectivity; Claustrum; DMN; Psychedelics.", "journal": "Proceedings on CD-ROM - International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Scientific Meeting and Exhibition/Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Scientific Meeting and Exhibition", "publication_date": "2024-08-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.58530/2023/3494", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.58530/2023/3494", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Claustrum, Neuroscience, κ-opioid receptor, Agonist, Default mode network, Serotonergic, Psychology, Functional connectivity, Receptor, Chemistry, Serotonin, Psychiatry, Biochemistry, Nucleus, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401572463\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4401572463\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033175481\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick A. Bagdasarian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5136-4494\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005785269\",\"display_name\":\"Hanne D. Hansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-7627\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059788138\",\"display_name\":\"Chi-Hyeon Yoo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-4583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090963559\",\"display_name\":\"Michael S. Placzek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-6024\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026299628\",\"display_name\":\"Jacob M. Hooker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-7708\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055559084\",\"display_name\":\"Hsiao-Ying Wey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1425-8489\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4393917449\",\"source_display_name\":\"Proceedings on CD-ROM - International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Scientific Meeting and Exhibition/Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Scientific Meeting and Exhibition\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.58530/2023/3494\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401572463" }, { "id": 1266, "title": "Ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Marinho EAV, Serra YA, Oliveira-Lima AJ, Marcourakis T, Berro LF.", "abstract": "For decades, psychedelics have been investigated for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, evidence suggests that psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Several studies with classic psychedelics, including LSD and psilocybin, show promising results, with psychedelics decreasing alcohol drinking and promoting abstinence in individuals with alcohol use disorder. In the last two decades, ayahuasca has emerged as another psychedelic with therapeutic potential for alcohol use disorder. Although its use by indigenous people from South America has been reported for thousands of years, ayahuasca, an Amazonian brewed beverage used in rituals, has gained attention in recent decades due to its reported effects in the central nervous system. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage produced from the decoction of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, plants that contain β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), respectively. The majority of clinical studies investigating ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder are retrospective, and all show a significant decrease in alcohol use among ayahuasca users. Corroborating the clinical evidence, pre-clinical studies also have demonstrated that ayahuasca can block several of the abuse-related effects of alcohol. This chapter reviews the accumulating evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies suggesting that ayahuasca may be a promising new pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, and discusses the potential mechanisms involved in these and other effects of ayahuasca.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.007", "pubmed_id": "39523057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.007", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Psychotria, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39523057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3202, "title": "Effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression - comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium", "normalized_title": "effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression comparison with ketamine fluoxetine and lithium", "authors": "Vella Y, Syrova K, Petruskova A, Koutrouli I, Kutna V, Pala J, Nikolic M, Sichova K, Mazoch V, Jurok R, Kuchar M, Bendova Z, Palenicek T.", "abstract": "Background: Recent evidence suggests that psychedelics are able to induce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. The generally acknowledged explanation for these traits is the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, although exact underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Aims: This study investigates selected neuroplastic effects of psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in direct comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium after acute (1 h) and/or prolonged (24 h) treatment in vitro. Methods: Rat primary cortical cultures were treated with 10 uM psilocin, 1 uM lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 90 uM N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 1 uM ketamine, 10 uM fluoxetine and 5 mM lithium. Analysis of synaptic puncta was performed; puncta of presynaptic marker synapsin I/II, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and their co-localization (established synapse) were assessed 24 h after drug treatment. Next, expressions of immediate early genes (IEGs) encoding activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), early growth response 1 (Egr1), and neuronal PAS (Per-ArntSim) domain protein 4 (Npas4) were analysed 1 and 24 h after drug treatments. Results: Psilocin increased synaptic puncta count and induced Arc expression. The effect to promote synaptogenesis was comparable to ketamine and lithium; ketamine additionally increased PSD-95 puncta count. LSD and DMT didn't induce any significant effect. Interestingly, fluoxetine had no effect on synaptic puncta count, but upregulated Egr1 and Npas4. Conclusions: Psilocin demonstrated a significant neuroplastic effect comparable to that of ketamine and lithium, adding another piece of evidence to its profile as a promising therapeutic agent.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-08-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.08.07.606965", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.07.606965", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR892617\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3438, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: Feasibility, Clinical Efficacy & (Neuro)Cognitive Mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder feasibility clinical efficacy neuro cognitive mechanisms", "authors": "Brugmann University Hospital", "abstract": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 7-month Parallel-Group Phase II Superiority Trial A substantial proportion of patients with alcohol use disorder does not respond to available treatments, which calls for the development of new alternatives. In parallel, psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder has recently yielded promising preliminary results. Building on extant findings, the proposed study aims to determine the feasibility and preliminary clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a complementary intervention during inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder, and to characterize associated changes in the two key neurocognitive systems identified by dual-process models of addiction. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial, 62 participants aged 21-64 years will be enrolled to undergo psilocybin-assisted therapy within the context of a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. The experimental group will receive a high dose of psilocybin (30 mg), whereas the control group will receive an active placebo dose of psilocybin, both within the context of a brief standardized psychotherapeutic intervention. The primary clinical outcome is the between-group difference in terms of the change in percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to four weeks post-hospital discharge, whilst safety and feasibility metrics will also be reported as primary outcomes. Key secondary assessments include between-group differences in terms of changes in 1) drinking behavior parameters up to six months post-hospital discharge, 2) phosphatidyl-ethanol blood concentration, an objective biomarker of alcohol consumption, 3) symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and global functioning, 4) neuroplasticity and key neurocognitive mechanisms associated with addiction, 5) psychological processes and alcohol-related parameters.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06160232", "keywords": "Severe Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin (high dose), Active placebo (low dose of psilocybin), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06160232\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4572, "title": "Different hierarchical reconfigurations in the brain by psilocybin and escitalopram for depression", "normalized_title": "different hierarchical reconfigurations in the brain by psilocybin and escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Gustavo Deco, Yonatan Sanz Perl, Samuel Johnson, Niamh Bourke, Robin Carhart-Harris, Morten L. Kringelbach", "abstract": "Abstract Effective interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders may work by rebalancing the brain’s functional hierarchical organization. Here we directly investigated the effects of two different serotonergic pharmacological interventions on functional brain hierarchy in major depressive disorder in a two-arm double-blind phase II randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin therapy (22 patients) with escitalopram (20 patients). Patients with major depressive disorder received either 2 × 25 mg of oral psilocybin, three weeks apart, plus six weeks of daily placebo (‘psilocybin arm’) or 2 × 1 mg of oral psilocybin, three weeks apart, plus six weeks of daily escitalopram (10-20 mg; ‘escitalopram arm’). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired at baseline and three weeks after the second psilocybin dose ( NCT03429075 ). The brain mechanisms were captured by generative effective connectivity, estimated from whole-brain modeling of resting state for each session and patient. Hierarchy was determined for each of these sessions using measures of directedness and trophic levels on the effective connectivity, which captures cycle structure, stability and percolation. The results showed that the two pharmacological interventions created significantly different hierarchical reconfigurations of whole-brain dynamics with differential, opposite statistical effect responses. Furthermore, the use of machine learning revealed significant differential reorganization of brain hierarchy before and after the two treatments. Machine learning was also able to predict treatment response with an accuracy of 0.85 ± 0.04. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocybin and escitalopram work in different ways for rebalancing brain dynamics in depression. This suggests the hypothesis that neuropsychiatric disorders could be closely linked to the breakdown in regions orchestrating brain dynamics from the top of the hierarchy.", "journal": "Nature Mental Health", "publication_date": "2024-08-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44220-024-00298-y", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00298-y", "keywords": "Escitalopram, Psilocybin, Psychology, Major depressive disorder, Mirtazapine, Psychiatry, Placebo, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Anxiety, Cognition, Antidepressant, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics, Functional Brain Connectivity Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091490801\",\"display_name\":\"Yonatan Sanz Perl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-5564\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045781811\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-1735\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111281049\",\"display_name\":\"Niamh Bourke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043559110\",\"display_name\":\"Morten L. Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387286578\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Mental Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00298-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4401339608" }, { "id": 1065, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: where is the psychotherapy research?", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy where is the psychotherapy research", "authors": "Aday JS, Horton D, Fernandes-Osterhold G, O'Donovan A, Bradley ER, Rosen RC, Woolley JD", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has emerged as a potential treatment for a variety of mental health conditions, including substance use disorders and depression. Current models of PAP emphasize the importance of psychotherapeutic support before, during, and after ingestion of a psychedelic to maximize safety and clinical benefit. Despite this ubiquitous assumption, there has been surprisingly little empirical investigation of the \"psychotherapy\" in PAP, leaving critical questions about the necessary and sufficient components of PAP unanswered. As clinical trials for psychedelic compounds continue the transition from safety- and feasibility-testing to evaluating efficacy, the role of the accompanying psychotherapy must be better understood to enhance scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying therapeutic change, optimize clinical outcomes, and inform cost-effectiveness. The present paper first reviews the current status of psychotherapy in the PAP literature, starting with recent debates regarding \"psychotherapy\" versus \"psychological support\" and then overviewing published clinical trial psychotherapy models and putative models informed by theory. We then delineate lessons that PAP researchers can leverage from traditional psychotherapy research regarding standardizing treatments (e.g., publish treatment manuals, establish eligibility criteria for providers), identifying mechanisms of change (e.g., measure established mechanisms in psychotherapy), and optimizing clinical trial designs (e.g., consider dismantling studies, comparative efficacy trials, and cross-lagged panel designs). Throughout this review, the need for increased research into the psychotherapeutic components of treatment in PAP is underscored. PAP is a distinct, integrative, and transdisciplinary intervention. Future research designs should consider transdisciplinary research methodologies to identify best practices and inform federal guidelines for PAP administration.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06620-x", "pubmed_id": "38782821", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38782821/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy models, Review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38782821\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1059, "title": "Brain Networks, Neurotransmitters and Psychedelics: Towards a Neurochemistry of Self-Awareness.", "normalized_title": "brain networks neurotransmitters and psychedelics towards a neurochemistry of self awareness", "authors": "Mograbi DC, Rodrigues R, Bienemann B, Huntley J", "abstract": "Self-awareness can be defined as the capacity of becoming the object of one's own awareness and, increasingly, it has been the target of scientific inquiry. Self-awareness has important clinical implications, and a better understanding of the neurochemical basis of self-awareness may help clarifying causes and developing interventions for different psychopathological conditions. The current article explores the relationship between neurochemistry and self-awareness, with special attention to the effects of psychedelics. The functioning of self-related networks, such as the default-mode network and the salience network, and how these are influenced by different neurotransmitters is discussed. The impact of psychedelics on self-awareness is reviewed in relation to specific processes, such as interoception, body ownership, agency, metacognition, emotional regulation and autobiographical memory, within a framework based on predictive coding. Improved outcomes in emotional regulation and autobiographical memory have been observed in association with the use of psychedelics, suggesting higher-order self-awareness changes, which can be modulated by relaxation of priors and improved coping mechanisms linked to cognitive flexibility. Alterations in bodily self-awareness are less consistent, being potentially impacted by doses employed, differences in acute/long-term effects and the presence of clinical conditions. Future studies investigating the effects of different molecules in rebalancing connectivity between resting-state networks may lead to novel therapeutic approaches and the refinement of existing treatments.", "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11910-024-01353-y", "pubmed_id": "38980658", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38980658/", "keywords": "Interoception, LSD, agency, emotional regulation, metacognition, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38980658\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3795, "title": "Embracing Change: Impermanence Acceptance Mediates Differences in Death Processing Between Ayahuasca Users and Non-users", "normalized_title": "embracing change impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between ayahuasca users and non users", "authors": "david J, Berkovich-Ohana A, Dor-Ziderman Y.", "abstract": "Background: How the human psyche interacts with the theme of death is fundamental to individual and societal life, profoundly influencing cognition, affect, and behavior. Death-related psychological phenomena, such as death anxiety and acceptance, have been shown in clinical studies to be influenced by psychedelic (LSD and psilocybin) interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and in particular, the effects of ayahuasca-a potent Amazonian psychedelic brew-on these dimensions. Methods: The present cross-sectional study addresses these issues by comprehensively investigating death processing, candidate mechanisms-of-change, and their predictors, in ayahuasca veterans (N=54) compared to non-users (N=53). For this purpose, a battery of questionnaires and behavioral measures targeting various aspects of death processing were employed. These included fear and anxiety of death, death acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and accessibility of death thoughts. Tested mediators included personality, ontological afterlife beliefs, trait mindfulness and the construct of impermanence awareness and acceptance. Results: The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior and explicit and implicit fear-of-death, as well as greater acceptance of death, for ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that these group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences, but not ayahuasca intake habits, predicted degree of impermanence acceptance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate robust and multi-dimensional differences in how death is processed by ayahuasca veterans relative to non-psychedelic users. In contrast to literature suggestions, degree of impermanence acceptance but not ontological beliefs are shown to be the underlying mechanisms-of-change. Finally, the findings support the role of acute subjective ayahuasca experiences in inducing long-term effects. Future (psychedelic and non-psychedelic) interventions can directly target impermanence acceptance for effectively managing existential terror.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/tmeb3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tmeb3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR887806\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Personality Change,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3363, "title": "Embracing Change: Impermanence Acceptance Mediates Differences in Death Processing Between Ayahuasca Users and Non-users", "normalized_title": "embracing change impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between ayahuasca users and non users", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: How the human psyche interacts with the theme of death is fundamental to individual and societal life, profoundly influencing cognition, affect, and behavior. Death-related psychological phenomena, such as death anxiety and acceptance, have been shown in clinical studies to be influenced by psychedelic (LSD and psilocybin) interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and in particular, the effects of ayahuasca-a potent Amazonian psychedelic brew-on these dimensions. Methods: The present cross-sectional study addresses these issues by comprehensively investigating death processing, candidate mechanisms-of-change, and their predictors, in ayahuasca veterans (N=54) compared to non-users (N=53). For this purpose, a battery of questionnaires and behavioral measures targeting various aspects of death processing were employed. These included fear and anxiety of death, death acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and accessibility of death thoughts. Tested mediators included personality, ontological afterlife beliefs, trait mindfulness and the construct of impermanence awareness and acceptance. Results: The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior and explicit and implicit fear-of-death, as well as greater acceptance of death, for ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that these group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences, but not ayahuasca intake habits, predicted degree of impermanence acceptance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate robust and multi-dimensional differences in how death is processed by ayahuasca veterans relative to non-psychedelic users. In contrast to literature suggestions, degree of impermanence acceptance but not ontological beliefs are shown to be the underlying mechanisms-of-change. Finally, the findings support the role of acute subjective ayahuasca experiences in inducing long-term effects. Future (psychedelic and non-psychedelic) interventions can directly target impermanence acceptance for effectively managing existential terror.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/tmeb3_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, psychedelics, death acceptance, death anxiety, fear of death, impermanence, ego dissolution, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"tmeb3_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Personality Change,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3450, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Washington University School of Medicine", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of psilocybin for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder and potential therapeutic mechanisms. Enrolled participants will receive a single active dose of psilocybin, or a dose considered high enough to treat depression, administered orally with accompanying psychological support.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-07-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05675800", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05675800\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3165, "title": "Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol", "normalized_title": "probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol", "authors": "Butler M, Bird C, Maggio C, Durden A, Modlin N, Campbell-Coker K, Edwards M, Pick S, Millman LM, Lowery E, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Golder D, Mildon B, Mehta M, Rucker J, Nicholson TR.", "abstract": "Background: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of neurological symptoms including paralysis, seizures, and movement disorders. It is often debilitating, is associated with high health and social care costs, and can have a poor prognosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has suggested FND is a multi-network disorder; the default mode network (DMN) may be specifically implicated. Converging evidence suggests that other variable mechanisms including dissociation, interoception, and motor agency may be differentially abnormal in people with FND. Psychedelics are currently under investigation for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and have been shown to disrupt functional networks such as the DMN. Administering psychedelics to people with FND will help us to probe mechanistic theories of the disorder. Protocol In this open-label neuroimaging study, we will administer 25mg oral psilocybin with psychological support to people with chronic FND (target n = 24). Participants will undergo resting-state and task-based (Libet’s clock, a measure of motor agency) fMRI sequences which will be compared in a pre-post manner. Additional mechanistic outcomes including measures of interoception (heartbeat tracking task), somatisation, illness perceptions, imaginative suggestibility, and dissociation will be collected. Data on expectancy, preparedness, and subjective experience of the psychedelic experience will also be gathered. Participants will be followed up for three months following psilocybin administration. fMRI changes in networks such as the DMN will be analysed using seed-based approaches, and additional exploratory analysis of resting-state imaging will take place. Discussion The study will help us to probe the mechanisms thought to potentially underpin FND. As the first modern study of psychedelics in FND, it will also help us to understand whether psychedelic administration alongside psychological support might be safe and feasible in this patient population.", "journal": "Wellcome Open Res", "publication_date": "2024-07-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR886443\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Wellcome Open Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1074, "title": "Longitudinal experiences of Canadians receiving compassionate access to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "longitudinal experiences of canadians receiving compassionate access to psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Sara de la Salle, Hannes Kettner, Julien Thibault Lévesque, Nicolas Garel, Shannon Dames, Ryan Patchett-Marble, Soham Rej, Sara G. Gloeckler, David Erritzøe, Robin Carhart-Harris, Kyle T. Greenway", "abstract": "Abstract Recent clinical trials have found that the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin effectively alleviates anxiodepressive symptoms in patients with life-threatening illnesses when given in a supportive environment. These outcomes prompted Canada to establish legal pathways for therapeutic access to psilocybin, coupled with psychological support. Despite over one-hundred Canadians receiving compassionate access since 2020, there has been little examination of these ‘real-world’ patients. We conducted a prospective longitudinal survey which focused on Canadians who were granted Section 56 exemptions for legal psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Surveys assessing various symptom dimensions were conducted at baseline, two weeks following the session (endpoint), and optionally one day post-session. Participant characteristics were examined using descriptive statistics, and paired sample t -tests were used to quantify changes from baseline to the two-week post-treatment endpoint. Eight participants with Section 56 exemptions (four females, M age = 52.3 years), all with cancer diagnoses, fully completed baseline and endpoint surveys. Significant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms, pain, fear of COVID-19, quality of life, and spiritual well-being were observed. Attitudes towards death, medical assistance in dying, and desire for hastened death remained unchanged. While most participants found the psilocybin sessions highly meaningful, if challenging, one reported a substantial decrease in well-being due to the experience. These preliminary data are amongst the first to suggest that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy can produce psychiatric benefits in real-world patients akin to those observed in clinical trials. Limited enrollment and individual reports of negative experiences indicate the need for formal real-world evaluation programs to surveil the ongoing expansion of legal access to psychedelics.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2024-07-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-66817-0", "pubmed_id": "39019922", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66817-0", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Compassionate Use, Psychotherapist, Psychology, MEDLINE, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Biology, Internal medicine, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400737202\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400737202\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":21,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1988792451\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989263139\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041805221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043418489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043705607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089047250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132322340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137699706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2465340358\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809775049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993734271\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013355453\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196993476\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204019137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225857844\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283584241\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296613147\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4383187032\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386522609\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050030727\",\"display_name\":\"Sara de la Salle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-5938\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074265418\",\"display_name\":\"Julien Thibault Lévesque\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1438-6680\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086538803\",\"display_name\":\"Nicolas Garel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-9943\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080043337\",\"display_name\":\"Shannon Dames\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-4243\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077256051\",\"display_name\":\"Ryan Patchett-Marble\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043500597\",\"display_name\":\"Soham Rej\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-9124\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092898382\",\"display_name\":\"Sara G. Gloeckler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8316-0672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086630833\",\"display_name\":\"Kyle T. Greenway\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-493X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66817-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400737202" }, { "id": 1077, "title": "Psilocybin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Zheng S, Ma R, Yang Y, Li G.", "abstract": "Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a formidable neurodegenerative ailment and a prominent contributor to dementia. The scarcity of available therapies for AD accentuates the exigency for innovative treatment modalities. Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid intrinsic to hallucinogenic mushrooms, has garnered attention within the neuropsychiatric realm due to its established safety and efficacy in treating depression. Nonetheless, its potential as a therapeutic avenue for AD remains largely uncharted. This comprehensive review endeavors to encapsulate the pharmacological effects of psilocybin while elucidating the existing evidence concerning its potential mechanisms contributing to a positive impact on AD. Specifically, the active metabolite of psilocybin, psilocin, elicits its effects through the modulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A receptor). This modulation causes heightened neural plasticity, diminished inflammation, and improvements in cognitive functions such as creativity, cognitive flexibility, and emotional facial recognition. Noteworthy is psilocybin's promising role in mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms in AD patients. Acknowledging the attendant adverse reactions, we proffer strategies aimed at tempering or mitigating its hallucinogenic effects. Moreover, we broach the ethical and legal dimensions inherent in psilocybin's exploration for AD treatment. By traversing these avenues, We propose therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the nuanced management of Alzheimer's disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601", "pubmed_id": "39050672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39050672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 638, "title": "Unraveling psilocybin’s therapeutic potential: behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar male rat models of treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "unraveling psilocybin s therapeutic potential behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in wistar kyoto and wistar male rat models of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Magdalena Kolasa, Agnieszka Nikiforuk, Agata Korlatowicz, Joanna Solich, Agnieszka Potasiewicz, Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, Ryszard Bugno, Adam S. Hogendorf, Andrzej J. Bojarski, Agata Faron-Górecka", "abstract": "RATIONALE: Our study aimed to unravel the unknown mechanisms behind the exceptional efficacy of Psilocybin (PSI) in treating treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Focusing on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with a TRD phenotype and Wistar (WIS) rats as a normative comparison, we investigated behavioral and neuroplasticity-related responses to PSI, striving to shed light on the distinctive features of its antidepressant effects. OBJECTIVES: We set out to assess the behavioral impact of acute and prolonged PSI administration on WKY and WIS rats, employing Novel Object Recognition (NORT), Social Interaction (SI), and Forced Swimming Test (FST). Our secondary objectives involved exploring strain-specific alterations in neuroplasticity-related parameters, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). METHODS: Conducting post-acute and extended assessments after a single PSI administration, we applied behavioral tests and biochemical analyses to measure serum BDNF levels and neuroplasticity-related parameters in the prefrontal cortex. Statistical analyses were deployed to discern significant differences between the rat strains and assess the impact of PSI on behavioral and biochemical outcomes. RESULTS: Our findings uncovered significant behavioral disparities between WKY and WIS rats, indicating passive behavior and social withdrawal in the former. PSI demonstrated pronounced pro-social and antidepressant effects in both strains, each with its distinctive temporal trajectory. Notably, we identified strain-specific variations in BDNF-related signaling and observed the modulation of Arc expression in WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS: Our study delineated mood-related behavioral nuances between WKY and WIS rat strains, underscoring the antidepressant and pro-social properties of PSI in both groups. The distinct temporal patterns of observed changes and the identified strain-specific neuroplasticity alterations provide valuable insights into the TRD phenotype and the mechanisms underpinning the efficacy of PSI.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-07-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3", "pubmed_id": "38963553", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroplasticity, Depression (economics), Psychology, Neuroscience, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychopharmacology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Amygdala, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Kolasa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2023-2699\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022670452\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Nikiforuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-8348\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073055765\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Korlatowicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8926-3143\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069807940\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Solich\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-4263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060540666\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Potasiewicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6444-5637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089673359\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7030-7874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006523340\",\"display_name\":\"Ryszard Bugno\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3741-674X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034604911\",\"display_name\":\"Adam S. Hogendorf\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-3266\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025399512\",\"display_name\":\"Andrzej J. Bojarski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-6333\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027636060\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Faron-Górecka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8202-190X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400335852" }, { "id": 1080, "title": "Engaging Mood Brain Circuits with Psilocybin (EMBRACE): a study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled and delayed-start, neuroimaging trial in depression", "normalized_title": "engaging mood brain circuits with psilocybin embrace a study protocol for a randomized placebo controlled and delayed start neuroimaging trial in depression", "authors": "Joshua M. Poulin, Gregory E. Bigford, Krista L. Lanctôt, Peter Giacobbe, Ayal Schaffer, Mark Sinyor, Jennifer S. Rabin, Mario Masellis, Amit Singnurkar, Christopher B. Pople, Nir Lipsman, Muhammad Ishrat Husain, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Xingshan Cao, Bradley J. MacIntosh, Sean M. Nestor", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide across domains of health and cognition, affecting overall quality of life. Approximately one third of individuals with depression do not fully respond to treatments (e.g., conventional antidepressants, psychotherapy) and alternative strategies are needed. Recent early phase trials suggest psilocybin may be a safe and efficacious intervention with rapid-acting antidepressant properties. Psilocybin is thought to exert therapeutic benefits by altering brain network connectivity and inducing neuroplastic changes that endure for weeks post-treatment. Although early clinical results are encouraging, psilocybin's acute neurobiological effects on neuroplasticity have not been fully investigated. We aim to examine for the first time how psilocybin acutely (intraday) and subacutely (weeks) alters functional brain networks implicated in depression. METHODS: Fifty participants diagnosed with MDD or persistent depressive disorder (PDD) will be recruited from a tertiary mood disorders clinic and undergo 1:1 randomization into either an experimental or control arm. Participants will be given either 25 mg psilocybin or 25 mg microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) placebo for the first treatment. Three weeks later, those in the control arm will transition to receiving 25 mg psilocybin. We will investigate whether treatments are associated with changes in arterial spin labelling and blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast neuroimaging assessments at acute and subacute timepoints. Primary outcomes include testing whether psilocybin demonstrates acute changes in (1) cerebral blood flow and (2) functional brain activity in networks associated with mood regulation and depression when compared to placebo, along with changes in MADRS score over time compared to placebo. Secondary outcomes include changes across complementary clinical psychiatric, cognitive, and functional scales from baseline to final follow-up. Serum peripheral neurotrophic and inflammatory biomarkers will be collected at baseline and follow-up to examine relationships with clinical response, and neuroimaging measures. DISCUSSION: This study will investigate the acute and additive subacute neuroplastic effects of psilocybin on brain networks affected by depression using advanced serial neuroimaging methods. Results will improve our understanding of psilocybin's antidepressant mechanisms versus placebo response and whether biological measures of brain function can provide early predictors of treatment response. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06072898. Registered on 6 October 2023.", "journal": "Trials", "publication_date": "2024-07-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6", "pubmed_id": "38956594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mood, Medicine, Major depressive disorder, Placebo, Neuroimaging, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Antidepressant, Randomized controlled trial, Neuroplasticity, Clinical psychology, Functional neuroimaging, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Anxiety, Pathology, Macroeconomics, Economics, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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M. Poulin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027559430\",\"display_name\":\"Gregory E. Bigford\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8990-3465\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056420149\",\"display_name\":\"Krista L. Lanctôt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-6637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090699665\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Giacobbe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-6221\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061491090\",\"display_name\":\"Ayal Schaffer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6220-5042\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085212982\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Sinyor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-2584\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036040848\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer S. Rabin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-2221\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085497748\",\"display_name\":\"Mario Masellis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-2096\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018074156\",\"display_name\":\"Amit Singnurkar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-9507\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082808746\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher B. Pople\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7014-3280\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067783855\",\"display_name\":\"Nir Lipsman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-3056\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078217449\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Ishrat Husain\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-5750\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050740394\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua D. Rosenblat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-2191\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056656734\",\"display_name\":\"Xingshan Cao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024494721\",\"display_name\":\"Bradley J. MacIntosh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-2355\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023782543\",\"display_name\":\"Sean M. Nestor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-5027\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S109512841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Trials\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400306738" }, { "id": 1086, "title": "Potential Differences in Psychedelic Actions Based on Biological Sex.", "normalized_title": "potential differences in psychedelic actions based on biological sex", "authors": "Shadani S, Conn K, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ", "abstract": "The resurgence of interest in psychedelics as treatments for psychiatric disorders necessitates a better understanding of potential sex differences in response to these substances. Sex as a biological variable (SABV) has been historically neglected in medical research, posing limits to our understanding of treatment efficacy. Human studies have provided insights into the efficacy of psychedelics across various diagnoses and aspects of cognition, yet sex-specific effects remain unclear, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions about sex-dependent differences in response to psychedelic treatments. Compounding this further, animal studies used to understand biological mechanisms of psychedelics predominantly use one sex and present mixed neurobiological and behavioral outcomes. Studies that do include both sexes often do not investigate sex differences further, which may hinder the translation of findings to the clinic. In reviewing sex differences in responses to psychedelics, we will highlight the direct interaction between estrogen (the most extensively studied steroid hormone) and the serotonin system (central to the mechanism of action of psychedelics), and the potential that estrogen-serotonin interactions may influence the efficacy of psychedelics in female participants. Estrogen influences serotonin neurotransmission by affecting its synthesis and release, as well as modulating the sensitivity and responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes in the brain. This could potentially influence the efficacy of psychedelics in females by modifying their therapeutic efficacy across menstrual cycles and developmental stages. Investigating this interaction in the context of psychedelic research could aid in the advancement of therapeutic outcomes, especially for conditions with sex-specific prevalence.", "journal": "Endocrinology", "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1210/endocr/bqae083", "pubmed_id": "38980913", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38980913/", "keywords": "cognition, estrogen, learning, psilocybin, psychedelics, serotonin, sex differences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38980913\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 812, "title": "Striking Long Term Beneficial Effects of Single Dose Psilocybin and Psychedelic Mushroom Extract in the SAPAP3 Rodent Model of OCD-Like Excessive Self-Grooming", "normalized_title": "striking long term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the sapap3 rodent model of ocd like excessive self grooming", "authors": "Brownstien M, Lazar M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Blakolmer K, Lerer L, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.", "abstract": "Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent disorder that causes serious disability. Available treatments leave 40% or more of people with OCD significantly symptomatic. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Mice that carry a homozygous deletion of the SAPAP3 gene (SAPAP3 KO) manifest a phenotype of excessive self-grooming, tic-like head-body twitches and anxiety. These behaviors closely resemble pathological self-grooming behaviors observed in humans in conditions that overlap with OCD. Following a preliminary report that the tryptaminergic psychedelic, psilocybin, may reduce symptoms in patients with OCD, we undertook a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin in 50 SAPAP3 KO mice (28 male, 22 female). Mice that fulfilled inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to a single intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg), psychedelic mushroom extract (encompassing the same psilocybin dose) or vehicle control and were evaluated after 2, 4 and 21 days by a rater blind to treatment allocation for grooming characteristics, head-body twitches, anxiety and other behavioral features. Mice treated with vehicle (n=18) manifested a 118.71 + 95.96 % increase in total self-grooming (the primary outcome measure) over the 21-day observation period. In contrast, total self-grooming decreased by 14.60% + 17.90% in mice treated with psilocybin (n=16) and by 19.20 + 20.05% in mice treated with psychedelic mushroom extract (n=16) (p=.001 for effect of time; p=.0001 for time X treatment interaction). 5 mice were dropped from the vehicle group because they developed skin lesions; 4 from the psilocybin group and none from the psychedelic mushroom extract group. Secondary outcome measures such as head-body twitches and anxiety all showed a significant improvement over 21 days. Notably, in mice that responded to psilocybin (n=12) and psychedelic mushroom extract (n=13), the beneficial effect of a single treatment persisted up to 7 weeks. Mice initially treated with vehicle and non-responsive, showed a clear and lasting therapeutic response when treated with a single dose of psilocybin or psychedelic mushroom extract and followed for a further 3 weeks. While equivalent to psilocybin in overall effect on self-grooming, psychedelic mushroom extract showed superior effects in alleviating head-body twitches and anxiety. These findings strongly justify clinical trials of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD and further studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms that underlie the long-term effects to alleviate excessive self-grooming observed in this study. Graphical Abstract Prepared with BioRender ( https://www.biorender.com/ )", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.25.600634", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.25.600634", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR875056\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4603, "title": "Historical Perspectives and Pharmacodynamic Actions of the Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) for Future Global Healthcare", "normalized_title": "historical perspectives and pharmacodynamic actions of the magic mushroom psilocybin for future global healthcare", "authors": "Bennett Lange, Luke Morgan, Christopher Mattox, Suhrud Pathak, Keyi Liu, Rishi Nadar, Jun Ren, Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan, Timothy Moore, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran", "abstract": "Many medicines and treatments for varying levels of ailments were found through natural bioactives before complex separation techniques were available.Ironically, as medicine advances, drastically more people seem to be reverting to a desire for these natural bioactives.Due to this, it is important to discover and research the pharmacology of historically used plants and how exactly they can exert their effects.Magic mushrooms are a polyphyletic group of mushrooms that are characterized by the presence of a psychedelic compound (a drug classification that changes mental state and elicits hallucinations), Psilocybin.The PubMed (NIH) database was manually searched for published manuscripts up through the second week of April, 2024 for the current study using an advanced search feature.The keywords used for the search are given below.The search was done using the CDC, NIH and WHO databases.Journal articles, books and book chapters were manually searched under all languages without filter restrictions.Psilocybin has been found to exert a change in many different organ systems of the human body, including the central nervous system, ophthalmic system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, excretory system, endocrine system, immune system, integumentary system, auditory system, smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and spinal cord.This is possible through converting Psilocybin to Psilocin in the liver, which is a 5-HT2A agonist.This review profoundly analyzes magic mushrooms historical, current and future uses as they pertain to the human healthcare system.These uses contain nutraceutical, prophylactic and therapeutic pathways.It will also cover the toxicological effects on these organ systems and how dangerous these effects are.", "journal": "Trends in Medical Research", "publication_date": "2024-06-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3923/tmr.2024.245.273", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tmr.2024.245.273", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacodynamics, Health care, MAGIC (telescope), Mushroom, Medicine, Pharmacology, Traditional medicine, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Economics, Economic growth, Quantum mechanics, Physics, Food science, Pharmacokinetics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Lange\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111256320\",\"display_name\":\"Luke Morgan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104433694\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Mattox\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076318449\",\"display_name\":\"Suhrud Pathak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7871-4757\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103048885\",\"display_name\":\"Keyi Liu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020386771\",\"display_name\":\"Rishi Nadar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079882386\",\"display_name\":\"Jun Ren\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-2004\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076437356\",\"display_name\":\"Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103236772\",\"display_name\":\"Timothy Moore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-268X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029010126\",\"display_name\":\"Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-3440\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S20279327\",\"source_display_name\":\"Trends in Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tmr.2024.245.273\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400607327" }, { "id": 1075, "title": "Acute Effects of Hallucinogens on Functional Connectivity: Psilocybin and Salvinorin-A", "normalized_title": "acute effects of hallucinogens on functional connectivity psilocybin and salvinorin a", "authors": "Frederick A. Bagdasarian, Hanne D. Hansen, Jingyuan Chen, Chi-Hyeon Yoo, Michael S. Placzek, Jacob M. Hooker, Hsiao-Ying Wey", "abstract": "The extent of changes in functional connectivity (FC) within functional networks as a common feature across hallucinogenic drug classes is under-explored. This work utilized fMRI to assess the dissociative hallucinogens Psilocybin, a classical serotonergic psychedelic, and Salvinorin-A, a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, on resting-state FC in nonhuman primates. We highlight overlapping and differing influence of these substances on FC relative to the thalamus, claustrum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), default mode network (DMN), and DMN subcomponents. Analysis was conducted on a within-subject basis. Findings support the cortico-claustro-cortical network model for probing functional effects of hallucinogens regardless of serotonergic potential, with a potential key paradigm centered around the claustrum, PFC, anterior cingulate cortices (ACC), and angular gyrus relationship. Thalamo-cortical networks are implicated but appear dependent on 5-HT2A R activation. Acute desynchronization relative to the DMN for both drugs was also shown. Our findings provide a framework to understand broader mechanisms at which hallucinogens in differing classes may impact subjects regardless of the target receptor.", "journal": "ACS Chemical Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2024-06-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00245", "pubmed_id": "38916752", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00245", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Ayahuasca, Pharmacology, Biology, Ecology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400002012\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4400002012\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":10,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W104059927\",\"https://openalex.org/W1872197089\",\"https://openalex.org/W1932565198\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964807622\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985623917\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988299846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004109806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004486666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010391271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020659752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026484120\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058284686\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060895955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061003036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074726570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081452182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082655966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085879736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120836623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121148760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142704974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161282151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167295928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170938715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2521957279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2586126893\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769349069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885746909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927836703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973639884\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013453277\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036596508\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045883871\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084922089\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090010637\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095547609\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097554175\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134702649\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180269126\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207723116\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220970541\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226167020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235770099\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241221200\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283211919\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362696780\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366998343\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033175481\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick A. Bagdasarian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5136-4494\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005785269\",\"display_name\":\"Hanne D. Hansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-7627\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100770062\",\"display_name\":\"Jingyuan Chen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-883X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059788138\",\"display_name\":\"Chi-Hyeon Yoo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-4583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090963559\",\"display_name\":\"Michael S. Placzek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-6024\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026299628\",\"display_name\":\"Jacob M. Hooker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-7708\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055559084\",\"display_name\":\"Hsiao-Ying Wey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1425-8489\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S180465690\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Chemical Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00245\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4400002012" }, { "id": 3338, "title": "Increased 5-HT2A receptor signalling efficacy differentiates serotonergic psychedelics from non-psychedelics", "normalized_title": "increased 5 ht2a receptor signalling efficacy differentiates serotonergic psychedelics from non psychedelics", "authors": "Ippolito A, Vasudevan S, Hurley S, Gilmour G, Westhorpe F, Churchill G, Sharp T.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background and Purpose Serotonergic psychedelic drugs are under renewed investigation for the potential treatment of several psychiatric disorders. While all serotonergic psychedelics have 5-HT2A receptor activity, the explanation for why some 5-HT2A receptor agonists are not psychedelic is unknown. To address this question, we investigated the 5-HT2A receptor signalling bias and efficacy of a panel of psychedelics and non-psychedelics. Experimental Approach G -coupled (Ca 2+ and IP) and β-arrestin2 signalling effects of eight chemically diverse psychedelics (psilocin, 5-MeO-DMT, LSD, mescaline, 25B-NBOMe and DOI) and non-psychedelics (lisuride and TBG) were characterised using SH-SY5Y cells expressing recombinant human 5-HT2A receptors. Measurements of signalling efficacy and bias were derived from dose-responses curves for each agonist, compared to 5-HT. Follow-up experiments sought to confirm the generality of findings using rat C6 cells expressing endogenous 5-HT2A receptors. Key Results In SH-SY5Y cells, all psychedelics were partial agonists at both 5-HT2A receptor signalling pathways and none showed significant signalling bias. In comparison, in SH-SY5Y cells the non-psychedelics lisuride and TBG were not distinguishable from psychedelics in terms of biased agonist properties, but both exhibited the lowest 5-HT2A receptor signalling efficacy of all drugs tested, a result confirmed in C6 cells. Conclusion and Implications In summary, all psychedelics tested were unbiased, partial 5-HT2A receptor agonists. Importantly, the non-psychedelics lisuride and TBG were discriminated from psychedelics, not through biased signalling but rather by relatively low efficacy. Thus, 5-HT2A receptor signalling efficacy and not bias provides a possible explanation for why some 5-HT2A receptor agonists are not psychedelic.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.13.594677", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.13.594677", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR868508\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1110, "title": "Unlocking the healing power of psilocybin: an overview of the role of psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorder", "normalized_title": "unlocking the healing power of psilocybin an overview of the role of psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder obsessive compulsive disorder and substance use disorder", "authors": "Sandra Szafoni, Piotr Gręblowski, Klaudia Grabowska, Gniewko Więckiewicz", "abstract": "Resistance to traditional treatment methods is still a major obstacle in modern psychiatry. As a result, several studies are currently being conducted to find effective alternatives to traditional therapies. One of these alternatives is psilocybin, a psychedelic substance that has been tested in clinical trials as an adjunct to psychotherapy. These studies focus on patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (SUD), particularly alcohol and nicotine dependence. This article looks at the current understanding of psilocybin, including data from clinical trials conducted, psilocybin's mechanism of action, its safety and the level of risk associated with it.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-06-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888", "pubmed_id": "38919636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Obsessive compulsive, Psychiatry, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Clinical trial, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Cognition, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4399572299\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W77478258\",\"https://openalex.org/W1587734848\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966424565\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970165113\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983350514\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986426704\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036448465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041591334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050383033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057120528\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093994427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097355938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134756982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147289447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155961498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2194924010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2654923513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759054628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805577811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895197076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2896040605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2904660484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927836703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979100461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985843276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112173414\",\"https://openalex.org/W3117921577\",\"https://openalex.org/W3143773781\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171833614\",\"https://openalex.org/W3183684219\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3201512146\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204944997\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215301772\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214779885\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214940428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220829235\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224116256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241294122\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281666404\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281762597\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286449579\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297478109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4298055464\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307134464\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308040950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4353070324\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367664319\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378549583\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379383539\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382133350\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382240642\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385628167\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386069067\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387818312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387941143\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393349118\",\"https://openalex.org/W4394693583\",\"https://openalex.org/W6634905416\",\"https://openalex.org/W6641677328\",\"https://openalex.org/W6660805464\",\"https://openalex.org/W6661898125\",\"https://openalex.org/W6662749299\",\"https://openalex.org/W6674380826\",\"https://openalex.org/W6679984609\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683883610\",\"https://openalex.org/W6708533747\",\"https://openalex.org/W6712001975\",\"https://openalex.org/W6752234185\",\"https://openalex.org/W6755541052\",\"https://openalex.org/W6758932831\",\"https://openalex.org/W6777529714\",\"https://openalex.org/W6782802736\",\"https://openalex.org/W6786823634\",\"https://openalex.org/W6797335148\",\"https://openalex.org/W6852560692\",\"https://openalex.org/W6855225731\",\"https://openalex.org/W6855914970\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010700554\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra Szafoni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4980-5734\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5099102094\",\"display_name\":\"Piotr Gręblowski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5099102095\",\"display_name\":\"Klaudia Grabowska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086168835\",\"display_name\":\"Gniewko Więckiewicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2404-393X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4399572299" }, { "id": 4609, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Fungally Derived Psilocybin Extract in Morphine-Dependent Mice: A Research Protocol", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of fungally derived psilocybin extract in morphine dependent mice a research protocol", "authors": "Linda Nguyen, Sona Regonda, Adam Gaisinsky", "abstract": "Introduction: Psilocybin is a naturally occurring tryptamine derivative psychedelic compound potently produced by fungi members of the genus Psilocybe. Previous literature has highlighted psilocybin as a serotonin 2A receptor agonist with striking effects on neural plasticity and cognition. Recent studies explore the usage of psilocybin in addressing addictive behaviours and substance abuse. Small psilocybin doses have shown promising anti-addictive and withdrawal-minimizing properties in alcohol-dependent mice. This study will further investigate this emerging field through a novel lens. We propose a novel study to elucidate psylobicin’s effect on opioid addiction in mouse models. Methods: Morphine-dependent mice will be administered either saline vehicle or differing doses of psilocybin during a morphine-available period to monitor consumption. Though mechanistically ambiguous, psilocybin’s hypothesized entry into serotonin-dependent stress-conciliating pathways supports the hypothesis that mean morphine consumption will decrease in a dose-dependent manner to similar levels to popular opioid receptor agonist therapeutics, such as methadone. Furthermore, we will examine psilocybin's impact on withdrawal behaviour. After morphine deprival on dependent mice, sustained doses of psilocybin, methadone, and positive and negative controls will be administered. Results: By analyzing stress-indicative behaviours in mice, the efficacy of psilocybin as a withdrawal assistance agent can be elucidated. Results from the morphine-dependent mice are expected to consume less morphine than controls, and minimize withdrawal symptoms at a similar level to popular therapeutic options like methadone. Discussion: If successful, psilocybin’s anti-addictive potential will help provide a cheaper, more accessible therapeutic option in addressing the growing opioid crisis. Furthermore, controlled psilocybin dosages have been shown to have lesser dependence potential compared to modern opioid addiction therapeutics. Conclusion: This study’s novel approach will provide meaningful support in exploring the growing field of mycology and its potential to address other substance use disorders. Future research may explore outside the limitations of the mouse model, like the oral administration of the compounds rather than intraperitoneal injection.", "journal": "Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal", "publication_date": "2024-06-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.26685/urncst.588", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.588", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Morphine, Pharmacology, Addiction, Methadone, Psychology, Agonist, Opioid, Medicine, Neuroscience, Receptor, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4399487178\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4399487178\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033287159\",\"display_name\":\"Linda Nguyen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2419-3778\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093548220\",\"display_name\":\"Sona Regonda\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-9733\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093548219\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Gaisinsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7513-6118\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306533725\",\"source_display_name\":\"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.588\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4399487178" }, { "id": 1089, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on cognition and emotional processing in healthy adults and adults with depression: a systematic literature review.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on cognition and emotional processing in healthy adults and adults with depression a systematic literature review", "authors": "Ramos L, Vicente SG.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist in some mushroom species, has shown promise as a novel, fast-acting pharmacotherapy seeking to overcome the limitations of conventional first-line antidepressants. Studying psilocybin effects on cognition and emotional processing may help to clarify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and may also support studies with people suffering from depression. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the effects of psilocybin on these two key areas in both healthy and depressed populations.MethodA systematic search was performed on 29 January 2024, in the PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. After duplicates removal, study selection was conducted considering pre-specified criteria. Data extraction was then performed. The quality assessment of the studies was carried out using the Cochrane Collaboration tools for randomized (RoB 2.0) and non-randomized (ROBINS-I) controlled trials.ResultsTwenty articles were included, with 18 targeting healthy adults and two adults with depression. Results point to impairments within attentional and inhibitory processes, and improvements in the domains of creativity and social cognition in healthy individuals. In the population with depression, only cognitive flexibility and emotional recognition were affected, both being enhanced. The comparison of outcomes from both populations proved limited.ConclusionsPsilocybin acutely alters several cognitive domains, with a localized rather than global focus, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the significant methodological constraints call for further research, in the context of depression and with standardized protocols, with longitudinal studies also imperative.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343", "pubmed_id": "38842300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Cognition, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38842300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1111, "title": "Study protocol for “Psilocybin in patients with fibromyalgia: brain biomarkers of action”", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocybin in patients with fibromyalgia brain biomarkers of action", "authors": "Julia Bornemann, James B. Close, Kirran Ahmad, Tommaso Barba, Kate Godfrey, Lauren Macdonald, David Erritzøe, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "Background: Chronic pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Fibromyalgia is a particularly debilitating form of widespread chronic pain. Fibromyalgia remains poorly understood, and treatment options are limited or moderately effective at best. Here, we present a protocol for a mechanistic study investigating the effects of psychedelic-assisted-therapy in a fibromyalgia population. The principal focus of this trial is the central mechanism(s) of psilocybin-therapy i.e., in the brain and on associated mental schemata, primarily captured by electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of the acute psychedelic state, plus pre and post Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Methods: Twenty participants with fibromyalgia will complete 8 study visits over 8 weeks. This will include two dosing sessions where participants will receive psilocybin at least once, with doses varying up to 25mg. Our primary outcomes are 1) Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZc) recorded acutely using EEG, and the 2) the (Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) measured at baseline and primary endpoint. Secondary outcomes will aim to capture broad aspects of the pain experience and related features through neuroimaging, self-report measures, behavioural paradigms, and qualitative interviews. Pain Symptomatology will be measured using the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Subscale (BPI-IS), physical and mental health-related function will be measured using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Further neurobiological investigations will include functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (changes from baseline to primary endpoint), and acute changes in pre- vs post-acute spontaneous brain activity - plus event-related potential functional plasticity markers, captured via EEG. Discussion: The results of this study will provide valuable insight into the brain mechanisms involved in the action of psilocybin-therapy for fibromyalgia with potential implications for the therapeutic action of psychedelic-therapy more broadly. It will also deliver essential data to inform the design of a potential subsequent RCT.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-06-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320780", "pubmed_id": "38983371", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320780", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Fibromyalgia, Medicine, Protocol (science), Action (physics), Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Psychology, Alternative medicine, Physics, Pathology, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4399334341\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4399334341\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W99126694\",\"https://openalex.org/W173089895\",\"https://openalex.org/W1522923028\",\"https://openalex.org/W1846087019\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976702448\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976953196\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003290433\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005618492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031343230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039321614\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049056319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084982638\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086963232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091828452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092135040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144765333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151828427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171763390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2192859497\",\"https://openalex.org/W2253364553\",\"https://openalex.org/W2289941121\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318004773\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396361768\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400707620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473063847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2474274656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2511511558\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2584058699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2620351605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2702360522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2751884637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757019711\",\"https://openalex.org/W2780102508\",\"https://openalex.org/W2782975558\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796097039\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803051125\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804789712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2831064708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888345990\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921423076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938595859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952076508\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2980331035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985188679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991342487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006005031\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018877629\",\"https://openalex.org/W3021230314\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036067965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047161913\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081126678\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097501343\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153764414\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165837403\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204295756\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205506305\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207365630\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213721934\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206759226\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226030869\",\"https://openalex.org/W4246688436\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255359938\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280628544\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294804950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4299611009\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313251651\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390794773\",\"https://openalex.org/W6712945588\",\"https://openalex.org/W6743858295\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057005985\",\"display_name\":\"Julia Bornemann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002017022\",\"display_name\":\"James B. Close\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100595075\",\"display_name\":\"Kirran Ahmad\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005427567\",\"display_name\":\"Tommaso Barba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2565-4628\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056222921\",\"display_name\":\"Kate Godfrey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-2382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109728412\",\"display_name\":\"Lauren Macdonald\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320780\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4399334341" }, { "id": 1121, "title": "Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for dementia prevention the potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "authors": "Haniff Z, Bocharova M, Mantingh T, Rucker J, Velayudhan L, Taylor D, Young A, Aarsland D, Vernon A, Thuret S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11847495", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11847495\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 726, "title": "Psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats", "authors": "Floris G, Dabrowski KR, Zanda MT, Daws SE.", "abstract": "Preclinical and human studies indicate psilocybin may reduce perseverant maladaptive behaviors, including nicotine and alcohol seeking. Such studies in the opioid field are lacking, though opioids are involved in more >50% of overdose deaths. Psilocybin is an agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R), a well-documented target for modulation of drug seeking, and evidence suggests 5-HT2A R agonists may dampen motivation for opioids. We sought to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in mediating cessation of opioid use and maintenance of long-lasting abstinence from opioid seeking behavior in a rat model of heroin self-administration (SA). Psilocybin or 5-HT2A R antagonists ketanserin and volinanserin were administered systemically to rats prior to SA of 0.075 mg/kg/infusion of heroin, or relapse following forced abstinence. Psilocybin did not alter heroin taking, but a single exposure to 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin 4-24 hours prior to a relapse test blunted cue-induced heroin seeking. Conversely, 5-HT2A R antagonists exacerbated heroin relapse. To begin to elucidate mechanisms of psilocybin, drug-naïve rats received psilocybin and/or ketanserin, and tissue was collected from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region critical for drug seeking and responsive to psilocybin, 24 hours later for RNA-sequencing. 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin regulated ∼2-fold more genes in the PFC than 1.0 mg/kg, including genes involved in the cytoskeleton and cytokine signaling. Ketanserin blocked >90% of psilocybin-regulated genes, including the IL-17a cytokine receptor, Il17ra. Psychedelic compounds have reported anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore we performed a gene expression array to measure chemokine/cytokine molecules in the PFC of animals that displayed psilocybin-mediated inhibition of heroin seeking. Psilocybin regulated 4 genes, including Il17a, and a subset of genes correlated with relapse behavior. Selective inhibition of PFC IL-17a was sufficient to reduce heroin relapse. We conclude that psilocybin reduces heroin relapse and highlight IL-17a signaling as a potential downstream pathway of psilocybin that also reduces heroin seeking.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.28.596205", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.28.596205", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR860490\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1128, "title": "Time-resolved coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience under the psychedelic DMT", "normalized_title": "time resolved coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience under the psychedelic dmt", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Luppi A, Atasoy S, Deco G, Timmermann C, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Exploring the intricate relationship between brain's structure and function, and how this affects subjective experience is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Psychedelic substances offer a unique insight into the influences of specific neurotransmitter systems on perception, cognition and consciousness. Specifically, their impact on brain function propagates across the structural connectome, a network of white matter pathways linking different regions. To comprehensively grasp the effects of psychedelic compounds on brain function, we used a theoretically rigorous framework known as connectome harmonic decomposition. This framework provides a robust method to characterize how brain function intricately depends on the organized network structure of the human connectome. We show that the connectome harmonic repertoire under DMT is reshaped in line with other reported psychedelic compounds; psilocybin, LSD and ketamine. Furthermore, we show that the repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics increases under DMT, as with those other psychedelics. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that measures of energy spectrum difference and repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics indexes the intensity of subjective experience of the participants in a time-resolved manner reflecting close coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.30.596410", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596410", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR860621\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3788, "title": "Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology", "normalized_title": "resetting the hippocampal buffer a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety related psychopathology", "authors": "McGovern H, Wellman N, Hutchinson B, Oestreich LKL, Cooper SE, Fonzo G, Doss M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/y8sb7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y8sb7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR858231\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3343, "title": "Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology", "normalized_title": "resetting the hippocampal buffer a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety related psychopathology", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/y8sb7_v1", "keywords": "anxiety, clinical neuroscience, hippocampus, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"y8sb7_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1102, "title": "The influence of psilocybin on subconscious and conscious emotional learning", "normalized_title": "the influence of psilocybin on subconscious and conscious emotional learning", "authors": "Andrea Casanova, Andres Ort, John W Smallridge, Katrin H. Preller, Erich Seifritz, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics hold promise as a treatment modality for various psychiatric disorders and are currently applied in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We investigated the learning effects of the serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin in a probabilistic cue-reward task with emotional cues in the form of neutral or fearful faces, presented either consciously or subconsciously. This study represents the first investigation into reinforcement learning with psilocybin. Across different dosages, psilocybin preserved learning effects and was statistically noninferior compared to placebo, while suggesting a higher exploratory behavior. Notably, the 20 mg group exhibited significantly better learning rates against the placebo group. Psilocybin induced inferior results with subconscious cues compared to placebo, and better results with conscious neutral cues in some conditions. These findings suggest that modulating serotonin signaling in the brain with psilocybin sufficiently preservers reinforcement learning.", "journal": "iScience", "publication_date": "2024-05-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2024.110034", "pubmed_id": "38883812", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.110034", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Subconscious, Psychology, Cognitive science, Neuroscience, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4397049643\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4397049643\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1969549633\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989324273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990254102\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995041454\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008663231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009210170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043776914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047427656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065540111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076457657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083817658\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090519430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094761601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098536759\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104049715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110760370\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131216563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133743411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135286048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136045139\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144655282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160747344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161563886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167738136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515552584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2764309060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2782190599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912884060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972959563\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036400676\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080679302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124059976\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180355975\",\"https://openalex.org/W3187005808\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214717370\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282931386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290860874\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294631080\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309662022\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317715429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379284995\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W6786502226\",\"https://openalex.org/W6853949751\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078986734\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea Casanova\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8551-5439\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090501438\",\"display_name\":\"Andres Ort\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006657603\",\"display_name\":\"John W Smallridge\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5115\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898358376\",\"source_display_name\":\"iScience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.110034\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4397049643" }, { "id": 3118, "title": "Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behavior in rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time computational modelling of behavior in rats", "authors": "Fisher EL, Smith R, Corcoran AW, Milton LK, Conn K, Hohwy J, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin treatment have been associated with increased positive mood and decreased pessimism. Although psilocybin is proving to be effective in clinical trials for treatment of psychiatric disorders, the information processing mechanisms affected by psilocybin are not well understood. Here, we fit computational models of underlying decision-making mechanisms to behaviour in rats. The model revealed that rats treated with psilocybin achieve more rewards through increased task engagement, mediated by modification of forgetting rates and reduced loss aversion. These findings suggest that psilocybin may afford an optimism bias that arises through altered belief updating, with translational potential for clinical populations characterised by lack of optimism.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.16.594614", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.16.594614", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR853997\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3632, "title": "Mechanisms Supporting Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "mechanisms supporting psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for alcohol use disorder a randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "University of Calgary", "abstract": "The aim of this study is to determine if a single dose of psilocybin administered with motivational enhancement therapy (MET) can reduce heavy drinking in patients with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). The primary objective of this study is to determine if psilocybin administered with a standardized psychotherapeutic intervention, motivational enhancement therapy (MET), can reduce heavy drinking in a patient population with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Patients with an AUD will be randomly allocated to either a high dose (25mg; active treatment) or a low dose (1mg; active control) psilocybin arm. All participants will receive 5 sessions of MET, starting at 24hrs post-dosing. Heavy drinking will be assessed as percent heavy drinking days using the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) at baseline and 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks post-dosing. A total of 128 male and female patients between the ages of 22-65 with a moderate to severe AUD diagnosis will be recruited from the community. Participants will undergo a thorough screening procedure and eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the high (N=64) or low (N=64) psilocybin doses. All participants will complete a baseline session consisting of clinical, behavioral, and neuroimaging measures. Following the single dosing session, participants will complete 5 weekly MET sessions. Neuroimaging measures will be assessed again at 1-week post-doing. Clinical and behavioral outcomes will be measured at 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks post-dosing", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-05-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05995769", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Alcoholism, Psilocybin, magic mushrooms, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05995769\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 966, "title": "Psilocybin reduces alcohol self-administration via selective left nucleus accumbens activation in rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces alcohol self administration via selective left nucleus accumbens activation in rats", "authors": "Jérôme Jeanblanc, Romain Bordy, Grégory Fouquet, Virginie Jeanblanc, Mickaël Naassïla", "abstract": "The use of psilocybin to treat alcohol use disorder is very promising, but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. We combined behavioural, pharmacological and gene expression analyses to decipher the mechanisms of action of psilocybin, for the first time, when injected into the brain. Male Long Evans rats underwent chronic operant ethanol self-administration before testing the effect of intraperitoneal psilocybin or directly within the nucleus accumbens core or the ventral tegmental area. Transcripts from the dopaminergic system were quantified in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Psilocybin significantly reduced (by 50%) ethanol self-administration when injected 4 h before the session either intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) or directly within the left nucleus accumbens (0.15 μg) but not the right nucleus accumbens or the left ventral tegmental area. The effect of intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin was prevented by intra-left nucleus accumbens injection of 0.3 μg of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin. In rats that self-administered ethanol but not in those self-administering saccharin, dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) mRNA was increased in both the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex by psilocybin, while dopamine D1 receptor mRNA was increased only in the prefrontal cortex. As in humans, psilocybin reduced ethanol self-administration in rats through the 5-HT2A receptor within the left nucleus accumbens, possibly through increased D2R expression. Our results open unexpected perspectives regarding the hemispheric lateralization of psychedelic effects.", "journal": "Brain", "publication_date": "2024-05-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/brain/awae136", "pubmed_id": "38703387", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae136", "keywords": "Nucleus accumbens, Psilocybin, Self-administration, Alcohol, Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Dopamine, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396646618\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396646618\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":10,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1546116904\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997065612\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998966506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012288802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015641096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019358247\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034592530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065619226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068055029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129239485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134256090\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141536473\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151742475\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400755806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2617253378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889517514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2957937196\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971086441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972144997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020950088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132130376\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213463597\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211232046\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220804493\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294308393\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313585689\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316363565\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321377299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378084778\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390629750\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393342301\",\"https://openalex.org/W4393869265\",\"https://openalex.org/W6713005746\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077418201\",\"display_name\":\"Jérôme Jeanblanc\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-2777\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004130111\",\"display_name\":\"Romain Bordy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2972-688X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031892461\",\"display_name\":\"Grégory Fouquet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-1197\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022372535\",\"display_name\":\"Virginie Jeanblanc\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083298408\",\"display_name\":\"Mickaël Naassïla\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-0918\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S118357697\",\"source_display_name\":\"Brain\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae136\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4396646618" }, { "id": 1103, "title": "At the Forefront: Social Workers’ Role in Psilocybin Treatment for Depression and Substance Misuse", "normalized_title": "at the forefront social workers role in psilocybin treatment for depression and substance misuse", "authors": "Claire Parker, Bethany Wood", "abstract": "This article underscores the critical role of social workers in harnessing the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Contemporary treatments for MDD often have side effects, and the success rate for SUD treatments remains low. The pervasiveness of MDD, combined with the challenges in treating SUD, highlights a need for innovative treatments. This article provides an overview of the resurgence of literature over the past two decades that illuminates the therapeutic promise of psilocybin for mental health treatment; clinical trials elucidate the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in mitigating MDD and demonstrate great promise in reducing SUD symptoms. The long-lasting posttreatment effect emphasizes its potential as a novel treatment modality. Furthermore, psilocybin's recognition as a \"breakthrough therapy\" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the accelerating pace of psychedelic reform bills indicate growing acceptance and interest in its therapeutic capacities. Psilocybin-assisted therapy emerges as a potent treatment option, showcasing remarkable effectiveness even after a single dose. Recommendations and pathways for social workers to be involved in psilocybin-assisted therapy investigation, advocacy, and implementation are provided.", "journal": "Social Work", "publication_date": "2024-05-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/sw/swae019", "pubmed_id": "38697188", "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/swae019", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Substance abuse, Medicine, Cognition, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396599639\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396599639\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1573741172\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981417884\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998744330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039056175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079676659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093994427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136772960\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162097818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2509970222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515306146\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589250705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792053282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887938296\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009264042\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108218550\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167074068\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210332402\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385706490\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305655\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386638047\",\"https://openalex.org/W6808219749\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081534232\",\"display_name\":\"Claire Parker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-7046\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031958491\",\"display_name\":\"Bethany Wood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-0508\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S961603\",\"source_display_name\":\"Social Work\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/swae019\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4396599639" }, { "id": 1152, "title": "Altered States and Social Bonds: Effects of MDMA and Serotonergic Psychedelics on Social Behavior as a Mechanism Underlying Substance-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "altered states and social bonds effects of mdma and serotonergic psychedelics on social behavior as a mechanism underlying substance assisted therapy", "authors": "Schmid Y, Bershad AK", "abstract": "There has been renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders. Many of these compounds are known to produce prosocial effects, but how these effects relate to therapeutic efficacy and the extent to which prosocial effects are unique to a particular drug class is unknown. In this article, we present a narrative overview and compare evidence for the prosocial effects of MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics to elucidate shared mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic process. We discuss 4 categories of prosocial effects: altered self-image, responses to social reward, responses to negative social input, and social neuroplasticity. While both categories of drugs alter self-perception, MDMA may do so in a way that is less related to the experience of mystical-type states than serotonergic psychedelics. In the case of social reward, evidence supports the ability of MDMA to enhance responses and suggests that serotonergic psychedelics may also do so, but more research is needed in this area. Both drug classes consistently dampen reactivity to negative social stimuli. Finally, preclinical evidence supports the ability of both drug classes to induce social neuroplasticity, promoting adaptive rewiring of neural circuits, which may be helpful in trauma processing. While both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics produce prosocial effects, they differ in the mechanisms through which they do this. These differences affect the types of psychosocial interventions that may work best with each compound.", "journal": "Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.001", "pubmed_id": "38341085", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38341085/", "keywords": "3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics, Social behavior, Social processing", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38341085\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1151, "title": "The effect of psychedelics on the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psychedelics on the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Shafiee A, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Rafiei MA, Esmaeilpur Abianeh F, Razmara P, Jafarabady K, Amini MJ", "abstract": "Recent interest in the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics has led to investigations into their influence on molecular signaling pathways within the brain. Integrated review and analysis of different studies in this field. A systematic search was conducted across international databases including Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed from inception to 9 July 2023. Eligibility criteria encompassed published and peer-reviewed studies evaluating changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after psychedelic consumption. A total of nine studies were included in our study. The meta-analysis demonstrated significantly higher BDNF levels in psychedelic consumers compared to healthy controls, with a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.10-0.42, = 38.51%, More precisely, the documented rise in BDNF levels indicates a neurobiological mechanism by which psychedelics could enhance synaptic plasticity and foster the growth of neurons. Given the limited data available on this topic, the conclusions remain uncertain. Consequently, we highly recommend additional research with more extensive sample sizes to yield more reliable evidence in this field.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241234247", "pubmed_id": "38385351", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38385351/", "keywords": "BDNF, LSD, MDMA, Psychedelics, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38385351\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1158, "title": "In vitro and in vivo metabolism of psilocybin’s active metabolite psilocin", "normalized_title": "in vitro and in vivo metabolism of psilocybin s active metabolite psilocin", "authors": "Jan Thomann, Karolina E. Kolaczynska, Oliver V Stoeckmann, Deborah Rudin, Patrick Vizeli, Marius C. Hoener, Christopher R. Pryce, Franz X. Vollenweider, Matthias E. Liechti, Urs Duthaler", "abstract": "In vivo, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to psilocin which induces psychedelic effects by interacting with the 5-HT2A receptor. Psilocin primarily undergoes glucuronidation or conversion to 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4-HIAA). Herein, we investigated psilocybin’s metabolic pathways in vitro and in vivo, conducting a thorough analysis of the enzymes involved. Metabolism studies were performed using human liver microsomes (HLM), cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). In vivo, metabolism was examined using male C57BL/6J mice and human plasma samples. Approximately 29% of psilocin was metabolized by HLM, while recombinant CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes metabolized nearly 100% and 40% of psilocin, respectively. Notably, 4-HIAA and 4-hydroxytryptophol (4-HTP) were detected with HLM but not with recombinant CYPs. MAO-A transformed psilocin into minimal amounts of 4-HIAA and 4-HTP. 4-HTP was only present in vitro. Neither 4-HIAA nor 4-HTP showed relevant interactions at assessed 5-HT receptors. In contrast to in vivo data, UGT1A10 did not extensively metabolize psilocin in vitro. Furthermore, two putative metabolites were observed. N -methyl-4-hydroxytryptamine (norpsilocin) was identified in vitro (CYP2D6) and in mice, while an oxidized metabolite was detected in vitro (CYP2D6) and in humans. However, the CYP2D6 genotype did not influence psilocin plasma concentrations in the investigated study population. In conclusion, MAO-A, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 are involved in psilocin’s metabolism. The discovery of putative norpsilocin in mice and oxidized psilocin in humans further unravels psilocin’s metabolism. Despite limitations in replicating phase II metabolism in vitro, these findings hold significance for studying drug-drug interactions and advancing research on psilocybin as a therapeutic agent.", "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-04-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1391689", "pubmed_id": "38741590", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1391689", "keywords": "Metabolite, Glucuronidation, Cytochrome P450, In vivo, Psilocybin, Biochemistry, Metabolism, In vitro, CYP3A4, Chemistry, CYP2D6, Drug metabolism, Microsome, Biology, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Biotechnology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396224564\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":16,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":52,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W135677869\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972924963\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976195943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981491788\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993617813\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995013188\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013374926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021635654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038839611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060869897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074371541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092674780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093658818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104058573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130973111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132624405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161620765\",\"https://openalex.org/W2327221240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2407151076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2410411229\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411998515\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2573513868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2734417270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753941774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788524689\",\"https://openalex.org/W2936948587\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981329862\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093375227\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095776327\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113337956\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165686539\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213378850\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211114943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308925280\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377940122\",\"https://openalex.org/W4378174725\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388232073\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390671187\",\"https://openalex.org/W4392615014\",\"https://openalex.org/W6713506532\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063838454\",\"display_name\":\"Jan Thomann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-2671\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055068028\",\"display_name\":\"Karolina E. Kolaczynska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1714-0758\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090410409\",\"display_name\":\"Oliver V Stoeckmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013388478\",\"display_name\":\"Deborah Rudin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-9732\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023301996\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick Vizeli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-4446\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039060911\",\"display_name\":\"Marius C. Hoener\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6510-6250\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011601366\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher R. Pryce\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-4690\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071962736\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias E. Liechti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024133720\",\"display_name\":\"Urs Duthaler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-3932\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S132108250\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1391689\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4396224564" }, { "id": 1144, "title": "Psilocybin promotes neuroplasticity and induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin promotes neuroplasticity and induces rapid and sustained antidepressant like effects in mice", "authors": "Xiangting Zhao, Yingjie Du, Yishan Yao, Wei Dai, Yong-Yu Yin, Guyan Wang, Yunfeng Li, Liming Zhang", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin offers new hope for treating mood disorders due to its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, as standard medications require weeks or months to exert their effects. However, the mechanisms underlying this action of psilocybin have not been identified. AIMS: To investigate whether psilocybin has rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in mice and investigate whether its potential mechanisms of action are related to promoted neuroplasticity. METHODS: We first examined the antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin in normal mice by the forced swimming test and in chronic corticosterone (CORT)-exposed mice by the sucrose preference test and novelty-suppressed feeding test. Furthermore, to explore the role of neuroplasticity in mediating the antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin, we measured structural neuroplasticity and neuroplasticity-associated protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. RESULTS: We observed that a single dose of psilocybin had rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in both healthy mice and chronic CORT-exposed mice. Moreover, psilocybin ameliorated chronic CORT exposure-induced inhibition of neuroplasticity in the PFC and hippocampus, including by increasing neuroplasticity (total number of dendritic branches and dendritic spine density), synaptic protein (p-GluA1, PSD95 and synapsin-1) levels, BDNF-mTOR signalling pathway activation (BDNF, TrkB and mTOR levels), and promoting neurogenesis (number of DCX-positive cells). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that psilocybin elicits robust, rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects which is accompanied by the promotion of neuroplasticity in the PFC and hippocampus.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-04-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241249436", "pubmed_id": "38680011", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241249436", "keywords": "Neuroplasticity, Antidepressant, Psilocybin, Behavioural despair test, Synapsin I, Neuroscience, Psychology, Hippocampus, Prefrontal cortex, Synaptic plasticity, Pharmacology, Medicine, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Chemistry, Receptor, Cognition, Membrane, Synaptic vesicle, Biochemistry, Vesicle, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4396229906\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":53,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W254805310\",\"https://openalex.org/W1962252580\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992784372\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996166611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160383565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2291443053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297945963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2307268137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346390990\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768441369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769155717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2771639970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781361999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810237733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923276583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2935995671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985843276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999478951\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001091588\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113989724\",\"https://openalex.org/W3128522568\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175771699\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3189196458\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195443470\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206759226\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210474529\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211263234\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236357753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283171136\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146113\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311043198\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315620747\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389003465\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058242531\",\"display_name\":\"Xiangting Zhao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102798402\",\"display_name\":\"Yingjie Du\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-5024\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043861769\",\"display_name\":\"Yishan Yao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8492-1688\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038067157\",\"display_name\":\"Wei Dai\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-0159\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102648206\",\"display_name\":\"Yong-Yu Yin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3045-5543\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088725738\",\"display_name\":\"Guyan Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-5472\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100326031\",\"display_name\":\"Yunfeng Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-8074\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101545617\",\"display_name\":\"Liming Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-8985\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241249436\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4396229906" }, { "id": 1013, "title": "Psilocybin restrains activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin restrains activity based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility contributions from 5 ht1a and 5 ht2a receptor mechanisms", "authors": "Kyna-Anne Conn, Laura K Milton, Kaixin Huang, Hermany Munguba, Janika Ruuska, M. B. Lemus, Erin Greaves, Jihane Homman-Ludiye, Brian J. Oldfield, Claire J. Foldi", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for alleviating symptoms of depression and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), a condition that is characterised by persistent cognitive inflexibility. Considering that enhanced cognitive flexibility after psilocybin treatment is reported to occur in individuals with depression, it is plausible that psilocybin could improve symptoms of AN by breaking down cognitive inflexibility. A mechanistic understanding of the actions of psilocybin is required to tailor the clinical application of psilocybin to individuals most likely to respond with positive outcomes. This can only be achieved using incisive neurobiological approaches in animal models. Here, we use the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model and comprehensively assess aspects of reinforcement learning to show that psilocybin (post-acutely) improves body weight maintenance in female rats and facilitates cognitive flexibility, specifically via improved adaptation to the initial reversal of reward contingencies. Further, we reveal the involvement of signalling through the serotonin (5-HT) 1 A and 5-HT2A receptor subtypes in specific aspects of learning, demonstrating that 5-HT1A antagonism negates the cognitive enhancing effects of psilocybin. Moreover, we show that psilocybin elicits a transient increase and decrease in cortical transcription of these receptors (Htr2a and Htr1a, respectively), and a further reduction in the abundance of Htr2a transcripts in rats exposed to the ABA model. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that psilocybin could ameliorate cognitive inflexibility in the context of AN and highlight a need to better understand the therapeutic mechanisms independent of 5-HT2A receptor binding.", "journal": "Molecular Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-04-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9", "pubmed_id": "38678087", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cognitive flexibility, Psychology, Cognition, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Flexibility (engineering), Context (archaeology), Clinical psychology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Biology, Statistics, Mathematics, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Conn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-7885\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010010872\",\"display_name\":\"Laura K Milton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1664-8337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061059143\",\"display_name\":\"Kaixin Huang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-7947\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044072275\",\"display_name\":\"Hermany Munguba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-8423\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082990162\",\"display_name\":\"Janika Ruuska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-2033\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109664606\",\"display_name\":\"M. B. Lemus\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045433632\",\"display_name\":\"Erin Greaves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-5851\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039407232\",\"display_name\":\"Jihane Homman-Ludiye\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-1457\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041876284\",\"display_name\":\"Brian J. Oldfield\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-6589\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003584852\",\"display_name\":\"Claire J. Foldi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-8242\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S71149355\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4395688958" }, { "id": 1161, "title": "The ‘PSILAUT’ protocol: an experimental medicine study of autistic differences in the function of brain serotonin targets of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "the psilaut protocol an experimental medicine study of autistic differences in the function of brain serotonin targets of psilocybin", "authors": "Tobias P. Whelan, Eileen Daly, Nicolaas A.J. Puts, Paula Smith, Carrie Allison, Simon Baron-Cohen, Ekaterina Malievskaia, Declan Murphy, Gráinne McAlonan", "abstract": "Abstract Background The underlying neurobiology of the complex autism phenotype remains obscure, although accumulating evidence implicates the serotonin system and especially the 5HT 2A receptor. However, previous research has largely relied upon association or correlation studies to link differences in serotonin targets to autism. To directly establish that serotonergic signalling is involved in a candidate brain function our approach is to change it and observe a shift in that function. We will use psilocybin as a pharmacological probe of the serotonin system in vivo. We will directly test the hypothesis that serotonergic targets of psilocybin - principally, but not exclusively, 5HT 2A receptor pathways-function differently in autistic and non-autistic adults. Methods The ‘PSILAUT’ “shiftability” study is a case-control study autistic and non-autistic adults. How neural responses ‘shift’ in response to low doses (2 mg and 5 mg) of psilocybin compared to placebo will be examined using multimodal techniques including functional MRI and EEG. Each participant will attend on up to three separate visits with drug or placebo administration in a double-blind and randomized order. Results This study will provide the first direct evidence that the serotonin targets of psilocybin function differently in the autistic and non-autistic brain. We will also examine individual differences in serotonin system function. Conclusions This work will inform our understanding of the neurobiology of autism as well as decisions about future clinical trials of psilocybin and/or related compounds including stratification approaches. Trial registration NCT05651126.", "journal": "BMC Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-04-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-024-05768-2", "pubmed_id": "38658877", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05768-2", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Brain function, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Autism, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4395462414\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4395462414\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1937584142\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980309199\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000945505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013293748\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035017299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039430858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047558255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052287752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063272101\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104049715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104220482\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105884882\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106233797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107939870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116795013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118492070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128639372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134822928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142648296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143385359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166856551\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167109095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167154648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2175115710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2338365977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418711796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2596633716\",\"https://openalex.org/W2606031557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2617984397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2673693764\",\"https://openalex.org/W2730632269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2774583282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775647200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2910119172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912136564\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912974605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917083620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923100148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2927650891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951080359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953662225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990066922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996549067\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010608265\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015902292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022341008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122693937\",\"https://openalex.org/W3123709594\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136090087\",\"https://openalex.org/W3175962986\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180355975\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204735568\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205105949\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225257190\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280563911\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281687410\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4289518537\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292264383\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294333904\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296483653\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300960088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307476003\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308394105\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387741446\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390110323\",\"https://openalex.org/W4391652976\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062387012\",\"display_name\":\"Tobias P. Whelan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9497-5961\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064639047\",\"display_name\":\"Eileen Daly\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3625-3467\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075585675\",\"display_name\":\"Nicolaas A.J. Puts\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1024-1927\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103026687\",\"display_name\":\"Paula Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-0294\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065264141\",\"display_name\":\"Carrie Allison\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-2090\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039112406\",\"display_name\":\"Simon Baron-Cohen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-2544\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021278348\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Malievskaia\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044519122\",\"display_name\":\"Declan Murphy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7451\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053930432\",\"display_name\":\"Gráinne McAlonan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-2343\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S94610253\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMC Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05768-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4395462414" }, { "id": 1160, "title": "Genetic regulation of l-tryptophan metabolism in Psilocybe mexicana supports psilocybin biosynthesis", "normalized_title": "genetic regulation of l tryptophan metabolism in psilocybe mexicana supports psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Paula Sophie Seibold, Sebastian Dörner, Janis Fricke, Tim Schäfer, Christine Beemelmanns, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Although Basidiomycota produce pharmaceutically and ecologically relevant natural products, knowledge of how they coordinate their primary and secondary metabolism is virtually non-existent. Upon transition from vegetative mycelium to carpophore formation, mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe use L-tryptophan to supply the biosynthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine alkaloid psilocybin with the scaffold, leading to a strongly increased demand for this particular amino acid as this alkaloid may account for up to 2% of the dry mass. Using Psilocybe mexicana as our model and relying on genetic, transcriptomic, and biochemical methods, this study investigated if L-tryptophan biosynthesis and degradation in P. mexicana correlate with natural product formation. RESULTS: A comparative transcriptomic approach of gene expression in P. mexicana psilocybin non-producing vegetative mycelium versus producing carpophores identified the upregulation of L-tryptophan biosynthesis genes. The shikimate pathway genes trpE1, trpD, and trpB (encoding anthranilate synthase, anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase, and L-tryptophan synthase, respectively) were upregulated in carpophores. In contrast, genes idoA and iasA, encoding indole-2,3-dioxygenase and indole-3-acetaldehyde synthase, i.e., gateway enzymes for L-tryptophan-consuming pathways, were massively downregulated. Subsequently, IasA was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized in vitro. This enzyme represents the first characterized microbial L-tryptophan-preferring acetaldehyde synthase. A comparison of transcriptomic data collected in this study with prior data of Psilocybe cubensis showed species-specific differences in how L-tryptophan metabolism genes are regulated, despite the close taxonomic relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The upregulated L-tryptophan biosynthesis genes and, oppositely, the concomitant downregulated genes encoding L-tryptophan-consuming enzymes reflect a well-adjusted cellular system to route this amino acid toward psilocybin production. Our study has pilot character beyond the genus Psilocybe and provides, for the first time, insight in the coordination of mushroom primary and secondary metabolism.", "journal": "Fungal Biology and Biotechnology", "publication_date": "2024-04-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40694-024-00173-6", "pubmed_id": "38664850", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-024-00173-6", "keywords": "Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Tryptophan synthase, Biology, Tryptophan, Gene, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Amino acid, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Fermentation and Sensory Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Sophie Seibold\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027539660\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Dörner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103994261\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Schäfer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077129737\",\"display_name\":\"Christine Beemelmanns\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9747-3423\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210235554\",\"source_display_name\":\"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-024-00173-6\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study,Toxicity,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4395467501" }, { "id": 4638, "title": "MedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, and More", "normalized_title": "medcheck psilocybin for depression lsd for anxiety donanemab lsd and more", "authors": "Terri D’Arrigo", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, and MoreTerri D'ArrigoTerri D'ArrigoPublished Online:23 Apr 2024https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1Vanda Gets Yes for Iloperidone for Bipolar, No for InsomniaVanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. announced in April that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the antipsychotic Fanapt (iloperidone) for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults. Iloperidone has been approved for the acute treatment of schizophrenia since 2009.The approval was based on a phase 3 clinical trial of 414 adults with a history of bipolar I disorder. After four weeks of treatment, patients treated with iloperidone exhibited a 14-point drop on the Young Mania Rating Scale, compared with a 10-point drop among patients taking placebo. A statistically significant difference in mania improvement between iloperidone and placebo was evident after two weeks.The success of iloperidone offsets the decision that Vanda received in March, when the FDA rejected its melatonin receptor-blocking drug Hetlioz (tasimelteon) as a treatment for insomnia. The agency stated that it \"identified deficiencies that precluded discussion of labeling and postmarketing requirements/commitments.\"Psilocybin Analog Gets Breakthrough Designation From FDAIn March, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to the psilocybin analog CYB003 for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), Cybin announced. The FDA's Breakthrough Therapy designation expedites the development and review of drugs for serious conditions. The criteria for Breakthrough Therapy designation require preliminary clinical evidence that indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy on at least one clinically significant endpoint.The Breakthrough Designation was based on data from a phase 2 trial that compared CYB003 and placebo in 34 patients with moderate to severe MDD. Patients in the trial who received two doses of either 12 mg or 16 mg of CYB003 experienced an average 22-point reduction from baseline on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after four months. Sixty percent of patients who received 12 mg and 75% of those who received 16 mg were in remission (MADRS score of less than or equal to 10) after four months.There were no drug-related serious adverse events, incidents of suicidal ideation or behavior, or discontinuations due to adverse events.Form of LSD Granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for AnxietyThe FDA also gave Breakthrough Therapy designation to another psychedelic therapy in March, Mind Medicine Inc's MM120 (lysergide d-tartrate) for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. MM120 is a tartrate salt form of lysergide, more commonly known as LSD. The FDA granted the designation based on data from the phase 2 MMED008 study.The study included 194 patients who had severe symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder with an average baseline score of roughly 30 on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Patients were then randomized to receive treatment with 25, 50, 100, or 200 μg of MM120 or placebo. Those who received 100 µg had an average 21.3-point reduction in HAM-A score at week 4, compared with an average reduction of 13.7-point reduction in those who took placebo. Results were similar at week 12, suggesting this medication provides a durable response.Pimavanserin Fails Phase 3 Schizophrenia TrialPatients with schizophrenia who took Nuplazid (pimavanserin) in the phase 3 ADVANCE-2 trial did not experience a statistically significant improvement in their negative symptoms compared with patients who took placebo, Acadia Pharmaceuticals announced in March.In the 26-week trial, 454 adults with predominant negative symptoms of schizophrenia were randomized to receive either two 17 mg tablets of pimavanserin or placebo daily. At study's end, those who took pimavanserin experienced a mean reduction of 11.8 points from baseline on the Negative Symptom Assessment-16, compared with a mean reduction of 11.1 points among those in the placebo group.\"We are disappointed the trial did not meet its primary endpoint given the significant unmet need in patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia,\" said Steve Davis, J.D., Acadia's chief executive officer in the announcement. \"We will continue to analyze these data with our scientific advisors, but we do not intend to conduct any further clinical trials with pimavanserin.\"FDA Meeting Will Delay Decision on Donanemab For Early Alzheimer'sIn March Eli Lilly & Co. announced that the FDA's Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee will hold a meeting to discuss the Phase 3 TRAILBLAZER-ALZ2 trial on the efficacy and safety of donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. As Psychiatric News went to press, the FDA had not yet set a date for the meeting. Lilly had expected the FDA to approve donanemab in the first quarter of 2024, and this meeting will delay that decision.According to the statement by Lilly, the FDA wanted to further understand the safety results in donanemab-treated patients and how the unique trial design of the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ2 study might affect efficacy findings. The study required participants to have evidence of both amyloid and tau pathology and featured a limited-duration dosing regimen that allowed patients to complete treatment based on an assessment of amyloid plaque.The FDA had previously granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to donanemab based on the Phase 2 clinical trial TRAILBLAZER-ALZ. In that trial, patients who received donanemab experienced less cognitive and functional decline over the course of the trial, as measured by the change from baseline on the Integrated Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale.The FDA later declined to accept donanemab into the accelerated approval pathway. ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2024-04-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Depression (economics), Psychology, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Economics, Macroeconomics, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4395032120\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4395032120\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:cyb003\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056763663\",\"display_name\":\"Terri D’Arrigo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2024.05.5.1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4395032120" }, { "id": 3140, "title": "Psilocybin reduces functional connectivity and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces functional connectivity and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "authors": "Ivan V, Tomas-Cuesta D, Esteves I, Luczak A, Mohajerani M, McNaughton B, Gruber A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have profound effects on perception, cognition, and mood. How psychedelics affect neural signaling to produce these effects remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of the classic psychedelic psilocybin on neural activity patterns and spatial encoding in the retrosplenial cortex of head-fixed mice navigating on a treadmill. The place specificity of neurons to distinct locations along the belt was reduced by psilocybin. Moreover, the stability of place-related activity across trials decreased. Psilocybin also reduced the functional connectivity among simultaneously recorded neurons. The 5-HT2AR (serotonin 2A receptor) antagonist ketanserin blocked the majority of these effects. These data are consistent with proposals that psychedelics increase the entropy of neural signaling, and provide a potential neural mechanism contributing to disorientation frequently reported by humans after taking psychedelics.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2024-04-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.22541/au.171378690.00112411/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171378690.00112411/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR841741\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1068, "title": "Visual hallucinations originating in the retinofugal pathway under clinical and psychedelic conditions.", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations originating in the retinofugal pathway under clinical and psychedelic conditions", "authors": "Tipado Z, Kuypers KPC, Sorger B, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "Psychedelics like LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) and psilocybin are known to modulate perceptual modalities due to the activation of mostly serotonin receptors in specific cortical (e.g., visual cortex) and subcortical (e.g., thalamus) regions of the brain. In the visual domain, these psychedelic modulations often result in peculiar disturbances of viewed objects and light and sometimes even in hallucinations of non-existent environments, objects, and creatures. Although the underlying processes are poorly understood, research conducted over the past twenty years on the subjective experience of psychedelics details theories that attempt to explain these perceptual alterations due to a disruption of communication between cortical and subcortical regions. However, rare medical conditions in the visual system like Charles Bonnet syndrome that cause perceptual distortions may shed new light on the additional importance of the retinofugal pathway in psychedelic subjective experiences. Interneurons in the retina called amacrine cells could be the first site of visual psychedelic modulation and aid in disrupting the hierarchical structure of how humans perceive visual information. This paper presents an understanding of how the retinofugal pathway communicates and modulates visual information in psychedelic and clinical conditions. Therefore, we elucidate a new theory of psychedelic modulation in the retinofugal pathway.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.04.011", "pubmed_id": "38648694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.04.011", "keywords": "Visual Pathways, Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Charles Bonnet Syndrome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38648694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1166, "title": "Psychological flexibility as a mechanism of change in psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression: results from an exploratory placebo-controlled trial", "normalized_title": "psychological flexibility as a mechanism of change in psilocybin assisted therapy for major depression results from an exploratory placebo controlled trial", "authors": "Jordan Sloshower, Richard J. Zeifman, Jeffrey Guss, Robert Krause, Hamideh Safi-Aghdam, Surbhi Pathania, Brian Pittman, Deepak Cyril D’Souza", "abstract": "Several phase II studies have demonstrated that psilocybin-assisted therapy shows therapeutic potential across a spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanisms underlying its often persisting beneficial effects remain unclear. Observational research suggests that improvements in psychological flexibility may mediate therapeutic effects. However, no psychedelic trials to date have substantiated this finding in a clinical sample. In an exploratory placebo-controlled, within-subject, fixed-order study, individuals with moderate to severe MDD were administered placebo (n = 19) followed by psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) (n = 15) 4 weeks later. Dosing sessions were embedded within a manualized psychotherapy that incorporated principles of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Depression severity, psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and values-congruent living were measured over a 16-weeks study period. Psychological flexibility, several facets of mindfulness, and values-congruent living significantly improved following psilocybin and were maintained through week 16. Additionally, improvements in psychological flexibility and experiential acceptance were strongly associated with reductions in depression severity following psilocybin. These findings support the theoretical premise of integrating psilocybin treatment with psychotherapeutic platforms that target psychological flexibility and add to emerging evidence that increasing psychological flexibility may be an important putative mechanism of change in psilocybin-assisted therapy for MDD and potentially, other mental health conditions.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2024-04-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x", "pubmed_id": "38632313", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mindfulness, Clinical psychology, Psychology, Flexibility (engineering), Placebo, Major depressive disorder, Acceptance and commitment therapy, Depression (economics), Experiential avoidance, Mechanism (biology), Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Mood, Intervention (counseling), Alternative medicine, Epistemology, Pathology, Economics, Philosophy, Macroeconomics, Mathematics, Statistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4394886406\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4394886406\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":53,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1749626057\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966524739\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973885027\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009519330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091415950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114613490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141463901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165406796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173679640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2249212493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346040660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2395013989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2625353282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791765313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885455509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2893135637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895645150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899976521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938570586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996702784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999261467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999489633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999812626\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004759948\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013642457\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090239575\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095167357\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182695044\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193146023\",\"https://openalex.org/W3215602110\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216164364\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220790925\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220874144\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281703399\",\"https://openalex.org/W4284665615\",\"https://openalex.org/W4284713495\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295997603\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327895864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367840575\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382776629\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387674199\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080146983\",\"display_name\":\"Jordan Sloshower\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7709-5931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000949886\",\"display_name\":\"Richard J. Zeifman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-4483\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026405762\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Guss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063135046\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Krause\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-5781\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045156614\",\"display_name\":\"Hamideh Safi-Aghdam\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040839772\",\"display_name\":\"Surbhi Pathania\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056238262\",\"display_name\":\"Brian Pittman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-5604\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081806198\",\"display_name\":\"Deepak Cyril D’Souza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-1462\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Psychological Flexibility,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4394886406" }, { "id": 3331, "title": "A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics", "normalized_title": "a dual receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Juliani A, Chelu V, Graesser L, Safron A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics have been identified as promising next-generation therapeutic agents in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. While their efficacy has been increasingly validated, the mechanism by which they exert a therapeutic effect is still debated. A popular theoretical account is that excessive 5-HT2a agonism disrupts cortical dynamics, relaxing the precision of maladaptive high-level beliefs and making them more malleable and open to revision. We extend this perspective by developing a simple energy-based model of cortical dynamics based on predictive processing which incorporates effects of neuromodulation. Using this model, we propose and simulate hypothetical computational mechanisms for both 5-HT2a and 5-HT1a agonism. Results from our model are able to account for a number of existing empirical observations concerning serotonergic psychedelics effects on cognition and affect. Using the findings of our model, we provide a theoretically-grounded hypothesis for the clinical success of LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, as well as identify the design space of biased 5-HT1a agonist psychedelics such as 5-MeO-DMT as potentially fruitful in the development of more effective and tolerable psychotherapeutic agents in the future.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-04-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.04.12.589282", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.12.589282", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR838073\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1133, "title": "Psilocybin induces acute anxiety and changes in amygdalar phosphopeptides independently from the 5-HT2A receptor", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces acute anxiety and changes in amygdalar phosphopeptides independently from the 5 ht2a receptor", "authors": "Ram Harari, Ipsita Chatterjee, Dmitriy Getselter, Evan Elliott", "abstract": "Psilocybin, and its metabolite psilocin, induces psychedelic effects through activation of the 5-HT2A receptor. Psilocybin has been proposed as a treatment for depression and anxiety but sometimes induces anxiety in humans. An understanding of mechanisms underlying the anxiety response will help to better develop therapeutic prospects of psychedelics. In the current study, psilocybin induced an acute increase in anxiety in behavioral paradigms in mice. Importantly, pharmacological blocking of the 5-HT2A receptor attenuates psilocybin-induced head twitch response, a behavioral proxy for the psychedelic response, but does not rescue psilocybin's effect on anxiety-related behavior. Phosphopeptide analysis in the amygdala uncovered signal transduction pathways that are dependent or independent of the 5-HT2A receptor. Furthermore, presynaptic proteins are specifically involved in psilocybin-induced acute anxiety. These insights into how psilocybin may induce short-term anxiety are important for understanding how psilocybin may best be used in the clinical framework.", "journal": "iScience", "publication_date": "2024-04-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2024.109686", "pubmed_id": "38660396", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109686", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Amygdala, Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology, Receptor, Medicine, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4394602238\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4394602238\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1990245488\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012266823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031832463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071869790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167541848\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171952745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2512668841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515280853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803613718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889525702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898691989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948851808\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000389316\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107793629\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3116827302\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295048117\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307481727\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317242692\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318754695\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379093876\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W6749681613\",\"https://openalex.org/W6786970953\",\"https://openalex.org/W6849285888\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064865259\",\"display_name\":\"Ram Harari\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070282355\",\"display_name\":\"Ipsita Chatterjee\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9271-1277\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113073983\",\"display_name\":\"Dmitriy Getselter\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027372594\",\"display_name\":\"Evan Elliott\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1630-969X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898358376\",\"source_display_name\":\"iScience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109686\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4394602238" }, { "id": 3724, "title": "Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for dementia prevention the potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "authors": "Haniff ZR, Bocharova M, Mantingh T, Rucker JJ, Velayudhan L, Taylor DM, Young AH, Aarsland D, Vernon AC, Thuret S.", "abstract": "Major depression is an established risk factor for subsequent dementia, and depression in late life may also represent a prodromal state of dementia. Considering current challenges in the clinical development of disease modifying therapies for dementia, the focus of research is shifting towards prevention and modification of risk factors to alter the neurodegenerative disease trajectory. Understanding mechanistic commonalities underlying affective symptoms and cognitive decline may reveal biomarkers to aid early identification of those at risk of progressing to dementia during the preclinical phase of disease, thus allowing for timely intervention. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a phenomenon that describes the birth of new neurons in the dentate gyrus throughout life and it is associated with spatial learning, memory and mood regulation. Microglia are innate immune system macrophages in the central nervous system that carefully regulate AHN via multiple mechanisms. Disruption in AHN is associated with both dementia and major depression and microgliosis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, including neurogenesis, and may also be immunomodulatory. In this context, psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist with rapid-acting antidepressant properties has the potential to ameliorate intersecting pathophysiological processes relevant for both major depression and neurodegenerative diseases. In this narrative review, we focus on the evidence base for the effects of psilocybin on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial form and function; which may suggest that psilocybin has the potential to modulate multiple mechanisms of action, and may have implications in altering the progression from major depression to dementia in those at risk.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641", "pubmed_id": "38583670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Microglia, Animals, Humans, Dementia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neurogenesis, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38583670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1108, "title": "Spectral signatures of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "spectral signatures of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide lsd and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment resistant depression a systematic review", "authors": "Le GH, Wong S, Badulescu S, Au H, Di Vincenzo JD, Gill H, Phan L, Rhee TG, Ho R, Teopiz KM, Kwan ATH, Rosenblat JD, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundElectrophysiologic measures provide an opportunity to inform mechanistic models and possibly biomarker prediction of response. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) and ketamine represent new investigational and established treatments in mood disorders respectively. There is a need to better characterize the mechanism of action of these agents.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review investigating the spectral signatures of psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and healthy controls.ResultsKetamine and SPs are associated with increased theta power in persons with depression. Ketamine and SPs are also associated with decreased spectral power in the alpha, beta and delta bands in healthy controls and persons with depression. When administered with SPs, theta power was increased in persons with MDD when administered with SPs. Ketamine is associated with increased gamma band power in both healthy controls and persons with MDD.LimitationsThe studies included in our review were heterogeneous in their patient population, exposure, dosing of treatment and devices used to evaluate EEG and MEG signatures. Our results were extracted entirely from persons who were either healthy volunteers or persons with MDD or TRD.ConclusionsExtant literature evaluating EEG and MEG spectral signatures indicate that ketamine and SPs have reproducible effects in keeping with disease models of network connectivity. Future research vistas should evaluate whether observed spectral signatures can guide further discovery of therapeutics within the psychedelic and dissociative classes of agents, and its prediction capability in persons treated for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165", "pubmed_id": "38570038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38570038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1190, "title": "Methyl transfer in psilocybin biosynthesis", "normalized_title": "methyl transfer in psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Jesse Hudspeth, Kai Rogge, Sebastian Dörner, Maximilian Müll, Dirk Hoffmeister, Bernhard Rupp, Sebastiaan Werten", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin, the natural hallucinogen produced by Psilocybe (“magic”) mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of depression and several other mental health conditions. The final step in the psilocybin biosynthetic pathway, dimethylation of the tryptophan-derived intermediate norbaeocystin, is catalysed by PsiM. Here we present atomic resolution (0.9 Å) crystal structures of PsiM trapped at various stages of its reaction cycle, providing detailed insight into the SAM-dependent methylation mechanism. Structural and phylogenetic analyses suggest that PsiM derives from epitranscriptomic N6 -methyladenosine writers of the METTL16 family, which is further supported by the observation that bound substrates physicochemically mimic RNA. Inherent limitations of the ancestral monomethyltransferase scaffold hamper the efficiency of psilocybin assembly and leave PsiM incapable of catalysing trimethylation to aeruginascin. The results of our study will support bioengineering efforts aiming to create novel variants of psilocybin with improved therapeutic properties.", "journal": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2024-03-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z", "pubmed_id": "38548735", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Methylation, Hallucinogen, Chemistry, Computational biology, Biology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Gut microbiota and health, Polyamine Metabolism and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Hudspeth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7557-8964\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075430333\",\"display_name\":\"Kai Rogge\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6870-9488\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027539660\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Dörner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092542831\",\"display_name\":\"Maximilian Müll\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068638612\",\"display_name\":\"Bernhard Rupp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-6965\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006133654\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastiaan Werten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-9688\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S64187185\",\"source_display_name\":\"Nature Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Transcriptomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4393270574" }, { "id": 4667, "title": "Unique Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Psilocybin Therapy Versus Escitalopram Treatment in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "unique psychological mechanisms underlying psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram treatment in the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Brandon Weiss, Leor Roseman, Bruna Giribaldi, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris, David Erritzøe", "abstract": "Abstract The mechanisms by which Psilocybin Therapy (PT) improves depression remain an important object of study, with scientists actively exploring acute psychological experiences and neurobiological processes as candidates. In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we investigated whether acute psychological experiences could meaningfully account for the unique efficacy of PT versus Escitalopram Treatment over a core 6-week trial period. An exploratory-factor-analysis-derived single-factor of depression was used as the outcome. Among a comprehensive set of acute experiences related to psilocybin, so-called “mystical experience” and “ego dissolution” were unique in mediating the effect of treatment condition on depressive response with high specificity. Higher reported levels of mystical experience, emotional breakthrough, and intense responses to music-listening were furthermore associated with greater antidepressant response. These results provide qualified support for the causal mechanistic role of acute psychological experiences in the treatment of depression via PT.", "journal": "International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction", "publication_date": "2024-03-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11469-024-01253-9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01253-9", "keywords": "Escitalopram, Psilocybin, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Treatment-resistant depression, Major depressive disorder, Psychiatry, Antidepressant, Depression (economics), Citalopram, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Mood, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Weiss\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-2981\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061472267\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S47841752\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01253-9\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4392550813" }, { "id": 1237, "title": "A Neuroanatomic and Pathophysiologic Framework for Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a neuroanatomic and pathophysiologic framework for novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Norred MA, Zuschlag ZD, Hamner MB.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder inflicting high degrees of symptomatic and socioeconomic burdens. The development of PTSD results from a cascade of events with contributions from multiple processes and the underlying pathophysiology is complex, involving neurotransmitters, neurocircuitry, and neuroanatomical pathways. Presently, only two medications are US FDA-approved for the treatment of PTSD, both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the complex underlying pathophysiology suggests a number of alternative pathways and mechanisms that may be targets for potential drug development. Indeed, investigations and drug development are proceeding in a number of these alternative, non-serotonergic pathways in an effort to improve the management of PTSD. In this manuscript, the authors introduce novel and emerging treatments for PTSD, including drugs in various stages of development and clinical testing (BI1358894, BNC-210, PRAX-114, JZP-150, LU AG06466, NYV-783, PH-94B, SRX246, TNX-102), established agents and known compounds being investigated for their utility in PTSD (brexpiprazole, cannabidiol, doxasoin, ganaxolone, intranasal neuropeptide Y, intranasal oxytocin, tianeptine oxalate, verucerfont), and emerging psychedelic interventions (ketamine, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy), with an aim to examine and integrate these agents into the underlying pathophysiological frameworks of trauma-related disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5", "pubmed_id": "38413493", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38413493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3280, "title": "Prefrontal Electrophysiological Biomarkers and Mechanism-Based Drug Effects in a Rat Model of Alcohol Addiction", "normalized_title": "prefrontal electrophysiological biomarkers and mechanism based drug effects in a rat model of alcohol addiction", "authors": "Habelt B, Afanasenkau D, Schwarz C, Domanegg K, Kuchar M, Werner C, Minev IR, Spanagel R, Meinhardt MW, Bernhardt N.", "abstract": "Abstract Current treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) show large heterogeneity in response and thus limited effectiveness and high relapse rates. A precision medicine approach with biomarkers responsive to new treatments is warranted to overcome this limitation. Promising biomarkers relate to prefrontal control mechanisms that are severely disturbed in AUD. This results in reduced inhibitory control of compulsive behavior and, eventually, relapse. We reasoned here that prefrontal dysfunction, which underlies vulnerability to relapse, is evidenced by altered neuroelectric signatures and should be restored by pharmacological interventions that specifically target prefrontal dysfunction. To test this, we applied our recently developed biocompatible neuroprosthesis to measure prefrontal neural function in a well-established rat model of alcohol addiction and relapse. We monitored neural oscillations and event-related potentials in awake alcohol-dependent rats during abstinence and following treatment with psilocybin or LY379268, agonists of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), that are known to reduce prefrontal dysfunction and relapse. Electrophysiological impairments in alcohol-dependent rats are reduced amplitudes of P1N1 and N1P2 components and attenuated event-related oscillatory activity. Psilocybin and LY379268 were able to restore these impairments. Furthermore, alcohol-dependent animals displayed a dominance in higher beta frequencies indicative of a state of hyperarousal that is prone to relapse, which particularly psilocybin was able to counteract. In summary, we provide prefrontal markers indicative of relapse and treatment response, especially for psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-02-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905152/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905152/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR809495\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1096, "title": "Effect of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract on molecular and metabolic profiles in mouse brain", "normalized_title": "effect of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract on molecular and metabolic profiles in mouse brain", "authors": "Orr Shahar, Alexander Botvinnik, Amit Shwartz, Elad Lerer, Peretz Golding, Alex Buko, Ethan Hamid, Dani Kahn, Miles Guralnick, Karin Blakolmer, Gilly Wolf, Amit Lotan, Leonard Lerer, Bernard Lerer, Tzuri Lifschytz", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring, tryptamine alkaloid prodrug, is currently being investigated for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders. Preclinical reports suggest that the biological effects of psilocybin-containing mushroom extract or \"full spectrum\" (psychedelic) mushroom extract (PME), may differ from those of chemically synthesized psilocybin (PSIL). We compared the effects of PME to those of PSIL on the head twitch response (HTR), neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins and frontal cortex metabolomic profiles in male C57Bl/6j mice. HTR measurement showed similar effects of PSIL and PME over 20 min. Brain specimens (frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum) were assayed for the synaptic proteins, GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin and SV2A, using western blots. These proteins may serve as indicators of synaptic plasticity. Three days after treatment, there was minimal increase in synaptic proteins. After 11 days, PSIL and PME significantly increased GAP43 in the frontal cortex (p = 0.019; p = 0.039 respectively) and hippocampus (p = 0.015; p = 0.027) and synaptophysin in the hippocampus (p = 0.041; p = 0.05) and amygdala (p = 0.035; p = 0.004). PSIL increased SV2A in the amygdala (p = 0.036) and PME did so in the hippocampus (p = 0.014). In the striatum, synaptophysin was increased by PME only (p = 0.023). There were no significant effects of PSIL or PME on PSD95 in any brain area when these were analyzed separately. Nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant increase in each of the 4 proteins over all brain areas for PME versus vehicle control, while significant PSIL effects were observed only in the hippocampus and amygdala and were limited to PSD95 and SV2A. Metabolomic analyses of the pre-frontal cortex were performed by untargeted polar metabolomics utilizing capillary electrophoresis - Fourier transform mass spectrometry (CE-FTMS) and showed a differential metabolic separation between PME and vehicle groups. The purines guanosine, hypoxanthine and inosine, associated with oxidative stress and energy production pathways, showed a progressive decline from VEH to PSIL to PME. In conclusion, our synaptic protein findings suggest that PME has a more potent and prolonged effect on synaptic plasticity than PSIL. Our metabolomics data support a gradient of effects from inert vehicle via chemical psilocybin to PME further supporting differential effects. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings and to identify the molecules that may be responsible for the enhanced effects of PME as compared to psilocybin alone.", "journal": "Molecular Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-02-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02477-w", "pubmed_id": "38378926", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02477-w", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Mushroom, Mushroom poisoning, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Psychology, Chemistry, Medicine, Food science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": 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Shahar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072298548\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander Botvinnik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-7174\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036686524\",\"display_name\":\"Amit Shwartz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002885546\",\"display_name\":\"Elad Lerer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108285827\",\"display_name\":\"Peretz Golding\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108458663\",\"display_name\":\"Alex Buko\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112963778\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hamid\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111653148\",\"display_name\":\"Dani Kahn\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090925030\",\"display_name\":\"Miles Guralnick\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113568128\",\"display_name\":\"Karin Blakolmer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054295807\",\"display_name\":\"Gilly Wolf\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075151552\",\"display_name\":\"Amit Lotan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-0975\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030518832\",\"display_name\":\"Leonard Lerer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-4991\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051454538\",\"display_name\":\"Bernard Lerer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9914-632X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077356873\",\"display_name\":\"Tzuri Lifschytz\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S71149355\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02477-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4391970820" }, { "id": 1227, "title": "Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain.", "normalized_title": "multimodal neuroimaging of the effect of serotonergic psychedelics on the brain", "authors": "Frautschi PC, Singh AP, Stowe NA, Yu JJ.", "abstract": "The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders, remain unknown. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, have emerged as potential therapies for these disorders because of their hypothesized ability to induce neuroplastic effects and alter functional networks in the brain. Yet, the mechanisms underpinning the neurobiological treatment response remain obscure. Quantitative neuroimaging is uniquely positioned to provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms of these emerging therapies and quantify the patient treatment response. This review aims to synthesize our current state-of-the-art understanding of the functional changes occurring in the brain following psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine administration in human participants with fMRI and PET. We further aim to disseminate our understanding of psychedelic compounds as they relate to neuroimaging with the goal of improved diagnostics and treatment of neuropsychiatric illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a8118", "pubmed_id": "38360790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a8118", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38360790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1228, "title": "The Effects of Psychedelics on Neuronal Physiology.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psychedelics on neuronal physiology", "authors": "Hatzipantelis CJ, Olson DE", "abstract": "Psychedelics are quite unique among drugs that impact the central nervous system, as a single administration of a psychedelic can both rapidly alter subjective experience in profound ways and produce sustained effects on circuits relevant to mood, fear, reward, and cognitive flexibility. These remarkable properties are a direct result of psychedelics interacting with several key neuroreceptors distributed across the brain. Stimulation of these receptors activates a variety of signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in changes in neuronal structure and function. Here, we describe the effects of psychedelics on neuronal physiology, highlighting their acute effects on serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as their long-lasting effects on structural and functional neuroplasticity in the cortex. We propose that the neurobiological changes leading to the acute and sustained effects of psychedelics might be distinct, which could provide opportunities for engineering compounds with optimized safety and efficacy profiles.", "journal": "Annual review of physiology", "publication_date": "2024-02-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-020923", "pubmed_id": "37931171", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37931171/", "keywords": "5-HT2A receptor, DMT, LSD, hallucinogen, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37931171\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1232, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: an fMRI pilot study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder an fmri pilot study", "authors": "Broc A. Pagni, Petros Petridis, Samantha K. Podrebarac, Jack Grinband, Eric D. Claus, Michael P. Bogenschutz", "abstract": "This pilot study investigated psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants were recruited from a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for the treatment of AUD (NCT02061293). Eleven adult patients completed task-based blood oxygen dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approximately 3 days before and 2 days after receiving 25 mg of psilocybin (n = 5) or 50 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 6). Visual alcohol and emotionally valanced (positive, negative, or neutral) stimuli were presented in block design. Across both alcohol and emotional cues, psilocybin increased activity in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left caudate, and decreased activity in the insular, motor, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices, and cerebellum. Unique to negative cues, psilocybin increased supramarginal gyrus activity; unique to positive cues, psilocybin increased right hippocampus activity and decreased left hippocampus activity. Greater PFC and caudate engagement and concomitant insula, motor, and cerebellar disengagement suggests enhanced goal-directed action, improved emotional regulation, and diminished craving. The robust changes in brain activity observed in this pilot study warrant larger neuroimaging studies to elucidate neural mechanisms of PAT.Trial registration: NCT02061293.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2024-02-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8", "pubmed_id": "38326432", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psychology, Insula, Prefrontal cortex, Insular cortex, Neuroscience, Supramarginal gyrus, Cue reactivity, Placebo, Craving, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Audiology, Psychiatry, Cognition, Pathology, Alternative medicine, Addiction, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:35", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391617258\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391617258\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":30,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1537830243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1551563638\",\"https://openalex.org/W1748789401\",\"https://openalex.org/W1877246726\",\"https://openalex.org/W1904438620\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973405277\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980922993\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989639419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001085696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021766151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036916152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057001461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089857263\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099074431\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099874219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127072016\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143015721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166830183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168644177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2207035985\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419514871\",\"https://openalex.org/W2491859250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589497105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607392223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757054309\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788524689\",\"https://openalex.org/W2797159874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2811003861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901147525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917059423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2963869287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973804274\",\"https://openalex.org/W2998095219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999261467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999392149\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003115225\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015606165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3037953639\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047771476\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081523185\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094915720\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152573407\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153655268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157968247\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167170061\",\"https://openalex.org/W3170289327\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177324030\",\"https://openalex.org/W3202537739\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206394956\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206978423\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210944481\",\"https://openalex.org/W4286418687\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307093712\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307554429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312019342\",\"https://openalex.org/W4313530670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379383539\",\"https://openalex.org/W4380442223\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386126549\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066934485\",\"display_name\":\"Broc A. Pagni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9496-7604\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042534014\",\"display_name\":\"Petros Petridis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-5723\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082919402\",\"display_name\":\"Samantha K. Podrebarac\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066820418\",\"display_name\":\"Jack Grinband\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-6755\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080067027\",\"display_name\":\"Eric D. Claus\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1800-0813\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4391617258" }, { "id": 4682, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in THP-1 Human Macrophages", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in thp 1 human macrophages", "authors": "Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani, Bo Wang, Dongping Li, Olga Kovalchuk, Igor Kovalchuk", "abstract": "Psilocybin, an innate compound produced by mushrooms belonging to the Psilocybe genus, is primarily known for its agonistic effects on the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. This receptor’s functioning is involved in many neurological processes. In the context of this research, our primary aim was to comprehensively investigate the influence of psilocybin as a serotonin receptor agonist on the intricate cascade of events involved in THP-1 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). THP-1 monocyte cells were subjected to differentiation into macrophages through a controlled incubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The next step involved the induction of an inflammatory response by exposing THP-1 macrophages to 500 ng/mL LPS for 4 h. Subsequently, we triggered the activation of the second phase of the NLRP3 inflammasome by introducing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) immediately following LPS stimulation. Our findings have revealed a dose-dependent inverse correlation between psilocybin exposure and the production of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines and proteins. Our work indicates that psilocybin likely mediates these responses by influencing key signaling pathways, including NF-κB, IL-6/TYK2/STAT3, and TYK2/STAT1.", "journal": "Psychoactives", "publication_date": "2024-01-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/psychoactives3010004", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3010004", "keywords": "THP1 cell line, Lipopolysaccharide, Inflammation, Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Immunology, Biology, Pharmacology, Cell culture, Genetics, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391340931\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391340931\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1971084572\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995941569\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996889745\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997903004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029913563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030865745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030866854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044227662\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045076787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048032544\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076423355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114587449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120049814\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125382661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130119797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130989367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137444266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146578632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150367899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161143698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2522054313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2531441777\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735527928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738971267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2771472591\",\"https://openalex.org/W2786987313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884445384\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885800801\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886389978\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954782052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2968698979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993908729\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013864993\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112344668\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211248987\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226439324\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307170534\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4384521660\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386498184\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063575688\",\"display_name\":\"Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077002453\",\"display_name\":\"Bo Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-1938\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100779876\",\"display_name\":\"Dongping Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-9326\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015793767\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-8111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042868572\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-6928\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387280156\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychoactives\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3010004\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4391340931" }, { "id": 4683, "title": "Psilocybin and eugenol prevent DSS-induced neuroinflammation in mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and eugenol prevent dss induced neuroinflammation in mice", "authors": "Timur Zanikov, Marta Gerasymchuk, Gregory Ian Robinson, Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani, Shima Asghari, Alyssa Groves, Mackenzie Cameron, Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez, Alexandra Snelling, Darryl Hudson, Anna Fiselier, Olga Kovalchuk, Igor Kovalchuk", "abstract": "Neuroinflammation has emerged as a central pathology common to several acute and chronic brain diseases. Recent studies have displayed the anti-inflammatory properties of naturally occurring compounds derived from mushrooms and plants could potentially reduce neuroinflammation and disease progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of psilocybin and eugenol, as well as their combinations, on neuroinflammation. To induce inflammation through the gut-brain axis, we employed a colitis mouse model via oral feeding of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). By administering various concentrations and combinations of treatments, both before and after inducing inflammation, we sought to assess the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin and eugenol. Our findings revealed oral psilocybin and eugenol post-treatment significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in the brain, including IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2. Notably, combined treatment of psilocybin and eugenol exhibited the strongest reduction in IL-6 levels when compared to the DSS group. While both psilocybin and eugenol possess anti-inflammatory effects, the combined treatment overall did not demonstrate synergistic reductions in neuroinflammation across all markers. This study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and eugenol in psychiatric and neurodegenerative inflammatory disorders. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of their anti-inflammatory effects and to evaluate their efficacy in clinical settings.", "journal": "Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology", "publication_date": "2024-01-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103033", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103033", "keywords": "Neuroinflammation, Eugenol, Psilocybin, Pharmacology, Inflammation, Medicine, Microglia, Chemistry, Immunology, Hallucinogen, Organic chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391234203\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391234203\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":10,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1596004288\",\"https://openalex.org/W1596258860\",\"https://openalex.org/W1696775091\",\"https://openalex.org/W1915977580\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971200109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007037442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009367250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015157276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059491535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065491529\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073404654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077238267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083817239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120348159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139635418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146578632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290984097\",\"https://openalex.org/W2302151110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2335851787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2462334125\",\"https://openalex.org/W2583168382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2602642359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604594354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607608783\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756523789\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802032956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806376977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897231194\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898194679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2905229149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2937412659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948410175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948723058\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949956638\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964408032\",\"https://openalex.org/W2982427618\",\"https://openalex.org/W2998888862\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003243981\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010762110\",\"https://openalex.org/W3067861562\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092411560\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092548915\",\"https://openalex.org/W3098234779\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111897458\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113318368\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153631010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192541918\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193421084\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197767072\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197982020\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206907302\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220783009\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280530201\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310371209\",\"https://openalex.org/W4317212751\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319985587\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385827303\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385834760\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388714298\",\"https://openalex.org/W4389794307\",\"https://openalex.org/W6635606148\",\"https://openalex.org/W6680449257\",\"https://openalex.org/W6772988975\",\"https://openalex.org/W6797207948\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033350413\",\"display_name\":\"Timur Zanikov\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1321-7107\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025253146\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Gerasymchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-8086\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090284179\",\"display_name\":\"Gregory Ian Robinson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-2788\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063575688\",\"display_name\":\"Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031621850\",\"display_name\":\"Shima Asghari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-3402\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057389293\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa Groves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-4755\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059745101\",\"display_name\":\"Mackenzie Cameron\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1259-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069482413\",\"display_name\":\"Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057724984\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra Snelling\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006199499\",\"display_name\":\"Darryl Hudson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8828-0435\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002192129\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Fiselier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015793767\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-8111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042868572\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-6928\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764378920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103033\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4391234203" }, { "id": 1252, "title": "Trauma-Informed Care in Psychedelic Therapy Research: A Qualitative Literature Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions in PTSD and Psychedelic Therapy Across Conditions.", "normalized_title": "trauma informed care in psychedelic therapy research a qualitative literature review of evidence based psychotherapy interventions in ptsd and psychedelic therapy across conditions", "authors": "Modlin NL, Creed M, Sarang M, Maggio C, Rucker JJ, Williamson V.", "abstract": "IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant patient burden. While pharmacotherapies and evidence-based psychotherapy interventions (EBPI) are effective, studies consistently highlight inadequate outcomes and high treatment dropout. Psychedelic therapy (PT) has shown preliminary promise across difficult-to-treat conditions, including MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD, however trials of classical psychedelics in PTSD are lacking. Understanding patients' experiences of EBPI could help promote safety in PT.AimTo systematically review qualitative research on patients' subjective experience of EBPI for PTSD, and of PT, and examine areas of overlap and divergence between them.MethodsSystematic literature searches for studies published between 2010 and 2023 were conducted on OVID, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Included were original studies in English that presented qualitative data of patient experiences of EBPI in PTSD, or PT for any indication. Extracted data from included studies were analysed using thematic synthesis. Syntheses were completed separately for EBPI and PT, before similarities and differences between the therapies were identified.Results40 research articles were included for review: 26 studies on EBPI for PTSD, and 14 studies on PT. EBPI studied were CBT, EMDR, CPT and PE. Psychedelic compounds studied were psilocybin, ibogaine, LSD, MDMA and ketamine, for treatment of substance use disorders, anxiety relating to physical illness, depression, and PTSD. Core themes from patient experiences of EBPI: 1) patient burden in PTSD treatment; 2) readiness; 3) key mechanisms of change; 4) psychological safety and trust. Themes identified in the review of PT: 1) indirect trauma processing; 2) reorganisation of self-narratives via processes of relatedness and identification; 3) key treatment characteristics.ConclusionThis study suggests overlap between patients' experience of EBPI and PT in terms of key mechanisms of change, the importance of psychological safety and readiness to engage in treatment. Trauma-informed care paradigms and practices may improve safety and acceptability of PT research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s432537", "pubmed_id": "38268571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s432537", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38268571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3752, "title": "Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: A psychophysical study", "normalized_title": "enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects a psychophysical study", "authors": "Swanson L, Jungers S, Varghese R, Cullen KR, Evans MD, Nielson J, Schallmo M.", "abstract": "In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective ‘psychedelic visuals’ induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential impact of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that recent studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in patients with major depressive disorder, for which psilocybin has recently been identified as a breakthrough therapy. Our finding is thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of psychedelic therapies for mental health disorders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/5rm62", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5rm62", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR786871\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3139, "title": "Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: A psychophysical study", "normalized_title": "enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects a psychophysical study", "authors": "", "abstract": "In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective ‘psychedelic visuals’ induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential impact of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that recent studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in patients with major depressive disorder, for which psilocybin has recently been identified as a breakthrough therapy. Our finding is thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of psychedelic therapies for mental health disorders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/5rm62_v1", "keywords": "context effects, hallucinogenic, illusion, perception, psilocybin, psychedelic, surround suppression, visual, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"5rm62_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1261, "title": "Safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non-directive support in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial with blinded ratings", "normalized_title": "safety feasibility tolerability and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non directive support in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized waitlist controlled trial with blinded ratings", "authors": "Terence H. W. Ching, Lucia Amoroso, Calvin Bohner, Elizabeth J. D’Amico, Jeffrey Eilbott, Tara Entezar, Madison Fitzpatrick, Geena Fram, Rachael Grazioplene, Jamila Hokanson, Anastasia Jankovsky, Stephen A. Kichuk, Bradford Martins, Prerana Patel, Henry Schaer, Sarah Shnayder, Chelsea Witherow, Christopher Pittenger, Benjamin Kelmendi", "abstract": "Background: To date, few randomized controlled trials of psilocybin with non-directive support exist for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results and participant feedback from an interim analysis of an ongoing single-dose trial (NCT03356483) converged on the possibility of administering a higher fixed dose and/or more doses of psilocybin in future trials for presumably greater benefits. Objectives: This trial aims to evaluate the safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of two doses of psilocybin paired with non-directive support in the treatment of OCD. This trial also seeks to examine whether two doses of psilocybin lead to greater OCD symptom reduction than a single dose, and to elucidate psychological mechanisms underlying the effects of psilocybin on OCD. Design: A randomized (1:1), waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings will be used to examine the effects of two doses of oral psilocybin paired with non-directive support vs. waitlist control on OCD symptoms. An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented (i.e., first dose: 25 mg; second dose: 25 or 30 mg). Methods and analysis: This single-site trial will enroll 30 adult participants with treatment-refractory OCD. Aside from safety, feasibility, and tolerability metrics, primary outcomes include OCD symptoms assessed on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Second Edition (Y-BOCS-II). A blinded independent rater will assess primary outcomes at baseline and the primary endpoint at the end of the second dosing week. Participants will be followed up to 12 months post-second dosing. Participants randomized to waitlist will be rescreened after 7 weeks post-randomization, and begin their delayed treatment phase thereafter if still eligible. Ethics: Written informed consent will be obtained from participants. The institutional review board has approved this trial (protocol v. 1.7; HIC #2000032623). Discussion:: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05370911.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-01-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823", "pubmed_id": "38264632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823", "keywords": "Tolerability, Dosing, Obsessive compulsive, Randomized controlled trial, Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Medicine, Clinical trial, Psychology, Psychiatry, Adverse effect, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390753253\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W74189053\",\"https://openalex.org/W78677904\",\"https://openalex.org/W306343222\",\"https://openalex.org/W568533716\",\"https://openalex.org/W1492283962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498057507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1599004146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1752708916\",\"https://openalex.org/W1790886046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897149844\",\"https://openalex.org/W1934577361\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998339430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006001020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006748124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011329819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017857669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019101336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020646491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028960724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030767477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053167650\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077686642\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079984335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082150145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084244487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114570941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123822033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134591365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137320167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145083290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147797459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150547685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162090451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168266150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2183963790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2308253549\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401253652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2577533646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792256936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884718173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894541203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984198212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990405759\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088502206\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090239575\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100714436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122951191\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129125412\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129221857\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158498065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195587140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204292654\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206717622\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224296821\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230263701\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234021523\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296782684\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4361279088\",\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"https://openalex.org/W6610802157\",\"https://openalex.org/W6661331907\",\"https://openalex.org/W6684564604\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038288658\",\"display_name\":\"Terence H. W. Ching\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-2237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051611172\",\"display_name\":\"Lucia Amoroso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072571463\",\"display_name\":\"Calvin Bohner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055980478\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth J. D’Amico\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-7804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112416887\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Eilbott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093705063\",\"display_name\":\"Tara Entezar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010555213\",\"display_name\":\"Madison Fitzpatrick\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056965546\",\"display_name\":\"Geena Fram\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071673808\",\"display_name\":\"Rachael Grazioplene\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-4531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058988830\",\"display_name\":\"Jamila Hokanson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083774019\",\"display_name\":\"Anastasia Jankovsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-0958\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090942004\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen A. Kichuk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007278551\",\"display_name\":\"Bradford Martins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-2604\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077000472\",\"display_name\":\"Prerana Patel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065974780\",\"display_name\":\"Henry Schaer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038515583\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Shnayder\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083493446\",\"display_name\":\"Chelsea Witherow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001094886\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Pittenger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-9321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110948308\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Kelmendi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-1326\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4390753253" }, { "id": 1262, "title": "In vivo validation of psilacetin as a prodrug yielding modestly lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin", "normalized_title": "in vivo validation of psilacetin as a prodrug yielding modestly lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin", "authors": "N. Jones, Laura M. Wagner, Molly C. Pellitteri Hahn, Cameron O. Scarlett, Cody J. Wenthur", "abstract": "Introduction The use of the psychedelic compound psilocybin in conjunction with psychotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, though the underlying mechanisms supporting these effects remain unclear. Psilocybin is a Schedule I substance that is dephosphorylated in vivo to form an active metabolite, psilocin. Psilacetin, also known as O-acetylpsilocin or 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT), is an unscheduled compound that has long been suggested as an alternative psilocin prodrug, though direct in vivo support for this hypothesis has thus far been lacking. Methods This study employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess the time-course and plasma concentrations of psilocin following the intraperitoneal (IP) administration of psilacetin fumarate or psilocybin to male and female C57Bl6/J mice. Results Direct comparisons of the time courses for psilocin exposure arising from psilocybin and psilacetin found that psilocybin led to 10-25% higher psilocin concentrations than psilacetin at 15-min post-injection. The half-life of psilocin remained approximately 30 min, irrespective of whether it came from psilocybin or psilacetin. Overall, the relative amount of psilocin exposure from psilacetin fumarate was found to be approximately 70% of that from psilocybin. Discussion These findings provide the first direct support for the long-standing assumption in the field that psilacetin functions as a prodrug for psilocin in vivo. In addition, these results indicate that psilacetin fumarate results in lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin when dosed on an equimolar basis. Thoughtful substitution of psilocybin with psilacetin fumarate appears to be a viable approach for conducting mechanistic psychedelic research in C57Bl6/J mice.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-01-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303365", "pubmed_id": "38264637", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303365", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, In vivo, Metabolite, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Prodrug, Active metabolite, Biochemistry, Medicine, Biology, Biotechnology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390665254\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390665254\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":16,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":10,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1608410555\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995013188\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995655033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016388239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059405899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132624405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134763275\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2492219929\",\"https://openalex.org/W2571392308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2620631001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2946994615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999306893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039457381\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085274948\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113337956\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120424265\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134320342\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200007802\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200117112\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210399760\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214649547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225399213\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308486832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386305913\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086005105\",\"display_name\":\"N. Jones\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8750-6212\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102915214\",\"display_name\":\"Laura M. Wagner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9629-2153\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085322348\",\"display_name\":\"Molly C. Pellitteri Hahn\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061045840\",\"display_name\":\"Cameron O. Scarlett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5902-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077505426\",\"display_name\":\"Cody J. Wenthur\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-3842\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303365\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4390665254" }, { "id": 3076, "title": "Psilocybin Promotes Cell-Type-Specific Changes in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Revealed by Single-Nucleus RNA-seq", "normalized_title": "psilocybin promotes cell type specific changes in the orbitofrontal cortex revealed by single nucleus rna seq", "authors": "Huang Z, Wei X, Wang Y, Tian J, Dong J, Liang B, Lu L, Zhang W.", "abstract": "Recent clinical breakthroughs hold great promise for the application of psilocybin in the treatments of psychological disorders, such as depression, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psilocybin is a psychedelic whose metabolite, psilocin, is a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for the effects of psilocybin on the brain are not fully illustrated, and cell type-specific and circuit effects of psilocybin are not fully understood. Here, we combined single-nucleus RNA-seq with functional assays to study the long-term effects of psilocybin on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a brain region vulnerable to psychological disorders such as depression. We showed that a single dose of psilocybin induced long-term genetic and functional changes in neurons of the OFC, and excitatory and inhibitory neurons collectively reduced circuit activity of the brain region. Knockdown of 5-HT2A receptor in deep layer excitatory neurons abated psilocybin-induced functional changes and the anti-depressant effect. Together, these results showed the cell type-specific mechanisms of psilocybin and shed light on the brain region difference in the effect of psychedelics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.07.573163", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.07.573163", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR783465\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3066, "title": "Behavioural Investigations of Psilocybin in Animals 1962-2021: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "behavioural investigations of psilocybin in animals 1962 2021 a scoping review", "authors": "Shore R, Dobson K, Thomson N, Barnim N, Bergman H, Rideout K, McKeown S, Olmstead MC, Goldie C, Dumont E.", "abstract": "Background and Aims Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that may hold promise for a wide range of human health conditions, yet the identification of therapeutic processes and mechanisms of action remains exploratory. We conducted a scoping review on pre-clinical behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals to help determine the behavioural effects of psilocybin in non-human animals, to identify studies completed, behavioural tests employed, and what dosing modalities had been studied. Methods A librarian-conducted literature search was performed using predefined key terms and search criteria and additional searching was conducted by reviewers, using electronic databases, grey literature sources, and reference lists of relevant articles or reviews. The final search updated occurred in October, 2021. Studies were reviewed, screened and selected against an a priori protocol using Covidence software by multiple reviewers with results plotted across the Research Domains Criteria construct. Results From 4124 records identified by database searching, 260 publications were subjected to full-text review with 77 studies included in this scoping review, published between 1962-2021. The preponderance of studies (n=64) investigated behavioural outcomes in rodents. Only 43 studies (55.8%) reported on housing conditions, and seventeen studies (22.1%) failed to report sample size. All studies reported behavioural outcomes following drug administration, with fifty-one studies (66.2%) using psilocybin, thirty studies (42.9%) psilocin, four studies (5.2%) administering whole mushroom extracts (WME), and a further eight studies investigating both psilocybin and psilocin and one study reporting the effects of both psilocin and WME. One hundred and thirty distinct behavioural investigations using fifty different behavioral paradigms were identified. Few adverse events were reported, and even exceedingly high doses were apparently well tolerated. Conclusion With seventy-seven publications spanning close to sixty years, there is huge variation in study design and quality. Overall psilocybin presents a unique and strong safety profile with no evidence of biological toxicity, is characterized by unique time and dose-dependent effects, and its pattern of drug action is significantly context and training-sensitive. Data suggest putative effects of psilocybin include acute arousal, dose-dependent sedation, reductions in fear conditioning at low doses, reduced aggression, improved valence, acute disruption of working memory, the rescuing of deficits from chronic stress, and improved learning when combined with repeated environmental exposure after resolution of drug effect.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.04.574146", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.04.574146", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR782675\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1097, "title": "Neural Mechanisms of Resting-State Networks and the Amygdala Underlying the Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms of resting state networks and the amygdala underlying the cognitive and emotional effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Devon Stoliker, Leonardo Novelli, Franz X. Vollenweider, Gary F. Egan, Katrin H. Preller, Adeel Razi", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, alter perceptual and cognitive systems that are functionally integrated with the amygdala. These changes can alter cognition and emotions that are hypothesized to contribute to their therapeutic utility. However, the neural mechanisms of cognitive and subcortical systems altered by psychedelics are not well understood. METHODS: We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance images collected during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 24 healthy adults under 0.2 mg/kg psilocybin to estimate the directed (i.e., effective) changes between the amygdala and 3 large-scale resting-state networks involved in cognition. These networks are the default mode network, the salience network, and the central executive network. RESULTS: We found a pattern of decreased top-down effective connectivity from these resting-state networks to the amygdala. Effective connectivity decreased within the default mode network and salience network but increased within the central executive network. These changes in effective connectivity were statistically associated with behavioral measures of altered cognition and emotion under the influence of psilocybin. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that temporary amygdala signal attenuation is associated with mechanistic changes to resting-state network connectivity. These changes are significant for altered cognition and perception and suggest targets for research investigating the efficacy of psychedelic therapy for internalizing psychiatric disorders. More broadly, our study suggests the value of quantifying the brain's hierarchical organization using effective connectivity to identify important mechanisms for basic cognitive function and how they are integrated to give rise to subjective experiences.", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002", "pubmed_id": "38185235", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Amygdala, Neuroscience, Psychology, Cognition, Resting state fMRI, Functional connectivity, Cognitive psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390629750\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390629750\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":42,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1588501184\",\"https://openalex.org/W1634720708\",\"https://openalex.org/W1791997487\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968078244\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976131491\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976863244\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983350514\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984900892\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987443693\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991771535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993134051\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998055581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005933475\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015822010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020628123\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021077263\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050618347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054129965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066848874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073250254\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085971650\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087658007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104703267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105975251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107249607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114731875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120182640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124757386\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129624700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130912823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135176444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138088557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140952948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146828510\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147546041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148900213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154065362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2179775745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2282315257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2302657539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400772767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513457040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2562429857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567516565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604586582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762152147\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2770137529\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792334091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793403693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894845643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899966731\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951682970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2957587052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112680183\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112904824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135335789\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154361912\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165796092\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193146023\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193654558\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200528712\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220672853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243991550\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290631853\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292227877\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292791729\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295048117\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4307167512\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382131011\",\"https://openalex.org/W4387105778\",\"https://openalex.org/W6853851684\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009347113\",\"display_name\":\"Devon Stoliker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-4497\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073637763\",\"display_name\":\"Leonardo Novelli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6081-3367\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016614292\",\"display_name\":\"Gary F. Egan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-4026\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045981641\",\"display_name\":\"Adeel Razi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9439\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205482884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4390629750" }, { "id": 3174, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 7-month Parallel-Group Phase II Superiority Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder protocol for a double blind randomized placebo controlled 7 month parallel group phase ii superiority trial", "authors": "Vanderijst L, Hever F, Buot A, Dauré C, Benoit J, Hanak C, Veeser J, Morgiève M, Campanella S, Kornreich C, Mallet L, Leys C, Noël X.", "abstract": "Background: A significant number of individuals with alcohol use disorder remain unresponsive to currently available treatments, which calls for the development of new alternatives. In parallel, psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder has recently yielded promising preliminary results. Building on extant findings, the proposed study is set to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy when incorporated as an auxiliary intervention during inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. Moreover, it intends to pinpoint the modifications in the two core neurocognitive systems underscored by dual-process models of addiction. Methods:: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial, 62 participants aged 21-64 years will be enrolled to undergo psilocybin-assisted therapy as part of a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. The experimental group will receive a high dose of psilocybin (30 mg), whereas the control group will receive an active placebo dose of psilocybin (5 mg), both within the context of a brief standardized psychotherapeutic intervention drawing from key elements of acceptance and commitment therapy. The primary clinical outcome is the between-group difference regarding the change in percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to four weeks posthospital discharge, while safety and feasibility metrics will also be reported as primary outcomes. Key secondary assessments include between-group differences in terms of changes in 1) drinking behavior parameters up to six months posthospital discharge, 2) symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and global functioning, 3) neuroplasticity and key neurocognitive mechanisms associated with addiction, and 4) psychological processes and alcohol-related parameters. Discussion: The discussion outlines issues that might arise from our design. Trial registration: EudraCT 2022-002369-14 and NCT06160232", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-01-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829237/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829237/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR782504\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4709, "title": "Insights into the serotonergic mechanisms of psilocybin-induced improvements in anorexia-like behaviour in female rats", "normalized_title": "insights into the serotonergic mechanisms of psilocybin induced improvements in anorexia like behaviour in female rats", "authors": "Kyna-Anne Conn, Laura K Milton, Kaixin Huang, Hermany Munguba, Jaana Ruuska, Mónica Lemus, Erin Greaves, Jihane Homman-Ludiye, Brian J. Oldfield, Claire J. Foldi", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104774", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104774", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonergic, Anorexia, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Neuroscience, Medicine, Serotonin, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4405621760\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4405621760\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016384733\",\"display_name\":\"Kyna-Anne Conn\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-7885\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010010872\",\"display_name\":\"Laura K Milton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1664-8337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061059143\",\"display_name\":\"Kaixin Huang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-7947\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044072275\",\"display_name\":\"Hermany Munguba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-8423\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082127649\",\"display_name\":\"Jaana Ruuska\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015404689\",\"display_name\":\"Mónica Lemus\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-3020\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045433632\",\"display_name\":\"Erin Greaves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-5851\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039407232\",\"display_name\":\"Jihane Homman-Ludiye\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-1457\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041876284\",\"display_name\":\"Brian J. Oldfield\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-6589\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003584852\",\"display_name\":\"Claire J. Foldi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-8242\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210236820\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuroscience Applied\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104774\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4405621760" }, { "id": 1297, "title": "Menstrual Changes and Reversal of Amenorrhea Induced by Classic Psychedelics: A Case Series.", "normalized_title": "menstrual changes and reversal of amenorrhea induced by classic psychedelics a case series", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Narayan SK", "abstract": "There has been little research on the effects of psychedelics on menstrual and reproductive function, though anecdotal evidence suggests that these compounds may have striking effects on menstrual function in at least a subset of users. Social media and word of mouth were used to seek out individuals who had a history of changes in menstrual function following psychedelic use. Case histories were elicited from three respondents following informed consent. A literature search on the effects of classic psychedelics and related compounds was completed. Three women ranging from 27 to 34 years of age were interviewed and reported three distinct phenomena following the use of classic psychedelics: 1) resumption of menses following amenorrhea, 2) early onset of menses, in particular when psychedelics were used in the mid to late luteal period, and 3) improved menstrual regularity in a woman with irregular cycles who was eventually diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear, though they may be mediated via direct or indirect effects of 5-HT agonism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Although phenomena related to menstrual and reproductive function have been largely overlooked in the psychedelic literature to date, these effects may have therapeutic utility and warrant further study.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2157350", "pubmed_id": "36682064", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36682064/", "keywords": "LSD, menstruation, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoneuroendocrinology, reproductive health, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36682064\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1286, "title": "Psilocybin and Other Classic Psychedelics in Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and other classic psychedelics in depression", "authors": "Nutt DJ, Peill JM, Weiss B, Godfrey K, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and ketamine are returning to clinical research and intervention across several disorders including the treatment of depression. This chapter focusses on psychedelics that specifically target the 5-HT2A receptor such as psilocybin and DMT. These produce plasma-concentration related psychological effects such as hallucinations and out of body experiences, insightful and emotional breakthroughs as well as mystical-type experiences. When coupled with psychological support, effects can produce a rapid improvement in mood among people with depression that can last for months. In this chapter, we summarise the scientific studies to date that explore the use of psychedelics in depressed individuals, highlighting key clinical, psychological and neuroimaging features of psychedelics that may account for their therapeutic effects. These include alterations in brain entropy that disrupt fixed negative ruminations, a period of post-treatment increased cognitive flexibility, and changes in self-referential psychological processes. Finally, we propose that the brain mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of serotonergic psychedelics might be distinct from those underlying classical serotonin reuptake-blocking antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2023_451", "pubmed_id": "37955822", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2023_451", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37955822\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1273, "title": "CCH attack frequency reduction after psilocybin correlates with hypothalamic functional connectivity", "normalized_title": "cch attack frequency reduction after psilocybin correlates with hypothalamic functional connectivity", "authors": "M. Madsen, Anja Sofie Petersen, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Inger Marie Sørensen, Harald Schiønning, Tobias Fjeld, Charlotte H. Nykjær, Sara Marie Ulv Larsen, Maria Zofia Grzywacz, Tobias Mathiesen, Ida L. Klausen, Oliver Overgaard-Hansen, Kristoffer Brendstrup-Brix, Kristían Línnet, Sys Stybe Johansen, Patrick M. Fisher, Rigmor Jensen, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "Abstract Objective To evaluate the feasibility and prophylactic effect of psilocybin as well as its effects on hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) in patients with chronic cluster headache (CCH). Background CCH is an excruciating and difficult-to-treat disorder with incompletely understood pathophysiology, although hypothalamic dysfunction has been implicated. Psilocybin may have beneficial prophylactic effects, but clinical evidence is limited. Methods In this small open-label clinical trial, 10 patients with CCH were included and maintained headache diaries for 10 weeks. Patients received three doses of peroral psilocybin (0.14 mg/kg) on the first day of weeks five, six, and seven. The first 4 weeks served as baseline and the last 4 weeks as follow-up. Hypothalamic FC was determined using functional magnetic resonance imaging the day before the first psilocybin dose and 1 week after the last dose. Results The treatment was well tolerated. Attack frequency was reduced by mean (standard deviation) 31% (31) from baseline to follow-up ( p FWER = 0.008). One patient experienced 21 weeks of complete remission. Changes in hypothalamic-diencephalic FC correlated negatively with a percent change in attack frequency ( p FWER = 0.03, R = −0.81), implicating this neural pathway in treatment response. Conclusion Our results indicate that psilocybin may have prophylactic potential and implicates the hypothalamus in possible treatment response. Further clinical studies are warranted.", "journal": "Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/head.14656", "pubmed_id": "38238974", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14656", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Functional connectivity, Reduction (mathematics), Neuroscience, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Communication, Psychiatry, Mathematics, Geometry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Migraine and Headache Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391036082\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4391036082\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":29,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1639910105\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975317244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007980951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065518000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097764704\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098813714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121044470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121872045\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151828427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151875733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2192859497\",\"https://openalex.org/W2511115395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2512928940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622366552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769724041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793345777\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801085490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914249024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971837286\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003683253\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006539195\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094406522\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113947881\",\"https://openalex.org/W3128197953\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205140447\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295750005\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297497355\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309832620\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W6666987759\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682345518\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683883610\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089756098\",\"display_name\":\"Anja Sofie Petersen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0125-6038\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053267261\",\"display_name\":\"Inger Marie Sørensen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004480001\",\"display_name\":\"Harald Schiønning\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023116178\",\"display_name\":\"Tobias Fjeld\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054137020\",\"display_name\":\"Charlotte H. Nykjær\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8759-3491\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077640621\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Marie Ulv Larsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9046-2430\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062586544\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Zofia Grzywacz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082867173\",\"display_name\":\"Tobias Mathiesen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076169933\",\"display_name\":\"Ida L. Klausen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053927780\",\"display_name\":\"Oliver Overgaard-Hansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054721141\",\"display_name\":\"Kristoffer Brendstrup-Brix\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8683-4277\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078174062\",\"display_name\":\"Kristían Línnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-5535\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018165002\",\"display_name\":\"Rigmor Jensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-5887\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S96331937\",\"source_display_name\":\"Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14656\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4391036082" }, { "id": 1271, "title": "The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic future of post traumatic stress disorder treatment", "authors": "Zaretsky TG, Jagodnik KM, Barsic R, Antonio JH, Bonanno PA, MacLeod C, Pierce C, Carney H, Morrison MT, Saylor C, Danias G, Lepow L, Yehuda R.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can occur following exposure to a traumatic experience. An estimated 12 million U.S. adults are presently affected by this disorder. Current treatments include psychological therapies (e.g., exposure-based interventions) and pharmacological treatments (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)). However, a significant proportion of patients receiving standard-of-care therapies for PTSD remain symptomatic, and new approaches for this and other trauma-related mental health conditions are greatly needed. Psychedelic compounds that alter cognition, perception, and mood are currently being examined for their efficacy in treating PTSD despite their current status as Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)- scheduled substances. Initial clinical trials have demonstrated the potential value of psychedelicassisted therapy to treat PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the state of the science of PTSD clinical care, including current treatments and their shortcomings. We review clinical studies of psychedelic interventions to treat PTSD, trauma-related disorders, and common comorbidities. The classic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and DMT-containing ayahuasca, as well as the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, are reviewed. For each drug, we present the history of use, psychological and somatic effects, pharmacology, and safety profile. The rationale and proposed mechanisms for use in treating PTSD and traumarelated disorders are discussed. This review concludes with an in-depth consideration of future directions for the psychiatric applications of psychedelics to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize risk in individuals and communities impacted by trauma-related conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147", "pubmed_id": "38284341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38284341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1268, "title": "Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).", "normalized_title": "efficacy safety and tolerability of psychedelics in treatment resistant depression trd", "authors": "Olivier B, Olivier JDA.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, associated with substantial burden and large economical costs. Notwithstanding various conventional antidepressant treatment options, a large portion of depressed people (ca. 30%) fails to respond to first-line treatment, resulting in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although non-response to multiple antidepressant interventions is a common outcome, a consensus definition of TRD is not yet available. In practice, TRD is applied when two or more successive treatments with different antidepressants are not working. The last decade's intense research into new medicines for TRD has led to two developments, using typical or serotonergic (psilocybin, ayahuasca) and atypical (glutamatergic) psychedelics (ketamine, esketamine). Both approaches, although via different entrance mechanism, exhibit a fast onset but also long-lasting antidepressant effect far beyond the biological presence of the drug in the body, strongly indicating that downstream mechanisms activated by signaling cascades in the brain are involved. The present chapter describes the clinical development of psilocybin and esketamine for TRD and discusses the problems involved in the use of a proper placebo because of the psychotomimetic (psilocybin) or dissociative (ketamine) effects that interfere with performing \"blind\" studies. Nevertheless, intranasal esketamine was developed and approved for TRD, whereas psilocybin has shown positive results. Adverse effects and tolerability of both drugs in the dose ranges used are generally acceptable. The emergence of anti-TRD medicines for treatment of a very severe disease is a breakthrough in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_3", "pubmed_id": "39261423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_3", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39261423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1265, "title": "Theorizing that Psychedelic Assisted Therapy May Play a Role in the Treatment of Trauma-Induced Personality Disorders.", "normalized_title": "theorizing that psychedelic assisted therapy may play a role in the treatment of trauma induced personality disorders", "authors": "Martire G, Sipple D, Baron D, Gold MS, Lewandowski KU, Dennen CA, Sharafshah A, Elman I, Thanos PK, Modestino EJ, Badgaiyan RD, Pinhasov A, Bowirrat A, Makale M, Roy AK, Sunder K, Murphy KT, Mahajan S, Mahajan Y, Levin C, Blum K", "abstract": "Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) share overlapping neurobiological mechanisms particularly reward deficiency and stress-like anti-reward processes. And so, BPD may be reclassified as a \"traumatic personality stress disorder\" (TPSD) with ensuing common therapeutic strategies that may stabilize dopaminergic reward function such as psychedelic-assisted therapy. Integrated therapeutic strategies may be further supported by genetic studies aimed at assessing similarities between the two therapeutic entities. In this perspective we theorize that psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) may play a role in the treatment of trauma induced personality disorders. This study identifies PAT as a pathway for treating both BPD and PTSD, proposing that reframing BPD as TPSD could lead to more effective, personalized interventions, ultimately improving the quality of life for those affected by trauma. Such a reclassification might also mitigate stigma, enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and optimize therapeutic interventions for a broader range of diagnostic categories characterized by anhedonia, negative affective states, hypervigilance, and dissociation.", "journal": "Journal of addiction psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "39634920", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39634920/", "keywords": "Borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psilocybin, Psychedelic assisted therapy, Trauma", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39634920\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3164, "title": "Engaging Mood Brain Circuits with Psilocybin (EMBRACE): a study protocol for a randomized, proof-of-principle, placebo-controlled and crossover, neuroimaging trial in depression", "normalized_title": "engaging mood brain circuits with psilocybin embrace a study protocol for a randomized proof of principle placebo controlled and crossover neuroimaging trial in depression", "authors": "Poulin JM, Bigford GE, Lanctot KL, Giacobbe P, Schaffer A, Sinyor M, Rabin JS, Masellis M, Singnurkar A, Pople CB, Lipsman N, MacIntosh BJ, Nestor SM.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide across domains of health and cognition, affecting overall quality of life. Approximately one third of individuals with depression do not fully respond to treatments (e.g., conventional antidepressants, psychotherapy) and alternative strategies are needed. Recent early phase trials suggest psilocybin may be a safe and efficacious intervention with rapid-acting antidepressant properties. Psilocybin is thought to exert therapeutic benefits by altering brain network connectivity and inducing neuroplastic changes that endure for weeks post-treatment. Although early clinical results are encouraging, psilocybin’s acute neurobiological effects on neuroplasticity have not been fully investigated. We aim to examine for the first time how psilocybin acutely (intraday) and subacutely (weeks) alters functional brain networks implicated in depression. Methods: Thirty-six participants diagnosed with MDD or Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) will be recruited from a tertiary mood disorders clinic and undergo 1:1 randomization into either an experimental or control arm. Participants will be given either 25 mg psilocybin or active placebo (100 mg niacin) for the first treatment. Three weeks later, those in the control arm will cross over and all participants will receive 25 mg psilocybin. We will investigate whether treatments are associated with changes in arterial spin labelling and blood oxygenation level dependent contrast neuroimaging assessments at acute and subacute timepoints. Primary outcomes include testing whether psilocybin demonstrates acute changes in 1) cerebral blood flow and 2) functional brain activity in networks associated with mood regulation and depression when compared to placebo. Secondary outcomes include changes in MADRS score over time compared to placebo, and changes across complementary clinical psychiatric, cognitive, and functional scales from baseline to final follow-up. Serum peripheral neurotrophic and inflammatory biomarkers will be collected at baseline to examine relationships with clinical response, and neuroimaging measures. Discussion: This study will investigate the acute and additive subacute neuroplastic effects of psilocybin on brain networks affected by depression using advanced serial neuroimaging methods. Results will improve our understanding of psilocybin’s antidepressant mechanisms versus placebo response and whether biological measures of brain function can provide early predictors of treatment response. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06072898. Registered on 6 October 2023.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-12-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3474764/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3474764/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR779931\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1301, "title": "Molecular and Medical Aspects of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "molecular and medical aspects of psychedelics", "authors": "Wojtas A, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Psychedelics belong to the oldest psychoactive drugs. They arouse recent interest due to their therapeutic applications in the treatment of major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, end-of-life anxiety,= and anxiety symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this review, the current state of preclinical research on the mechanism of action, neurotoxicity, and behavioral impact of psychedelics is summarized. The effect of selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 25I- and 25B-NBOMe, after acute and repeated administration is characterized and compared with the effects of a less selective drug, psilocybin. The data show a significant effect of NBOMes on glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The increases in extracellular levels of neurotransmitters were not dose-dependent, which most likely resulted from the stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor and subsequent activation of the 5-HT2C receptors. This effect was also observed in the wet dog shake test and locomotor activity. Chronic administration of NBOMes elicited rapid development of tolerance, genotoxicity, and activation of microglia. Acute treatment with psilocybin affected monoaminergic and aminoacidic neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus but not in the amygdala. Psilocybin exhibited anxiolytic properties resulting from intensification of GABAergic neurotransmission. The data indicate that NBOMes as selective 5-HT2A agonists exert a significant effect on neurotransmission and behavior of rats while also inducing oxidative DNA damage. In contrast to NBOMes, the effects induced by psilocybin suggest a broader therapeutic index of this drug.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms25010241", "pubmed_id": "38203411", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010241", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38203411\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4725, "title": "Application of psilocybin in mental health disorders", "normalized_title": "application of psilocybin in mental health disorders", "authors": "Jingxuan Chen", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychoactive compound, which has been used for ages in traditional settings for religious and therapeutic use. Recent studies have renewed interest in psilocybin for its potential therapeutic benefits in treating depression and anxiety. The pharmacodynamics of psilocybin are complex, involving its rapid conversion to psilocin and its activity on various serotonin receptors, particularly the 5HT2A/C and 5HT1A receptors. In addition, psilocybin can increase glutamate release, which is believed to be an important mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects. Clinical trials have demonstrated that psilocybin has a long-lasting antidepressant effect, with little to no side effects. However, it is necessary to further study the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic potential and to optimize its use in clinical settings. Overall, the promising findings suggest that psilocybin may offer a valuable alternative to traditional antidepressant therapies for individuals suffering from depression and anxiety. Meanwhile, studies have shown that this drug also has certain benefits for mental disorders such as addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Thus, it is necessary to continue exploring the potential of psilocybin as a novel strategy in treating mental health disorders.", "journal": "Theoretical and Natural Science", "publication_date": "2023-12-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230859", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230859", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Antidepressant, Anxiety, Psychology, Psychiatry, Addiction, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390006951\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4390006951\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038839611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769124319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3214305299\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291162385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319765908\",\"https://openalex.org/W6660356446\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682579402\",\"https://openalex.org/W6739316299\",\"https://openalex.org/W6746562885\",\"https://openalex.org/W6795106739\",\"https://openalex.org/W6808041420\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068024444\",\"display_name\":\"Jingxuan Chen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8863-9535\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387283303\",\"source_display_name\":\"Theoretical and Natural Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230859\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4390006951" }, { "id": 917, "title": "Unveiling the Psychedelic Journey: An Appraisal of Psilocybin as a Profound Antidepressant Therapy.", "normalized_title": "unveiling the psychedelic journey an appraisal of psilocybin as a profound antidepressant therapy", "authors": "Shah FI, Shehzadi S, Akram F, Haq IU, Javed B, Sabir S, Kazim Y, Ashfaq S.", "abstract": "Depression, a global health concern with significant implications for suicide rates, remains challenging to treat effectively with conventional pharmacological options. The existing pharmaceutical interventions for these illnesses need daily dosing, are accompanied by various adverse effects, and may exhibit limited efficacy in certain cases. However, hope emerges from an unlikely source-Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms. Recently, this enigmatic compound has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic benefits in addressing various mental health issues, including depression. Psilocybin alters mood, cognition, and perception by acting on a particular subtype of serotonin receptors in the brain. It's feasible that these shifts in consciousness will promote healing development, offering a novel approach to depression management. This comprehensive review explores psilocybin, derived from specific mushrooms, and its implications in the treatment of depression. The study examines new perspectives and therapeutic possibilities surrounding psilocybin, addressing existing gaps in academic literature. It delves into its biosynthesis, unique mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and anti-depressive effects. By uncovering the potential of this mind-altering substance, the review aims to advance psychiatric care, offering hope to those globally affected by depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s12033-023-00994-7", "pubmed_id": "38117395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00994-7", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38117395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1305, "title": "Psilocybin and Eugenol Reduce Inflammation in Human 3D EpiIntestinal Tissue", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and eugenol reduce inflammation in human 3d epiintestinal tissue", "authors": "Gregory Ian Robinson, Dongping Li, Bo Wang, Tahiat Rahman, Marta Gerasymchuk, Darryl Hudson, Olga Kovalchuk, Igor Kovalchuk", "abstract": "Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), by contributing to tissue damage and exacerbating the immune response. The investigation of serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) ligands and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel ligands is of significant interest due to their potential to modulate key inflammatory pathways, mitigate the pathological effects of inflammation, and offer new avenues for therapeutic interventions in IBD. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of 5-HT2A ligands, including psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and ketanserin, in combination with TRP channel ligands, including capsaicin, curcumin, and eugenol, on the inflammatory response induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in human 3D EpiIntestinal tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF. Our results show that psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and eugenol significantly reduce TNF-α and IFN-γ levels, while capsaicin and curcumin decrease these markers to a lesser extent. Psilocybin effectively lowers IL-6 and IL-8 levels, but curcumin, capsaicin, and 4-AcO-DMT have limited effects on these markers. In addition, psilocybin can significantly decrease MCP-1 and GM-CSF levels. While ketanserin lowers IL-6 and GM-CSF levels, there are no effects seen on TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, or MCP-1. Although synergistic effects between 5-HT2A and TRP channel ligands are minimal in this study, the results provide further evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin and eugenol. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action and the feasibility of using these compounds as anti-inflammatory therapies for conditions like IBD.", "journal": "Life", "publication_date": "2023-12-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/life13122345", "pubmed_id": "38137946", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122345", "keywords": "Ketanserin, Pharmacology, Psilocybin, Inflammation, Curcumin, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Chemistry, Receptor, Medicine, Serotonin, Immunology, 5-HT receptor, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4389794307\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4389794307\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1562416112\",\"https://openalex.org/W1580014152\",\"https://openalex.org/W1946093640\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970876127\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983603161\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989739325\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994190321\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004400175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004751481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008673308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035057964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045076787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072138444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074331062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083817239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085139899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085713699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101617873\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108572357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114587449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117521006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122039020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129935236\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133808995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135575955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141293982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145496597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2192466011\",\"https://openalex.org/W2269482850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313076964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2402628576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2436865301\",\"https://openalex.org/W2531272839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547036892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2619706244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2747461977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756523789\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783494524\",\"https://openalex.org/W2795212503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805537657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808825101\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890924349\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906626342\",\"https://openalex.org/W2925917031\",\"https://openalex.org/W2941181729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948723058\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964867945\",\"https://openalex.org/W2977662739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979721632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981768636\",\"https://openalex.org/W2986937824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020353753\",\"https://openalex.org/W3021841765\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082721315\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092548915\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107607221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125919088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3142496132\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159067331\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161089026\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164869506\",\"https://openalex.org/W3186544027\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192541918\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196573181\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197767072\",\"https://openalex.org/W3199039851\",\"https://openalex.org/W3202059983\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203918691\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200072940\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200161003\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210376981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210474529\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210998150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220730386\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231563100\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231819326\",\"https://openalex.org/W4284698401\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285171346\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285806935\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292262959\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295329044\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297193083\",\"https://openalex.org/W4298132685\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301392523\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309648711\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312065649\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316340121\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319985587\",\"https://openalex.org/W4323361230\",\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4377014297\",\"https://openalex.org/W4381135157\",\"https://openalex.org/W4382137630\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385479997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385827303\",\"https://openalex.org/W4385834760\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388714298\",\"https://openalex.org/W6634816647\",\"https://openalex.org/W6713471412\",\"https://openalex.org/W6775656836\",\"https://openalex.org/W6847281405\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090284179\",\"display_name\":\"Gregory Ian Robinson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-2788\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100779873\",\"display_name\":\"Dongping Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-9929\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077002453\",\"display_name\":\"Bo Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-1938\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104214733\",\"display_name\":\"Tahiat Rahman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025253146\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Gerasymchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-8086\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006199499\",\"display_name\":\"Darryl Hudson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8828-0435\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015793767\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-8111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042868572\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-6928\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210200765\",\"source_display_name\":\"Life\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122345\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4389794307" }, { "id": 1263, "title": "Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Preclinical and neuroimaging mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation preclinical and neuroimaging mechanisms", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Lopez JP, Dalla C, Castrén E, Erritzoe D, Frokjaer VG, Lundberg J, Preller KH, Fisher PM, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelic drugs, e.g., psilocybin and LSD, stimulate the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and have recently been intensely investigated for their clinical effects in various brain disorders. At the ECNP \"New Frontiers meeting\" in March 2023, scientific experts in psychedelics met to identify key knowledge gaps in the mechanism of action of psychedelics as investigated using preclinical models and clinical neuroimaging. Key themes included the development of appropriate behavioural models for measuring acute and persisting effects, dose optimisation, molecular mechanisms of action, sex differences, and the acute and persisting effects of psychedelics on neurotransmitter release and functional brain activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103929", "pubmed_id": "40656118", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103929", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656118\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3152, "title": "Psilocybin prevents activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prevents activity based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility contributions from 5 ht1a and 5 ht2a receptor mechanisms", "authors": "Conn K, Milton L, Huang K, Munguba H, Ruuska J, Lemus M, Greaves E, Homman-Ludiye J, Oldfield B, Foldi C.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for alleviating symptoms of depression and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), a condition that is characterised by persistent cognitive inflexibility. Considering that enhanced cognitive flexibility after psilocybin treatment is reported to occur in individuals with depression, it is plausible that psilocybin could improve symptoms of AN by breaking down cognitive inflexibility. A mechanistic understanding of the actions of psilocybin is required to tailor the clinical application of psilocybin to individuals most likely to respond with positive outcomes. This can only be achieved using incisive neurobiological approaches in animal models. Here, we use the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model and comprehensively assess aspects of reinforcement learning to show that psilocybin (post-acutely) improves body weight maintenance in female rats and facilitates cognitive flexibility, specifically via improved adaptation to the initial reversal of reward contingencies. Further, we reveal the involvement of signalling through the serotonin (5-HT) 1A and 5-HT2A receptor subtypes in specific aspects of learning, demonstrating that 5-HT1A antagonism negates the cognitive enhancing effects of psilocybin. Moreover, we show that psilocybin elicits a transient increase and decrease in cortical transcription of these receptors ( Htr2a and Htr1a, respectively), and a further reduction in the abundance of Htr2a transcripts in rats exposed to the ABA model. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that psilocybin could ameliorate cognitive inflexibility in the context of AN and highlight a need to better understand the therapeutic mechanisms independent of 5-HT2A receptor binding.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.12.12.571374", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.12.571374", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR773743\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1320, "title": "Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities.", "normalized_title": "mindfulness meditation and psychedelics potential synergies and commonalities", "authors": "Holas P, Kamińska J", "abstract": "There has been increasing scientific and clinical interest in studying psychedelic and meditation-based interventions in recent years, both in the context of improving mental health and as tools for understanding the mind. Several authors suggest neurophysiological and phenomenological parallels and overlaps between psychedelic and meditative states and suggest synergistic effects of both methods. Both psychedelic-assisted therapy and meditation training in the form of mindfulness-based interventions have been experimentally validated with moderate to large effects as alternative treatments for a variety of mental health problems, including depression, addictions, and anxiety disorders. Both demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants, in addition. Postulated shared salutogenic mechanisms, include, among others the ability to alter self-consciousness, present-moment awareness and antidepressant action via corresponding neuromodulatory effects. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness training and psychedelic intervention have led to scientists theorizing, and recently demonstrating, positive synergistic effects when both are used in combination. Research findings suggest that these two approaches can complement each other, enhancing the positive effects of both interventions. However, more theoretical accounts and methodologically sound research are needed before they can be extended into clinical practice. The current review aims to discuss the theoretical rationale of combining psychedelics with mindfulness training, including the predictive coding framework as well as research findings regarding synergies and commonalities between mindfulness training and psychedelic intervention. In addition, suggestions how to combine the two modalities are provided.", "journal": "Pharmacological reports: PR", "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00551-8", "pubmed_id": "37926796", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37926796/", "keywords": "Decentering, Meditation, Mindfulness, Mindfulness-based interventions, Mystical experiences, Predictive coding, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37926796\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1260, "title": "Serotonin 2A Receptor (5-HT2AR) Agonists: Psychedelics and Non-Hallucinogenic Analogues as Emerging Antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 2a receptor 5 ht2ar agonists psychedelics and non hallucinogenic analogues as emerging antidepressants", "authors": "Duan W, Cao D, Wang S, Cheng J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics make up a group of psychoactive compounds that induce hallucinogenic effects by activating the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Clinical trials have demonstrated the traditional psychedelic substances like psilocybin as a class of rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressants. However, there is a pressing need for rationally designed 5-HT2AR agonists that possess optimal pharmacological profiles in order to fully reveal the therapeutic potential of these agonists and identify safer drug candidates devoid of hallucinogenic effects. This Perspective provides an overview of the structure-activity relationships of existing 5-HT2AR agonists based on their chemical classifications and discusses recent advancements in understanding their molecular pharmacology at a structural level. The encouraging clinical outcomes of psychedelics in depression treatment have sparked drug discovery endeavors aimed at developing novel 5-HT2AR agonists with improved subtype selectivity and signaling bias properties, which could serve as safer and potentially nonhallucinogenic antidepressants. These efforts can be significantly expedited through the utilization of structure-based methods and functional selectivity-directed screening.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375", "pubmed_id": "38033123", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375", "keywords": "Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38033123\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1041, "title": "Psilocybin as a lead candidate molecule in preclinical therapeutic studies of psychiatric disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a lead candidate molecule in preclinical therapeutic studies of psychiatric disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the main psychoactive compound found in hallucinogenic/magic mushrooms and can bind to both serotonergic and tropomyosin receptor kinase b (TrkB) receptors. Psilocybin has begun to show efficacy for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including treatment-resistant depression and anxiety disorders; however, neurobiological mechanisms are still being elucidated. Clinical research has found that psilocybin can alter functional connectivity patterns in human brains, which is often associated with therapeutic outcomes. However, preclinical research affords the opportunity to assess the potential cellular mechanisms by which psilocybin may exert its therapeutic effects. Preclinical rodent models can also facilitate a more tightly controlled experimental context and minimise placebo effects. Furthermore, where there is a rationale, preclinical researchers can investigate psilocybin administration in neuropsychiatric conditions that have not yet been researched clinically. As a result, we have systematically reviewed the knowledge base, identifying 82 preclinical studies which were screened based on specific criteria. This resulted in the exclusion of 44 articles, with 34 articles being included in the main review and another 2 articles included as Supporting Information materials. We found that psilocybin shows promise as a lead candidate molecule for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, albeit showing the most efficacy for depression. We discuss the experimental findings, and identify possible mechanisms whereby psilocybin could invoke therapeutic changes. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the between-study heterogeneity and possible future research avenues. Our review suggests that preclinical rodent models can provide valid and translatable tools for researching novel psilocybin-induced molecular and cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.16017", "pubmed_id": "38019032", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.16017", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38019032\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1155, "title": "A Brief Historical Overview of Psychedelic Research.", "normalized_title": "a brief historical overview of psychedelic research", "authors": "Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, sensory perception, the experience of time and space, and even the experience of self. Research examining psychedelic compounds has had a complex and turbulent evolution. Many cultures throughout the world have used psychedelic plants not only for mystical, ritualistic, or divinatory purposes but also for curing illnesses. Much of the genesis and progress of modern investigations into the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of psychedelics have been intertwined with studies of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Early hypotheses that serotonergic systems mediate psychedelic effects were supported initially by preclinical animal studies and subsequently confirmed by pharmacological studies in healthy humans. The use of psychedelic compounds as putative psychotomimetics that reproduce some features of naturally occurring psychotic disorders met with some limited success. More recent studies are exploring psychedelics as potential psychotherapeutic agents. Recent indications that even 1 or 2 psychedelic treatments produce robust and sustained reductions in clinical symptoms in a variety of psychiatric disorders have prompted an enormous resurgence of interest in the nature and mechanisms contributing to their effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003", "pubmed_id": "38000715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38000715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1284, "title": "Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions involving classic psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), are potent psychoactive substances that have been studied for their physiological and psychological effects. However, our understanding of the potential interactions and outcomes when using these substances in combination with other drugs is limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and other drugs in humans. We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and other sources to supplement our search for relevant studies. A total of 7102 records were screened, and studies involving human data describing potential interactions (as well as the lack thereof) between classic psychedelics and other drugs were included. In total, we identified 52 studies from 36 reports published before September 2, 2023, encompassing 32 studies on LSD, 10 on psilocybin, 4 on mescaline, 3 on DMT, 2 on 5-MeO-DMT and 1 on ayahuasca. These studies provide insights into the interactions between classic psychedelics and a range of drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilisers, recreational drugs and others. The findings revealed various effects when psychedelics were combined with other drugs, including both attenuated and potentiated effects, as well as instances where no changes were observed. Except for a few case reports, no serious adverse drug events were described in the included studies. An in-depth discussion of the results is presented, along with an exploration of the potential molecular pathways that underlie the observed effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231211219", "pubmed_id": "37982394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231211219", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Drug Interactions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37982394\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3274, "title": "Wood-loving magic mushrooms from Australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere", "normalized_title": "wood loving magic mushrooms from australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere", "authors": "McTaggart A, Scarlett K, Slot J, Barlow C, Appleyard C, Gardiner D, Fechner N, Tilden J, Hass D, Voogelbreinder S, Lording W, Lloyd R, Shuey L, Drenth A, James T.", "abstract": "Magic mushrooms are fungi that produce psilocybin, a compound with breakthrough status for treatment of mental health disorders. Wood-degrading species of Psilocybe, such as P. subaeruginosa and relatives, have high concentrations of psilocybin but are discouraged for clinical production due to a temporary paralytic side effect known as Wood Lover’s Paralysis, the cause of which is unknown. We studied P. subaeruginosa over its partial distribution in Australia based on genomic analyses of 89 isolates to investigate population structure and species boundaries, examine allelic diversity at psilocybin loci, and test its centre of origin. Psilocybe subaeruginosa is structured by geography in Australia, but geographically separated populations are fully sexually compatible. Allelic diversity among populations, such as at mating compatibility loci, is likely a result of genetic drift and minimal gene flow since differentiation from a shared ancestor. Movement of woodchips, mulch, or plants has most likely spread genotypes of P. subaeruginosa locally within Australia and to the northern hemisphere. Species from the northern hemisphere, namely P. azurescens and P. cyanescens, clustered among Australian populations, indicating shared ancestry and supporting a hypothesis these taxa are conspecific with P. subaeruginosa. We identified high allelic diversity in genes of the psilocybin metabolic pathway and haplotypes of P. subaeruginosa with either one or two putatively functional paralogs of psiH, however the functionality of this gene duplication is yet to be determined. Our study provides insights into the evolutionary history and species boundaries of P. subaeruginosa, which has a centre of origin in Australasia.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2023-11-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.22541/au.170019739.91075425/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.170019739.91075425/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR761560\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Adverse Events,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3364, "title": "Aesthetic Chills Mitigate Maladaptive Cognition In Depression", "normalized_title": "aesthetic chills mitigate maladaptive cognition in depression", "authors": "Schoeller F, Jain A, Adrien V, Maes P, Reggente N.", "abstract": "Background: Depression is a major global health challenge, affecting over 300 million people worldwide. Current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions have limited efficacy, underscoring the need for novel approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that peak emotional experiences characterized by awe, transcendence, and meaning hold promise for rapidly shifting maladaptive cognitive patterns in depression. Aesthetic chills, a peak positive emotion characterized by physical sensations such as shivers and goosebumps, may influence reward-related neural pathways and hold promise for modifying core maladaptive beliefs rooted in early adverse experiences. Methods We enrolled 96 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. A validated database of multimedia known to elicit chills responses (ChillsDB) was used for stimulus presentation. Participants' emotional responses were assessed using the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), while shifts in self-schema were measured via the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). Results The study found that chill-inducing stimuli have the potential to positively influence the core schema of individuals with depression, impacting areas of self-related beliefs. The associated phenomenology triggered by chills appears to share similarities with the altered states of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances like psilocybin. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that the biological processes involved in aesthetic chills could be harnessed as a non-pharmacological intervention for depression. However, further investigation is necessary to comprehensively understand the neurophysiological responses to chills and to evaluate the practicality, effectiveness, and safety of utilizing aesthetic chills as a preventive measure in mental health care.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-11-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3582420/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3582420/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR759273\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1287, "title": "The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic effects of cannabis a review of the literature", "authors": "Wolinsky D, Barrett FS, Vandrey R.", "abstract": "Cannabis and classic psychedelics are controlled substances with emerging evidence of efficacy in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Cannabis has largely not been regarded as having psychedelic effects in contemporary literature, despite many examples of historical use along with classic psychedelics to attain altered states of consciousness. Research into the \"psychedelic\" effects of cannabis, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in particular, could prove helpful for assessing potential therapeutic indications and elucidating the mechanism of action of both cannabis and classic psychedelics. This review aggregates and evaluates the literature assessing the capacity of cannabis to yield the perceptual changes, aversiveness, and mystical experiences more typically associated with classic psychedelics such as psilocybin. This review also provides a brief contrast of neuroimaging findings associated with the acute effects of cannabis and psychedelics. The available evidence suggests that high-THC cannabis may be able to elicit psychedelic effects, but that these effects may not have been observed in recent controlled research studies due to the doses, set, and settings commonly used. Research is needed to investigate the effects of high doses of THC in the context utilized in therapeutic studies of psychedelics aimed to occasion psychedelic and/or therapeutic experiences. If cannabis can reliably generate psychedelic experiences under these conditions, high-THC dose cannabis treatments should be explored as potential adjunctive treatments for psychiatric disorders and be considered as an active comparator in clinical trials involving traditional psychedelic medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231209194", "pubmed_id": "37947321", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231209194", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37947321\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1288, "title": "Synergistic psychedelic - NMDAR modulator treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "synergistic psychedelic nmdar modulator treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Heresco-Levy U, Lerer B.", "abstract": "Modern research data suggest a therapeutic role for serotonergic psychedelics in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders, although psychotomimetic effects may limit their widespread utilization. Serotonergic psychedelics enhance neuroplasticity via serotonin 2 A receptors (5HT2AR) activation and complex serotonergic-glutamatergic interactions involving the ionotropic glutamate receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) channel antagonists, i.e. ketamine, and glycine modulatory site full and partial agonists, i.e., D-serine (DSR) and D-cycloserine (DCS), share some of these mechanisms of action and have neuroplastic and antidepressant effects. Moreover, procognitive effects have been reported for DSR and DCS and 5HT2AR-NMDAR interactions modulate neuronal excitability in prefrontal cortex and represent a target for new antipsychotics. We hypothesize that the synchronous administration of a psychedelic and a NMDAR modulator may increase the therapeutic impact of each of the treatment components and allow for dose adjustments and improved safety. We propose to initially focus research on the acute concurrent administration of psilocybin and DSR or DCS in depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02312-8", "pubmed_id": "37945694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02312-8", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Cycloserine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Drug Synergism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37945694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1319, "title": "Interaction of hallucinogenic rapid-acting antidepressants with mGlu2/3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies.", "normalized_title": "interaction of hallucinogenic rapid acting antidepressants with mglu2 3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies", "authors": "Chruścicka-Smaga B, Machaczka A, Szewczyk B, Pilc A.", "abstract": "The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high complexity and variety of symptoms. Over the last decades, the understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology of depression and its key consequences for brain functioning have undergone significant changes, referring to the monoaminergic theory of the disease. After the breakthrough discovery of ketamine, research began to focus on the modulation of glutamatergic transmission as a new pharmacological target. Glutamate is a crucial player in mechanisms of a novel class of antidepressants, including hallucinogens such as ketamine. The role of glutamatergic transmission is also suggested in the antidepressant (AD) action of scopolamine and psilocybin. Despite fast, robust, and sustained AD action hallucinogens belonging to a group of rapid-acting antidepressants (RAA) exert significant undesired effects, which hamper their use in the clinic. Thus, the synergistic action of more than one substance in lower doses instead of monotherapy may alleviate the likelihood of adverse effects while improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we explore AD-like behavioral, synaptic, and molecular action of RAAs such as ketamine, scopolamine, and psilocybin, in combination with mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4", "pubmed_id": "37932583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4", "keywords": "Ketamine, Scopolamine, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37932583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1299, "title": "Present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans.", "normalized_title": "present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans", "authors": "Madrid-Gambin F, Fabregat-Safont D, Gomez-Gomez A, Olesti E, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Pozo OJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are classical hallucinogen drugs that induce a marked altered state of consciousness. In recent years, there has been renewed attention to the possible use of classical psychedelics for the treatment of certain mental health disorders. However, further investigation to better understand their biological effects in humans, their mechanism of action, and their metabolism in humans is needed when considering the development of future novel therapeutic approaches. Both metabolic and metabolomics studies may help for these purposes. On one hand, metabolic studies aim to determine the main metabolites of the drug. On the other hand, the application of metabolomics in human psychedelics studies can help to further understand the biological processes underlying the psychedelic state and the mechanisms of action underlying their therapeutic potential. This review presents the state of the art of metabolic and metabolomic studies after lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and β-carboline alkaloids (ayahuasca brew), 5-methoxy-DMT and psilocybin administrations in humans. We first describe the characteristics of the published research. Afterward, we reviewed the main results obtained by both metabolic and metabolomics (if available) studies in classical psychedelics and we found out that metabolic and metabolomics studies in psychedelics progress at two different speeds. Thus, whereas the main metabolites for classical psychedelics have been robustly established, the main metabolic alterations induced by psychedelics need to be explored. The integration of metabolomics and pharmacokinetics for investigating the molecular interaction between psychedelics and multiple targets may open new avenues in understanding the therapeutic role of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115775", "pubmed_id": "37944438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115775", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37944438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1337, "title": "LSD and psilocybin for chronic nociplastic pain: A narrative review of the literature supporting the use of classic psychedelic agents in chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "lsd and psilocybin for chronic nociplastic pain a narrative review of the literature supporting the use of classic psychedelic agents in chronic pain", "authors": "Van Der Walt J, Parker R.", "abstract": "Healthcare providers face the challenging task of managing patients who suffer from chronic nociplastic pain conditions. Pain is a multidimensional experience, and the current approach to managing people in chronic pain often fails to meet the needs of these patients. Novel ways of treating people who suffer from chronic nociplastic pain with classic psychedelic agents may offer a new lens through which to approach their pain. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are both serotonergic agents with a long history of use in treating people with chronic pain and mental health disorders. The new wave of research into psychedelics for major depressive disorder provides an opportunity to investigate and understand the potential for incorporating these drugs into chronic pain management pathways. This narrative review presents healthcare workers with a framework to understand the method of action of these drugs in chronic nociplastic pain pathways and a brief history into their use. We conducted an online search using Pubmed with keywords 'chronic pain' AND/OR 'psilocybin' AND/OR 'lysergic acid diethylamide' AND/OR 'psychedelics' with no date limit applied. We identified further articles that contained information on the neuroscience of psychedelics and the serotonergic system using Google Scholar. During the final stages of writing the article, the latest publications on psychedelics and chronic pain in leading pain journals were again included to update the information.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814", "pubmed_id": "38525640", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, South Africa, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38525640\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1336, "title": "Beyond the 5-HT2A Receptor: Classic and Nonclassic Targets in Psychedelic Drug Action.", "normalized_title": "beyond the 5 ht2a receptor classic and nonclassic targets in psychedelic drug action", "authors": "Cameron LP, Benetatos J, Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Jaster AM, Moliner R, Castrén E, McCorvy JD, Palner M, Aguilar-Valles A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects and unique mechanisms of action. These compounds exert their primary effects through activating serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, found predominantly in cortical regions. By interacting with these receptors, serotonergic psychedelics induce alterations in perception, cognition, and emotions, leading to the characteristic psychedelic experience. One of the most crucial aspects of serotonergic psychedelics is their ability to promote neuroplasticity, the formation of new neural connections, and rewire neuronal networks. This neuroplasticity is believed to underlie their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. In this mini-review, we will discuss how the 5-HT2A receptor activation is just one facet of the complex mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics. They also interact with other serotonin receptor subtypes, such as 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, and with neurotrophin receptors (e.g., tropomyosin receptor kinase B). These interactions contribute to the complexity of their effects on perception, mood, and cognition. Moreover, as psychedelic research advances, there is an increasing interest in developing nonhallucinogenic derivatives of these drugs to create safer and more targeted medications for psychiatric disorders by removing the hallucinogenic properties while retaining the potential therapeutic benefits. These nonhallucinogenic derivatives would offer patients therapeutic advantages without the intense psychedelic experience, potentially reducing the risks of adverse reactions. Finally, we discuss the potential of psychedelics as substrates for post-translational modification of proteins as part of their mechanism of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023", "pubmed_id": "37940583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37940583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1354, "title": "A Comprehensive Review of the Current Status of the Cellular Neurobiology of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "a comprehensive review of the current status of the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics", "authors": "Banushi B, Polito V", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects on various psychiatric disorders. This review delves into the intricate cellular neurobiology of psychedelics, emphasizing their potential therapeutic applications in addressing the global burden of mental illness. It focuses on contemporary research into the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms underlying these substances, particularly the role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling and the promotion of plasticity through the TrkB-BDNF pathway. The review also discusses how psychedelics affect various receptors and pathways and explores their potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Overall, this research represents a significant development in biomedical sciences with the potential to transform mental health treatments.", "journal": "Biology", "publication_date": "2023-10-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/biology12111380", "pubmed_id": "37997979", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37997979/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, BDNF, LSD, TrkB, hallucinogen, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, serotonergic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37997979\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3798, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end-of-life issues", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end of life issues", "authors": "Kratina S, Lo C, Schwartz R, Strike C, Jopling S, Nayfeh A, Rush B.", "abstract": "ABSTRACTBackground: Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, there has been a wide range of both substances and therapeutic approaches in the use of psychedelic interventions in end-of-life populations, of which there has been a paucity of research undertaken to learn from this variety. Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to comprehensively explore the literature on the range of therapeutic psychedelic interventions that have been reported in populations coping with life-threatening illness and the end-of-life. Methods: We will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, theorised mechanisms, and sociocultural contextual factors.Contribution: The insights gained from this review will be used to inform discussions about the role of psychedelic interventions in populations coping with end-of-life concerns.Ethics and Dissemination: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences as well as shared with stakeholders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/4gfyd", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4gfyd", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR749041\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3369, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end-of-life issues", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end of life issues", "authors": "", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background: Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, there has been a wide range of both substances and therapeutic approaches in the use of psychedelic interventions in end-of-life populations, of which there has been a paucity of research undertaken to learn from this variety. Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to comprehensively explore the literature on the range of therapeutic psychedelic interventions that have been reported in populations coping with life-threatening illness and the end-of-life. Methods: We will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, theorised mechanisms, and sociocultural contextual factors. Contribution: The insights gained from this review will be used to inform discussions about the role of psychedelic interventions in populations coping with end-of-life concerns. Ethics and Dissemination: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences as well as shared with stakeholders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4gfyd_v1", "keywords": "end of life, existential distress, life-threatening illness, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, psychological suffering, scoping review protocol, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4gfyd_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1356, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in cerebral blood flow are associated with acute and baseline inter-individual differences", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in cerebral blood flow are associated with acute and baseline inter individual differences", "authors": "Nathalie M. Rieser, Ladina P Gubser, Flora Moujaes, Patricia Duerler, Candace R. Lewis, Lars Michels, Franz X. Vollenweider, Katrin H. Preller", "abstract": "Research into the use of psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is a growing field. Nevertheless, robust brain-behavior relationships linking psilocybin-induced brain changes to subjective drug-induced effects have not been established. Furthermore, it is unclear if the acute neural effects are dependent on individual heterogeneity in baseline characteristics. To address this, we assessed the effects of three oral doses of psilocybin vs. placebo on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling in healthy participants (N = 70; n = 31, 0.16 mg/kg; n = 10, 0.2 mg/kg; n = 29, 0.215 mg/kg). First, we quantified psilocybin-induced changes in relative and absolute CBF. Second, in an exploratory analysis, we assessed whether individual baseline characteristics and subjective psychedelic experience are associated with changes in CBF. Psychological and neurobiological baseline characteristics correlated with the psilocybin-induced reduction in relative CBF and the psilocybin-induced subjective experience. Furthermore, the psilocybin-induced subjective experience was associated with acute changes in relative and absolute CBF. The results demonstrated that inter-individual heterogeneity in the neural response to psilocybin is associated with baseline characteristics and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the psychedelic-induced altered state. Overall, these findings help guide the search for biomarkers, paving the way for a personalized medicine approach within the framework of psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2023-10-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-44153-z", "pubmed_id": "37838755", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44153-z", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Placebo, Cerebral blood flow, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychology, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Anesthesia, Pathology, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4387638849\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4387638849\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W563138297\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963625493\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965145090\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970365815\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973776237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977882221\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980268274\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007543006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007734075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013567160\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027470220\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032187507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040386745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046580339\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054147350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061761344\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067904933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071539541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078297889\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115493774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116641010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117098230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168222508\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2324537639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342939947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398204531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547391969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2583506660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616216465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753236170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760291954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2761856500\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791194758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945509633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972604459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996549067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008903779\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097296260\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133615341\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180355975\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211248987\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231938137\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285091545\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294631080\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311205265\",\"https://openalex.org/W4318455092\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050105328\",\"display_name\":\"Nathalie M. Rieser\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5804-1409\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055186073\",\"display_name\":\"Ladina P Gubser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039540919\",\"display_name\":\"Flora Moujaes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-0393\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032942211\",\"display_name\":\"Patricia Duerler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1068-3234\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035160894\",\"display_name\":\"Candace R. Lewis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032736128\",\"display_name\":\"Lars Michels\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-1100\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44153-z\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4387638849" }, { "id": 4753, "title": "Psilocybin, Depression, and Synaptogenesis: Insights into the Field’s Past, Present, and Future", "normalized_title": "psilocybin depression and synaptogenesis insights into the field s past present and future", "authors": "Anna Douglas, Daniel Staas, Anna Hampton, Kylie Burns, F. Suter", "abstract": "Depression remains one the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration granted psilocybin breakthrough therapy status four years ago as a possible solution to this pervasive disorder. Since then, psilocybin, and hallucinogens in general, have produced promising results as alternatives to classical antidepressants. As more research confirms psilocybin’s potential therapeutic effect, research surrounding the mechanistic action of these 5-HT2A receptor agonists has increased as well. Hallucinogens have different downstream effects compared to non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists, including the formation of a 5-HT2A receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor complex. Psilocybin’s unique synaptogenic effect may play a role in its therapeutic effect for major depressive disorder; however, the underlying mechanism by which synaptogenesis is induced upon psilocybin administration has not been explored. Psilocybin’s distinctive upregulation of transcription factors, such as egr-2, c-fos, and brain-derived neurotrophic factors, and its connection with the TrkB signaling pathway, may be the answer to this unexplained mechanism.", "journal": "Georgetown Scientific Research Journal", "publication_date": "2023-10-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.48091/gsr.v3i2.62", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.48091/gsr.v3i2.62", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Synaptogenesis, Psychology, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4387521317\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4387521317\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W64167353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004874491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047342629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064983289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085598752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085685373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089436854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110795584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131612987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139565721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2291443053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744015991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793761191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805187573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2933363539\",\"https://openalex.org/W3123138937\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146268156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297522390\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109645729\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Douglas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093041440\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Staas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093041441\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Hampton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082120777\",\"display_name\":\"Kylie Burns\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9303-2252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111000385\",\"display_name\":\"F. Suter\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5407055895\",\"source_display_name\":\"Georgetown Scientific Research Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.48091/gsr.v3i2.62\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4387521317" }, { "id": 4763, "title": "UNRAVELLING THE ROLE OF5-HT2AR ACTIVATION IN THE LONG-LASTING BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PSILOCYBIN", "normalized_title": "unravelling the role of5 ht2ar activation in the long lasting behavioral effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Chloé Galipeau, Miguel Farinha-Ferreira, Jean-Charles Mariani, Samuel Diebolt, Louis Barthe, Renata Santos, Zsolt Lenkei, Ana M. Sebastião", "abstract": "", "journal": "IBRO Neuroscience Reports", "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1116", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1116", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4388366064\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4388366064\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093197255\",\"display_name\":\"Chloé Galipeau\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053858250\",\"display_name\":\"Miguel Farinha-Ferreira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-0717\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069076366\",\"display_name\":\"Jean-Charles Mariani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-1591\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047766538\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel Diebolt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-7263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093197256\",\"display_name\":\"Louis Barthe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046759700\",\"display_name\":\"Renata Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-5128\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084817390\",\"display_name\":\"Zsolt Lenkei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-5931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021255614\",\"display_name\":\"Ana M. Sebastião\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-6115\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210237554\",\"source_display_name\":\"IBRO Neuroscience Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1116\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4388366064" }, { "id": 4760, "title": "DOES THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE PSILOCYBIN EXPERIENCE PREDICT LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON MOOD AND WELL-BEING IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS?", "normalized_title": "does the phenomenology of the psilocybin experience predict long term effects on mood and well being in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Tomáš Páleníček, Tereza Klučková, M. Nikolič, Čestmír Vejmola, Filip Tylš, Vojtěch Viktorin, Jiřı́ Horáček, Martin Brunovský", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: The mechanisms by which the psychedelic drug psilocybin, a novel rapid-acting antidepressant, improves depressive symptoms are still unclear. One candidate mechanism is the impact of the phenomenology of the psychedelic experience, with positive phenomenology hypothesised to be associated with positive long-term outcomes and fearful phenomenology hypothesised to be associated with negative long-term outcomes. The present study investigated how phenomenology influences long-term effects on mood, spirituality, and relationships with self, life, and others following single and repeated experiences in healthy volunteers.", "journal": "IBRO Neuroscience Reports", "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1240", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1240", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Phenomenology (philosophy), Mood, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Term (time), Psychoanalysis, Cognitive psychology, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Philosophy, Epistemology, Physics, Quantum mechanics, Health and Well-being Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4388363682\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4388363682\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016041833\",\"display_name\":\"Tereza Klučková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0335-6201\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010574775\",\"display_name\":\"M. Nikolič\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-7287\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009033234\",\"display_name\":\"Čestmír Vejmola\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-5978\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012044574\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Tylš\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-6999\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091098247\",\"display_name\":\"Vojtěch Viktorin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0801-2244\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012893465\",\"display_name\":\"Jiřı́ Horáček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-7306\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077855950\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Brunovský\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-0848\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210237554\",\"source_display_name\":\"IBRO Neuroscience Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1240\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4388363682" }, { "id": 1368, "title": "Exploring the Potential Utility of Psychedelic Therapy for Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential utility of psychedelic therapy for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", "authors": "Gold ND, Mallard AJ, Hermann JC, Zeifman RJ, Pagni BA, Bogenschutz MP, Ross S", "abstract": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive, terminal neurodegenerative disease that causes death of motor neurons and has an average survival time of 3-4 years. ALS is the most common motor neuron degenerative disease and is increasing in prevalence. There is a pressing need for more effective ALS treatments as available pharmacotherapies do not reverse disease progression or provide substantial clinical benefit. Furthermore, despite psychological distress being highly prevalent in ALS patients, psychological treatments remain understudied. Psychedelics (i.e., serotonergic psychedelics and related compounds like ketamine) have seen a resurgence of research into therapeutic applications for treating a multitude of neuropsychiatric conditions, including psychiatric and existential distress in life-threatening illnesses. We conducted a narrative review to examine the potential of psychedelic assisted-psychotherapy (PAP) to alleviate psychiatric and psychospiritual distress in ALS. We also discussed the safety of using psychedelics in this population and proposed putative neurobiological mechanisms that may therapeutically intervene on ALS neuropathology. PAP has the potential to treat psychological dimensions and may also intervene on neuropathological dimensions of ALS. Robust improvements in psychiatric and psychospiritual distress from PAP in other populations provide a strong rationale for utilizing this therapy to treat ALS-related psychiatric and existential distress. Furthermore, relevant neuroprotective properties of psychedelics warrant future preclinical trials to investigate this area in ALS models. PAP has the potential to serve as an effective treatment in ALS. Given the lack of effective treatment options, researchers should rigorously explore this therapy for ALS in future trials.", "journal": "Journal of palliative medicine", "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2022.0604", "pubmed_id": "37167080", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37167080/", "keywords": "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ketamine, neurodegenerative, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37167080\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1362, "title": "Use of Psychedelics for Pain: A Scoping Review.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelics for pain a scoping review", "authors": "Goel A, Rai Y, Sivadas S, Diep C, Clarke H, Shanthanna H, Ladha KS.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is a public health concern that affects approximately 1.5 billion people globally. Conventional therapeutic agents including opioid and non-opioid analgesics have been associated with adverse side effects, issues with addiction, and ineffective analgesia. Novel agents repurposed to treat pain via different mechanisms are needed to fill the therapeutic gap in chronic pain management. Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin (the active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms) are thought to alter pain perception through direct serotonin receptor agonism, anti-inflammatory effects, and synaptic remodeling. This scoping review was conducted to identify human studies in which psychedelic agents were used for the treatment of pain. Twenty-one articles that assessed the effects of psychedelics in treating various pain states were included. The present scarcity of clinical trials and small sample sizes limit their application for clinical use. Overall, psychedelics appear to show promise for analgesia in patients with certain headache disorders and cancer pain diagnoses. Future studies must aim to examine the combined effects of psychotherapy and psychedelics on chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/aln.0000000000004673", "pubmed_id": "37698433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000004673", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Analgesia, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Chronic Pain, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37698433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3573, "title": "Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Single Center Study of Psilocybin Efficacy and Mechanism in Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "phase ii randomized double blind placebo controlled parallel group single center study of psilocybin efficacy and mechanism in alcohol use disorder", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation by psilocybin on alcohol addicted patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Two billion people globally consume alcohol, leading in 2016 to 2.8 million deaths (5.2% of all deaths) and 99.2 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost (4.2% of all DALYs). Of all the diseases, conditions, and injuries attributable to alcohol use, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) create the largest health burden globally. However, approved pharmacological treatments for alcoholism are limited in their effectiveness. A recent proof of- concept study testing psilocybin in ten alcohol dependent patients provides encouraging efficacy results and safety data. The investigators, therefore, propose to test the efficacy of psilocybin for treating alcohol use disorder and study its underlying neurobiological mechanisms in a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind study. To evaluate effects of psilocybin on alcohol use behaviour, clinical symptoms, neurocognitive and emotional measures in patients with alcohol use disorder. The present clinical trial aims at investigation the clinical and mechanistic effects of Psilocybin in Alcohol Addicted Patients. Patients with alcohol use disorder who have undergone withdrawal treatment within the last 6 weeks will be investigated in a single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design clinical trial contrasting the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin to those of placebo. Patients will be randomly assigned to psilocybin or placebo group with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The study comprises a total of 6 visits during 6 weeks and two follow-up online surveys (3 and 6 months after treatment). In addition, two follow-up surveys that can be completed from home will guarantee monitoring of long-lasting changes in symptomology and ensure all potential side-effects can be captured. On the treatment visit, a single dose of psilocybin (25mg) or placebo will be administered. Patients will be monitored until all effects have worn off.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-09-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04141501", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Placebo oral capsule, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04141501\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1364, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy in military and veterans healthcare systems clinical legal and implementation considerations", "authors": "Wolfgang AS, Hoge CW.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.Recent findings3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted therapy have shown promising outcomes in efficacy, safety, tolerability, and durability for PTSD and depression, respectively. MDMA-assisted therapy is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on an Expanded Access (\"compassionate use\") basis for PTSD, with full approval projected for 2024. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is projected to be FDA-approved for depression soon thereafter. Other psychedelics are in earlier stages of development. The VA is currently conducting PAT clinical trials. Although there are clear legal pathways for the VA and DoD to conduct PAT trials, a number of implementation barriers exist, such as the very high number of clinical hours necessary to treat each patient, resource requirements to support treatment infrastructure, military-specific considerations, and the high level of evidence necessary for PAT to be recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Ongoing considerations are whether and how PAT will be made available to VA and DoD beneficiaries, feasibility and cost-effectiveness, and ethical safeguards that must be implemented to prioritize access to PAT given the likelihood of extremely limited initial availability. However, with imminent FDA approval of PATs and considerable national interest in these treatments, DoD and VA policymakers must be prepared with clearly delineated policies and plans for how these healthcare systems will approach PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4", "pubmed_id": "37682446", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Delivery of Health Care, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37682446\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1032, "title": "Rapid, biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo", "normalized_title": "rapid biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo", "authors": "Zhang R, Anguiano M, Aarrestad IK, Lin S, Chandra J, Vadde SS, Olson DE, Kim CK.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) is ubiquitous to cell signaling across all biology. While existing fluorescent sensors and reporters can detect activated cells with elevated Ca 2+ levels, these approaches require implants to deliver light to deep tissue, precluding their noninvasive use in freely-behaving animals. Here we engineered an enzyme-catalyzed approach that rapidly and biochemically tags cells with elevated Ca 2+ in vivo. Ca 2+ -activated Split-TurboID (CaST) labels activated cells within 10 minutes with an exogenously-delivered biotin molecule. The enzymatic signal increases with Ca 2+ concentration and biotin labeling time, demonstrating that CaST is a time-gated integrator of total Ca 2+ activity. Furthermore, the CaST read-out can be performed immediately after activity labeling, in contrast to transcriptional reporters that require hours to produce signal. These capabilities allowed us to apply CaST to tag prefrontal cortex neurons activated by psilocybin, and to correlate the CaST signal with psilocybin-induced head-twitch responses in untethered mice.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-09-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.09.06.556431", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.06.556431", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR721525\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1363, "title": "The zebrafish for preclinical psilocybin research.", "normalized_title": "the zebrafish for preclinical psilocybin research", "authors": "Syed OA, Tsang B, Gerlai R.", "abstract": "In this review, we discuss the possible utility of zebrafish in research on psilocybin, a psychedelic drug whose recreational use as well as possible clinical application are gaining increasing interest. First, we review behavioral tests with zebrafish, focussing on anxiety and social behavior, which have particular relevance in the context of psilocybin research. Next, we briefly consider methods of genetic manipulations with which psilocybin's phenotypical effects and underlying mechanisms may be investigated in zebrafish. We briefly review the known mechanisms of psilocybin, and also discuss what we know about its safety and toxicity profile. Last, we discuss examples of how psilocybin may be employed for testing treatment efficacy in preclinical research for affective disorders in zebrafish. We conclude that zebrafish has a promising future in preclinical research on psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105381", "pubmed_id": "37689090", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105381", "keywords": "Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37689090\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1345, "title": "Psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status in healthy volunteers: An experimental, placebo-controlled study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status in healthy volunteers an experimental placebo controlled study", "authors": "Natasha L. Mason, Attila Szabó, Kim P. C. Kuypers, Pablo Mallaroni, R. de la Torre Fornell, Johannes T. Reckweg, Desmond H. Y. Tse, Nadia R. P. W. Hutten, Amanda Feilding, Johannes G. Ramaekers", "abstract": "Patients characterized by stress-related disorders such as depression display elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a hyperactive HPA axis. Psychedelics are demonstrating promising results in treatment of such disorders, however the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects are still unknown. To date the evidence of acute and persisting effects of psychedelics on immune functioning, HPA axis activity in response to stress, and associated psychological outcomes is preliminary. To address this, we conducted a placebo-controlled, parallel group design comprising of 60 healthy participants who received either placebo (n = 30) or 0.17 mg/kg psilocybin (n = 30). Blood samples were taken to assess acute and persisting (7 day) changes in immune status. Seven days' post-administration, participants in each treatment group were further subdivided: 15 underwent a stress induction protocol, and 15 underwent a control protocol. Ultra-high field (7-Tesla) magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess whether acute changes in glutamate or glial activity were associated with changes in immune functioning. Finally, questionnaires assessed persisting self-report changes in mood and social behavior. Psilocybin immediately reduced concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while other inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) remained unchanged. Seven days later, TNF-α concentrations returned to baseline, while IL-6 and CRP concentrations were persistently reduced in the psilocybin group. Changes in the immune profile were related to acute neurometabolic activity as acute reductions in TNF-α were linked to lower concentrations of glutamate in the hippocampus. Additionally, the more of a reduction in IL-6 and CRP seven days after psilocybin, the more persisting positive mood and social effects participants reported. Regarding the stress response, after a psychosocial stressor, psilocybin did not significantly alter the stress response. Results are discussed in regards to the psychological and therapeutic effects of psilocybin demonstrated in ongoing patient trials.", "journal": "Brain Behavior and Immunity", "publication_date": "2023-09-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004", "pubmed_id": "37689275", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004", "keywords": "Placebo, Psilocybin, Immune system, Medicine, Internal medicine, Cytokine, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 6, Mood, Hallucinogen, Gastroenterology, Psychology, Immunology, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Pathology, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": 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L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061229287\",\"display_name\":\"Attila Szabó\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7833-8894\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063711942\",\"display_name\":\"Pablo Mallaroni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0959-2837\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056810256\",\"display_name\":\"R. de la Torre Fornell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062559490\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes T. Reckweg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-6334\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062957500\",\"display_name\":\"Desmond H. Y. Tse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7707\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064339250\",\"display_name\":\"Nadia R. P. W. Hutten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-8119\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024899439\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes G. Ramaekers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-376X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S102243518\",\"source_display_name\":\"Brain Behavior and Immunity\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4386504040" }, { "id": 1309, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Treatment Development", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with major depressive disorder rationale and treatment development", "authors": "Marc J. Weintraub, Jessica Jeffrey, Charles S. Grob, Megan Ichinose, R. Lindsey Bergman, Ziva D. Cooper, David J. Miklowitz", "abstract": "Background: Recent studies suggest that one to two administrations of psilocybin have acute antidepressant effects for people with major depressive disorder. These data on psilocybin have generated considerable enthusiasm, but little empirical attention has been paid to the therapy that adjoins psilocybin treatment (psychedelic-assisted therapy, or PAT). Materials and Methods: In this study, we present the initial protocol and plans to empirically test the psychosocial therapy that adjoins psilocybin treatment with the goal of optimizing this therapeutic approach for adults with major depressive disorder. The psychotherapy is based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), an evidence-based treatment for major depressive disorder. Participants will be 30 adults with a history of major depressive disorder and current, active depressive symptoms. Following psychiatric and medical safety evaluations, eligible participants will be enrolled in a 12-session CBT that includes classic PAT safety elements (termed psilocybin-assisted CBT; PA-CBT). Following the third and sixth PA-CBT sessions, participants will engage in two psilocybin drug administration sessions (10 and 25 mg, respectively). Participants will provide feedback about the PA-CBT and complete measures of mood symptoms, psychosocial functioning, cognitive schemas, and affective experiences immediately following each drug administration session, at the completion of PA-CBT, and 3 months following treatment completion. Conclusions: The trial will provide preliminary data on the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and psychosocial effects of PA-CBT. Results will inform randomized clinical trials to test the effects of PA-CBT for patients with depression and other mental health conditions, as well as hypotheses concerning mediating mechanisms at the cognitive and affective levels. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05227612.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2023-09-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0018", "pubmed_id": "40046861", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0018", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Psychotherapist, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Cognition, Cognitive therapy, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386469528\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386469528\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1787230849\",\"https://openalex.org/W1913659607\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990423213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004762037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016125673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017039362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021762104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032556867\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039763524\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055628680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096987981\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114613490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131976593\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132322340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142420226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148083007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163215199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2397862430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2522867222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549705997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612845943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2613258400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2740567311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792161256\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883252198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911158148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3167074068\",\"https://openalex.org/W3176790550\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213423658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221108429\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226207092\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240897905\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281386961\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281397183\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285091545\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294723946\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090933971\",\"display_name\":\"Marc J. Weintraub\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-120X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067502721\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica Jeffrey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-5626\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108513619\",\"display_name\":\"Charles S. Grob\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031377527\",\"display_name\":\"Megan Ichinose\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-0795\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108474850\",\"display_name\":\"R. Lindsey Bergman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001865213\",\"display_name\":\"Ziva D. Cooper\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8001-2332\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079473142\",\"display_name\":\"David J. Miklowitz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9647-6147\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387284413\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0018\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4386469528" }, { "id": 1291, "title": "Potential Benefits of Psilocybin for Lupus Pain: A Case Report", "normalized_title": "potential benefits of psilocybin for lupus pain a case report", "authors": "Sofia Audrey B. Gonzales, Christine Alexopoulos, Daniel G. Arkfeld", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Outcomes of treatment for patients with Lupus have shown overall improvement and benefit from the more aggressive use of immunosuppressants and biological agents through a treat-to-target approach. However, chronic musculoskeletal pain can be refractory to treatment despite the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and other analgesic agents, leading to patient dissatisfaction. The concept of new neural pathways from psilocybin usage has been proposed in a variety of pain syndromes; however, it is not trialed for patients with Lupus pain. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 67-year-old male with positive anti-dsDNA antibody Lupus with a predominance of chronic polyarticular joint pain treated with hydroxychloroquine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs without pain relief. Pain dramatically improved after a one-time macro-dosing of 6 grams of Psilocybin cubensis in Oregon, which he expected would only provide a sense of enlightenment. After 12 months, he continued without debilitating joint pain. CONCLUSION: The serotonin-2A receptor's activation triggers an array of neurophysiological reactions that disrupt the functional connections in areas of the brain that are associated with chronic pain. These neuroplastic effects can generate healthy connections, resulting in long-lasting pain relief. However, this is a process that has not been fully analyzed. While there is anecdotal evidence to suggest the therapeutic benefits for autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, there is no specific research that explores its use for lupus-related pain. Since this is the first case that shows the benefit of psilocybin in a patient with Lupus, further studies on macro-dosing psilocybin to treat Lupus pain are warranted.", "journal": "Current Rheumatology Reviews", "publication_date": "2023-09-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2174/1573397119666230904150750", "pubmed_id": "37670693", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397119666230904150750", "keywords": "Medicine, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Psilocybin, Neuropathic pain, Rheumatoid arthritis, Analgesic, Chronic pain, Fibromyalgia, Hydroxychloroquine, Joint pain, Physical therapy, Anesthesia, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Infectious disease (medical specialty), Disease, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386466628\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386466628\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2490540036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2804789712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906587679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210913256\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4233285953\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006600490\",\"display_name\":\"Sofia Audrey B. Gonzales\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1326-5094\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109636164\",\"display_name\":\"Christine Alexopoulos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078914293\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel G. Arkfeld\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8612-9162\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S189342654\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Rheumatology Reviews\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397119666230904150750\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biological Age,Case Report,Toxicity,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4386466628" }, { "id": 1380, "title": "Psychedelics for treatment resistant depression: are they game changers?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for treatment resistant depression are they game changers", "authors": "Kalfas M, Taylor RH, Tsapekos D, Young AH.", "abstract": "IntroductionA new era of treatment for adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which involves psychedelic substances, is dawning. Emerging evidence indicates that psychedelics can exert antidepressant effects through multiple neurobiological and psychological mechanisms. However, it remains to be seen if these new treatments will revolutionize the treatment of TRD.Areas coveredThe present review focuses on the efficacy of serotoninergic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), as well as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), for TRD. A systematic search was conducted for psilocybin in TRD as emerging trials had not yet been subject to review. A narrative review summarized findings on other psychedelics.Expert opinionPsychedelic therapy has created a paradigm shift in the treatment of TRD, as it can maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize potential risks. Psilocybin holds promise as a potential game-changer in the treatment of TRD, with initial evidence suggesting a rapid antidepressant effect sustained for some responders for at least 3 months. Nevertheless, further adequately powered, double-blind, comparator-controlled trials are required to explore and clarify the mechanisms of action and long-term effects of psychedelics in TRD. Psychedelics also hold promise for other psychiatric conditions, such as bipolar depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582", "pubmed_id": "37947195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37947195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1325, "title": "A journey with psychedelic mushrooms: From historical relevance to biology, cultivation, medicinal uses, biotechnology, and beyond.", "normalized_title": "a journey with psychedelic mushrooms from historical relevance to biology cultivation medicinal uses biotechnology and beyond", "authors": "Pepe M, Hesami M, de la Cerda KA, Perreault ML, Hsiang T, Jones AMP.", "abstract": "Psychedelic mushrooms containing psilocybin and related tryptamines have long been used for ethnomycological purposes, but emerging evidence points to the potential therapeutic value of these mushrooms to address modern neurological, psychiatric health, and related disorders. As a result, psilocybin containing mushrooms represent a re-emerging frontier for mycological, biochemical, neuroscience, and pharmacology research. This work presents crucial information related to traditional use of psychedelic mushrooms, as well as research trends and knowledge gaps related to their diversity and distribution, technologies for quantification of tryptamines and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, as well as biosynthetic mechanisms for their production within mushrooms. In addition, we explore the current state of knowledge for how psilocybin and related tryptamines are metabolized in humans and their pharmacological effects, including beneficial and hazardous human health implications. Finally, we describe opportunities and challenges for investigating the production of psychedelic mushrooms and metabolic engineering approaches to alter secondary metabolite profiles using biotechnology integrated with machine learning. Ultimately, this critical review of all aspects related to psychedelic mushrooms represents a roadmap for future research efforts that will pave the way to new applications and refined protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247", "pubmed_id": "37659744", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Biology, Biotechnology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37659744\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1387, "title": "Psilocybin history, action and reaction: A narrative clinical review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin history action and reaction a narrative clinical review", "authors": "Sharma P, Nguyen QA, Matthews SJ, Carpenter E, Mathews DB, Patten CA, Hammond CJ.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used in religious and cultural ceremonies for centuries. Of late, psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received increased public interest as a novel drug for treating mood and substance use disorders (SUDs). In addition, in recent years, some states in the United States have legalized psilocybin for medical and recreational use. Given this, clinicians need to understand the potential benefits and risks related to using psilocybin for therapeutic purposes so that they can accurately advise patients. This expert narrative review summarizes the scientific basis and clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating psychiatric disorders and SUDs. The results of this review are structured as a more extensive discussion about psilocybin's history, putative mechanisms of action, and recent legislative changes to its legal status. There is modest evidence of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, early data suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may effectively reduce harmful drinking in patients with alcohol use disorders. The evidence further suggests psilocybin, when administered under supervision (psilocybin-assisted therapy), the side effects experienced are mild and transient. The occurrence of severe adverse events following psilocybin administration is uncommon. Still, a recent clinical trial found that individuals in the psilocybin arm had increased suicidal ideations and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. Given this, further investigation into the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy is warranted to determine which patient subgroups are most likely to benefit and which are most likely to experience adverse outcomes related to its use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231190858", "pubmed_id": "37650489", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231190858", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37650489\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1346, "title": "Three Cases of Reported Improvement in Microsmia and Anosmia Following Naturalistic Use of Psilocybin and LSD", "normalized_title": "three cases of reported improvement in microsmia and anosmia following naturalistic use of psilocybin and lsd", "authors": "Alexsandra Kovacevich, Jeremy Weleff, Benjamin Claytor, Brian S. Barnett", "abstract": "Cultural awareness of anosmia and microsmia has recently increased due to their association with COVID-19, though treatment for these conditions is limited. A growing body of online media claims that individuals have noticed improvement in anosmia and microsmia following classic psychedelic use. We report what we believe to be the first three cases recorded in the academic literature of improvement in olfactory impairment after psychedelic use. In the first case, a man who developed microsmia after a respiratory infection experienced improvement in smell after the use of 6 g of psilocybin containing mushrooms. In the second case, a woman with anosmia since childhood reported olfactory improvement after ingestion of 100 µg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the third case, a woman with COVID-19-related anosmia reported olfactory improvement after microdosing 0.1 g of psilocybin mushrooms three times. Following a discussion of these cases, we explore potential mechanisms for psychedelic-facilitated improvement in olfactory impairment, including serotonergic effects, increased neuroplasticity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Given the need for novel treatments for olfactory dysfunction, increasing reports describing improvement in these conditions following psychedelic use and potential biological plausibility, we believe that the possible therapeutic benefits of psychedelics for these conditions deserve further investigation.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2023-08-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2253538", "pubmed_id": "37650700", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2253538", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Anosmia, Psychology, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, Psychiatry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Disease, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386306332\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386306332\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1966212824\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969591864\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988375361\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004582329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009231298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017999293\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020101887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045076787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076303208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146578632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153960249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169282365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170439999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2195624595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2317251653\",\"https://openalex.org/W2338805940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2377247063\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400881483\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2584672145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2769588117\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783234698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887140173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894884342\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944555396\",\"https://openalex.org/W2968898974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992322507\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022531685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3034281578\",\"https://openalex.org/W3044382958\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093375227\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094026898\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096479563\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3119632436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122920710\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153641818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172347676\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200757480\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3204059503\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210376981\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210542278\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224135240\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225712212\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281683331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285891880\",\"https://openalex.org/W4291141934\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296373810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311678776\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321033185\",\"https://openalex.org/W4367723807\",\"https://openalex.org/W4379469019\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065618753\",\"display_name\":\"Alexsandra Kovacevich\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4196-467X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012793626\",\"display_name\":\"Jeremy Weleff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-7412\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037521978\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Claytor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-4574\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018028836\",\"display_name\":\"Brian S. Barnett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8963-5701\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2253538\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4386306332" }, { "id": 4784, "title": "Pharmacology and Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "pharmacology and therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Xuehan Du", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid with hallucinogenic properties, exists in a variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms. As a study tool to imitate psychosis, psilocybin has aroused a lot of interest in the biological community due to its various possible therapeutic benefits. It is also a very popular and widely misused natural hallucinogens with distinct metabolism pathways and toxicity. In this paper, the metabolism and mechanism of psilocybin were summarized, and the toxicology and pharmacology of psilocybin were discussed in detail, and the positive effects of psilocybin on psychological illnesses like depression, addiction, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were gathered and sorted out, and the drug's therapeutic potential for mental and psychological illnesses was systematically clarified. Understanding the mechanism and therapeutic ability of psilocybin is of great significance to its potential development. As a hallucinogenic agent with low toxicity and no side effects, its effective application in the treatment of psychological and mental diseases can provide new ideas for the treatment of various diseases.", "journal": "Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology", "publication_date": "2023-08-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.54097/hset.v65i.11331", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v65i.11331", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mechanism (biology), Addiction, Pharmacology, Psychology, Mescaline, Psychosis, Psychiatry, Medicine, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Philosophy, Receptor, Epistemology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386519663\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4386519663\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074371541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074715304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124026487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W3042366596\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087462486\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3123680632\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112996345\",\"display_name\":\"Xuehan Du\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387281017\",\"source_display_name\":\"Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v65i.11331\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4386519663" }, { "id": 1327, "title": "Developing a Direct Observation Measure of Therapeutic Connection in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "developing a direct observation measure of therapeutic connection in psilocybin assisted therapy a feasibility study", "authors": "Robert Gramling, Emily Bennett, Keith Curtis, William A. Richards, Donna M. Rizzo, Francesca Arnoldy, Logan P Hegg, Jon Porter, Heather Honstein, Susanna Pratt, Elise C. Tarbi, Maija Reblin, Paul Thambi, Manish Agrawal", "abstract": "Context: Measuring therapeutic connection during psilocybin-assisted therapy is essential to understand underlying mechanisms, inform training, and guide quality improvement. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of directly observing indicators of therapeutic connection during psilocybin administration encounters. Methods: We evaluated audio and video data from a recent clinical trial for observable expressions of therapeutic connection as defined in proposed best-practice competencies (i.e., empathic abiding presence and interpersonal grounding). We selected the first four 8-hour encounters involving unique participants, therapists, and gender pairs. Each video was independently coded by three members of an interprofessional six-person team. Using a structured checklist, coders recorded start-stop times, the audible (i.e., speech prosody or words) and visible (i.e., body movements, eye gaze, and touch) cues marking the event, and the qualities of the interaction (e.g., expression of awe, trust, distress, and calmness). We assessed feasibility by observing the frequency, distribution, and overlap of cues and qualities coders used to identify and define moments of therapeutic connection. Results: Among the 2074 minutes of video, coders recorded 372 moments of therapeutic connection. Eighty-three percent were identified by at least two coders and 41% by all three. Coders used a combination of audible and visual cues to identify therapeutic connection in 51% of observed events (190/372). Both the cues and qualities of therapeutic connection expressions varied over the course of psilocybin temporal effects on states of consciousness. Conclusion: Direct observation of therapeutic human connection is feasible, sensitive to changes in states of consciousness and requires evaluation of audible and visual data.", "journal": "Journal of Palliative Medicine", "publication_date": "2023-08-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2023.0189", "pubmed_id": "37590474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2023.0189", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Auditory hallucination, Psychology, Context (archaeology), Distress, Medicine, Cognitive psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychosis, Biology, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385932674\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385932674\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2133404106\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2613687067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015163151\",\"https://openalex.org/W3138429576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153440465\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3169348723\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210625928\",\"https://openalex.org/W3212567772\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200020837\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220907466\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283029950\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292664351\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293101934\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310940483\",\"https://openalex.org/W4316143341\",\"https://openalex.org/W4327611086\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113777237\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Gramling\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8250-5154\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068707835\",\"display_name\":\"Emily Bennett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-1085\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060434087\",\"display_name\":\"Keith Curtis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074921180\",\"display_name\":\"Donna M. Rizzo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4123-5028\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050361114\",\"display_name\":\"Francesca Arnoldy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016481343\",\"display_name\":\"Logan P Hegg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104157330\",\"display_name\":\"Jon Porter\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092083232\",\"display_name\":\"Heather Honstein\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089007048\",\"display_name\":\"Susanna Pratt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017118759\",\"display_name\":\"Elise C. Tarbi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-6632\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009338660\",\"display_name\":\"Maija Reblin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-465X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026954192\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Thambi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083533154\",\"display_name\":\"Manish Agrawal\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-0582\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S155536936\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Palliative Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2023.0189\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4385932674" }, { "id": 4788, "title": "Psilocybin's Emerging Role in Combating Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s emerging role in combating depressive disorder", "authors": "Anna Jaremek, Joanna Kępa, Norbert Kandefer, Michał Wyszkowski, Aleksandra Grabarczyk, Anna Pawlak, Sylwia Grad, Małgorzata Gregorek, Paweł Gregorek", "abstract": "In this review paper, we delve into the potential applicability of psilocybin - a naturally synthesized psychedelic substance found within select species of fungi, as a prospective avenue for depression treatment. Depression, a widespread psychological malady affecting countless individuals across the globe, often proves stubborn against existing treatment modalities, necessitating exploration into new options. The spotlight has increasingly been cast on psilocybin, thanks to its promising therapeutic capacities for a spectrum of mental health disorders, notably including depression. This article dissects the operational mechanisms of psilocybin, referencing germane clinical trials, and weighing the prospective risks and rewards related to its usage. Pooled findings from an array of clinical studies hint at the possibility of psilocybin furnishing swift and lasting advantages for managing depression and similar disorders. Trial participants who underwent a combined regimen of psilocybin and psychotherapy recorded enduring alleviation in their anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psilocybin has been observed to trigger modifications in neural activity, predominantly in the brain's default mode network (DMN) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These alterations have been correlated with a decrease in self-oriented cognitive processes, an uptick in positive emotional states, and the facilitation of neuroplasticity. When compared with standard antidepressant medications, the symptomatic improvements seen with psilocybin were largely equivalent. Preclinical investigations have also underlined psilocybin's potential in augmenting neural plasticity and neurogenesis, thus hinting at its possible utility in the fields of neurosurgery and neurooncology.", "journal": "Journal of Education Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2023-08-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2023.40.01.011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.40.01.011", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Default mode network, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Neuroplasticity, Depression (economics), Antidepressant, Cognition, Clinical psychology, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385658334\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4385658334\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110572089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4311273096\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319067008\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612347\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Jaremek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7787-7938\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046422345\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna Kępa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612348\",\"display_name\":\"Norbert Kandefer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3743-5939\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020439017\",\"display_name\":\"Michał Wyszkowski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1125-4014\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012213808\",\"display_name\":\"Aleksandra Grabarczyk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2232-2265\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035222802\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Pawlak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8502-4987\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022674489\",\"display_name\":\"Sylwia Grad\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3833-5398\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612349\",\"display_name\":\"Małgorzata Gregorek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5964-6897\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092612350\",\"display_name\":\"Paweł Gregorek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-2054\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737571363\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Education Health and Sport\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.40.01.011\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4385658334" }, { "id": 1414, "title": "A Brief Review on the Potential of Psychedelics for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Related Depression.", "normalized_title": "a brief review on the potential of psychedelics for treating alzheimer s disease and related depression", "authors": "Pilozzi A, Foster S, Mischoulon D, Fava M, Huang X", "abstract": "Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is poised to place an even greater societal and healthcare burden as the population ages. With few treatment options for the symptomatic relief of the disease and its unknown etiopathology, more research into AD is urgently needed. Psychedelic drugs target AD-related psychological pathology and symptoms such as depression. Using microdosing, psychedelic drugs may prove to help combat this devastating disease by eliciting psychiatric benefits via acting through various mechanisms of action such as serotonin and dopamine pathways. Herein, we review the studied benefits of a few psychedelic compounds that may show promise in treating AD and attenuating its related depressive symptoms. We used the listed keywords to search through PubMed for relevant preclinical, clinical research, and review articles. The putative mechanism of action (MOA) for psychedelics is that they act mainly as serotonin receptor agonists and induce potential beneficial effects for treating AD and related depression.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2023-08-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms241512513", "pubmed_id": "37569888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37569888/", "keywords": "Alzheimer’s disease, DMT, LSD, dementia, depression, ketamine, mescaline, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37569888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1391, "title": "Natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression; a review focusing on neurotransmitters.", "normalized_title": "natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression a review focusing on neurotransmitters", "authors": "Jahanabadi S, Amiri S, Karkeh-Abadi M, Razmi A.", "abstract": "Natural psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. This review will discuss how natural psychedelics exert their neurobiological therapeutic effects, and how different neurotransmission systems mediate the effects of these compounds. Further, current therapeutic strategies for depression, and novel mechanism of action of natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression will be discussed. In this review, our focus will be on N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), reversible type A monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms, ibogaine, muscimol extracted from Amanita spp. mushrooms and ibotenic acid.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105620", "pubmed_id": "37490982", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105620", "keywords": "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Depression, Molecular Structure", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37490982\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3168, "title": "Distinctive Molecular and Metabolic Profiles of Chemically Synthesized Psilocybin and Psychedelic Mushroom Extract", "normalized_title": "distinctive molecular and metabolic profiles of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract", "authors": "Shahar O, Botvinnik A, Shwartz A, Lerer E, Buko A, Hamid E, Kahn D, Guralnick M, Blakolmer K, Wolf G, Lerer L, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin, a naturally occurring, tryptamine alkaloid prodrug, is currently being investigated for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders. Preclinical reports suggest that the biological effects of psilocybin-containing mushroom extract or “full spectrum” (psychedelic) mushroom extract (PME), may differ from those of chemically synthesized psilocybin (PSIL). We compared the effects of PME to those of PSIL on the head twitch response (HTR), neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins and frontal cortex metabolomic profiles in male C57Bl/6j mice. HTR measurement showed similar effects of PSIL and PME over 20 minutes. Brain specimens (frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum) were assayed for the synaptic proteins, GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin and SV2A, using western blots. These proteins are indicators of synaptic plasticity. Three days after treatment, there was minimal increase in synaptic proteins. After 11 days, nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant increase in each of the 4 proteins over all brain areas studied for PME versus vehicle control, while significant PSIL effects were observed only in the hippocampus and amygdala and were limited to PSD95 and SV2A. Metabolomic analyses of the pre-frontal cortex were performed by untargeted polar metabolomics utilizing capillary electrophoresis - Fourier transform mass spectrometry (CE-FTMS) and showed a differential metabolic separation between PME and vehicle groups. The purines guanosine, hypoxanthine and inosine, associated with oxidative stress and energy production pathways, showed a progressive decline from VEH to PSIL to PME. In conclusion, our synaptic protein findings suggest that PME has a more potent and prolonged effect on synaptic plasticity than PSIL. Our metabolomics data support a gradient of effects from inert vehicle via chemical psilocybin to PME further supporting differential effects. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings and to identify the molecules that may be responsible for the enhanced effects of PME as compared to psilocybin alone.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-07-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3146433/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3146433/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR694814\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3349, "title": "Psychedelics for depression: from neurobiology to treatment", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for depression from neurobiology to treatment", "authors": "Kuypers K.", "abstract": "Abstract Decades ago, the classical psychedelics psilocybin and LSD entered the therapeutic setting and already then showed their therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. For thousands of years another psychedelic, ayahuasca, is being used by tribes in western Amazonia for healing and divination, and in recent years its use has expanded worldwide. Research into the therapeutic potential of these substances has re-emerged and (preliminary) findings are promising, showing that after one or two administrations remission is reached in depressed patients that were labeled as treatment-resistant. This is a remarkable finding as the therapeutic effects of treatment with conventional pharmacological agents like SSRIs take longer to lead to remission, with one-third of the patients failing to reach this stage. The fast onset of positive therapeutic effects by psychedelics increases the interest to discover the mechanism of action behind this. There is a debate about the importance of the psychological experience caused by these agents in the therapeutic outcome, while science also tries to understand the neurobiological correlates. The latter will be addressed in my talk and I will link it to psychedelics’ therapeutic effects. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10417770", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10417770\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3146, "title": "Systematic Review on the Mechanisms of Action of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression", "normalized_title": "systematic review on the mechanisms of action of psilocybin in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Lin M, Lee H, Tsang V, Chai B, Howard A, Uy C, Elefante J.", "abstract": "Introduction Despite emerging evidence suggesting the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of mood disorders such as depression, the exact mechanisms by which psilocybin is able to elicit these antidepressant effects remains unknown. Objectives As the use of psilocybin as a treatment modality for depression has garnered increasing interest, this study aims to summarize the existing evidence of the mechanism of action with which psilocybin alleviates depressive symptoms, focusing specifically on the neurobiological effects of psilocybin in human subjects. Methods Four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, psychINFO, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of MeSH terms and free text keywords in September 2021. The original search included both human and animal studies and must have included testing of the mechanism of action of psilocybin. Only antidepressant effects were considered, with no other mood disorders or psychiatric diagnoses included. Two independent researchers screened at every stage of the review, with a third researcher resolving any conflicts. Though a full systematic review outlining the current literature on the complete mechanisms of action of psilocybin on depression was conducted, this abstract will focus specifically on the nine papers that included human subjects, disregarding the five animal models. PROSPERO registration number: 282710. Results After removing duplicates, the search identified 2193 papers and forty-nine were selected for full text review. Out of nine papers outlining the mechanisms of action of psilocybin use in human subjects, three papers investigated psilocybin’s effect on serotonin or glutamate receptor activity, two found an increase in synaptogenesis in regions such as the medial frontal cortex and hippocampus. Four found variation in blood flow to the amygdala, two found altered blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, and one found a reduction in delta power during sleep. Four papers found changes in functional connectivity or neurotransmission, most commonly in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Conclusions Overall, the exact mechanism of psilocybin’s potential antidepressant effect remains unclear. Multiple pathways may be involved, including alterations in serotonin and glutamate receptor activity, as well as shifts in amygdala activity, neurogenesis, and functional connectivity in various brain regions. The relative lack of studies, and the variety of neurobiological modalities and endpoints used challenged the consolidation of data into consensus findings. Further studies are needed to better characterize psilocybin’s mechanism of action and to better understand the clinical effects of the use of psilocybin in the treatment of depression. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10434693", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10434693\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3217, "title": "Administration effects of four psilocybin mushroom extracts on serotonin levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity levels in vivo and in vitro after one hour", "normalized_title": "administration effects of four psilocybin mushroom extracts on serotonin levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity levels in vivo and in vitro after one hour", "authors": "Nkadimeng SM, Hay L, Steinmann CM, Eloff JN.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Psilocybin-containing mushrooms induce antidepressant and momentary increase in blood pressure (BP) with potential risk to users with cardiovascular diseases. Irregularities in nitric oxide (NO) levels play a key role in endothelial dysfunctions leading to increases in BP. Mushrooms species show large variation in potency which may potentially induce different outcomes and mechanisms of action. Effects of the mushrooms on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity is not known. Aim To investigate safety and effects of administration of four psilocybin-containing mushroom species, Panaeolus cyanescens, Psilocybe natalensis, Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe cubesis leucistic A + strain, on acute haemodynamic and LV parameters in normal Wistar rat and on serotonin, NO levels and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in vivo and in vitro on H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methods Mushrooms were extracted with hot-boiling water and administered (5 mg/kg) through a direct catheterization in anaesthetized rats. Nuzak (0.2 mg/kg) and Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (LNAME) were used as positive controls and negative control group given saline. Levels of serotonin, NO and eNOS activities were measured after 1-hour treatment. Results Mushroom treatments incited non-significant increase in LV parameters peaks only after 20 minutes and not immediate like with LNAME. Mushrooms induced a significant increase in serotonin levels and a suppressing effect on the eNOS activity in vivo in rats and in vitro in cardiomyocytes. Conclusion Mushroom treatments were safe on the LV function and induced a significant serotonin level with the concentration investigated. Disturbance in eNOS pathways may be the underlying mechanism involved in the psilocybin-mushroom extracts to inducing temporary BP increase. The four mushrooms exhibited different cardiac effects indicating variations depending on mushroom species.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-07-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088850/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088850/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR693606\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1434, "title": "Assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders.", "normalized_title": "assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders", "authors": "Kozak Z, Johnson MW, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere has been increasing interest in the role psilocybin may play in the treatment of depressive disorders. Several clinical trials have shown psilocybin to have efficacy in reducing symptoms of depression.AreascoveredWe discuss the current understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic mechanism of action and review existing clinical data investigating psilocybin as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of depression.Expert opinionThere is still much unknown regarding the risks of psilocybin treatment. When weighing the known risks and benefits of psilocybin treatment against those found in existing standards of care, among patients with depression, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may be the most suitable candidates for psilocybin treatment at this time.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493", "pubmed_id": "37869790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37869790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1440, "title": "Sub-acute effects of psilocybin on EEG correlates of neural plasticity in major depression: Relationship to symptoms", "normalized_title": "sub acute effects of psilocybin on eeg correlates of neural plasticity in major depression relationship to symptoms", "authors": "Patrick D. Skosnik, Jordan Sloshower, Hamideh Safi-Aghdam, Surbhi Pathania, Shariful A. Syed, Brian Pittman, Deepak Cyril D’Souza", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin), have rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effects after a single dose. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remain unclear. One proposed mechanism is that these drugs promote neuroplasticity. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated in humans. AIMS: We hypothesized that relative to placebo, psilocybin would: (1) increase electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of neuroplasticity, (2) reduce depression symptoms, and (3) changes in EEG would correlate with improvements in depression. METHODS: = 19) were administered placebo followed by psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) in a fixed order (placebo, followed by psilocybin 4 weeks later). EEG indices of neuroplasticity (tetanus-induced long-term potentiation) as assessed via auditory evoked theta (4-8 Hz) power and measures of depression (GRID Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 (GRID-HAM-D-17)) were measured at several time-points after placebo and psilocybin (24 h and 2 weeks after each session). RESULTS: EEG theta power doubled in amplitude 2 weeks after a single psychedelic dose of psilocybin but not after placebo. Further, improvements in depression symptoms 2 weeks after psilocybin were correlated with increases in theta power. CONCLUSIONS: The increased theta power observed represents evidence of sustained changes in the brain following psilocybin. Given the correlation with enhancement in depressive symptoms, changes in theta may represent an EEG biomarker of the sustained effects of psilocybin, and may shed light on potential mechanisms of psilocybin's antidepressant effect. Taken together, these results complement the emerging notion that psilocybin, and perhaps other psychedelics, can produce long-term alterations in neuroplasticity.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231179800", "pubmed_id": "37392016", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231179800", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Electroencephalography, Antidepressant, Psychology, Placebo, Neuroplasticity, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Anesthesia, Medicine, Hippocampus, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4382776629\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4382776629\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":47,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1581945700\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963727074\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965148737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000876197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009196600\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014904526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022047741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027320657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027572751\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030962294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040149530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046198005\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049511526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052791472\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089417699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114512489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115900486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124459698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141998004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2210159539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622487331\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2795218432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884128237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889525702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2933363539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086471578\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108222140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133698909\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159976828\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197942722\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207365630\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210518899\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4310466310\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028783771\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick D. Skosnik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-2625\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080146983\",\"display_name\":\"Jordan Sloshower\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7709-5931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045156614\",\"display_name\":\"Hamideh Safi-Aghdam\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040839772\",\"display_name\":\"Surbhi Pathania\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015648875\",\"display_name\":\"Shariful A. Syed\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-8089\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056238262\",\"display_name\":\"Brian Pittman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-5604\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081806198\",\"display_name\":\"Deepak Cyril D’Souza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-1462\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231179800\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4382776629" }, { "id": 1394, "title": "Clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs.", "normalized_title": "clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs", "authors": "Scala M, Fanelli G, De Ronchi D, Serretti A, Fabbri C.", "abstract": "Mood disorders are recurrent/chronic diseases with variable clinical remission rates. Available antidepressants are not effective in all patients and often show a relevant response latency, with a range of adverse events, including weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Novel rapid agents were developed with the aim of overcoming at least in part these issues. Novel drugs target glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, orexin, and other receptors, providing a broader range of pharmacodynamic mechanisms, that is, expected to increase the possibility of personalizing treatments on the individual clinical profile. These new drugs were developed with the aim of combining a rapid action, a tolerable profile, and higher effectiveness on specific symptoms, which were relatively poorly targeted by standard antidepressants, such as anhedonia and response to reward, suicidal ideation/behaviours, insomnia, cognitive deficits, and irritability. This review discusses the clinical specificity profile of new antidepressants, namely 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101), dextromethorphan-bupropion, pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (PH-10), pimavanserin, PRAX-114, psilocybin, esmethadone (REL-1017/dextromethadone), seltorexant (JNJ-42847922/MIN-202), and zuranolone (SAGE-217). The main aim is to provide an overview of the efficacy/tolerability of these compounds in patients with mood disorders having different symptom/comorbidity patterns, to help clinicians in the optimization of the risk/benefit ratio when prescribing these drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/yic.0000000000000488", "pubmed_id": "37381161", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000488", "keywords": "Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Bupropion, Antidepressive Agents, Comorbidity, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37381161\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1098, "title": "Psilocybin's Potential Mechanisms in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s potential mechanisms in the treatment of depression a systematic review", "authors": "Lee HJ, Tsang VW, Chai BS, Lin MC, Howard A, Uy C, Elefante JO.", "abstract": "Evidence suggests that psilocybin has therapeutic benefit for treating depression. However, there is little consensus regarding the mechanism by which psilocybin elicits antidepressant effects. This systematic review summarizes existing evidence. Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, psychINFO, and Web of Science were searched, for both human and animal studies, using a combination of MeSH Terms and free-text keywords in September 2021. No other mood disorders or psychiatric diagnoses were included. Original papers in English were included. The PRISMA framework was followed for the screening of papers. Two researchers screened the retrieved articles from the literature search, and a third researcher resolved any conflicts. Of 2,193 papers identified, 49 were selected for full-text review. 14 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Six supported psilocybin's mechanism of antidepressant action via changes to serotonin or glutamate receptor activity and three papers found an increase in synaptogenesis. Thirteen papers investigated changes in non-receptor or pathway-specific brain activity. Five papers found changes in functional connectivity or neurotransmission, most commonly in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Several neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, and brain areas are thought to be involved in psilocybin's ability to mitigate depressive symptoms. Psilocybin appears to alter cerebral blood flow to the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, but the evidence on changes in functional connectivity and specific receptor activity remains sparse. The lack of consensus between studies suggests that psilocybin's mechanism of action may involve a variety of pathways, demonstrating the need for more studies on psilocybin's mechanism of action as an antidepressant.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2223195", "pubmed_id": "37385217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2223195", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37385217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3135, "title": "Psilocybin decelerates cellular senescence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin decelerates cellular senescence", "authors": "Hecker L, kato k, Kleinhenz JMK, Shin Y, Papageorgiou J, Zarrabi A.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin is the psychoactive substance contained in the psilocybe(hallucinogenic) mushroom, which has received considerable attention among the scientific community in recent years. Human studies have demonstrated that even a single-dose of psilocybin can improve debilitating physical and psychological symptoms with durable long-term effects. >136 clinical studies with psilocybin have been completed or are ongoing for various indications, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, chronic pain, and more. However, despite considerable clinical evidence for the therapeutic effects, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for its beneficial actions remain enigmatic. Studies with psilocybin have overwhelmingly focused on neurological impacts and/or behavioral outcomes; however, few studies have evaluated other mechanisms by which it exerts beneficial effects. It has recently been hypothesized that psilocybin may exert beneficial effects on aging; however, no studies have experimentally investigated the impact of psilocybin on senescence/aging. Using a previously validated human cell model of replicative senescence in vitro, cells were treated with psilocybin continuously throughout their replicative cellular lifecycle. Psilocybin treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell-cycle arrest markers, increased markers of DNA replication and proliferation, reduced senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and reduced oxidative stress levels. Further, psilocybin did not demonstrate senolytic activity. Overall, these data are the first experimental evidence suggesting that psilocybin may decelerate the process of cellular senescence. Given that senescence and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous age-related diseases, these studies could lay the foundation for the use of psilocybin as a therapeutic strategy for many age-related disease indications and/or as a geroprotective agent.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-06-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2921423/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2921423/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR682607\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Cellular Senescence,Oxidative Stress,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1418, "title": "Molecular mechanisms of rapid-acting antidepressants: New perspectives for developing antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "molecular mechanisms of rapid acting antidepressants new perspectives for developing antidepressants", "authors": "Chen T, Cheng L, Ma J, Yuan J, Pi C, Xiong L, Chen J, Liu H, Tang J, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zuo Y, Shen H, Wei Y, Zhao L.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic relapsing psychiatric disorder. Conventional antidepressants usually require several weeks of continuous administration to exert clinically significant therapeutic effects, while about two-thirds of the patients are prone to relapse of symptoms or are completely ineffective in antidepressant treatment. The recent success of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant has propelled extensive research on the action mechanism of antidepressants, especially in relation to its role in synaptic targets. Studies have revealed that the mechanism of antidepressant action of ketamine is not limited to antagonism of postsynaptic NMDA receptors or GABA interneurons. Ketamine produces powerful and rapid antidepressant effects by affecting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors, adenosine A1 receptors, and the L-type calcium channels, among others in the synapse. More interestingly, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin has demonstrated potential for rapid antidepressant effects in depressed mouse models and clinical studies. This article focuses on a review of new pharmacological target studies of emerging rapid-acting antidepressant drugs such as ketamine and hallucinogens (e.g., psilocybin) and briefly discusses the possible strategies for new targets of antidepressants, with a view to shed light on the direction of future antidepressant research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106837", "pubmed_id": "37379962", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106837", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37379962\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1462, "title": "Underlying pharmacological mechanisms of psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection of EEG in rats", "normalized_title": "underlying pharmacological mechanisms of psilocin induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection of eeg in rats", "authors": "Filip Tylš, Čestmír Vejmola, Vlastimil Koudelka, Václava Piorecká, L. Kadeřábek, Marcel Bochin, Tomáš Novák, Martin Kuchař, Zdeňka Bendová, Martin Brunovský, Jiřı́ Horáček, Tomáš Pálení ček", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is one of the most extensively studied psychedelic drugs with a broad therapeutic potential. Despite the fact that its psychoactivity is mainly attributed to the agonism at 5-HT2A receptors, it has high binding affinity also to 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors and indirectly modulates the dopaminergic system. Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin, as well as other serotonergic psychedelics, induce broadband desynchronization and disconnection in EEG in humans as well as in animals. The contribution of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying these changes is not clear. The present study thus aims to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection in an animal model. Methods Selective antagonists of serotonin receptors (5-HT1A WAY100635, 5-HT2A MDL100907, 5-HT2C SB242084) and antipsychotics haloperidol, a D2 antagonist, and clozapine, a mixed D2 and 5-HT receptor antagonist, were used in order to clarify the underlying pharmacology. Results Psilocin-induced broadband decrease in the mean absolute EEG power was normalized by all antagonists and antipsychotics used within the frequency range 1-25 Hz; however, decreases in 25-40 Hz were influenced only by clozapine. Psilocin-induced decrease in global functional connectivity and, specifically, fronto-temporal disconnection were reversed by the 5-HT2A antagonist while other drugs had no effect. Discussion These findings suggest the involvement of all three serotonergic receptors studied as well as the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in power spectra/current density with only the 5-HT2A receptor being effective in both studied metrics. This opens an important discussion on the role of other than 5-HT2A -dependent mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of psychedelics.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2023-06-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578", "pubmed_id": "37425017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578", "keywords": "Serotonergic, Psilocybin, Dopaminergic, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, 5-HT receptor, Antagonist, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychology, Chemistry, Dopamine, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4381804317\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4381804317\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W3049811\",\"https://openalex.org/W142716777\",\"https://openalex.org/W957063108\",\"https://openalex.org/W1509285273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1902265368\",\"https://openalex.org/W1914275515\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964551378\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968587348\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972895831\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981851162\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984304181\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988224343\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988466178\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990245488\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992625143\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994153884\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996595202\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998189511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001905020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004172377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014001501\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016995432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034005051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034972863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037831322\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039200237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051758408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057679822\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060382264\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061406198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064055566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073997074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074270863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074861223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077660449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081534285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083276108\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089763555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090298970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092016283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099797657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115463644\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122825620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126561556\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131364204\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134498737\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134902990\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135447632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162501988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163121088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163815564\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170672315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2303081189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315683207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418413848\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2542493272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773072410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889854131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897795987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991342487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004047726\",\"https://openalex.org/W3066868230\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127352965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203708166\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4319052948\",\"https://openalex.org/W6605962598\",\"https://openalex.org/W6630558511\",\"https://openalex.org/W6639679769\",\"https://openalex.org/W6670631073\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012044574\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Tylš\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-6999\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009033234\",\"display_name\":\"Čestmír Vejmola\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-5978\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070851256\",\"display_name\":\"Vlastimil Koudelka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-7529\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006025238\",\"display_name\":\"Václava Piorecká\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7661-0660\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074167242\",\"display_name\":\"L. Kadeřábek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026946211\",\"display_name\":\"Marcel Bochin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-5129\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080595856\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Novák\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-9654\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084865612\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Kuchař\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056634256\",\"display_name\":\"Zdeňka Bendová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2693-2143\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077855950\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Brunovský\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-0848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012893465\",\"display_name\":\"Jiřı́ Horáček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-7306\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092248783\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Pálení ček\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S115201632\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4381804317" }, { "id": 1365, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders: Rationale and potential mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders rationale and potential mechanisms", "authors": "Calder A, Mock S, Friedli N, Pasi P, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Eating disorders are serious illnesses showing high rates of mortality and comorbidity with other mental health problems. Psychedelic-assisted therapy has recently shown potential in the treatment of several common comorbidities of eating disorders, including mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. The theorized therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy suggest that it could be beneficial in the treatment of eating disorders as well. In this review, we summarize preliminary data on the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in people with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, which include studies and case reports of psychedelic-assisted therapy with ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, and ayahuasca. We then discuss the potential therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy in these three eating disorders, including both general therapeutic mechanisms and those which are relatively specific to eating disorders. We find preliminary evidence that psychedelic-assisted therapy may be effective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, with very little data available on binge eating disorder. Regarding mechanisms, psychedelic-assisted therapy may be able to improve beliefs about body image, normalize reward processing, promote cognitive flexibility, and facilitate trauma processing. Just as importantly, it appears to promote general therapeutic factors relevant to both eating disorders and many of their common comorbidities. Lastly, we discuss potential safety concerns which may be associated with these treatments and present recommendations for future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008", "pubmed_id": "37352816", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37352816\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1419, "title": "“Biosynthesis of psilocybin and its nonnatural derivatives by a promiscuous psilocybin synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli”", "normalized_title": "biosynthesis of psilocybin and its nonnatural derivatives by a promiscuous psilocybin synthesis pathway in escherichia coli", "authors": "Jessica E. Flower, William J. Gibbons, Alexandra M. Adams, Xin Wang, Caroline N. Broude, J. Andrew Jones", "abstract": "Traditional psychedelics are undergoing a transformation from recreational drugs, to promising pharmaceutical drug candidates with the potential to provide an alternative treatment option for individuals struggling with mental illness. Sustainable and economic production methods are thus needed to facilitate enhanced study of these drug candidates to support future clinical efforts. Here, we expand upon current bacterial psilocybin biosynthesis by incorporating the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, PsiH, to enable the de novo production of psilocybin as well as the biosynthesis of 13 psilocybin derivatives. The substrate promiscuity of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway was comprehensively probed by using a library of 49 single-substituted indole derivatives, providing biophysical insights to this understudied metabolic pathway and opening the door to the in vivo biological synthesis of a library of previously unstudied pharmaceutical drug candidates.", "journal": "Biotechnology and Bioengineering", "publication_date": "2023-06-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/bit.28480", "pubmed_id": "37337917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.28480", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Biosynthesis, Biochemistry, Drug development, Chemistry, Drug, Drug discovery, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Biology, Enzyme, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4381309423\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4381309423\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":26,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1970277481\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984936010\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985896707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003283442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003915076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004626255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004644788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010624998\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019560429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028778151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031832463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037379085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037630877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038789881\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063489980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078935756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080182426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089284447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129133279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130996362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137168045\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141150875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157209532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161782059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2294225971\",\"https://openalex.org/W2298762068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401118547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2435600814\",\"https://openalex.org/W2465873216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2512006250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2562613841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2569820244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735805466\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772218300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775630394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792496404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798059242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802656036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890944115\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921228272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999478951\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014811508\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023746918\",\"https://openalex.org/W3042340042\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095698385\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133617718\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166241138\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185509293\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203128580\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210474529\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220669239\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308053113\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041542031\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica E. Flower\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"William J. Gibbons\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069267630\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra M. Adams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0518-0461\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100327995\",\"display_name\":\"Xin Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7174-3042\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092211536\",\"display_name\":\"Caroline N. Broude\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070067902\",\"display_name\":\"J. Andrew Jones\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-2126\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S151564723\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biotechnology and Bioengineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.28480\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4381309423" }, { "id": 1463, "title": "A case-study evaluation of the “Copenhagen Music Program” for psilocybin-assisted therapy", "normalized_title": "a case study evaluation of the copenhagen music program for psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Gina Ratkovic, Mike Sosteric, Tristan Sosteric", "abstract": "In a recent article, Messell and colleagues provide a curated list, the \"Copenhagen Music Program for Psilocybin\". We test their music program with an experienced Indigenous therapist/psychonaut on a 3.5 gram psilocybin journey. Based on comments provided by the Indigenous therapist, we find the program contains musical choices that evoke specific colonial and religious contexts. We also find the program psychologically and emotionally coercive, meaning it is intended to contain the experience by forcing the individual on a specific experiential pathway. We conclude the program is not suitable for Indigenous travelers and suggest that curation of a wider variety of playlists, and music more in line with traditional shamanic practices, might be a better approach to psychedelic curation.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publication_date": "2023-06-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156852", "pubmed_id": "37397316", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156852", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Indigenous, Experiential learning, Psychology, Music therapy, Variety (cybernetics), Musical, Test (biology), Psychotherapist, Visual arts, Hallucinogen, Computer science, Art, Pedagogy, Psychiatry, Artificial intelligence, Ecology, Biology, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4380992827\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4380992827\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W118839280\",\"https://openalex.org/W563568379\",\"https://openalex.org/W630201260\",\"https://openalex.org/W1517837034\",\"https://openalex.org/W1520257988\",\"https://openalex.org/W1570973713\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988060680\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999708736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011477829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037838166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148258171\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312264987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2564923267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608583841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890356717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2896215912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2954690399\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3182096564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251765303\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254227500\",\"https://openalex.org/W4288758418\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309608756\",\"https://openalex.org/W6615850465\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080559437\",\"display_name\":\"Gina Ratkovic\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080273464\",\"display_name\":\"Mike Sosteric\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1707-9662\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5092189451\",\"display_name\":\"Tristan Sosteric\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9692511\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156852\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4380992827" }, { "id": 1248, "title": "Reports of self-compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder: An interpretive phenomenological analysis.", "normalized_title": "reports of self compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder an interpretive phenomenological analysis", "authors": "Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Elizabeth M. Nielson, Michael A. Zingman, Katherine Kim, Alexandra Haas, Lindsey T. Owens, Ursula Rogers, Michael P. Bogenschutz", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this qualitative study was to delineate psychological mechanisms of change in the first randomized controlled trial of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD). Theories regarding psychological processes involved in psychedelic therapy remain underdeveloped. METHOD: Participants (N = 13) mostly identified as non-Hispanic and White, with approximately equal proportions of cisgender men and women. Participants engaged in semistructured interviews about their subjective experiences in the study. Questions probed the nature of participants' drinking before and after the study as well as coping patterns in response to strong emotions, stress, and cravings for alcohol. Verbatim transcripts were coded using Dedoose software, and content was analyzed with interpretive phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported that the psilocybin treatment helped them process emotions related to painful past events and helped promote states of self-compassion, self-awareness, and feelings of interconnectedness. The acute states during the psilocybin sessions were described as laying the foundation for developing more self-compassionate regulation of negative affect. Participants also described newfound feelings of belonging and an improved quality of relationships following the treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results support the assertion that psilocybin increases the malleability of self-related processing, and diminishes shame-based and self-critical thought patterns while improving affect regulation and reducing alcohol cravings. These findings suggest that psychosocial treatments that integrate self-compassion training with psychedelic therapy may serve as a useful tool for enhancing psychological outcomes in the treatment of AUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": "Psychology of Addictive Behaviors", "publication_date": "2023-06-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1037/adb0000935", "pubmed_id": "37276086", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000935", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Alcohol use disorder, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Affect (linguistics), Clinical psychology, Affect regulation, Compassion, Self-compassion, Randomized controlled trial, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Qualitative research, Alcohol, Attachment theory, Mindfulness, Medicine, Surgery, Biochemistry, Political science, Communication, Chemistry, Law, Social science, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4379383539\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4379383539\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":41,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1839921965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1922973259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972188670\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988244728\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003695103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004319924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004759146\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026188485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041125949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096058212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101372918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114843987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116852450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142609306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160397887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162457556\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2609478090\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772589325\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781367606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788524689\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796377954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807286797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894541203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899405464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899976521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921736428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014885313\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3137839889\",\"https://openalex.org/W3142408370\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194805338\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194966090\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283700520\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296163279\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308040950\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041698353\",\"display_name\":\"Gabrielle Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-229X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087298757\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth M. Nielson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-4558\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045159600\",\"display_name\":\"Michael A. Zingman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083618048\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine Kim\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-919X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040538470\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra Haas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025551503\",\"display_name\":\"Lindsey T. Owens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-5209\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072092385\",\"display_name\":\"Ursula Rogers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-0938\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S31064911\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000935\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4379383539" }, { "id": 3325, "title": "Drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs: a systematic review", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are potent psychoactive substances that have been studied for their physiological and psychological effects. However, our understanding of the potential interactions and outcomes of using these substances are used in combination with other psychoactive drugs is limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and other psychoactive drugs in humans. We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and other sources to supplement our search for relevant studies. A total of 8,487 records were screened, and studies involving human data describing potential interactions (as well as the lack thereof) between classic psychedelics and other psychoactive drugs were included. In total, we identified 50 studies from 34 reports published before April 20, 2023, encompassing 31 studies on LSD, 11 on psilocybin, 4 on mescaline, 3 on DMT and 1 on ayahuasca. These studies provide insights into the interactions between classic psychedelics and a range of drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilisers, recreational drugs and others. The findings revealed various effects when psychedelics were combined with other drugs, including both attenuated and potentiated effects, as well as instances where no changes were observed. Except for a few case reports, no serious adverse drug events were described in the included studies. In-depth discussion of the results is presented, along with an exploration of the potential molecular pathways that underlie the observed effects.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.06.01.23290811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.01.23290811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR668775\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3219, "title": "Bridging the translational neuroscience gap: Development of the ‘shiftability’ paradigm and an exemplar protocol to capture psilocybin-elicited ‘shift’ in neurobiological mechanisms in autism", "normalized_title": "bridging the translational neuroscience gap development of the shiftability paradigm and an exemplar protocol to capture psilocybin elicited shift in neurobiological mechanisms in autism", "authors": "Whelan TP, Daly E, Puts NA, Malievskaia E, Murphy DG, McAlonan GM.", "abstract": "Clinical trials of pharmacological approaches targeting the core features of autism have failed. This is despite evidence from preclinical studies, genetics, post-mortem studies and correlational analyses linking peripheral and central markers of multiple candidate neurochemical systems to brain function in autism. Whilst this has in part been explained by the heterogeneity of the autistic population, the field has largely relied upon association studies to link brain chemistry to function. The only way to directly establish that a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator is involved in a candidate brain function is to change it and observe a shift in that function. This experimental approach dominates preclinical neuroscience, but not human studies. There is very little direct experimental evidence describing how neurochemical systems modulate information processing in the living human brain. As a result, our understanding of how neurochemical differences contribute to neurodiversity is limited and impedes our ability to translate findings from animal studies into humans. Here, we begin by introducing our “shiftability” paradigm, an approach to bridge the translational gap in autism research. We then provide an overview of the methodologies used and explain our most recent choice of psilocybin as a pharmacological probe of the serotonin system in vivo. Finally, we provide a summary of the protocol for ‘PSILAUT’, an exemplar “shiftability” study which uses psilocybin to directly test the hypothesis that the serotonin system functions differently in autistic and non-autistic adults.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.25.23290521", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290521", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR666702\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1445, "title": "New Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Bipolar Depression.", "normalized_title": "new pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of bipolar depression", "authors": "Keramatian K, Chakrabarty T, DuBow A, Saraf G, Yatham LN.", "abstract": "Depression is the most commonly experienced mood state over the life span in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and is the primary driver of functional impairment and suicidality in BD. Despite this, there are few effective treatments for BD depression, with only a handful of atypical anti-psychotics and inconsistent evidence for traditional mood stabilizing agents. There have been few major 'breakthroughs' in the treatment of BD depression, and until recently, few agents that work via novel mechanisms of action to exert therapeutic effects. Here, we review treatments for BD depression which are emergent or on the horizon. Included are new atypical anti-psychotics, glutamate modulators (ketamine and cycloserine/lurasidone), neurosteroid modulators (zuranolone), anti-inflammatories and mitochondrial modulators, cannabidiol (CBD) and psilocybin. New atypical anti-psychotics lumateperone and cariprazine have demonstrated efficacy in large-scale, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCT) in treatment of BD depression. Non-racemic amisulpride showed potential therapeutic benefit in one RCT which requires replication. Three small RCTs examined the efficacy of intravenous ketamine in BD depression and showed rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects after a single infusion. Anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial modulators show inconsistent evidence for efficacy. There are currently no adequately powered RCTs of zuranolone, psilocybin or CBD in BD depression to support their use. While there are potentially efficacious, mechanistically novel agents on the horizon, they require further study and validation. Further investigation on how these agents may impact specific subgroups of patients will also advance the field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-023-01872-x", "pubmed_id": "37227597", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01872-x", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37227597\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Mitochondrial Function,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1480, "title": "Acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats", "normalized_title": "acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats", "authors": "Junhong Liu, Yuanyuan Wang, Ke Xia, Jinfeng Wu, Danhao Zheng, Aoling Cai, Haitao Yan, Ruibin Su", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms, has significant psychoactive effects in both humans and rodents. But the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a useful tool in many preclinical and clinical trials to investigate psilocybin-induced changes of brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) due to its noninvasive nature and widespread availability. However, fMRI effects of psilocybin on rats have not been carefully investigated. This study aimed to explore how psilocybin affects resting-state brain activity and FC, through a combination of BOLD fMRI and immunofluorescence (IF) of EGR1, an immediate early gene (IEG) closely related to depressive symptoms. Ten minutes after psilocybin hydrochloride injection (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), positive brain activities were observed in the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex (including the cingulate cortex and retrosplenial cortex), hippocampus, and striatum. And a region-of-interest (ROI) -wise FC analysis matrix suggested increased interconnectivity of several regions, such as the cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum, prelimbic, and limbic regions. Further seed-based analyses revealed increased FC of cingulate cortex within the cortical and striatal areas. Consistently, acute psilocybin increased the EGR1 level throughout the brain, indicating a consistent activation thought the cortical and striatal areas. In conclusion, the psilocybin-induced hyperactive state of rats is congruent to that of humans, and may be responsible for its pharmacological effects.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2023-05-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1168911", "pubmed_id": "37287797", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1168911", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Retrosplenial cortex, Infralimbic cortex, Cingulate cortex, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Posterior cingulate, Cortex (anatomy), Anterior cingulate cortex, Striatum, Prefrontal cortex, Central nervous system, Cognition, Dopamine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4378084778\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4378084778\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":17,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W249845531\",\"https://openalex.org/W878533373\",\"https://openalex.org/W1218133796\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607671357\",\"https://openalex.org/W1691941589\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970108241\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974316717\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976431827\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979600308\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986624071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011889986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020778578\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024875626\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025204726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032386770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035462451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039169438\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050297923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057478907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061494834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064153375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072522618\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075556735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079818797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080962980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081534285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083207963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093593858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097983973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2224527671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2234472934\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2407151076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2595255406\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623311414\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767241173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886680918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887016981\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914710263\",\"https://openalex.org/W2924763228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994882463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3017727512\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093454394\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162476260\",\"https://openalex.org/W3187804795\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213458191\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226057129\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280648670\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309269582\",\"https://openalex.org/W6713506532\",\"https://openalex.org/W7033452965\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000835247\",\"display_name\":\"Junhong Liu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9786-7601\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100423153\",\"display_name\":\"Yuanyuan Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-1654\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005099065\",\"display_name\":\"Ke Xia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9699-9901\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059933519\",\"display_name\":\"Jinfeng Wu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8539-0973\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018493023\",\"display_name\":\"Danhao Zheng\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090433356\",\"display_name\":\"Aoling Cai\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2518-1621\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107114291\",\"display_name\":\"Haitao Yan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108315379\",\"display_name\":\"Ruibin Su\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S115201632\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1168911\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4378084778" }, { "id": 1126, "title": "[Psilocybin-Assisted Treatment of Depression, Anxiety and Substance use Disorders: Neurobiological Basis and Clinical Application].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted treatment of depression anxiety and substance use disorders neurobiological basis and clinical application", "authors": "Lasch A, Schweikert T, Dora E, Kolb T, Schurig HL, Walther A.", "abstract": "Successful therapy of mental disorders is very important in view of the high level of suffering of those affected. Since established pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic approaches do not lead to the desired improvement in all cases, complementary or alternative treatment methods are intensively researched. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy seems particularly promising, and has been approved in the USA for larger clinical trials. Psilocybin belongs to the group of psychedelics and influences psychological experiences. In assisted therapy, psilocybin is administered in controlled doses under medical supervision to patients with different mental disorders. In the studies conducted so far, longer-term positive effects could be shown after just one or a few doses. In order to provide a better understanding of the potential therapeutic mechanisms, this article will first describe neurobiological and psychological effects of psilocybin. To better assess the potential of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for various disorders, clinical studies conducted so far with patients administered psilocybin are reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1055/a-2046-5202", "pubmed_id": "37207669", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2046-5202", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37207669\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1473, "title": "The evolution and ecology of psilocybin in nature.", "normalized_title": "the evolution and ecology of psilocybin in nature", "authors": "Meyer M, Slot J.", "abstract": "Fungi produce diverse metabolites that can have antimicrobial, antifungal, antifeedant, or psychoactive properties. Among these metabolites are the tryptamine-derived compounds psilocybin, its precursors, and natural derivatives (collectively referred to as psiloids), which have played significant roles in human society and culture. The high allocation of nitrogen to psiloids in mushrooms, along with evidence of convergent evolution and horizontal transfer of psilocybin genes, suggest they provide a selective benefit to some fungi. However, no precise ecological roles of psilocybin have been experimentally determined. The structural and functional similarities of psiloids to serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter in animals, suggest that they may enhance the fitness of fungi through interference with serotonergic processes. However, other ecological mechanisms of psiloids have been proposed. Here, we review the literature pertinent to psilocybin ecology and propose potential adaptive advantages psiloids may confer to fungi.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103812", "pubmed_id": "37210028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103812", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Antifungal Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37210028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1469, "title": "Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis Modulation: New Approaches in Treatment of Neuropsychological and Gastrointestinal Functional Disorders.", "normalized_title": "microbiome gut brain axis modulation new approaches in treatment of neuropsychological and gastrointestinal functional disorders", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the sophisticated bidirectional communication system connecting the digestive system with the central nervous system. This interaction is enabled by a series of intricate signaling processes, encompassing various neuro-immune and hormonal pathways. The association between the gut microbiome and mental health has garnered immense scientific and public interest, driven by an enhanced understanding of the microbiome's role in facilitating communication between the gut and the brain. This Patent Highlight discloses methods for promoting the colonization of spore-forming bacteria in the gastrointestinal track. These methods include administering a serotonin receptor agonist, such as psilocybin, psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bufotenine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, ergine, mescaline, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, and others.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00168", "pubmed_id": "37312838", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00168", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37312838\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions,Microbiome,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1497, "title": "Unblinding and demand characteristics in the treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "unblinding and demand characteristics in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Croal M, Marwood L, Malievskaia E", "abstract": "Blinding of treatment allocation in clinical trials in psychiatry is regarded as an ideal. The potential impact of unblinding chimes with a general concern for psychological research: so-called demand characteristics can undermine confidence in findings from experimental and clinical studies. Scepticism can result in nihilism. The reliance on subjective report of symptoms in clinical trials of drug efficacy in depression provides an important example. It is regularly implied that if subjective effects, including specific adverse reactions, unblind participants to an active treatment then evidence for its efficacy is suspect. In fact, the strong association between dose and subjective effects does not translate into a strong relationship with efficacy in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of conventional antidepressant drugs; this observation falsifies the proposition that unblinding is the principal mechanism driving RCT outcomes in studies of depression. Instead, changes in brain function, that occur soon after treatment starts, do predict treatment outcomes and align with our understanding of neurotransmitter effects from neuroscience. Psychedelic experience for the treatment of depression must be unblinding, but the effect results directly from serotonergic receptor activation and changes in brain connectivity. Where such effects are part of a novel mechanism of action, a strong dose response relationship would be expected, irrespective of unblinding. We highlight the importance of exploring blinding as a mechanism, confirming dose-related outcomes, and dissociating unblinding effects from efficacy. Unblinding does not necessarily invalidate the subjective experience of sustained recovery from depression.", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "publication_date": "2023-04-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.030", "pubmed_id": "36781142", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36781142/", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Demand characteristics, Depression, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Unblinding", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36781142\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1499, "title": "Safety, tolerability, and clinical and neural effects of single-dose psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover trial", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability and clinical and neural effects of single dose psilocybin in obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized double blind placebo controlled non crossover trial", "authors": "Terence H. W. Ching, Rachael Grazioplene, Calvin Bohner, Stephen A. Kichuk, Giuliana DePalmer, Elizabeth J. D’Amico, Jeffrey Eilbott, Anastasia Jankovsky, Michelle Burke, Jamila Hokanson, Brad Martins, Chelsea Witherow, Prerana Patel, Lucia Amoroso, Henry Schaer, Christopher Pittenger, Benjamin Kelmendi", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin may help treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To date, only one open-label study of psilocybin for OCD exists, necessitating further investigation with a randomized controlled design. The neural correlates of psilocybin's effects on OCD have also not been studied. Objectives: This first-of-its-kind trial aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, provide preliminary evidence on the effects of psilocybin on OCD symptoms, and elucidate neural mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's effects on OCD. Design: We use a randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover design to examine the clinical and neural effects of either a single dose of oral psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg) or active placebo-control agent (250 mg of niacin) on OCD symptoms. Methods and analysis: We are enrolling 30 adult participants at a single site in Connecticut, USA who have failed at least one trial of standard care treatment (medication/psychotherapy) for OCD. All participants will also receive unstructured, non-directive psychological support during visits. Aside from safety, primary outcomes include OCD symptoms over the past 24 h, assessed by the Acute Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Visual Analog Scale ratings. These are collected by blinded, independent raters at baseline and the primary endpoint of 48 h post-dosing. Total follow-up is 12 weeks post-dosing. Resting state neuroimaging data will be collected at baseline and primary endpoint. Participants randomized to placebo will be offered the chance to return for an open-label dose of 0.25 mg/kg. Ethics statement: All participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial (protocol v. 5.2) was approved by the institutional review board (HIC #2000020355) and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03356483). Discussion: This study may represent an advance in our ability to treat refractory OCD, and pave the way for future studies of neurobiological mechanisms of OCD that may respond to psilocybin.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-04-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529", "pubmed_id": "37181888", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tolerability, Placebo, Randomized controlled trial, Obsessive compulsive, Crossover study, Psychiatry, Psychology, Medicine, Dosing, Clinical endpoint, Hallucinogen, Adverse effect, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4366989647\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":27,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W78677904\",\"https://openalex.org/W122113993\",\"https://openalex.org/W200847362\",\"https://openalex.org/W306343222\",\"https://openalex.org/W568533716\",\"https://openalex.org/W1269562257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498057507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1599004146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1742833546\",\"https://openalex.org/W1790886046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897149844\",\"https://openalex.org/W1934577361\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965281512\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973451278\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993810702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000519244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006001020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006725552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006748124\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011329819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014833927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017857669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031040639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035162712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036557604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051355184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060153692\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063305190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069973131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079559446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079984335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082150145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084244487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084290400\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088864916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092175415\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093106172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100827418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100861230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114570941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123822033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131823335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139247364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145083290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150547685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151487996\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159186832\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168266150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169348857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401253652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2577533646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792256936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990405759\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090293687\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3129125412\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158498065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196904352\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213007658\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214511680\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224296821\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234021523\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252855288\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285007883\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293024119\",\"https://openalex.org/W4296782684\",\"https://openalex.org/W4303187823\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308146982\",\"https://openalex.org/W4322744805\",\"https://openalex.org/W4362635236\",\"https://openalex.org/W4399074339\",\"https://openalex.org/W6610802157\",\"https://openalex.org/W6637656337\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038288658\",\"display_name\":\"Terence H. W. Ching\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-2237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071673808\",\"display_name\":\"Rachael Grazioplene\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-4531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072571463\",\"display_name\":\"Calvin Bohner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090942004\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen A. Kichuk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028356592\",\"display_name\":\"Giuliana DePalmer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055980478\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth J. D’Amico\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-7804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112416887\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Eilbott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083774019\",\"display_name\":\"Anastasia Jankovsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-0958\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079717515\",\"display_name\":\"Michelle Burke\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058988830\",\"display_name\":\"Jamila Hokanson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085578203\",\"display_name\":\"Brad Martins\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083493446\",\"display_name\":\"Chelsea Witherow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077000472\",\"display_name\":\"Prerana Patel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051611172\",\"display_name\":\"Lucia Amoroso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065974780\",\"display_name\":\"Henry Schaer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001094886\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Pittenger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-9321\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110948308\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Kelmendi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-1326\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4366989647" }, { "id": 3181, "title": "High-resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "high resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Braun D, Rosenberg A, Haruvi R, Malamud D, Barbara R, Kawashima T.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are emerging therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, yet their underlying mechanisms of action in the brain remain largely elusive. Zebrafish have evolutionarily conserved serotonergic circuits and subcortical targets such as the brainstem regions and the cerebellum, providing a promising model for studying the subcortical effects of serotonergic drugs. Here, we developed a wide-field behavioral tracking system for larval zebrafish and investigated the effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic serotonin receptor agonist. Machine learning analyses of precise body kinematics identified latent behavioral states reflecting spontaneous exploration, visually-driven rapid swimming, and irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Using this method, we identified two main behavioral effects of acute psilocybin treatment: [i] increased rapid swimming in the absence of visual stimuli and [ii] prevention of irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Together, these effects indicate that psilocybin induces a brain state that is both stimulatory and anxiolytic. These findings pave the way for using larval zebrafish to elucidate subcortical mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-04-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.04.13.536830", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.13.536830", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR645777\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1506, "title": "Use of Selective Alternative Therapies for Treatment of OCD.", "normalized_title": "use of selective alternative therapies for treatment of ocd", "authors": "Khan I, Jaura TA, Tukruna A, Arif A, Tebha SS, Nasir S, Mukherjee D, Masroor N, Yosufi A.", "abstract": "About 40% of the people with the obsessive-compulsive-disorder do not experience the desired outcome after the existing treatment, and its several side effects were reported. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alternative drugs and assess the possibility of their use as treatment options for obsessive-compulsive-disorder. The Scientific databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Directory of Open Access Journals, MedRxiv and BioRxiv, were searched from inception to March 2022, using appropriate search strategies for each drug and following the Prisma guidelines 2020. Studies were selected according to the already set criteria and assessed for bias. Data were extracted, and descriptive and continuous data were analyzed and presented as frequency/percentage and mean. A total of 16 observational and interventional studies were included for data extraction. The studies focused on four drugs, Psilocybin (n=4), Cannabis (n=7), Nicotine (n=3), and Morphine (n=2), that were used to test out their effect on OCD symptoms. Overall, the majority of the studies showed promising results by documenting a reduction in Y-BOCS scores. However, few subjects, specifically those using nicotine or Cannabis, did not affect their condition or self-reported worsening symptoms. Few side effects were also noticed. This systematic review found that the drugs mostly showed a positive response. All Psilocybin and morphine users, 88.2% and 74.1% of the nicotine and Cannabis users, respectively, reported experiencing the positive effect of these drugs, indicating that these drugs have the potential to be used in the management of OCD. However, further research is required in this arena to thoroughly understand the mechanism of action by which these drugs produce their therapeutic effect. Policies to destigmatize and encourage clinical trials with these drugs are crucial for exploring the use of these drugs as a treatment option for OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s403997", "pubmed_id": "37041856", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s403997", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37041856\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1424, "title": "Are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain? Preliminary findings and research needs.", "normalized_title": "are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain preliminary findings and research needs", "authors": "Zia FZ, Baumann MH, Belouin SJ, Dworkin RH, Ghauri MH, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE, Lanier RK, Ross S, Berger A.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is a leading cause of disability, reduced productivity, healthcare seeking behavior, and a contributor to opioid overdose in the United States. For many people, pain can be satisfactorily managed by existing medicines and comprehensive psychosocial treatments. For others, available treatments are either ineffective or not acceptable, due to side effects and concerns about risks. Preliminary evidence suggests that some psychedelics may be effective for certain types of pain and/or improved quality of life with increased functionality and reduced disability and distress in people whose pain may never be completely relieved. Efficacy in these quality-of-life related outcomes would be consistent with the 'reset in thinking' about chronic pain management being increasingly called for as a more realistic goal for some people as compared to complete elimination of pain. This commentary summarizes the rationale for conducting more basic research and clinical trials to further explore the potential for psychedelics in chronic pain management. Additionally, if shown to be effective, to then determine whether the effects of psychedelics are primarily due to direct antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory mechanisms, or via increased tolerability, acceptance, and sense of spirituality, that appear to at least partially mediate the therapeutic effects of psychedelics observed in psychiatric disorders such as major depression. This commentary represents a collaboration of clinical and more basic scientists examining these issues and developing recommendations for research ranging from neuropharmacology to the biopsychosocial treatment factors that appear to be as important in pain management as in depression and other disorders in which psychedelic medicines are under development. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109528", "pubmed_id": "37015315", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109528", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Quality of Life, United States, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37015315\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1303, "title": "Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity", "authors": "Yingjie Du, Yunfeng Li, Xiangting Zhao, Yishan Yao, Bin Wang, Liming Zhang, Guyan Wang", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid. Psilocybin exerts substantial therapeutic effects on depression by promoting neuroplasticity. Fear extinction is a key process in the mechanism of first-line exposure-based therapies for PTSD. We hypothesized that psilocybin would facilitate fear extinction by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity. METHODS: First, we assessed the effects of psilocybin on percentage of freezing time in an auditory cued fear conditioning (FC) and fear extinction paradigm in mice. Psilocybin was administered 30 min before extinction training. Fear extinction testing was performed on the first day; fear extinction retrieval and fear renewal were tested on the sixth and seventh days, respectively. Furthermore, we verified the effect of psilocybin on hippocampal neuroplasticity using Golgi staining for the dendritic complexity and spine density, Western blotting for the protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and immunofluorescence staining for the numbers of doublecortin (DCX)- and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells. RESULTS: A single dose of psilocybin (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the increase in the percentage of freezing time induced by FC at 24 h, 6th day and 7th day after administration. In terms of structural neuroplasticity, psilocybin rescued the decrease in hippocampal dendritic complexity and spine density induced by FC; in terms of neuroplasticity related proteins, psilocybin rescued the decrease in the protein levels of hippocampal BDNF and mTOR induced by FC; in terms of neurogenesis, psilocybin rescued the decrease in the numbers of DCX- and BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus induced by FC. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of psilocybin facilitated rapid and sustained fear extinction; this effect might be partially mediated by the promotion of hippocampal neuroplasticity. This study indicates that psilocybin may be a useful adjunct to exposure-based therapies for PTSD and other mental disorders characterized by failure of fear extinction.", "journal": "Chinese Medical Journal", "publication_date": "2023-03-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/cm9.0000000000002647", "pubmed_id": "37000971", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000002647", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hippocampal formation, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Neuroplasticity, Neuroscience, Psychology, Cognitive psychology, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Biology, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Memory and Neural Mechanisms, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:36", "raw_json": 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Du\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-5024\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100326031\",\"display_name\":\"Yunfeng Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-8074\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058242531\",\"display_name\":\"Xiangting Zhao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043861769\",\"display_name\":\"Yishan Yao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8492-1688\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100372310\",\"display_name\":\"Bin Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-5360\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100646618\",\"display_name\":\"Liming Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-8193\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088725738\",\"display_name\":\"Guyan Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-5472\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S22240167\",\"source_display_name\":\"Chinese Medical Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000002647\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4362457938" }, { "id": 1494, "title": "[Contribution of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics].", "normalized_title": "contribution of serotonin 5 ht2a receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Ibi D.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder presents a substantial global health burden, and at least 30-40% of patients exhibit treatment resistance to antidepressants. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is used as an anesthetic agent. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved esketamine (the S-enantiomer of ketamine) as a therapeutic agent for treatment-resistant depression; however, this drug has reportedly been associated with serious side effects such as dissociative symptoms, thus limiting its clinical use as an antidepressant. Recently, various clinical studies have reported that psilocybin, the psychoactive substance found in magic mushrooms, has a fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder, including those resistant to conventional treatment. Furthermore, psilocybin is a psychoactive drug that is relatively harmless compared to ketamine and other similar substances. Accordingly, the FDA has designated psilocybin as a \"breakthrough therapy approach\" for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Additionally, serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide show some potential in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction. The increased attention the use of psychedelics has attracted as a psychiatric disorder treatment approach is referred to as the \"psychedelic renaissance\". Pharmacologically, psychedelics cause hallucinations by stimulating cortical serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2A), although whether 5-HT2A is responsible for the manifestation of their therapeutic effects remains unclear. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the hallucinations and \"mystical experience\" that the patients go through because of 5-HT2A activation by psychedelics is essential for the therapeutic effect of these substances. Future research should elucidate the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of psychedelics on psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder in clinical and pre-clinical studies, and discusses the possibility of 5-HT2A as a novel therapeutic target.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1254/fpj.22141", "pubmed_id": "36990794", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.22141", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Serotonin, Ketamine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36990794\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1476, "title": "In silico characterization of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway", "normalized_title": "in silico characterization of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway", "authors": "William Irvine, Marshall Tyler, Rupika Delgoda", "abstract": "", "journal": "Computational Biology and Chemistry", "publication_date": "2023-03-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107854", "pubmed_id": "36990027", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107854", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tryptamine, In silico, Biosynthesis, Chemistry, Docking (animal), Biochemistry, Homology modeling, Stereochemistry, Enzyme, Natural product, Biology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Medicine, Gene, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4360616011\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4360616011\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1711482514\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981021420\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997075839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006197769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016388239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018420238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021879075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028046413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029476353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029667189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035266068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035687084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043224156\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049475242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064388657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070753604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074473216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081693079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084367350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086719222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087385582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105668062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115167726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128572087\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134967712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142529984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146453159\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167832495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2345514294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567379065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765322245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883054842\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884828036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892071256\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892083369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011366455\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025476024\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136918052\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3163595068\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211232835\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234714728\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281492809\",\"https://openalex.org/W6649736567\",\"https://openalex.org/W6658918077\",\"https://openalex.org/W6659357550\",\"https://openalex.org/W6680198531\",\"https://openalex.org/W6681918977\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683642580\",\"https://openalex.org/W6704464832\",\"https://openalex.org/W6768045174\",\"https://openalex.org/W6793927682\",\"https://openalex.org/W6808128415\",\"https://openalex.org/W6816550875\",\"https://openalex.org/W7007799596\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039210182\",\"display_name\":\"William Irvine\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1500-136X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066282124\",\"display_name\":\"Marshall Tyler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5401-3104\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052636162\",\"display_name\":\"Rupika Delgoda\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-481X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S104924063\",\"source_display_name\":\"Computational Biology and Chemistry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107854\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4360616011" }, { "id": 1526, "title": "Psychedelic Targeting of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 and Its Implications for the Treatment of Alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and its implications for the treatment of alcoholism", "authors": "Domanegg K, Sommer WH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "Alcohol abuse is a leading risk factor for the public health burden worldwide. Approved pharmacotherapies have demonstrated limited effectiveness over the last few decades in treating alcohol use disorders (AUD). New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed. Historical and recent clinical trials using psychedelics in conjunction with psychotherapy demonstrated encouraging results in reducing heavy drinking in AUD patients, with psilocybin being the most promising candidate. While psychedelics are known to induce changes in gene expression and neuroplasticity, we still lack crucial information about how this specifically counteracts the alterations that occur in neuronal circuits throughout the course of addiction. This review synthesizes well-established knowledge from addiction research about pathophysiological mechanisms related to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), with findings and theories on how mGlu2 connects to the major signaling pathways induced by psychedelics via serotonin 2A receptors (2AR). We provide literature evidence that mGlu2 and 2AR are able to regulate each other's downstream signaling pathways, either through monovalent crosstalk or through the formation of a 2AR-mGlu2 heteromer, and highlight epigenetic mechanisms by which 2ARs can modulate mGlu2 expression. Lastly, we discuss how these pathways might be targeted therapeutically to restore mGlu2 function in AUD patients, thereby reducing the propensity to relapse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/cells12060963", "pubmed_id": "36980303", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12060963", "keywords": "Neurons, Humans, Alcoholism, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36980303\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3763, "title": "Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) Manual for Psilocybin Combined with Non-Directive Support in the Treatment of OCD", "normalized_title": "yale program for psychedelic science ypps manual for psilocybin combined with non directive support in the treatment of ocd", "authors": "Ching THW, Grazioplene R, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "The Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) supports a multi-disciplinary research community dedicated to investigating the effects of psychedelic substances on brain function, cognition, and behavior, including their therapeutic potential in treating neuropsychiatric conditions. In support of this mission, YPPS is testing the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, administered in conjunction with non-directive psychological support, as a treatment for certain neurological and psychiatric conditions. The current study, “Effects of repeated dosing of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, waitlist-controlled study” (NCT05370911), will investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin’s therapeutic effects on OCD. The study will employ a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings, with participants randomized to receive either immediate treatment (two doses of oral psilocybin separated by one week) or delayed treatment (7 weeks post-randomization). An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented; the first dose will be fixed at 25 mg of psilocybin, and the second dose will be 25 mg or 30 mg, depending on whether or not a clinically significant response is detected after the first dose. This manual provides background and details for facilitator-related activities at various phases - pre-dosing preparation sessions, dosing sessions, and post-dosing integration sessions. The approach for psychological support by facilitators is unstructured and non-directive. In other words, facilitators do not provide any structured therapy, but rather collaborate and support participants as they prepare for psilocybin dosing sessions, ensure their psychological safety during dosing sessions, and provide them with an unstructured, non-directive context in which to process and consolidate their experiences during and after each dosing at defined time points. In doing so, while no structured therapy program is implemented, the presence and accompaniment by facilitators throughout all study sessions in the treatment phase may be experienced as supportive or even therapeutic by participants. This manual shares several features with a previous YPPS protocol-specific session monitor manual for single-dose psilocybin paired with psychological support for OCD (Ching et al., 2022), including the primary focus on a non-directive approach for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions. Distinctive additions in this manual include a discussion of psychological processes in OCD that serve as a context for responsive facilitation of study visits, as well as updated facilitator checklists for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions specific to the current two-dose protocol.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ba42z", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ba42z", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR632316\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3186, "title": "Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) Manual for Psilocybin Combined with Non-Directive Support in the Treatment of OCD", "normalized_title": "yale program for psychedelic science ypps manual for psilocybin combined with non directive support in the treatment of ocd", "authors": "", "abstract": "The Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) supports a multi-disciplinary research community dedicated to investigating the effects of psychedelic substances on brain function, cognition, and behavior, including their therapeutic potential in treating neuropsychiatric conditions. In support of this mission, YPPS is testing the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, administered in conjunction with non-directive psychological support, as a treatment for certain neurological and psychiatric conditions. The current study, “Effects of repeated dosing of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, waitlist-controlled study” (NCT05370911), will investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin’s therapeutic effects on OCD. The study will employ a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings, with participants randomized to receive either immediate treatment (two doses of oral psilocybin separated by one week) or delayed treatment (7 weeks post-randomization). An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented; the first dose will be fixed at 25 mg of psilocybin, and the second dose will be 25 mg or 30 mg, depending on whether or not a clinically significant response is detected after the first dose. This manual provides background and details for facilitator-related activities at various phases - pre-dosing preparation sessions, dosing sessions, and post-dosing integration sessions. The approach for psychological support by facilitators is unstructured and non-directive. In other words, facilitators do not provide any structured therapy, but rather collaborate and support participants as they prepare for psilocybin dosing sessions, ensure their psychological safety during dosing sessions, and provide them with an unstructured, non-directive context in which to process and consolidate their experiences during and after each dosing at defined time points. In doing so, while no structured therapy program is implemented, the presence and accompaniment by facilitators throughout all study sessions in the treatment phase may be experienced as supportive or even therapeutic by participants. This manual shares several features with a previous YPPS protocol-specific session monitor manual for single-dose psilocybin paired with psychological support for OCD (Ching et al., 2022), including the primary focus on a non-directive approach for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions. Distinctive additions in this manual include a discussion of psychological processes in OCD that serve as a context for responsive facilitation of study visits, as well as updated facilitator checklists for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions specific to the current two-dose protocol.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ba42z_v1", "keywords": "manual, non-directive, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychiatry, psychology, psychopharmacology, therapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Intervention Research, Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ba42z_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1531, "title": "The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice", "normalized_title": "the effect of combined treatment of psilocybin and eugenol on lipopolysaccharide induced brain inflammation in mice", "authors": "Timur Zanikov, Marta Gerasymchuk, Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani, Gregory Ian Robinson, Shima Asghari, Alyssa Groves, Lucie Haselhorst, Sanjana Nandakumar, Cora Stahl, Mackenzie Cameron, Dongping Li, Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez, Alexandra Snelling, Darryl Hudson, Anna Fiselier, Olga Kovalchuk, Igor Kovalchuk", "abstract": "Inflammation is an organism’s biological defense mechanism. Acute and chronic inflammation of the body triggers the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that can affect the content of cytokines in the brain and thus cause brain inflammation. Disorders such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often associated with elevated inflammation. Recently, positive and promising clinical results of psilocybin for the treatment of depression and PTSD were reported. Thus, we decided to test whether psilocybin alone or in combination with eugenol, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, would prevent the increase in or decrease the content of cytokines in the brain of C57BL/6J mice injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Two experiments were performed, one with pre-treatment of mice through gavage with psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg), eugenol (17.6 mg/kg), or combinations of psilocybin and eugenol (1:10, 1:20, or 1:50), followed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, and the second, post-treatment, with initial injection with LPS, followed by treatment with psilocybin, eugenol, or their combination. Brain tissues were collected, and cytokines were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test or with multiple unpaired t-tests. LPS upregulated mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. All pre-treatments decreased the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α, with psilocybin alone and in 1:50 combination, with eugenol being the most effective. In the post-treatment, all combinations of psilocybin and eugenol were effective in reducing inflammation, with the 1:50 ratio displaying the most prominent results in reducing the mRNA content of tested cytokines. Western blot analysis confirmed the effect on COX-2 and IL-1β proteins. Finally, the ELISA showed that post-treatment with psilocybin + eugenol (1:50) demonstrated the best results, decreasing the expression of multiple markers including IL-6 and IL-8. This demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of psilocybin and eugenol in the brain of animals with systemically induced inflammation.", "journal": "Molecules", "publication_date": "2023-03-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/molecules28062624", "pubmed_id": "36985596", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062624", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Pharmacology, Eugenol, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Intraperitoneal injection, Western blot, Medicine, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Biochemistry, Organic chemistry, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4324147331\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":48,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1861219352\",\"https://openalex.org/W1915977580\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971200109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005544826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015157276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025791726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045076787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077238267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089326186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115467203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139635418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145766029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146578632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168489336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290466312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2302151110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318387838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2507842763\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528491208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2583168382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2602642359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604594354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618584891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772553845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2774947569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802032956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806376977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897231194\",\"https://openalex.org/W2905573083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2935539797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2937412659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942644557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944532057\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948410175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964408032\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971227730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995236062\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003243981\",\"https://openalex.org/W3067861562\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080361799\",\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092411560\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108492979\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112344668\",\"https://openalex.org/W3135111051\",\"https://openalex.org/W3153631010\",\"https://openalex.org/W3191550608\",\"https://openalex.org/W3194318106\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207700705\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209404967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216630867\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220783009\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220897376\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280530201\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293760954\",\"https://openalex.org/W6735601588\",\"https://openalex.org/W6772988975\",\"https://openalex.org/W6800164675\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033350413\",\"display_name\":\"Timur Zanikov\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1321-7107\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025253146\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Gerasymchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-8086\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063575688\",\"display_name\":\"Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090284179\",\"display_name\":\"Gregory Ian Robinson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-2788\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031621850\",\"display_name\":\"Shima Asghari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-3402\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057389293\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa Groves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-4755\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057280753\",\"display_name\":\"Lucie Haselhorst\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075135524\",\"display_name\":\"Sanjana Nandakumar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-5521\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005046153\",\"display_name\":\"Cora Stahl\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059745101\",\"display_name\":\"Mackenzie Cameron\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1259-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100779873\",\"display_name\":\"Dongping Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-9929\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069482413\",\"display_name\":\"Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057724984\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra Snelling\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006199499\",\"display_name\":\"Darryl Hudson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8828-0435\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002192129\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Fiselier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015793767\",\"display_name\":\"Olga Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-8111\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042868572\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Kovalchuk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-6928\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S108911230\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecules\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062624\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4324147331" }, { "id": 1465, "title": "Preclinical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "preclinical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Wulff AB, Nichols CD, Thompson SM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have shown extraordinary potential in treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin, for example, has now been shown in several clinical trials to induce a rapid (within days) and persistent (3-12 months) improvement in human treatment-resistant depression and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Here we review the preclinical models and experimental approaches that have been used to study the neurobiological actions of psychedelic drugs. We further summarize the insights these studies have provided into the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of their therapeutic actions, including the receptors to which psychedelics bind and the second messenger signaling cascades that they activate. We also discuss potential biological processes that psychedelics may alter to produce the lasting amelioration of symptoms, including improvements in synaptic structure and function and suppression of inflammation. Improved mechanistic understanding of psychedelic drug actions will aid in the advancement of these promising new medicines. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504", "pubmed_id": "36921889", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504", "keywords": "Humans, Inflammation, Hallucinogens, United States, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36921889\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1536, "title": "Inhibition of Microglial GSK3β Activity Is Common to Different Kinds of Antidepressants: A Proposal for an In Vitro Screen to Detect Novel Antidepressant Principles.", "normalized_title": "inhibition of microglial gsk3β activity is common to different kinds of antidepressants a proposal for an in vitro screen to detect novel antidepressant principles", "authors": "Kalkman HO", "abstract": "Depression is a major public health concern. Unfortunately, the present antidepressants often are insufficiently effective, whilst the discovery of more effective antidepressants has been extremely sluggish. The objective of this review was to combine the literature on depression with the pharmacology of antidepressant compounds, in order to formulate a conceivable pathophysiological process, allowing proposals how to accelerate the discovery process. Risk factors for depression initiate an infection-like inflammation in the brain that involves activation microglial Toll-like receptors and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). GSK3β activity alters the balance between two competing transcription factors, the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative transcription factor NFκB and the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative transcription factor NRF2. The antidepressant activity of tricyclic antidepressants is assumed to involve activation of G-coupled microglial receptors, raising intracellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA and similar kinases inhibit the enzyme activity of GSK3β. Experimental antidepressant principles, including cannabinoid receptor-2 activation, opioid μ receptor agonists, 5HT2 agonists, valproate, ketamine and electrical stimulation of the Vagus nerve, all activate microglial pathways that result in GSK3β-inhibition. An in vitro screen for NRF2-activation in microglial cells with TLR-activated GSK3β activity, might therefore lead to the detection of totally novel antidepressant principles with, hopefully, an improved therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": "Biomedicines", "publication_date": "2023-03-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines11030806", "pubmed_id": "36979785", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979785/", "keywords": "5-HT2B, GS-coupled receptor, GSK3β, NRF2, cannabinoid CBR2, depression risk factor, ketamine, microglia, psilocybin, toll-like receptor", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36979785\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1538, "title": "Discovering the Potential Mechanisms of Medicinal Mushrooms Antidepressant Activity: A Review.", "normalized_title": "discovering the potential mechanisms of medicinal mushrooms antidepressant activity a review", "authors": "Lazur J, Hnatyk K, Kała K, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Muszyńska B.", "abstract": "Major Depression Disease is a common mental illness that affects more than 322 million people worldwide and it is one of the leading causes of mental and physical disability. The etiology of depression is a complex interplay of psychological, social, and biological factors. Currently, psychopharmacotherapy is based mainly on the monoamine theory, which states that depression is caused by an insufficient level of monoamines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine. Due to the relatively low efficacy of the typical antidepressant and the high prevalence of treatment-resistant depression (~30%), seeking new ways of prophylaxis, adjuvant therapy, or novel compounds with antidepressant activity, is a priority. According to studies that analyzed mushroom consumption patterns and depression prevalence, it was concluded that mushroom ingestion lowers the odds of depression. Medicinal mushrooms are considered functional foods because of their ability to synthesize and accumulate different types of metabolites, which enhance their health-promoting properties. The review aims to explain the antidepressant activity of edible/medicinal mushrooms by elucidating the mechanism from different perspectives: edible mushrooms as a source of serotonin precursors and psilocybin as a rapid-acting antidepressant. These compounds exhibit anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities that impact neurotrophin expression, the neurogenesis process, and influence on the gut-brain axis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/antiox12030623", "pubmed_id": "36978872", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030623", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36978872\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1546, "title": "Interaction of psychedelic tryptamine derivatives with a lipid bilayer.", "normalized_title": "interaction of psychedelic tryptamine derivatives with a lipid bilayer", "authors": "Zohairi F, Khandelia H, Hakami Zanjani AA", "abstract": "Naturally occurring psychedelics have been used for a long time as remedies or in religious ceremonies and recreational activities. Recent studies have proven the therapeutic potential of some psychedelic compounds to safely treat a wide range of diseases such as anxiety, depression, migraine, and addiction. It is hypothesized that psychedelic compounds like tryptamines can exert their effects by two possible mechanisms: binding to the transmembrane serotonin receptor and/or modifying the properties of the neuronal membrane that can alter the conformational equilibrium and desensitize receptors. The impact of three different tryptamine class compounds with a tertiary amine (dimethyltryptamine, bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT) in both neutral and charged forms on a model bilayer lipid membrane are studied using all-atom MD simulations. All compounds partition into the bilayer, and change membrane properties, but to different extents. We determine the tendency of compounds to partition into the membrane by free energy calculations. Neutral tryptamines partition into the bilayer almost completely. Dimethyltryptamine and 5-MeO-DMT cross the membrane spontaneously during the simulation time, but bufotenine does not, although it has the maximum effect on the structural properties of the membrane. However, protonated compounds partition partially into the bilayer and cannot pass through the middle of the membrane during the simulation time. In this way, subtle alteration of chemical structure can play a significant role in the improvement or deterioration of partitioning of these compounds into the bilayer and their passage across the membrane.", "journal": "Chemistry and physics of lipids", "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105279", "pubmed_id": "36627076", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36627076/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, Bufotenine, DMT, Lipid-compound interactions, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Psilocin, Psychedelic compounds, Serotonin, Tryptamine", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36627076\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1534, "title": "A Single Administration of Psilocybin Persistently Rescues Cognitive Deficits Caused by Adolescent Chronic Restraint Stress Without Long-Term Changes in Synaptic Protein Gene Expression in a Rat Experimental System with Translational Relevance to Depression", "normalized_title": "a single administration of psilocybin persistently rescues cognitive deficits caused by adolescent chronic restraint stress without long term changes in synaptic protein gene expression in a rat experimental system with translational relevance to depression", "authors": "Meghan Hibicke, Hannah M. Kramer, Charles D. Nichols", "abstract": "Introduction: Psilocybin has shown long-lasting antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical trials, but the mechanisms responsible are unclear. As both passive coping strategies and pattern separation deficits are characteristics of major depression, we used adult female rats subjected to adolescent chronic restraint stress (aCRS) to investigate the effects of psilocybin on forced swim test (FST) and object pattern separation (OPS) behaviors 5 weeks after a single administration. Methods: Adolescent rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups-not restrained/saline, not restrained/psilocybin, restrained/saline, and restrained/psilocybin. Restrained group rats were restrained for 1 h daily from day 1 through day 14. Saline and psilocybin were administered on day 21, OPS was evaluated on days 51-55, forced swim behavior was evaluated on day 57 or 58, and animals were sacrificed on day 63. Brains were removed and the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal dentate gyrus, dorsal CA3 hippocampal area, and ventral hippocampus were microdissected out and prepared for mRNA analysis of a panel of genes relevant to synaptic plasticity using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Psilocybin rescued cognitive function in aCRS rats in both assays, but did not affect either measure in nonstressed rats. Immobility in the FST was correlated with impaired discrimination ability in the OPS. No differences in mRNA expression for a panel of genes related to structural synaptic proteins were observed between groups, although stress was a significant contributor to variability of the gene for glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 ( Grm2 ) in two hippocampal regions. Conclusions: Our data indicate that aCRS and OPS represent a powerful system with translational relevance to study depression, and that a single treatment with psilocybin has long-lasting antidepressant-like effects without long-term alterations of mRNA related to synaptic density in brain areas relevant to depression.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0012", "pubmed_id": "40047006", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0012", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Cognition, Psilocybin, Psychology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4323041020\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4323041020\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":25,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W496281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1483755689\",\"https://openalex.org/W1504181864\",\"https://openalex.org/W1558137567\",\"https://openalex.org/W1653678085\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965558640\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972928390\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976729520\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977694851\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983399941\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988474369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001243727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005354224\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011204842\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012438895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013598219\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020371486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034861313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039108005\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042404539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046365217\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048740604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050123488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055096975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057200138\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063719286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064148637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071289935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074897360\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082068743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082305818\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085758661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089299823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092869092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105520948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109718163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131360673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132158939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137978956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143648030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146316688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147109950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160115379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162661740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163709008\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165107373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2212064423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319857727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398800790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400665110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581621059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2596554562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2596798372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604795661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2614237850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2742985209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2759625724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801418002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802678418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805248302\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883934266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888139965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890187437\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2933363539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2967602434\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009608926\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010604170\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035142336\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105750152\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111109377\",\"https://openalex.org/W3128197953\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165684389\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166424032\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197859851\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203928800\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205085416\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210974819\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213145592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4281869157\",\"https://openalex.org/W4282963889\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283700520\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283718372\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008298741\",\"display_name\":\"Meghan Hibicke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9789\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054801512\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah M. Kramer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387284413\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0012\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4323041020" }, { "id": 1527, "title": "Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "default mode network modulation by psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Perkins D, Ruffell S, Lawrence AJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Timmermann C, Castle D, Rossell SL, Downey LA, Pagni BA, Galvão-Coelho NL, Nutt D, Sarris J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are a unique class of drug that commonly produce vivid hallucinations as well as profound psychological and mystical experiences. A grouping of interconnected brain regions characterized by increased temporal coherence at rest have been termed the Default Mode Network (DMN). The DMN has been the focus of numerous studies assessing its role in self-referencing, mind wandering, and autobiographical memories. Altered connectivity in the DMN has been associated with a range of neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. To date, several studies have investigated how psychedelics modulate this network, but no comprehensive review, to our knowledge, has critically evaluated how major classical psychedelic agents-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and ayahuasca-modulate the DMN. Here we present a systematic review of the knowledge base. Across psychedelics there is consistent acute disruption in resting state connectivity within the DMN and increased functional connectivity between canonical resting-state networks. Various models have been proposed to explain the cognitive mechanisms of psychedelics, and in one model DMN modulation is a central axiom. Although the DMN is consistently implicated in psychedelic studies, it is unclear how central the DMN is to the therapeutic potential of classical psychedelic agents. This article aims to provide the field with a comprehensive overview that can propel future research in such a way as to elucidate the neurocognitive mechanisms of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyac074", "pubmed_id": "36272145", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac074", "keywords": "Brain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36272145\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1564, "title": "Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology?-A Systematic Review of the Main Ergolamines, Simple Tryptamines, and Phenylethylamines.", "normalized_title": "hofmann vs paracelsus do psychedelics defy the basics of toxicology a systematic review of the main ergolamines simple tryptamines and phenylethylamines", "authors": "Henríquez-Hernández LA, Rojas-Hernández J, Quintana-Hernández DJ, Borkel LF.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are experiencing a strong renaissance and will soon be incorporated into clinical practice. However, there is uncertainty about how much harm they can cause at what doses. This review aimed to collect information on the health-hazardous doses of psychedelic substances, to be aware of the risks to which patients may be subjected. We focused on ergolamines, simple tryptamines, and phenylethylamines. We reviewed articles published in major medical and scientific databases. Studies reporting toxic or lethal doses in humans and animals were included. We followed PRISMA criteria for revisions. We identified 3032 manuscripts for inclusion. Of these, 33 were ultimately useful and gave relevant information about effects associated with high psychedelics doses. Despite having different molecular structures and different mechanisms of action, psychedelics are effective at very low doses, are not addictive, and are harmful at extremely high doses. For LSD and psilocybin, no dose has been established above which the lives of users are endangered. In contrast, MDMA appears to be the most dangerous substance, although reports are biased by recreational missuses. It seems that it is not only the dose that makes the poison. In the case of psychedelics, the set and setting make the poison.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/toxics11020148", "pubmed_id": "36851023", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020148", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36851023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1544, "title": "Utility of preclinical models in the study of psilocybin - A comprehensive review.", "normalized_title": "utility of preclinical models in the study of psilocybin a comprehensive review", "authors": "Pedicini M, Cordner ZA.", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin across a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders is rapidly expanding. Despite promising clinical data and tremendous public enthusiasm, complimentary basic and translational studies - which are critical for advancing our understanding of psilocybin's biological effects and promoting innovation - have been relatively few. As with all work involving the study of complex neuropsychopharmacology, the search for deeper understanding of biological mechanisms, and the need for nuanced behavioral analyses in the context of both normal and diseased states, the roles for preclinical models are clear. A systematic search of the literature identified 57 articles involving the study of psilocybin in preclinical rodent models. A comprehensive review and thematic analysis identified 4 broad areas of investigation - pharmacology, toxicity, effects on disease models, and molecular mechanisms - with pharmacology studies accounting for the majority. Though these papers represent a still remarkably small body of literature, several important conclusions can already be drawn, and several areas of high priority for future work can be identified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105046", "pubmed_id": "36646257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105046", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36646257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1398, "title": "Psychedelics for Patients With Cancer: A Comprehensive Literature Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for patients with cancer a comprehensive literature review", "authors": "White CM, Weisman N, Dalo J.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo assess the role of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety or depression among patients with cancer.Data sourcesPubMed search from inception to March 11, 2022, using the terms anxiety, depression, psychedelics, psilocybin, lysergic acid, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or ayahuasca.Study selection and data extractionStudies assessing patients with cancer receiving psychedelics for the treatment of anxiety or depression.Data synthesisFive unique randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted. Significant reductions were found in 2 trials with 2 anxiety scales (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait) and in 1 trial with 2 additional anxiety scales (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety). Significant reductions were found in 2 trials in 2 depression scales (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, Beck Depression Inventory) and in 1 trial with an additional depression scale (Hamilton Rating Scale-Depression). Two studies assessed for clinically relevant reductions in anxiety and depression scores, and they occurred much more commonly in psychedelic-treated patients than those given placebo.Relevance to patient care and clinical practiceThere is a new potential option for treating patients with anxiety and depression along with cancer, which is important given the generally lackluster benefits with traditional antidepressants. Only a few sessions may also provide benefits extending out for 6 to 12 months and possibly beyond that. However, the studies were small, had many methodological limitations, and there were increases in blood pressure and heart rate.ConclusionsPsychedelics have a unique mechanism of action that might be well suited for treating anxiety and depression associated with cancer. This offers new promise for patients who are not being sufficiently treated with current antianxiety or antidepressant medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10600280221144055", "pubmed_id": "36635883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280221144055", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36635883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1580, "title": "The Bright Side of Psychedelics: Latest Advances and Challenges in Neuropharmacology.", "normalized_title": "the bright side of psychedelics latest advances and challenges in neuropharmacology", "authors": "Mastinu A, Anyanwu M, Carone M, Abate G, Bonini SA, Peron G, Tirelli E, Pucci M, Ribaudo G, Oselladore E, Premoli M, Gianoncelli A, Uberti DL, Memo M.", "abstract": "The need to identify effective therapies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is a particularly important issue in modern societies. In addition, difficulties in finding new drugs have led pharmacologists to review and re-evaluate some past molecules, including psychedelics. For several years there has been growing interest among psychotherapists in psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, of depression, or of post-traumatic stress disorder, although results are not always clear and definitive. In fact, the mechanisms of action of psychedelics are not yet fully understood and some molecular aspects have yet to be well defined. Thus, this review aims to summarize the ethnobotanical uses of the best-known psychedelic plants and the pharmacological mechanisms of the main active ingredients they contain. Furthermore, an up-to-date overview of structural and computational studies performed to evaluate the affinity and binding modes to biologically relevant receptors of ibogaine, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and lysergic acid diethylamide is presented. Finally, the most recent clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of psychedelic molecules in some psychiatric disorders are discussed and compared with drugs already used in therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms24021329", "pubmed_id": "36674849", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021329", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Neuropharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36674849\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1545, "title": "Psilocin suppresses methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and acquisition of conditioned place preference via D2R-mediated ERK signaling", "normalized_title": "psilocin suppresses methamphetamine induced hyperlocomotion and acquisition of conditioned place preference via d2r mediated erk signaling", "authors": "Jing Wang, Min Liang, Qing Shang, Hongyan Qian, Ran An, Hua Liu, Gaojie Shao, Tao Li, Xinshe Liu", "abstract": "AIM: Psilocin is an active metabolite form of psilocybin and exerts psychoactive effects. Recent studies suggest that psilocin may have regulatory effects on abuse drugs, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we want to explore the effects of psilocin on methamphetamine (METH)-induced alterations of behavior in mice and its molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Acute METH administration model and conditioned place preference (CPP) model were used to investigate the effects of psilocin on METH-induced alterations of behavior. Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins. RESULTS: In the acute 2 mg/kg METH administration model, 1 mg/kg psilocin counteracted METH-induced elevation of activity. In the 1 mg/kg METH-induced CPP model, 1 mg/kg psilocin inhibited CPP formation during the acquisition phase. However, psilocin did not impact METH extinction and relapse. Molecular results showed that the regulatory effect of psilocin on METH was underscored by altered expression of dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) and phosphorylated extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Trifluoperazine (TFP)-2HCl is a D2R inhibitor, and SCH772984 is a selective extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor that effectively inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The results indicated that 2 mg/kg TFP-2HCl and 10 mg/kg SCH772984 blocked METH-induced hyperactivity and acquisition of METH-induced CPP. CONCLUSION: Psilocin has regulatory effects on METH-induced alterations of behavior in mice via D2R-mediated signal regulation of ERK phosphorylation.", "journal": "CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics", "publication_date": "2023-01-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/cns.14054", "pubmed_id": "36627756", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14054", "keywords": "Meth-, Methamphetamine, MAPK/ERK pathway, Chemistry, Conditioned place preference, Pharmacology, Nucleus accumbens, Psilocybin, Kinase, Ventral tegmental area, Signal transduction, Dopamine, Hallucinogen, Biochemistry, Dopaminergic, Receptor, Neuroscience, Biology, Organic chemistry, Monomer, Polymer, Acrylate, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4315619317\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4315619317\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":23,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1173032613\",\"https://openalex.org/W1774782845\",\"https://openalex.org/W1887652119\",\"https://openalex.org/W1894647419\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969553782\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971690948\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981845617\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983083273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989816896\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998939463\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007174084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013538095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034592530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035129861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051016570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064770927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065619226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067592930\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069437503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078902726\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102850668\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103515628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124082761\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133748172\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140864873\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154345916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2222888639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328853217\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412909457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2779452853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793096639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2908071017\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913489935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969378138\",\"https://openalex.org/W3200923977\",\"https://openalex.org/W3208857567\",\"https://openalex.org/W4224243902\",\"https://openalex.org/W4315619317\",\"https://openalex.org/W6816997659\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076446024\",\"display_name\":\"Jing Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0146-1963\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018331471\",\"display_name\":\"Min Liang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-0043\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033244781\",\"display_name\":\"Qing Shang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-4795\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102707497\",\"display_name\":\"Hongyan Qian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-0227\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100319291\",\"display_name\":\"Ran An\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-0120\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100321336\",\"display_name\":\"Hua Liu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-3337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045853031\",\"display_name\":\"Gaojie Shao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100455372\",\"display_name\":\"Tao Li\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-0212\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010926812\",\"display_name\":\"Xinshe Liu\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S84392608\",\"source_display_name\":\"CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14054\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4315619317" }, { "id": 5630, "title": "Psilocin esters - An investigation of synthetic feasibility, chemical, and metabolic stability", "normalized_title": "psilocin esters an investigation of synthetic feasibility chemical and metabolic stability", "authors": "Eklund, Julia", "abstract": "Julia Eklund - Psilocin esters - An investigation of synthetic feasibility, chemical, and metabolic stability (psychedelic molecules, 4th-5th September 2023, Prague, Czech Republic)", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.16912635", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16912635", "keywords": "Chemistry, Metabolic stability, Organic chemistry, Chromatography, Thermal stability, Metabolic pathway, Stability (learning theory), Mass spectrometry, High-performance liquid chromatography, Chemical stability, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:10", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 06:52:10", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7104565720\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7104565720\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Eklund, Julia\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16912635\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7104565720" }, { "id": 4864, "title": "Case report: Prolonged amelioration of mild red-green color vision deficiency following psilocybin mushroom use", "normalized_title": "case report prolonged amelioration of mild red green color vision deficiency following psilocybin mushroom use", "authors": "Brian S. Barnett, Noah Wiles Sweat, Peter S. Hendricks", "abstract": "Background Recent survey data indicate that some people report long-term improvement in color vision deficiency (CVD), also known as color blindness, following use of psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. However, there are no objective data reported in the medical literature quantifying the degree or duration of CVD improvement associated with psychedelic use. Case presentation Here we present the case of a subject with red-green CVD (mild deuteranomalia) who self-administered the Ishihara Test to quantify the degree and duration of CVD improvement following the use of 5 g of dried psilocybin mushrooms. Self-reported Ishihara Test data from the subject revealed partial improvement in CVD peaking at 8 days and persisting for at least 16 days post-psilocybin administration. This improvement may have lasted longer, though the subsequent observations are confounded by additional substance use. Conclusion A single use of psilocybin may produce partial improvements in CVD extending beyond the period of acute effect, despite this condition typically resulting from a genetic defect. Systematic exploration of this possible phenomenon is needed to confirm our findings, gauge their generalizability, and determine the mechanism of action.", "journal": "Drug Science Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/20503245231172536", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245231172536", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Generalizability theory, Medicine, Psychology, Psychiatry, Developmental psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4367723807\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4367723807\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1967303768\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977445542\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980563902\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982203694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999910754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013734228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017405236\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018112939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021572283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026078076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032616969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054375080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061607209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065188332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071527820\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085132635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086396353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086891618\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095577612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096610047\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106375013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114629758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137473377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164608623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333108901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2342939947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2409554261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791821348\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897942153\",\"https://openalex.org/W3021860722\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096479563\",\"https://openalex.org/W3097501343\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127399862\",\"https://openalex.org/W3128094216\",\"https://openalex.org/W4308294035\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018028836\",\"display_name\":\"Brian S. Barnett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8963-5701\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059008594\",\"display_name\":\"Noah Wiles Sweat\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004506349\",\"display_name\":\"Peter S. Hendricks\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210227935\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Science Policy and Law\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245231172536\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4367723807" }, { "id": 1576, "title": "Is psilocybin an effective antidepressant and what is its Mechanism of action?", "normalized_title": "is psilocybin an effective antidepressant and what is its mechanism of action", "authors": "Mann JJ.", "abstract": "Goodwin et al.1 report a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin has an antidepressant effect short-term in medication-resistant depression. Unanswered questions include drug blood level as a guide to dose, psychedelic effects relationship to antidepressant benefit, and potential suicide risk of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100906", "pubmed_id": "36652915", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100906", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36652915\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1515, "title": "Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis.", "normalized_title": "seeking the psilocybiome psychedelics meet the microbiota gut brain axis", "authors": "Kelly JR, Clarke G, Harkin A, Corr SC, Galvin S, Pradeep V, Cryan JF, O'Keane V, Dinan TG", "abstract": "Moving towards a systems psychiatry paradigm embraces the inherent complex interactions across all levels from micro to macro and necessitates an integrated approach to treatment. Cortical 5-HT receptors are key primary targets for the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy are complex and traverse molecular, cellular, and network levels, under the influence of biofeedback signals from the periphery and the environment. At the interface between the individual and the environment, the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the unconscious parallel processing systems regulating host neurophysiology. While psychedelic and microbial signalling systems operate over different timescales, the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, as a convergence hub between multiple biofeedback systems may play a role in the preparatory phase, the acute administration phase, and the integration phase of psychedelic therapy. In keeping with an interconnected systems-based approach, this review will discuss the gut microbiome and mycobiome and pathways of the MGB axis, and then explore the potential interaction between psychedelic therapy and the MGB axis and how this might influence mechanism of action and treatment response. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications for a precision medicine-based psychedelic therapy paradigm.", "journal": "International journal of clinical and health psychology: IJCHP", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349", "pubmed_id": "36605409", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36605409/", "keywords": "Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), hallucinogens, microbiome, microbiota-gut-brain axis, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36605409\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Microbiome", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1507, "title": "Psychedelics, entropic brain theory, and the taxonomy of conscious states: a summary of debates and perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics entropic brain theory and the taxonomy of conscious states a summary of debates and perspectives", "authors": "Rankaduwa S, Owen AM", "abstract": "Given their recent success in counseling and psychiatry, the dialogue around psychedelics has mainly focused on their applications for mental health. Insights from psychedelic research, however, are not limited to treating mental health, but also have much to offer our current understanding of consciousness. The investigation of psychedelic states has offered new perspectives on how different aspects of conscious experience are mediated by brain activity; as such, much more has been learned about consciousness in terms of its phenomenology and potential mechanisms. One theory that describes how psychedelics influence brain activity is the \"entropic brain theory\" (EBT), which attempts to understand conscious states-normal and psychedelic-in terms of \"brain entropy.\" Given its wide explanatory reach, this theory has several implications for current debates in consciousness research, namely the issue of whether consciousness exists in levels vs. dimensions; whether the psychedelic state is itself a \"higher\" level of consciousness; and if so, whether psychedelics could be used to treat disorders of consciousness. To understand how psychedelics could possibly treat a minimally conscious or vegetative patient, one must first understand EBT and how this theory intersects with these ongoing debates. Thus, this article offers a formal summary of EBT, distilling its core principles and their implications for a theoretical model of consciousness. In response to their proposed use in treating disorders of consciousness, we emphasize the importance of \"set\" and \"setting\" in ascertaining the therapeutic value of psychedelics for vegetative and/or minimally conscious patients.", "journal": "Neuroscience of consciousness", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niad001", "pubmed_id": "37025356", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37025356/", "keywords": "disorders of consciousness, entropic brain theory, psilocybin, psychedelic states, states of consciousness, theories and models", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37025356\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1500, "title": "Mini-review: The neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "mini review the neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics", "authors": "Urban MM, Stingl MR, Meinhardt MW", "abstract": "The potential of psychedelics to persistently treat substance use disorders is known since the 1960s. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic effects have not yet been fully elucidated. While it is known that serotonergic hallucinogens induce changes in gene expression and neuroplasticity, particularly in prefrontal regions, theories on how specifically this counteracts the alterations that occur in neuronal circuitry throughout the course of addiction are largely unknown. This narrative mini-review endeavors to synthesize well-established knowledge from addiction research with findings and theories regarding the neurobiological effects of psychedelics to give an overview of the potential mechanisms that underlie the treatment of substance use disorders with classical hallucinogenic compounds and point out gaps in the current understanding.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1156319", "pubmed_id": "37139521", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37139521/", "keywords": "addiction, dependency, hallucinogen, plasticity, psilocybin, psychedelics, substance, therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37139521\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1461, "title": "Systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder.", "normalized_title": "systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder", "authors": "Phan AN, Terry GE", "abstract": "Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is prevalent in ~2-5% of adults in the United States and is anticipated to increase as restrictions to cannabis decrease and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in cannabis products increase. No FDA-approved medications for CUD are currently available, despite trials of dozens of re-purposed and novel drugs. Psychedelics have garnered interest as a therapeutic class in other substance use disorders, and self-report surveys suggest they may result in positive outcomes for CUD. Herein, we review the existing literature pertaining to psychedelic use in persons with or at risk for CUD and consider the potential rationale underpinning psychedelics as a treatment for CUD. A systematic search was performed in several databases. Inclusion criteria were primary research reporting use of psychedelics or related substances and CUD for treatment in human subjects. Exclusion criteria were results including psychedelics or related substances without changes in cannabis use or risks associated with CUD. Three hundred and five unique results were returned. One article was identified using the non-classical psychedelic ketamine in CUD; three articles were identified as topically relevant based on their secondary data or consideration of mechanism. Additional articles were reviewed for purposes of background, review of safety considerations, and formulating rationale. Limited data and reporting are available on the use of psychedelics in persons with CUD, and more research is needed given the anticipated increase in CUD incidence and increasing interest in psychedelic use. While psychedelics, broadly, have a high therapeutic index with infrequent serious adverse effects, particular adverse effects at risk in the CUD population, such as psychosis and cardiovascular events, should be considered. Possible mechanisms by which psychedelics have therapeutic potential in CUD are explored.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1144276", "pubmed_id": "37435402", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37435402/", "keywords": "MDMA, cannabis use disorder, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37435402\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1361, "title": "Bedside to bench: the outlook for psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "bedside to bench the outlook for psychedelic research", "authors": "Acero VP, Cribas ES, Browne KD, Rivellini O, Burrell JC, O'Donnell JC, Das S, Cullen DK", "abstract": "There has recently been a resurgence of interest in psychedelic compounds based on studies demonstrating their potential therapeutic applications in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse disorders, and treatment-resistant depression. Despite promising efficacy observed in some clinical trials, the full range of biological effects and mechanism(s) of action of these compounds have yet to be fully established. Indeed, most studies to date have focused on assessing the psychological mechanisms of psychedelics, often neglecting the non-psychological modes of action. However, it is important to understand that psychedelics may mediate their therapeutic effects through multi-faceted mechanisms, such as the modulation of brain network activity, neuronal plasticity, neuroendocrine function, glial cell regulation, epigenetic processes, and the gut-brain axis. This review provides a framework supporting the implementation of a multi-faceted approach, incorporating, and modeling, to aid in the comprehensive understanding of the physiological effects of psychedelics and their potential for clinical application beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We also provide an overview of the literature supporting the potential utility of psychedelics for the treatment of brain injury (e.g., stroke and traumatic brain injury), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases), and gut-brain axis dysfunction associated with psychiatric disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder). To move the field forward, we outline advantageous experimental frameworks to explore these and other novel applications for psychedelics.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1240295", "pubmed_id": "37869749", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869749/", "keywords": "DMT, MDMA, ayahuasca, ketamine, mechanism of action (MOA), psilocybin, psychedelics, salvinorin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37869749\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1355, "title": "Editorial: Psychedelics as treatments for substance use disorders: exploring therapeutic potential, risks, underlying mechanisms of action, and implementation challenges.", "normalized_title": "editorial psychedelics as treatments for substance use disorders exploring therapeutic potential risks underlying mechanisms of action and implementation challenges", "authors": "Barnett BS, Bassir Nia A, Sackett NB, Weleff J", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1305478", "pubmed_id": "37928914", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37928914/", "keywords": "addiction, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics, substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37928914\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1547, "title": "Genome sequencing progenies of magic mushrooms (Psilocybe subaeruginosa) identifies tetrapolar mating and gene duplications in the psilocybin pathway", "normalized_title": "genome sequencing progenies of magic mushrooms psilocybe subaeruginosa identifies tetrapolar mating and gene duplications in the psilocybin pathway", "authors": "Alistair R. McTaggart, Timothy Y. James, Jason C. Slot, Caine Barlow, Nigel Fechner, Louise S. Shuey, A. Drenth", "abstract": "", "journal": "Fungal Genetics and Biology", "publication_date": "2022-12-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769", "pubmed_id": "36587787", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769", "keywords": "Biology, Genetics, Inbreeding depression, Locus (genetics), Gene, Psilocybin, Genetic diversity, Evolutionary biology, Inbreeding, Population, Hallucinogen, Demography, Sociology, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Fungal Biology and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4313334084\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4313334084\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":8,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1519266993\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968089550\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983102293\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029970956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035966989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045204781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058076852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081934591\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083529525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084875688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102861663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107315861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110473977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112821341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120902911\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121023692\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123908079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130198181\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131271579\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136059685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143667210\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153056979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156949131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161745371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170261749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2580986030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582743722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789843538\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949965849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981615389\",\"https://openalex.org/W2988396470\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005235420\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025824861\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107541694\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172267869\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211114943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226078702\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280616839\",\"https://openalex.org/W6797452986\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084720096\",\"display_name\":\"Alistair R. McTaggart\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1313\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031270828\",\"display_name\":\"Timothy Y. James\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-5986\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053454511\",\"display_name\":\"Jason C. Slot\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6731-3405\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001534010\",\"display_name\":\"Caine Barlow\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6682-7500\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010796808\",\"display_name\":\"Nigel Fechner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-048X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060152507\",\"display_name\":\"Louise S. Shuey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7813-834X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077870365\",\"display_name\":\"A. Drenth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8510-1534\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S51923826\",\"source_display_name\":\"Fungal Genetics and Biology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4313334084" }, { "id": 1528, "title": "Canalization and plasticity in psychopathology.", "normalized_title": "canalization and plasticity in psychopathology", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Chandaria S, Erritzoe DE, Gazzaley A, Girn M, Kettner H, Mediano PAM, Nutt DJ, Rosas FE, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Weiss B, Zeifman RJ, Friston KJ.", "abstract": "This theoretical article revives a classical bridging construct, canalization, to describe a new model of a general factor of psychopathology. To achieve this, we have distinguished between two types of plasticity, an early one that we call 'TEMP' for 'Temperature or Entropy Mediated Plasticity', and another, we call 'canalization', which is close to Hebbian plasticity. These two forms of plasticity can be most easily distinguished by their relationship to 'precision' or inverse variance; TEMP relates to increased model variance or decreased precision, whereas the opposite is true for canalization. TEMP also subsumes increased learning rate, (Ising) temperature and entropy. Dictionary definitions of 'plasticity' describe it as the property of being easily shaped or molded; TEMP is the better match for this. Importantly, we propose that 'pathological' phenotypes develop via mechanisms of canalization or increased model precision, as a defensive response to adversity and associated distress or dysphoria. Our model states that canalization entrenches in psychopathology, narrowing the phenotypic state-space as the agent develops expertise in their pathology. We suggest that TEMP - combined with gently guiding psychological support - can counter canalization. We address questions of whether and when canalization is adaptive versus maladaptive, furnish our model with references to basic and human neuroscience, and offer concrete experiments and measures to test its main hypotheses and implications. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398", "pubmed_id": "36584883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398", "keywords": "Humans, Learning, Phenotype, United States, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36584883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1596, "title": "Probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin: integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms", "authors": "Meccia J, Lopez J, Bagot RC.", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of serotonergic psychedelic compounds including psilocybin has surged in recent years. While human clinical research suggests psilocybin holds promise as a rapid and long-lasting antidepressant, little is known about how its acute mechanisms of action mediate enduring alterations in cognition and behavior. Human neuroimaging studies point to both acute and sustained modulation of functional connectivity in key cortically dependent brain networks. Emerging evidence in preclinical models highlights the importance of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity and alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Overviewing research in both humans and preclinical models suggests avenues to increase crosstalk between fields. We review how acute modulation of PFC circuits may contribute to long-term structural and functional alterations to mediate antidepressant effects. We highlight the potential for preclinical circuit and behavioral neuroscience approaches to provide basic mechanistic insight into how psilocybin modulates cognitive and affective neural circuits to support further development of psilocybin as a promising new treatment for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06297-0", "pubmed_id": "36564671", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06297-0", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Models, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36564671\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1517, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Psychedelic Science: A Review and Perspective on Opportunities in Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy and psychedelic science a review and perspective on opportunities in neurosurgery and neuro oncology", "authors": "Kelly DF, Kelly DF, Heinzerling K, Sharma A, Gowrinathan S, Sergi K, Mallari RJ.", "abstract": "After a decades-long pause, psychedelics are again being intensely investigated for treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric ailments including depression, anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, anorexia, and chronic pain syndromes. The classic serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide and nonclassic psychedelics 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and ketamine are increasingly appreciated as neuroplastogens given their potential to fundamentally alter mood and behavior well beyond the time window of measurable exposure. Imaging studies with psychedelics are also helping advance our understanding of neural networks and connectomics. This resurgence in psychedelic science and psychedelic-assisted therapy has potential significance for the fields of neurosurgery and neuro-oncology and their diverse and challenging patients, many of whom continue to have mental health issues and poor quality of life despite receiving state-of-the-art care. In this study, we review recent and ongoing clinical trials, the set and setting model of psychedelic-assisted therapy, potential risks and adverse events, proposed mechanisms of action, and provide a perspective on how the safe and evidence-based use of psychedelics could potentially benefit many patients, including those with brain tumors, pain syndromes, ruminative disorders, stroke, SAH, TBI, and movement disorders. By leveraging psychedelics' neuroplastic potential to rehabilitate the mind and brain, novel treatments may be possible for many of these patient populations, in some instances working synergistically with current treatments and in some using subpsychedelic doses that do not require mind-altering effects for efficacy. This review aims to encourage broader multidisciplinary collaboration across the neurosciences to explore and help realize the transdiagnostic healing potential of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1227/neu.0000000000002275", "pubmed_id": "36512813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002275", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neurosurgery, Quality of Life, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36512813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4898, "title": "Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on cytokines, chemokines and leptin in rat serum", "normalized_title": "effects of a single dose of psilocybin on cytokines chemokines and leptin in rat serum", "authors": "Geoffrey M. Bove, David J. Mokler", "abstract": "Abstract Background and Aims The hallucinogenic drug psilocybin is being widely tested in humans for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Psilocybin and other psychedelics are proposed to work through serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptors, which are tightly linked to immune function. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and peptides in the short term (24 h) and long term (seven days) in female rats. Methods Female rats were given a dose of psilocybin (20 mg kg −1, i.p.} or a dose of synthetic interstitial fluid. At 24 h, the control group and one group of rats were anesthetized, and blood was withdrawn by intracardiac puncture. In a third group of rats, blood was withdrawn after seven days. Serum was analyzed by a separate lab (Eve Laboratories, Calgary, Canada) for 27 immunomodulators. Results Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, IP-10, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13, and leptin were significantly increased compared to controls after 24 h and were increased further after 7 days. Most of the other assays showed this same pattern of increase, although not statistically significant. Conclusions Psilocybin induces the release of multiple immune factors, consistent with a generalized activation of the immune system, which can persist for at least seven days after a single dose. These findings may relate to the mechanism of action. The implications of these findings require additional research to determine how these finding relate to the clinical effects of psilocybin.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2022-12-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2022.00230", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00230", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Immune system, Serotonin, Medicine, Pharmacology, Chemokine, Internal medicine, Receptor, Endocrinology, Immunology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:34:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4311816479\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4311816479\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W356352827\",\"https://openalex.org/W1522923028\",\"https://openalex.org/W1534317802\",\"https://openalex.org/W1606617874\",\"https://openalex.org/W1809915994\",\"https://openalex.org/W1824213812\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988742135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000023976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006741811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014495235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017899999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044596369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059407857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073441708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085670677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092118677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111748635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168938667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2189079317\",\"https://openalex.org/W2304131176\",\"https://openalex.org/W2485777533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2557588769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996702784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004046311\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006570115\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015975655\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240247870\",\"https://openalex.org/W4241109788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4242189224\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255564469\",\"https://openalex.org/W4280629250\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302591860\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312758580\",\"https://openalex.org/W6639546503\",\"https://openalex.org/W6676704206\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057867590\",\"display_name\":\"Geoffrey M. Bove\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8974-4705\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015254035\",\"display_name\":\"David J. Mokler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7340-3431\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00230\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4311816479" }, { "id": 1627, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for People with Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for people with eating disorders", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Schreyer CC, Griffiths RR, Guarda AS", "abstract": "A growing body of research suggests psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) may be safe and effective for a variety of mental health conditions. Among these, eating disorders have been a recent target of interest. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the potential mechanisms and use of PAT in people diagnosed with eating disorders, with a focus on anorexia nervosa. Classic psychedelics may have transdiagnostic efficacy through several mechanisms relevant to eating disorder pathology. Interest in, and efforts to increase access to PAT are both high. Early clinical trials are focused on establishing the safety and utility of this treatment in eating disorders, and efficacy remains unclear. High-quality published data to support the use of PAT for people with eating disorders remains lacking. Recent studies however suggest PAT has the potential to augment the efficacy of current interventions for these difficult-to-treat conditions.", "journal": "Current psychiatry reports", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01394-5", "pubmed_id": "36374357", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374357/", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36374357\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1600, "title": "Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "changes in music evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Shukuroglou M, Roseman L, Wall M, Nutt D, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMusic listening is a staple and valued component of psychedelic therapy, and previous work has shown that psychedelics can acutely enhance music-evoked emotion.AimsThe present study sought to examine subjective responses to music before and after psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was acquired.MethodsNineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression received a low oral dose (10 mg) of psilocybin, and a high dose (25 mg) 1 week later. fMRI was performed 1 week prior to the first dosing session and 1 day after the second. Two scans were conducted on each day: one with music and one without. Visual analogue scale ratings of music-evoked 'pleasure' plus ratings of other evoked emotions (21-item Geneva Emotional Music Scale) were completed after each scan. Given its role in musical reward, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was chosen as region of interest for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Effects of drug (vs placebo) and music (vs no music) on subjective and FC outcomes were assessed. Anhedonia symptoms were assessed pre- and post-treatment (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale).ResultsResults revealed a significant increase in music-evoked emotion following treatment with psilocybin that correlated with post-treatment reductions in anhedonia. A post-treatment reduction in NAc FC with areas resembling the default mode network was observed during music listening (vs no music).ConclusionThese results are consistent with current thinking on the role of psychedelics in enhancing music-evoked pleasure and provide some new insight into correlative brain mechanisms.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-11-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221125354", "pubmed_id": "36433778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221125354", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Emotions, Music, Anhedonia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36433778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4310295919\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4310295919\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":38,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W183123008\",\"https://openalex.org/W225944826\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1812780868\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970629232\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973576997\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973776237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982230178\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982325587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983627329\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999919402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004874491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005276770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038509004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044423747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055312975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057572880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085281696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095438393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116692278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125068060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129736850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130668599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133852590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141927127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146747402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151422895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153777989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158327608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169442707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2254185066\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312379049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325964754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2403484840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2510443052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605126420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791796165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192093002\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088290575\",\"display_name\":\"Melissa Shukuroglou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-351X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221125354\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4310295919" }, { "id": 3639, "title": "NW Trauma Therapies, Chronic Illness of Chronic Depression, PTSD, MS, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2, Long Haulers Syndrome. Treatment of Unregulaaible Trauma by the Treatment of Enhanced Micro Dosing the Levels of 0.15, Thru 0.33, With a Maintenance Dose of 1 Gram Per Month for Neural Pathway Increase of Non Synthesized Psilocybin, Using the Actual Plant to Regulate the Highjacked Nervous System.", "normalized_title": "nw trauma therapies chronic illness of chronic depression ptsd ms hiv and sars cov 2 long haulers syndrome treatment of unregulaaible trauma by the treatment of enhanced micro dosing the levels of 0 15 thru 0 33 with a maintenance dose of 1 gram per month for neural pathway increase of non synthesized psilocybin using the actual plant to regulate the highjacked nervous system", "authors": "NWTraumatherapies", "abstract": "The on-boarding of unregulatable trauma in the United States has reached 20%, which is 1/5 of the population. A population of this magnitude, by definition has now reached an epidemic classification. The population with chronic illness as stated: PTSD, Chronic Depression, MS, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. These chronic conditions/illnesses many lead to death and are often the cause or perpetuate unregulated trauma and create an unstable population. Psychiatrists have testified before congress that the SSSRI medications are not fully functional cures and are not working for patients. Enchanced Psilocybin micro-dosing at the levels of 0.15g. ranging to 0.33g. every other day an 0.50g. for monthly maintenance of neural pathway production is proving to shave back the highjacked nervous system, thus stopping or rerouting the ruminating neurotransmitters, by rerouting thru new neural pathways. The body has a additional natural pathway in place then to decrease/stop these thoughts by have open pathways to process the thought differently. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and which is the most famous of all the neurotransmitters. Serotonin is very similar in its compound structure to the plant medicine family of psilocybin, serotonin and psilocybin work very similarly with the 5h2A receptor in the human cortex ( the outer cortex of the brain ). Enhanced Microdosing of psilocybin at the levels of 0.15 to 0.33 and of 1 gram to 1.5 grams monthly for maintenance of the newly opened neural pathways is postulated to be a mental health game changer. Psilocybin helps shave back the highjacked nervous system which is a condition known as the diagnosis (SSD) Somatic Symptom Disorder. This research is believed accurate by proof on previous studies to process the subconscious held in the subconscious and shave back the somatic feelings resulting from the trauma of the individuals who have on-boarded chronic disease(s) of Trauma,PTSD, Unregulated Chronic Depression, MS, Cancer, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. Patients will work with a team: The Administrator Of Study, participants will be onboarded into the study by a Psychiatrist, Therapist LCPC, Micro Dosing Advisor/On-Boarding Provider, going forward referred to as a PMOP ( PLANT MEDICINE ON-BOARDING PROVIDER. The PMOP will administrate, chart dosing and file reports with the Psychiatrist, General Provider, Psychologist, or the LCPC Therapist. Adding a PMOP to Western Medicine could be the key to making treatment available at a functional cost. The dosage will be ( enhanced micro-dosing which is 1 gram to 1.5 grams of psilocybin every other day for 5 days then moving into a M/W/F dose ranging in the enhanced micro-dose levels of 0.15G. thru 0..33 for 8 weeks. Patients will be accepted in the study they must present with one of the following diagnosed conditions, chronic illness' of Trauma, PTSD, Unregulated Chronic Depression, MS, HIV, Cancer, or SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. As participants with unregulated trauma can tend to have a severely compromised un-functional compromised immune system. This compromised low functioning compromised immune system creates additional health crisis and can cost a great deal of money for the patients and the healthcare system. As testified to congress, the SSRI's are not fully able to manage the on boarding of severe trauma resulting often in PTST/Trauma, these pharmaceuticals tend to become in effective for treatment within 6 months to a year. The SSRI's and pharmaceuticals available for treatment currently have a success rate of 35 %. These diagnosis' of mental compromise are currently being managed at great human cost and financial cost for a decade or more for many patients. Working in conjunction with the General Provider, Psychiatrist, Psychologist, and LCPC Therapist, with a PMOP ( Enhanced Micro Dosing Provider),The PMOP On-Boarding Provider will tailor the dose of plant medicine which this study postulates will result in a positive treatment and will result in improved (Quality of Life) and in the cases of terminal illness, result in (Dying Well)\" A mind without rumination. As Stated, this study is looking for evidence this Plant Medicine Psilocybin would become a path to shave back the SSRI's and treat with dosing of of M/W/F of enhance Microdosing at the levels of 0.15g. thru 0.33G. The Monthly dose of 1 to 1.5 grams of Plant Medicine for maintenance of the increase in newly opened neural pathways. This Study will introduce Non Synthetic Psilocybin every other day for 8 weeks, and the 1G to 1.1.5 G once time per month. The on-boarding of unregulatable trauma in the United States has reached 20%, which is 1/5 of the population. A population of this magnitude, by definition has reached an epidemic classification. The population with chronic illness as stated: Trauma, PTSD, Chronic Depression, MS, Caner, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome, these conditions are severe and the treatments are often not effective. These chronic illnesses which can result in unregulated trauma and create an unstable portion of the population. Psychiatrists have testified before congress that the SSRI's medications are not functional cures and are often not working for patients. Psilocybin micro-dosing by many studies is proving to shave back the highjacked nervous system, stopping or rerouting the neural pathways lessening or stopping the ruminating neurotransmitters. This is the 1st study to support the treatment in the Enhanced Microdosing levels in the range of 0.15g. to 0.33g, and adding a dose of 1g. to 1.5 g. monthly for maintence. The body has a natural path to stop these thoughts by a neurotransmitter called serotonin This famous neurotransmitter Serotonin, is very similar to the plant medicine family of psilocybin, Serotonin and Psilocybin work very similarly with the 5h2A receptor in the human cortex ( the outer cortex of the brain ). Enhanced Microdosing of 0.15 to 0.33 with month dose of 1 gram to 1.5 grams of psilocybin is postulated to shave back and reroute the highjacked nervous system known as the diagnosis (SSD) Somatic Symptom Disorder. This research is believed accurate by proof on previous studies to reverse back the somatic feelings resulting from the trauma of the individuals who are on boarding chronic diseases of PTSD, Chronic Depression, MS, HIV, Cancer, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. Ross Allison Administrator NPI#1437519899", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-11-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05042466", "keywords": "Trauma, Nervous System, Trauma, psilocybin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05042466\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3248, "title": "Psychedelic compounds directly excite 5-HT2A Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex through a 5-HT2A Gq -mediated activation mechanism", "normalized_title": "psychedelic compounds directly excite 5 ht2a layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex through a 5 ht2a gq mediated activation mechanism", "authors": "Schmitz GP, Chiu Y, König GM, Kostenis E, Roth BL, Herman MA.", "abstract": "Summary Psilocin, the active compound in Psilocybe sp. mushrooms, is a serotonergic psychedelic that has recently gained renewed interest due to its potential as a therapeutic tool. Despite promising clinical findings, the underlying signaling mechanisms and brain region-specific effects of psilocin and other psychedelic drugs remain unclear. Psilocin, like other psychedelic compounds, is an agonist at many serotonin and other biogenic amine receptors; however, activation of serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) 2A receptors (5-HT2A Rs) is understood as the main molecular target for the psychoactive effects in animals and humans. 5-HT2A Rs are abundantly expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); however, the biochemical actions of psilocin on PFC neurons remain poorly understood. In this study, we used in vitro slice electrophysiology to examine how psilocin acutely alters the activity and electrophysiological properties of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse PFC. Focal application of psilocin (10 μ M) onto nonspecified Layer 5 Pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic PFC of C57BL/6J mice produced variable effects on firing (increase, decrease, or no change). 5-HT2A R layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse prelimbic PFC were identified via labeling in a 5-HT2A-ERT2-Cre mouse crossed with an Ai9 tdTomato reporter. Focal application of psilocin increased firing in all identified 5-HT2A R neurons but did not result in any significant changes in synaptic transmission. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocin evokes strong firing changes in the PFC that are 5-HT2A R and G α q dependent, thereby providing valuable insights into the effects of psilocin on a brain region implicated in mediating psychedelic drug actions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-11-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.11.15.516655", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.15.516655", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR571939\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3314, "title": "5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice", "normalized_title": "5 meo dmt modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice", "authors": "Jefferson SJ, Gregg I, Dibbs M, Liao C, Wu H, Davoudian PA, Sprouse JS, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Pittenger C, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived subjective effects may be clinically useful because dosing time would be reduced, which may improve patient access. One short-acting psychedelic is 5-MeO-DMT, which has been associated with improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms in early clinical studies. However relatively little is known about the behavioral effects and neural mechanisms of 5-MeO-DMT in animal models. Here we characterized the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on innate behaviors and dendritic architecture in mice. We showed that 5-MeO-DMT induces a dose-dependent increase in head-twitch response that is shorter in duration than that induced by psilocybin at all doses tested. 5-MeO-DMT also substantially suppresses social ultrasonic vocalizations produced during mating behavior. 5-MeO-DMT produces long-lasting increases in dendritic spine density in the mouse medial frontal cortex that are driven by an elevated rate of spine formation. However, unlike psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT did not affect the size of dendritic spines. These data provide insights into the behavioral and neural consequences underlying the action of 5-MeO-DMT and highlight similarities and differences with those of psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-11-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.11.03.515044", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.03.515044", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR566748\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1519, "title": "The Missing Piece? A Case for Microglia's Prominent Role in the Therapeutic Action of Anesthetics, Ketamine, and Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the missing piece a case for microglia s prominent role in the therapeutic action of anesthetics ketamine and psychedelics", "authors": "VanderZwaag J, Halvorson T, Dolhan K, Šimončičová E, Ben-Azu B, Tremblay MÈ.", "abstract": "There is much excitement surrounding recent research of promising, mechanistically novel psychotherapeutics - psychedelic, anesthetic, and dissociative agents - as they have demonstrated surprising efficacy in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as mood disorders and addiction. However, the mechanisms by which these drugs provide such profound psychological benefits are still to be fully elucidated. Microglia, the CNS's resident innate immune cells, are emerging as a cellular target for psychiatric disorders because of their critical role in regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory environment of the brain. The following paper is a review of recent literature surrounding these neuropharmacological therapies and their demonstrated or hypothesized interactions with microglia. Through investigating the mechanism of action of psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, and propofol, we demonstrate a largely under-investigated role for microglia in much of the emerging research surrounding these pharmacological agents. Among others, we detail sigma-1 receptors, serotonergic and γ-aminobutyric acid signalling, and tryptophan metabolism as pathways through which these agents modulate microglial phagocytic activity and inflammatory mediator release, inducing their therapeutic effects. The current review includes a discussion on future directions in the field of microglial pharmacology and covers bidirectional implications of microglia and these novel pharmacological agents in aging and age-related disease, glial cell heterogeneity, and state-of-the-art methodologies in microglial research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0", "pubmed_id": "36327017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0", "keywords": "Microglia, Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36327017\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4910, "title": "The psychedelic renaissance: can psilocybin possibly combat depression?", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance can psilocybin possibly combat depression", "authors": "Hamna Raheel, Unaiza Naeem, Asim Shaikh, Omer Ahmed Shaikh", "abstract": "Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are major contributors to the overall global health burden. COVID-19 has further aggravated mental health disorders and also increased substance abuse due to lockdowns1. The Global Burden of Disease reported that the pandemic has led to a 27.6% increase in cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) and a 25.6% increase in cases of anxiety disorders2. An estimated 137.1 (95% UI: 92.5-190.6) additional disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 population for MDD and 116.1 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 79.3-163.80) for anxiety disorders have been incurred, as well, during this period3. Nearly 10%-30% of individuals with MDD have treatment-resistant depression, which has an inadequate response to at least 2 trials of antidepressants. These patients often have adverse behavioral outcomes such as suicide and self-injurious behavior4. With the dynamic nature of SARS-COV-2 that requires measures such as social distancing measures and lockdowns to be placed unexpectedly at different times of the year, interventions that are easily obtainable and can be applied independently by individuals can be immensely useful. Psilocybin, in recent studies, has shown promising results in the remission of depression and if its effectiveness is accurately gauged, could prove to be one such option, giving patients with mental health issues the ability for self-reliant care. Psilocybin, informally known as the magic mushroom, has been employed in a variety of religious rites throughout history and is believed to possess therapeutic properties5. It is a serotonergic hallucinogen with promising benefits in the treatment of mental illness. It has been proven to decrease substance abuse such as smoking and drinking and reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients while also improving their emotional well-being6-8. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy has proven to be more effective than psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy alone. Previous pharmacotherapies, such as ketamine, have demonstrated negative side effects and have low rates of depression remission9. A systematic review of 60 studies on the side effects of ketamine identified psychiatric, psychotomimetic, cardiovascular, and neurological side effects that were most frequently reported in acute dosing of ketamine10. Most commonly reported acute psychiatric side effects were reportedly anxiety, dissociation being the most psychotomimetic effect. Increased heart rate and raised blood pressure are the most frequent cardiovascular outcomes and headache and dizziness are some of the most common neurological side effects of ketamine. Kemp11 highlighted metabolic disorders such as weight gain and sedation and somnolence as one of the most common adverse effects of pharmacotherapy in treating bipolar depression. These side effects reduce adherence to treatment and reduce the clinical response of pharmacotherapies. However, psilocybin has low toxicity and addictive potential5. Although the precise mechanism of action of psilocybin is unknown, a randomized clinical trial found that it had a persistent and fast antidepressant effect when compared with escitalopram, as well as improved global brain integration12. The article by Davis et al6 entitled “Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial” has piqued the interest of the entire psychiatric community. The author highlights a novel finding of significant decreases in or remission of depression in people with MDD with Psilocybin-assisted therapy. A total of 27 participants were recruited, 11 of whom underwent immediate therapy while 13 underwent delayed therapy after 8 weeks. Psilocybin was administered in 2 sessions, with the first session being a moderate dose (20 mg/70 kg) and the second session containing a high dose (30 mg/70 kg). There was a significant decrease in depression in weeks 1 and 4 of follow-up in immediate treatment compared with weeks 5 and 8 of delayed treatment that had not started the therapy. Seventeen participants showed a >50% decrease in depression in weeks 1 and 4; 14 participants in week 1 and 13 participants in week 4 showed complete remission of depression. This study highlights potential breakthrough evidence that is beginning to emerge regarding psilocybin’s use. In January 2022, Rucker et al’s phase 1 trial results delineated that Psilocybin in doses of 10 or 25 mg, respectively, had no short-term or long-term detrimental effects on participants making the case for it being a plausibly relevant and safe alternative to other psychiatric treatments13. However, for nearly 50 years, psychedelics had been prohibited for medical use owing to rigorous drug control policies and strongly held stigmatic beliefs labelling them as illicit recreational drugs only with no potential for medical benefit. Recent studies, on the other hand, have shown that psychedelics can alleviate depression and anxiety, but mental health professionals are still wary of using them for medicinal purposes14. This, in part, is because there was a lack of research regarding their efficacy, which when combined with the extreme scheduling of these drugs by law, has led to its widespread clinical use being, at best, delayed14. While most psychiatrists support its future use, many are concerned about its potential adverse effects. On the other hand, there appears to be a supportive attitude toward psychedelic use for medicinal purposes among the general populace. According to a survey, 63% of Psychedelic mushroom users reported using them for mental well-being but an alarming 19% also reported use after self-diagnosis of a mental disorder15. Nevertheless, there have been some notable shifts in perspective as legal frameworks regarding the use of psychedelics are being revised. Owing to efficacy data suggesting potential therapeutic benefits of these psychedelics, this “psychedelic renaissance” has brought about changes such as the statewide legalization of specific psychedelics, including psilocybin, in Oregon, USA16. Although Davis et al’s6 findings do pave the way for furthering the discussion, especially as there were no adverse events reported with psilocybin use, results can be overstated due to the study’s small sample size. A survey on self-reported side effects of psilocybin showed that 11% of Psilocybin consumers put themselves or another person at harm, 2.6% behaved in a physically aggressive manner and 2.7% had to seek medical help17. These negative reactions have often been seen in trials where induced stressful situations have led to patients leaving the site18. There must be additional large-scale clinical trials undertaken across a spectrum of mental diseases before they can be definitively included in medical practice and guidelines for their use can be established. In addition, psychiatric comorbidities are a pressing concern that also needs to be addressed. To make results more generalizable, the risk of using psilocybin in this group needs to be explored19. In a study evaluating the cost effectiveness of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) associated psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder including 105 subjects of six double blinded phase 2 trials the MDMA saved 103.2 million dollars over a period of a 30 years and decreased 5553 quality adjusted life years compared with the standard practices20. According to a statement given by the author of this paper to multidisciplinary association for psychedelic studies MDMA has a potential to break even the cost of mental health in just over 3 years21. According to a study conducted by John Hopkins to assess the effect of psilocybin in personality changes, a single high dose of psilocybin was enough to bring about a measurable personality change such as increased openness in nearly 60% of the participants22. However researchers are still cautious of professing the cost effectiveness of psychedelic and require more data over a longer period of time to come to a conclusive finding. The usage of psychedelics to alleviate anxiety and depression appears to be more pertinent now than ever. This, however, raises concerns about self-medication with psychedelics and their excessive usage. Ensuring psychedelics are obtained only through prescription and not as over-the-counter drugs can be an effective method to curb the self-medication of psychedelics. Campaigns that sensitize individuals regarding the health repercussions of resorting to self-medication should also be held at a large scale. Provision of health insurance has also shown to reduce the incidence of self-medication23 and encourages patients to seek guidance from health care professionals. In addition satisfaction with health care service and a good doctor patient relationship are important predictors of self-medication24,25. Workshops about the use of psychedelics in medicine and their possible risks and advantages should be conducted for psychologists and psychiatrists to assist in breaking down stigma and assisting them in making educated decisions for their patients. Ethical approval None. Sources of funding None. Author contribution H.R.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. U.N.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. A.S.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. O.A.S.: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. Conflict of interest disclosures The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number None. Guarantor Hamna Raheel, Unaiza Naeem, Asim Shaikh, and Omer Ahmed Shaikh.", "journal": "International Journal of Surgery Global Health", "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/gh9.0000000000000089", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gh9.0000000000000089", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Mental health, Depression (economics), Population, Major depressive disorder, Psychological intervention, Medicine, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Mood, Environmental health, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:56", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4318965036\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4318965036\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2005405662\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016292245\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104101984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741959390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794653496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906534435\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087025291\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093269897\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197311089\",\"https://openalex.org/W3203310594\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4221018864\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223461155\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225982601\",\"https://openalex.org/W6801747217\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015840545\",\"display_name\":\"Hamna Raheel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-432X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016462981\",\"display_name\":\"Unaiza Naeem\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0455-7864\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101565927\",\"display_name\":\"Asim Shaikh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6984-9465\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021771375\",\"display_name\":\"Omer Ahmed Shaikh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-390X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210188486\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Surgery Global Health\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gh9.0000000000000089\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4318965036" }, { "id": 4909, "title": "A Rare Case of Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) Related AKI and Hypertensive Emergency", "normalized_title": "a rare case of magic mushroom psilocybin related aki and hypertensive emergency", "authors": "Syed Rizwan A. Bokhari, Ahmad Makmom Abdullah, Zamir A. Zamir, Raquel M. Rosen", "abstract": "Introduction: Magic (Psilocybin) mushrooms are used as hallucinogens, renal dysfunction as a rare side effect has been reported in literature. We chronicle a rare case of acute kidney injury and hypertensive emergency precipitated by psilocybin ingestion in a young female. Case Description: A31-year-old female with good overall health and medical history of well controlled Hypertension (HTN) and metabolic syndrome presented with AKI in the setting of hypertensive emergency. Initial blood pressure (BP) on presentation was 210/140, with transient visual loss and elevated troponin >6000. Her other past medical history was significant for nephrolithiasis and COVID-19 few months ago. Physical examination was significant for HTN; no significant edema was present. Remaining physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated serum creatinine 4.6 mg/dL (baseline creatinine 0.9 mg/dL), 24-hr urine protein 920 mg/g, and serum albumin 3.0 g/dl. A blood film revealed occasional schistocytes. Urinalysis showed proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Urine toxicology screen was negative. Routine blood and urine cultures showed no growth. Her serology, infectious disease workup and workup for paraproteinemia were inconclusive. Workup for secondary hypertension was negative. Computed tomography of the brain in the setting of transient visual loss, and ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder were unremarkable. Her transthoracic echo (TTE) showed severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, with grade II diastolic dysfunction. Renal biopsy showed features suggestive of vascular-predominant acute thrombotic microangiopathy. Patient was managed conservatively and did not require renal replacement therapy. Her serial follow up labs from last several months revealed the new baseline creatinine of 2.2-2.4 mg/dl, resulting in CKD as a sequel of partial recovery from AKI in the setting of psilocybin poisoning. Discussion: Psilocybin use can be associated with AKI leading to CKD and secondary hypertension. Mechanisms of renal injury are thought to be secondary to vasoconstricting effects and endothelial reaction, which needs to be further investigated. Nephrologists and primary providers should be vigilant to identify this rare cause of AKI.", "journal": "Journal of the American Society of Nephrology", "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1681/asn.20223311s1895a", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.20223311s1895a", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Mushroom poisoning, MAGIC (telescope), Internal medicine, Dermatology, Emergency medicine, Pharmacology, Poison control, Hallucinogen, Physics, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:56", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4397047853\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4397047853\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074490959\",\"display_name\":\"Syed Rizwan A. Bokhari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7917-952X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000681138\",\"display_name\":\"Ahmad Makmom Abdullah\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7533-2411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113212698\",\"display_name\":\"Zamir A. Zamir\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108930860\",\"display_name\":\"Raquel M. Rosen\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S115693375\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.20223311s1895a\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4397047853" }, { "id": 3191, "title": "Psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status and the stress response in healthy volunteers", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status and the stress response in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Mason N, Szabo A, Kuypers K, Mallaroni P, de la Torre Fornell R, Reckweg J, Tse D, Hutten N, Feilding A, Ramaekers J.", "abstract": "Patients characterized by stress-related disorders such as depression display elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a hyperactive HPA axis. Psychedelics are demonstrating promising results in treatment of such disorders, however the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects are still unknown. To date the evidence of acute and persisting effects of psychedelics on immune functioning, HPA axis activity in response to stress, and associated psychological outcomes is preliminary. To address this, we conducted a placebo-controlled, parallel group design comprising of 60 healthy participants who received either placebo (n=30) or 0.17 mg/kg psilocybin (n=30). Blood samples were taken to assess acute changes in immune status, and 7 days after drug administration. Seven days’ post-administration, participants in each treatment group were further subdivided: 15 underwent a stress induction protocol, and 15 underwent a control protocol. Ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess whether acute changes in glutamate or glial activity were associated with changes in immune functioning. Finally, questionnaires assessed persisting self-report changes in mood and social behavior. Psilocybin immediately reduced concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while other inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) remained unchanged. Seven days later, TNF-α concentrations returned to baseline, while IL-6 and CRP concentrations were persistently reduced in the psilocybin group. Changes in the immune profile were related to acute neurometabolic activity as acute reductions in TNF-α were linked to lower concentrations of glutamate in the hippocampus. Additionally, the more of a reduction in IL-6 and CRP seven days after psilocybin, the more persisting positive mood and social effects participants reported. Regarding the stress response, after a psychosocial stressor, psilocybin blunted the cortisol response compared to placebo. Such acute and persisting changes may contribute to the psychological and therapeutic effects of psilocybin demonstrated in ongoing patient trials.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.10.31.22281688", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.31.22281688", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR565752\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1647, "title": "Classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders: A systematic review of human and animal studies.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders a systematic review of human and animal studies", "authors": "Calleja-Conde J, Morales-García JA, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Giné E, López-Moreno JA.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics refer to substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, ayahuasca, and mescaline, which induce altered states of consciousness by acting mainly on 5-HT2A receptors. Recently, the interest of psychedelics as pharmacological treatment for psychiatric disorders has increased significantly, including their use on problematic use of alcohol. This systematic review is aimed to analyse the last two decades of studies examining the relationship between classic psychedelics and alcohol consumption. We searched PubMed and PsycInfo for human and preclinical studies published between January 2000 to December 2021. The search identified 639 publications. After selection, 27 studies were included. Human studies (n = 20) generally show promising data and seem to indicate that classic psychedelics could help reduce alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, some of these studies present methodological concerns such as low number of participants, lack of control group or difficulty in determining the effect of classic psychedelics in isolation. On the other hand, preclinical studies (n = 7) investigating the effect of these compounds on voluntary alcohol consumption are scarce and show some conflicting data. Among these compounds, psilocybin seems to show the most consistent data indicating that this compound could be a potential candidate to treat alcohol use disorders. In the absence of understanding the biological and/or psychological mechanisms, more studies including methodological quality parameters are needed to finally determine the effects of classic psychedelics on alcohol consumption.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/adb.13229", "pubmed_id": "36301215", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13229", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36301215\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1672, "title": "Culture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: Psychedelics as active super-placebos?", "normalized_title": "culture context and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens psychedelics as active super placebos", "authors": "Dupuis D, Veissière S.", "abstract": "Following decades of prohibition and widespread concern about their mind-altering properties, there is increasing public, scholarly, and clinical interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances. Serotonergic substances in particular (DMT, psilocybin, and LSD) are now being tested as treatments for such ailments as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. This thematic issue of Transcultural Psychiatry presents articles that investigate the cultural assumptions, political dimensions, and clinical and ethical implications that arise from this renewed interest. After reviewing ongoing debates on therapeutic mechanisms of action and the importance of context, we argue that psychedelics can be conceptualized as \"active super-placebos\"-that is, substances that enhance ritual, symbolic, and interpersonal therapeutic processes by increasing suggestibility and the influence of extra-pharmacological, \"non-specific\" factors. Rather than simply freeing up habitual constraints on perception, the articles in this issue support the claim that psychedelic encounters typically entail processes of sense-making, crystallization of meaning, and enculturation into contextually mediated assumptive worlds (or ideologies) and behaviours that necessarily install novel constraints with potentially maladaptive consequences. We highlight the importance of clinical and epistemic integrity in the framing of psychedelic therapies. The importance of structuring and providing oversight for the therapeutic context raises difficult questions about the search for appropriate forms of epistemic authority that are at once respectful of the plural cultural origins of psychedelic rituals and mindful of best practices and standards in clinical care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221131465", "pubmed_id": "36263513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221131465", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36263513\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1659, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder: protocol for a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial (The QUANTUM Trip Trial).", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder protocol for a randomised double blinded placebo controlled 12 week clinical trial the quantum trip trial", "authors": "Jensen ME, Jensen ME, Stenbæk DS, Juul TS, Fisher PM, Ekstrøm CT, Knudsen GM, Fink-Jensen A.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlcohol use disorder is a difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorder and a major burden on public health. Existing treatment efficacy is moderate, and relapse rates are high. Preliminary findings suggest that psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, can safely and reliably occasion highly meaningful experiences that may spur a positive change in drinking behaviour when administered in a therapeutic context. However, the efficacy of a single psilocybin administration and its potential neurobiological underpinnings still remain unknown.Methods and analysisTo establish efficacy, we will investigate the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy versus placebo in a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial. Ninety treatment-seeking patients, aged 20-70 years, diagnosed with alcohol use disorder will be recruited from the community via advertisement and referrals from general practitioners or specialised treatment units. The psilocybin or placebo will be administered in accordance with a protocol for psychological support before, during and after the dosing. Outcome assessments will be carried out 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postdosing. The primary outcome is reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to follow-up at 12 weeks. Key secondary outcomes are as follows: (1) total alcohol consumption, (2) phosphatidyl-ethanol, an objective biomarker for alcohol, (3) plasma psilocin, the active metabolite, to establish a possible therapeutic range, (4) the acute subjective drug experience as a possible predictor of treatment outcome and (5) neuronal response to alcohol cues and cognitive flexibility within corticostriatal pathways by use of functional MR brain imaging 1-week postdosing.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Committee on Health Research Ethics of the Capital Region of Denmark (H-20043832). All patients will be provided oral and written information about the trial before screening. The study results will be disseminated by peer-review publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberEudraCT 2020-000829-55 and NCT05416229.", "journal": "BMJ Open", "publication_date": "2022-10-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019", "pubmed_id": "36241352", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Ethanol, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Alcohol Drinking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36241352\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4306177192\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4306177192\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":21,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1475474724\",\"https://openalex.org/W1839921965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1882482010\",\"https://openalex.org/W1948002101\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964116811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966524739\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973405277\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980922993\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986717344\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990870960\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017857669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020646491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043779385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048583110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109101971\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110117912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110608362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113750014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120356707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123282949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127662631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133497175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133963272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157156054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166023752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169216780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2283026346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419156332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2480710602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2493522780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2499216663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2746562707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2770074048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2883252198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884912572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892664712\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2909121609\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921551456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004972885\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018382390\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088404198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134098691\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220686675\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292937262\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294805044\",\"https://openalex.org/W4309608756\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683364618\",\"https://openalex.org/W6749681613\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102754855\",\"display_name\":\"Mathias Ebbesen Jensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-7459\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027417286\",\"display_name\":\"Tobias Søgaard Juul\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065962810\",\"display_name\":\"Claus Thorn Ekstrøm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1191-373X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001609083\",\"display_name\":\"Anders Fink-Jensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7143-1236\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S79054089\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4306177192" }, { "id": 1605, "title": "Mescaline: The forgotten psychedelic.", "normalized_title": "mescaline the forgotten psychedelic", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Narine KAD, Campbell I, Dyck JRB, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionMescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is one of the oldest hallucinogens, with evidence of use dating back 5700 years. Mescaline is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in cacti, mainly in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) and in the cacti of the Echinopsis genus. Since the prohibition of psychoactive substances in the early 70s, research on mescaline and other classical psychedelics has been limited.ObjectivesThis article aims to review the pharmacology and behavioural effects of mescaline, focusing on preclinical and clinical research.FindingsMescaline is a serotonin 5HT2A/2C receptor agonist, with its main hallucinogenic effects being mediated via its 5HT2A receptor agonist action. It also exerts effects via agonist binding at α1A/2A noradrenaline and D1/2/3 dopamine receptors. Overall, mescaline has anxiolytic-like effects in animals and increases prosocial behaviour, locomotion, and response reactivity. In humans, mescaline can induce euphoria, hallucinations, improvements in well-being and mental health conditions, and psychotomimetic effects in a naturalistic or religious setting.ConclusionThe pharmacological mechanisms of mescaline are similar to those of other classical psychedelics, like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Mescaline appears to be safe to consume, with most intoxications being mild and easily treatable. Improvement in mental well-being and its ability to overcome alcoholism render mescaline potentially beneficial in clinical settings. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Psilocybin Research'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294", "pubmed_id": "36252614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Memory Disorders, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36252614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1661, "title": "A proposed mechanism for the MDMA-mediated extinction of traumatic memories in PTSD patients treated with MDMA-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "a proposed mechanism for the mdma mediated extinction of traumatic memories in ptsd patients treated with mdma assisted therapy", "authors": "Sottile RJ, Vida T.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating psychiatric disorder afflicting millions of people around the world. Characterized by severe anxiety, intrusive thoughts, pervasive nightmares, an assortment of somatic symptoms, associations with severe long-term health problems, and an elevated risk of suicide, as much as 40-70% of patients suffer from refractory disease. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), like classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, have been used to enhance the efficacy of psychotherapy almost since their discovery, but due to their perceived potential for abuse and inclusion on USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) schedule 1, research into the mechanism by which they produce improvements in PTSD symptomology has been limited. Nevertheless, several compelling rationales have been explored, with the pro-social effects of MDMA thought to enhance therapeutic alliance and thus facilitate therapist-assisted trauma processing. This may be insufficient to fully explain the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Molecular mechanisms such as the MDMA mediated increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) availability in the fear memory learning pathways combined with MDMA's pro-social effects may provide a more nuanced explanation for the therapeutic actions of MDMA.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991753", "pubmed_id": "36311515", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991753", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36311515\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1660, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Goel DB, Zilate S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a plant alkaloid that is derived from precursors of tryptamine and is present in many different types of mushrooms. It has been utilized by indigenous peoples of Central and South America for centuries in a ceremonial setting to promote spiritual experiences. Indigenous societies have long employed psilocybin and other 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelics in their rites. They were a focus in psychiatry in the middle of the 20th century as both experimental medicines and tools for studying brain function. Due to the fact that traditional psychedelics were being used for purposes other than medical research and in connection with the burgeoning counterculture by the late 1960s and early 1970s, these scientific investigations fell out of favor. However, thanks to a number of encouraging studies that validated the earlier research, interest in traditional psychedelics has surged among scientists in the 21st century. In this review, we examine therapeutic studies on psilocybin, the traditional psychedelic that has received the lion's share of recent attention. According to three controlled studies, psilocybin may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychological discomfort for at least six months after a single acute treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. Three months after two acute doses, individuals in a small, open-label study with treatment-resistant depression reported fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms. Small, open-label pilot studies on addiction have demonstrated encouraging success rates for alcohol and cigarette addiction. The review also briefly discusses the synthesis, mechanism of action, effects, molecular pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.30214", "pubmed_id": "36381758", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30214", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36381758\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Contraindications", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3729, "title": "Predictors of Psychedelic Experience: A Thematic Analysis.", "normalized_title": "predictors of psychedelic experience a thematic analysis", "authors": "McCartney AM, McGovern HT, De Foe A.", "abstract": "Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is expanding. A limitation within this field is the unpredictability of individual responses to psychedelics. Better understanding of factors predicting psychedelic experience is essential to clinical progress and wider harm reduction frameworks. Ketamine, MDMA, LSD and psilocybin were selected for comparison due to their promising therapeutic effects and different mechanisms of action. This study aimed to (a) identify factors that produce positive and adverse psychedelic experience, and (b) compare these potential predictors across four psychedelic substances. A thematic analysis was conducted on twenty-two first-person reports of psychedelic use (six per substance), sourced from the Erowid database. This revealed three external predictors (nature, music, and preparation) and three internal predictors (understanding, mind-set, and motivation). Each factor identified contained two sub-themes that further elucidated meaning and impact. Nature and music emerged as potential tools for de-escalating adverse reactions to psychedelics. Substance-specific perceptual and sensorial effects were also examined. Finally, the importance of, and interrelationship between, preparation, mind-set, understanding, and motivation was examined as common themes that emerged. The broader clinical and sociological implications are discussed, with reference to developing harm reduction frameworks. These findings constitute an early step in developing a more nuanced understanding of factors shaping psychedelic experience.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2022-10-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2129885", "pubmed_id": "36197103", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2129885", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36197103\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4301605941\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4301605941\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":33,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1979290264\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990140024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018892046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084808900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2176160743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2571392308\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2786230868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790381919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2831064708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890356717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903884088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996233343\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109908198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3117921577\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127399862\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139397908\",\"https://openalex.org/W3149986569\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157164747\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171532156\",\"https://openalex.org/W3197675985\",\"https://openalex.org/W3199245801\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205576215\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210791300\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053069556\",\"display_name\":\"Annie M. McCartney\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028166454\",\"display_name\":\"H. T. McGovern\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-6300\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086293407\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander De Foe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5532-3291\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2129885\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4301605941" }, { "id": 1665, "title": "Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review.", "normalized_title": "chinese cordyceps bioactive components antitumor effects and underlying mechanism a review", "authors": "Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW", "abstract": "Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.", "journal": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", "publication_date": "2022-10-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/molecules27196576", "pubmed_id": "36235111", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36235111/", "keywords": "Chinese Cordyceps, antitumor, bioactive components, immunomodulatory, mechanism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:13", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36235111\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1667, "title": "3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and psychedelics: From recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs.", "normalized_title": "3 4 methylenedioxy methamphetamine synthetic cathinones and psychedelics from recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs", "authors": "López-Arnau R, Camarasa J, Carbó ML, Nadal-Gratacós N, Puigseslloses P, Espinosa-Velasco M, Urquizu E, Escubedo E, Pubill D.", "abstract": "The utility of classical drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics) is often limited by issues of lack of efficacy, delayed onset of action or side effects. Psychoactive substances have a long history of being used as tools to alter consciousness and as a gateway to approach the unknown and the divinities. These substances were initially obtained from plants and animals and more recently by chemical synthesis, and its consumption evolved toward a more recreational use, leading to drug abuse-related disorders, trafficking, and subsequent banning by the authorities. However, these substances, by modulation of certain neurochemical pathways, have been proven to have a beneficial effect on some psychiatric disorders. This evidence obtained under medically controlled conditions and often associated with psychotherapy, makes these substances an alternative to conventional medicines, to which in many cases the patient does not respond properly. Such disorders include post-traumatic stress disease and treatment-resistant depression, for which classical drugs such as MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin and LSD, among others, have already been clinically tested, reporting successful outcomes. The irruption of new psychoactive substances (NPS), especially during the last decade and despite their recreational and illicit uses, has enlarged the library of substances with potential utility on these disorders. In fact, many of them were synthetized with therapeutic purposes and were withdrawn for concrete reasons (e.g., adverse effects, improper pharmacological profile). In this review we focus on the basis, existing evidence and possible use of synthetic cathinones and psychedelics (specially tryptamines) for the treatment of mental illnesses and the properties that should be found in NPS to obtain new therapeutic compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405", "pubmed_id": "36262632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36262632\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1689, "title": "If the Doors of Perception Were Cleansed, Would Chronic Pain be Relieved? Evaluating the Benefits and Risks of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "if the doors of perception were cleansed would chronic pain be relieved evaluating the benefits and risks of psychedelics", "authors": "Dworkin RH, Anderson BT, Andrews N, Edwards RR, Grob CS, Ross S, Satterthwaite TD, Strain EC", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have played important roles in diverse cultures, and ingesting various plant preparations to evoke altered states of consciousness has been described throughout recorded history. Accounts of the subjective effects of psychedelics typically focus on spiritual and mystical-type experiences, including feelings of unity, sacredness, and transcendence. Over the past 2 decades, there has been increasing interest in psychedelics as treatments for various medical disorders, including chronic pain. Although concerns about adverse medical and psychological effects contributed to their controlled status, contemporary knowledge of psychedelics suggests that risks are relatively rare when patients are carefully screened, prepared, and supervised. Clinical trial results have provided support for the effectiveness of psychedelics in different psychiatric conditions. However, there are only a small number of generally uncontrolled studies of psychedelics in patients with chronic pain (eg, cancer pain, phantom limb pain, migraine, and cluster headache). Challenges in evaluating psychedelics as treatments for chronic pain include identifying neurobiologic and psychosocial mechanisms of action and determining which pain conditions to investigate. Truly informative proof-of-concept and confirmatory randomized clinical trials will require careful selection of control groups, efforts to minimize bias from unblinding, and attention to the roles of patient mental set and treatment setting. PERSPECTIVE: There is considerable promise for the use of psychedelic therapy for pain, but evidence-based recommendations for the design of future studies are needed to ensure that the results of this research are truly informative.", "journal": "The journal of pain", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpain.2022.05.003", "pubmed_id": "35643270", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35643270/", "keywords": "Chronic pain, LSD, clinical trials, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35643270\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1683, "title": "New investigational agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "new investigational agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Pochwat B, Krupa AJ, Siwek M, Szewczyk B", "abstract": "Pharmacotherapy of depression is characterized by the delayed onset of action, chronic treatment requirements, and insufficient effectiveness. Ketamine, with its rapid action and long-lasting effects, represents a breakthrough in the modern pharmacotherapy of depression. The current review summarizes the latest findings on the mechanism of the antidepressant action of ketamine and its enantiomers and metabolites. Furthermore, the antidepressant potential of psychedelics, non-hallucinogenic serotonergic modulators, and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands was discussed. Recent data indicated that to achieve fast and long-acting antidepressant-like effects, compounds must induce durable effects on the architecture and density of dendritic spines in brain regions engaged in mood regulation. Such mechanisms underlie the actions of ketamine and psychedelics. These compounds trigger hallucinations; however, it is thought that these effects might be essential for their antidepressant action. Behavioral studies with serotonergic modulators affecting 5-HT1A (biased agonists), 5-HT4 (agonists), and 5-HT-7 (antagonists) receptors exert rapid antidepressant-like activity, but they seem to be devoid of these effects. Another way to avoid psychomimetic effects and achieve the desired rapid antidepressant-like effects is combined therapy. In this respect, ligands of metabotropic receptors show some potential.", "journal": "Expert opinion on investigational drugs", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2022.2113376", "pubmed_id": "35975761", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35975761/", "keywords": "NMDA, Rapid-acting antidepressant, depression, ketamine, psilocybin, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35975761\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1671, "title": "Psychedelic medicine at a crossroads: Advancing an integrative approach to research and practice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicine at a crossroads advancing an integrative approach to research and practice", "authors": "Gobbi G, Inserra A, Greenway KT, Lifshitz M, Kirmayer LJ", "abstract": "Psychedelics have been already used by human societies for more than 3000 years, mostly in religious and healing context. The renewed interest in the potential application of psychedelic compounds as novel therapeutics has led to promising preliminary evidence of clinical benefit in some psychiatric disorders. Despite these promising results, the potential for large-scale clinical application of these profoundly consciousness-altering substances, in isolation from the sociocultural contexts in which they were traditionally used, raises important concerns. These concerns stem from the recognition that the mechanisms of therapeutic action of psychedelics are not entirely dependent on neurobiology, but also on the psychological, social and spiritual processes for their efficacy. For these reasons, physicians or psychotherapists involved in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy need training in ways to accompany patients through this experience to promote positive outcomes and address potential side effects. Psychedelic therapies may foster the emergence of a novel paradigm in psychiatry that integrates psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and cultural interventions for patients with mental health issues.", "journal": "Transcultural psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221119388", "pubmed_id": "36263521", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263521/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, consciousness, context, culture, ketamine, psilocybin, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36263521\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1669, "title": "Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics.", "normalized_title": "effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics", "authors": "Cruzat J, Perl YS, Escrichs A, Vohryzek J, Timmermann C, Roseman L, Luppi AI, Ibañez A, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Tagliazucchi E, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs show promise as safe and effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, yet their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. A fundamental hypothesis is that psychedelics work by dose-dependently changing the functional hierarchy of brain dynamics, but it is unclear whether different psychedelics act similarly. Here, we investigated the changes in the brain's functional hierarchy associated with two different psychedelics (LSD and psilocybin). Using a novel turbulence framework, we were able to determine the vorticity, that is, the local level of synchronization, that allowed us to extend the standard global time-based measure of metastability to become a local-based measure of both space and time. This framework produced detailed signatures of turbulence-based hierarchical change for each psychedelic drug, revealing consistent and discriminate effects on a higher level network, that is, the default mode network. Overall, our findings directly support a prior hypothesis that psychedelics modulate (i.e., \"compress\") the functional hierarchy and provide a quantification of these changes for two different psychedelics. Implications for therapeutic applications of psychedelics are discussed.", "journal": "Network Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1162/netn_a_00250", "pubmed_id": "38800462", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00250", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38800462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223566727\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223566727\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":28,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1952174810\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957794009\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972724226\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978476682\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983183519\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993665893\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048856090\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123830992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148764920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167845354\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168202614\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605334700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618615166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756033535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772639718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790381919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898334035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899405464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2906685213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2925936518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949283084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951401594\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953144044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979305445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979559266\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007570878\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048561249\",\"https://openalex.org/W3061139324\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093680025\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110820786\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113009972\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127201130\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172038233\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179426622\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185074371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195093253\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207629458\",\"https://openalex.org/W3212303547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243066586\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248070489\",\"https://openalex.org/W4283738890\",\"https://openalex.org/W6665309465\",\"https://openalex.org/W6677629077\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074754048\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Cruzat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8657\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091490801\",\"display_name\":\"Yonatan Sanz Perl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-5564\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027614540\",\"display_name\":\"Anira Escrichs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-9737\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073642716\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Vohryzek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-5054\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065968159\",\"display_name\":\"Andrea I. Luppi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3461-6431\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014213472\",\"display_name\":\"Agustín Ibáñez\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-5101\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058986420\",\"display_name\":\"Enzo Tagliazucchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-9993\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047963275\",\"display_name\":\"Gustavo Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043559110\",\"display_name\":\"Morten L. Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210225821\",\"source_display_name\":\"Network Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00250\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4223566727" }, { "id": 3244, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: Prediction of Clinical Outcome by Natural Language Processing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing", "authors": "Dougherty RF, Clarke P, Alti M, Kuc J, Schlosser D, Dunlop BW, Hellerstein DJ, Aaronson ST, Zisook S, Young AH, Carhart-Harris R, Goodwin G, Ryslik GA.", "abstract": "Background: Therapeutic administration of psychedelic drugs has shown significant potential in historical accounts and in recent clinical trials in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. A recent randomized double-blind phase-IIb study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of COMP360, COMPASS Pathways’ proprietary synthetic formulation of psilocybin, in participants with treatment resistant depression. While promising, the treatment works for a portion of the population and early prediction of outcome is a key objective. Methods: Transcripts were made from audio recordings of the psychological support session between participant and therapist one day post COMP360 administration. A zero-shot machine learning classifier based on the BART large language model was used to compute two-dimensional sentiment (valence and arousal) for the participant and therapist from the transcript. These scores, combined with the Emotional Breakthrough Index (EBI) and treatment arm were used to predict treatment outcome as measured by MADRS scores. Code and data are available at https://github.com/compasspathways/Sentiment2DResults: Two multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict responder status at week 3 and through week 12. Cross-validation of these models resulted in 85% and 88% accuracy and AUC values of 88% and 85%. Conclusions: A machine learning algorithm using NLP and EBI accurately predicts long term patient response, allowing rapid prognostication of personalized response to psilocybin treatment and insight into therapeutic model optimization. Further research is required to understand if language data from earlier stages in the therapeutic process hold similar predictive power.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR553222\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 643, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: Prediction of Clinical Outcome by Natural Language Processing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Therapeutic administration of psychedelic drugs has shown significant potential in historical accounts and in recent clinical trials in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. A recent randomized double-blind phase-IIb study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of COMP360, COMPASS Pathways’ proprietary synthetic formulation of psilocybin, in participants with treatment resistant depression. While promising, the treatment works for a portion of the population and early prediction of outcome is a key objective. Methods: Transcripts were made from audio recordings of the psychological support session between participant and therapist one day post COMP360 administration. A zero-shot machine learning classifier based on the BART large language model was used to compute two-dimensional sentiment (valence and arousal) for the participant and therapist from the transcript. These scores, combined with the Emotional Breakthrough Index (EBI) and treatment arm were used to predict treatment outcome as measured by MADRS scores. Code and data are available at https://github.com/compasspathways/Sentiment2D Results: Two multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict responder status at week 3 and through week 12. Cross-validation of these models resulted in 85% and 88% accuracy and AUC values of 88% and 85%. Conclusions: A machine learning algorithm using NLP and EBI accurately predicts long term patient response, allowing rapid prognostication of personalized response to psilocybin treatment and insight into therapeutic model optimization. Further research is required to understand if language data from earlier stages in the therapeutic process hold similar predictive power.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/kh3cx_v1", "keywords": "Depression, Emotional Breakthrough Index, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Sentiment, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Quantitative Methods, Statistical Methods", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"kh3cx_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3126, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord L, Fernandes H, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Deco G, Kringelbach M.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression - to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used whole-brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a heathy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (> 50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2022-09-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2060381/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2060381/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR548038\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1607, "title": "Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "towards an understanding of psychedelic induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and the DMT-containing beverage ayahuasca, show some potential to treat depression, anxiety, and addiction. Importantly, clinical improvements can last for months or years after treatment. It has been theorized that these long-term improvements arise because psychedelics rapidly and lastingly stimulate neuroplasticity. The focus of this review is on answering specific questions about the effects of psychedelics on neuroplasticity. Firstly, we review the evidence that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of different psychedelics on different aspects of neuroplasticity, including dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and expression of plasticity-related genes (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor and immediate early genes). We then examine where in the brain psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, particularly discussing the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We also examine what doses are required to produce this effect (e.g., hallucinogenic doses vs. \"microdoses\"), and how long purported changes in neuroplasticity last. Finally, we discuss the likely consequences of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity for both patients and healthy people, and we identify important research questions that would further scientific understanding of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity and its potential clinical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z", "pubmed_id": "36123427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36123427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3327, "title": "Neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery", "authors": "Stoliker D, Preller KH, Novelli L, Anticevic A, Egan GF, Vollenweider FX, Razi A.", "abstract": "Visual alterations under classic psychedelics can include rich phenomenological accounts of eyes-closed imagery. Preclinical evidence suggests agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor may reduce synaptic gain to produce psychedelic-induced imagery. However, this has not been investigated in humans. To infer the directed connectivity changes to visual sensory connectivity underlying psychedelic visual imagery in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed, and dynamic causal modelling was applied to the resting state eyes-closed functional MRI scans of 24 subjects after administration of 0.2mg/kg of the serotonergic psychedelic drug, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), or placebo. The effective connectivity model included the early visual area, fusiform gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, and inferior frontal gyrus. We observed a pattern of increased self-inhibition of both early visual and higher visual-association regions under psilocybin that was consistent with preclinical findings. We also observed a pattern of reduced inhibition from visual-association regions to earlier visual areas that indicated top-down connectivity is enhanced during visual imagery. The results were associated with behavioural measures taken immediately after the scans, suggesting psilocybin-induced decreased sensitivity to neural inputs is associated with the perception of eyes-closed visual imagery. The findings inform our basic and clinical understanding of visual perception. They reveal neural mechanisms that, by affecting balance, may increase the impact of top-down feedback connectivity on perception, which could contribute to the visual imagery seen with eyes-closed during psychedelic experiences.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.09.07.22279700", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.07.22279700", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR541900\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1695, "title": "Association between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use and Sick Leave in a Population-Based Sample.", "normalized_title": "association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and sick leave in a population based sample", "authors": "Mellner C, Dahlen M, Simonsson O", "abstract": "Absenteeism from work due to illness, and related costs, has increased steadily during the past decades. In recent years, there has been a reemergence of research on the therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics showing associations with both physical and mental health. However, the association between classic psychedelics and sick leave remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and sick leave in the past 30 days among adults in the United States ( = 407,717), using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2019), weighted to be representative of the US adult population. The primary analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, risky behavior, and use of other substances. There was a significant and negative association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and sick leave in the past 30 days (B = -0.09, < 0.01) when adjusting for all control variables. These findings suggest that classic psychedelics could potentially lead to reduced sick leave and associated costs in the general population, but more research is needed to investigate potential causal pathways of classic psychedelics on sick leave and evaluate possible mechanisms.", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "publication_date": "2022-09-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijerph191811353", "pubmed_id": "36141631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141631/", "keywords": "LSD, health economics, psilocybin, psychedelics, public health, sickness absence, sickness absenteeism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36141631\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1698, "title": "Effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression", "authors": "Barba T, Buehler S, Kettner H, Radu C, Cunha BG, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is often associated with maladaptive coping strategies, including rumination and thought suppression.AimsTo assess the comparative effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram, and the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin (COMP360), on rumination and thought suppression in major depressive disorder.MethodBased on data derived from a randomised clinical trial (N = 59), we performed exploratory analyses on the impact of escitalopram versus psilocybin (i.e. condition) on rumination and thought suppression from 1 week before to 6 weeks after treatment inception (i.e. time), using mixed analysis of variance. Condition responder versus non-responder subgroup analyses were also done, using the standard definition of ≥50% symptom reduction.ResultsA time×condition interaction was found for rumination (F(1, 56) = 4.58, P = 0.037) and thought suppression (F(1,57) = 5.88, P = 0.019), with post hoc tests revealing significant decreases exclusively in the psilocybin condition. When analysing via response, a significant time×condition×response interaction for thought suppression (F(1,54) = 8.42, P = 0.005) and a significant time×response interaction for rumination (F(1,54) = 23.50, P < 0.001) were evident. Follow-up tests revealed that decreased thought suppression was exclusive to psilocybin responders, whereas rumination decreased in both responder groups. In the psilocybin arm, decreases in rumination and thought suppression correlated with ego dissolution and session-linked psychological insight.ConclusionsThese data provide further evidence on the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin and escitalopram in the treatment of depression.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2022-09-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2022.565", "pubmed_id": "36065128", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.565", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36065128\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4294808278\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"compound:comp360\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":57,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1534895897\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014891896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030767477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034323533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081064950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2728383199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796377954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3157759986\",\"https://openalex.org/W4206700491\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211130665\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212903385\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237812064\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253507931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300870773\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005427567\",\"display_name\":\"Tommaso Barba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2565-4628\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027485819\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah Buehler\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002649940\",\"display_name\":\"Caterina Radu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6386-8857\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028567759\",\"display_name\":\"Bruna Giribaldi Cunha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.565\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4294808278" }, { "id": 3383, "title": "Therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychedelic substances in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychedelic substances in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Rodrigues J, Nombora O, Ribeiro L.", "abstract": "Introduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder associated with suffering and disability. The serotoninergic system is implicated in the neurobiological processes of OCD and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are the first-line treatment. However, clinical improvement after starting SRIs can take long and patients may not fully recover. Meanwhile, recent data suggests that activation of 5-HT receptors may exert a therapeutic action in obsessional symptoms. Some psychedelics are strong 5-HT2 receptor agonists and there is a growing research interest as they can be a promising therapeutic approach to OCD. Objectives We aim to provide an overview on the current evidence on the therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychoactive substances in the treatment of OCD. Methods Non-systematic review. Literature search in the PubMed database using the terms psychedelics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results Although research is currently limited to a few small studies, the ones conducted so far showed clinically meaningful acute reduction of OCD symptoms after treatment with serotoninergic psychoactive drugs, as well as possible longer-lasting benefits, particularly with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Furthermore, substance-assisted psychotherapy with psychedelics has been showing promising results, being suitable for OCD treatment. It is important to add that, to date, studies have indicated relatively good tolerability to these drugs. Conclusions These promising early findings highlight the role of psychedelics in OCD treatment and the need for further research into efficacy, therapeutic mechanisms and safety, in order to determine whether these drugs may be worthy options for OCD treatment in the future. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9567436", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9567436\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3376, "title": "Exploring Psychedelics and Entactogens as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop", "normalized_title": "exploring psychedelics and entactogens as treatments for psychiatric disorders proceedings of a workshop", "authors": "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders.", "abstract": "Psychiatric illnesses - such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, substance use disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - are widely prevalent and represent a substantial health burden worldwide. Yet, conventional medications for mental illnesses often fail to provide relief to patients' disruptive and disabling symptoms. Existing and emerging evidence that psychedelics (e.g., LSD and psilocybin) and entactogens (e.g., MDMA) may be useful as tools to alleviate mental illness has sparked a renaissance of interest by investigators, clinicians, drug developers, and patient advocates in recent years. While promising data on therapeutic efficacy has energized research and development, resolving the mechanisms of action will be important for optimizing the efficacy and safety of these medicines. Further, evaluating the effect of psychedelics and entactogens on mood and behavior comes with unique challenges still in need of resolution. These include unresolved questions relating to blinding, placebo and nocebo effects, and the impact of psychosocial contexts. In response to this renewed interest, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a workshop on March 29-30, 2022. The workshop brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to explore the use of psychedelics and entactogens as treatments for psychiatric disorders. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.", "journal": "National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC)", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "36049038", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36049038", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36049038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC)\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1702, "title": "[The use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression].", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Johannesdottir A, Sigurdsson E.", "abstract": "The hallucinogen psilocybin is a potential novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on psilocybin and its efficacy in TRD. Literature searches were done on PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, references reviewed in identified articles and other articles found on the website of COMPASS Pathways. Psilocybin treatment consists usually of a single oral administration of 25 mg of psilocybin along with psychological support for 5-8 hours during the ensuing hallucinogenic trip. Common side-effects include headache, nausea, fatigue and insomnia. A systematic review has demonstrated significant antidepressant efficacy in certain groups and a double-blind randomized study found antidepressant efficacy of psilocybin comparable to the SSRI escitalopram. In the phase 2 study of COMPASS Pathways, the psilocybin-COMP360 treatment led to a rapid response and remission as early as three weeks following the treatment for around one third of participants. Recent studies have shown that psilocybin significantly decreases the severity of depressive symptoms and is generally well tolerated. Further research will reveal whether it will be granted a license to treat treatment-resistant depression in the near future. There remains an urgent need for novel treatments for those who do not respond to current antidepressant therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.17992/lbl.2022.09.706", "pubmed_id": "36040772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2022.09.706", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36040772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1168, "title": "Psychedelic Psychiatry", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry", "authors": "Nutt D.", "abstract": "The last decade has seen a remarkable resurgence of interest in psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin (from magic mushrooms) LSD and DMT (dimethyl tryptamine - the active ingredient of ayahuasca). This has been driven by the discovery that these psychedelics all act agonists of 5-HT2A receptors. Human imaging studies have revealed this action leads to profound alterations in brain measures of activity particularly in terms of increased entropy of EEG MEG and fMRI signals and reduced within-network, but increased between-network, connectivity. In addition they all can increase synaptic growth and brain plasticity. These findings not only explain the subjective nature of the psychedelic experience but also have implications for the treatment of internalising disorders such as depression addiction anorexia and OCD that are characterised by increased within network connectivity especially of the default mode network. Subsequent trials, particularly of psilocybin, in these disorders has revealed significant clinical benefits from even just a single administration. A number of companies have now been set up to extend these discoveries with regulatory-level trials that could result in market authorisations within a few years. My talk will explore these brain mechanisms and clinical data and discuss the potential place of psychedelic medicine in the future of psychiatry. Disclosure I am an advisor to Compass pathways and Beckley Psytec two companies that are developing psychedelics for depression and other psychiatric indications. Several members of my research group receive support from these companies and also from Small Pharma.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9565852", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9565852\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1678, "title": "Serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2c and 5-HT1A receptor involvement in the acute effects of psilocybin in mice. In vitro pharmacological profile and modulation of thermoregulation and head-twich response.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 5 ht2a 5 ht2c and 5 ht1a receptor involvement in the acute effects of psilocybin in mice in vitro pharmacological profile and modulation of thermoregulation and head twich response", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Alles-Pascual R, Horrillo I, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "The psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) agonist psilocybin (or the active metabolite psilocin) has emerged as potential useful drug for various neuropsychiatric diseases, with a rapid onset of therapeutic activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for such effects remain incompletely characterized. We aimed to study in vitro pharmacological profile and in vivo acute mechanism of psilocin/psilocybin. Competition binding studies with psilocin were performed in brain and cell cultures. The role of 5HT2AR, 5-HT2C receptors (5HT2CR) and 5-HT1A receptors (5HT1AR) on the psychosis-like head-twitch response (HTR) and on body temperature in mice after psilocybin administration were evaluated. Psilocin showed similar affinities for 5HT2AR (Ki: 120-173 nM), 5HT2CR (Ki: 79-311 nM) and 5-HT1AR (Ki: 152-146 nM) in human and mice brain. Psilocybin induced a dose-dependent HTR (maximal effect 17.07 ± 1.31 at 1 mg/kg i.p.) that was completely suppressed by the 5HT2AR antagonist MDL11939 (1 mg/kg). Higher doses of psilocybin (3 mg/kg) induced lower HTR (9.00 ± 0.53). The 5HT2CR antagonist SB242084 (0.1 mg/kg) increased HTR exerted by psilocybin (3 mg/kg). Psilocybin significantly raised core body temperature at low dose (0.125 mg/kg) (Emax=0.67 ± 0.15 °C), whereas a significant decrease was induced by doses over 1 mg/kg (Emax = -1.31 ± 0.16 °C). Pre-treatment with the 5HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 reversed the decrease of body temperature after psilocybin (1 mg/kg), causing hyperthermia (Emax = 0.94 ± 0.26 °C). The present work provides key findings on the 5HT2AR, 5-HT2CR and 5HT1AR involvement in the acute central effects of psilocybin. The results may be relevant for understanding the mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic effects and side effects of this psychedelic drug.", "journal": "Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy", "publication_date": "2022-08-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113612", "pubmed_id": "36049313", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113612", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Hallucinogens, Body Temperature Regulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36049313\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293729162\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":106,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1491233801\",\"https://openalex.org/W1558293110\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897852281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974249867\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977125061\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984962861\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987187456\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015870346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016166396\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016783203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018617325\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020897170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057478907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065203647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069466951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083255699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091016019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091648211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094569992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095268995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096400789\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099797657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109354517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161047862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2432259727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889566085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891321385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900124441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958422128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109908198\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112904824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113263685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3155245221\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3161556967\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205085416\",\"https://openalex.org/W3210571302\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200067366\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214649547\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220950644\",\"https://openalex.org/W4223491164\",\"https://openalex.org/W6640630516\",\"https://openalex.org/W6803241201\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064629089\",\"display_name\":\"Ines Erkizia-Santamaría\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6163-4571\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007763947\",\"display_name\":\"R. Alles-Pascual\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028869928\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Horrillo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-5884\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024198476\",\"display_name\":\"J. Javier Meana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-6714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033481973\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge E. Ortega\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-874X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S15111687\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113612\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4293729162" }, { "id": 1687, "title": "Where do we go next in antidepressant drug discovery? A new generation of antidepressants: a pivotal role of AMPA receptor potentiation and mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism.", "normalized_title": "where do we go next in antidepressant drug discovery a new generation of antidepressants a pivotal role of ampa receptor potentiation and mglu2 3 receptor antagonism", "authors": "Pilc A, Machaczka A, Kawalec P, Smith JL, Witkin JM.", "abstract": "IntroductionMajor depressive disorder remains a prevalent world-wide health problem. Currently available antidepressant medications take weeks of dosing, do not produce antidepressant response in all patients, and have undesirable ancillary effects.Areas coveredThe present opinion piece focuses on the major inroads to the creation of new antidepressants. These include N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and related compounds like ketamine, psychedelic drugs like psilocybin, and muscarinic receptor antagonists like scopolamine. The preclinical and clinical pharmacological profile of these new-age antidepressant drugs is discussed.Expert opinionPreclinical and clinical data have accumulated to predict a next generation of antidepressant medicines. In contrast to the current standard of care antidepressant drugs, these compounds differ in that they demonstrate rapid activity, often after a single dose, and effects that outlive their presence in brain. These compounds also can provide efficacy for treatment-resistant depressed patients. The mechanism of action of these compounds suggests a strong glutamatergic component that involves the facilitation of AMPA receptor function. Antagonism of mGlu2/3 receptors is also relevant to the antidepressant pharmacology of this new class of drugs. Based upon the ongoing efforts to develop these new-age antidepressants, new drug approvals are predicted in the near future.", "journal": "Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery", "publication_date": "2022-08-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/17460441.2022.2111415", "pubmed_id": "35934973", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2022.2111415", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Scopolamine, Receptors, AMPA, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35934973\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Pilc\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4045-0597\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046125337\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Machaczka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-4795\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023818598\",\"display_name\":\"Paweł Kawalec\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0125-0947\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030461360\",\"display_name\":\"Jodi L. Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9145-8548\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090899159\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey M. Witkin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9048-148X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S142541038\",\"source_display_name\":\"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2022.2111415\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4290613434" }, { "id": 1711, "title": "Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Regulate Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Gymnopilus dilepis Mushroom via Amino Acid Metabolism Pathways.", "normalized_title": "cystathionine gamma lyase regulate psilocybin biosynthesis in gymnopilus dilepis mushroom via amino acid metabolism pathways", "authors": "Yao S, Wei C, Lin H, Zhang P, Liu Y, Deng Y, Huang Q, Xie B.", "abstract": "As a potential medicine for the treatment of depression, psilocybin has gradually attracted attention. To elucidate the molecular mechanism regulating psilocybin synthesis in Gymnopilus dilepis, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to detect the changes in psilocybin content after S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) treatment and the changes of psilocybin content in different parts (stipe and pileus), and RNA-Seq was used to explore the mechanism of psilocybin content changes. In this study, the psilocybin content in G. dilepis mycelia treated with SAH was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the content of psilocybin in the stipe was significantly higher than that in the pileus. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differential expression genes (DEGs) were associated with cysteine and methionine metabolism. In particular, the transcription levels of genes encoding Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) in different treatments and different parts were positively correlated with psilocybin content. In addition, we found that the exogenous addition of CTH activity inhibitor (DL-propargylglycine, PAG) could reduce the content of psilocybin and L-serine, and the content of psilocybin and L-serine returned to normal levels after L-cysteine supplementation, suggesting that psilocybin synthesis may be positively correlated with L-cysteine or CTH, and L-cysteine regulates the synthesis of psilocybin by affecting L-serine and 4-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. In conclusion, this study revealed a new molecular mechanism that affects psilocybin biosynthesis, which can provide a theoretical basis for improving psilocybin synthesis and the possibility for the development of biomedicine.", "journal": "Journal of Fungi", "publication_date": "2022-08-17", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jof8080870", "pubmed_id": "36012858", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080870", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36012858\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Yao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081026453\",\"display_name\":\"Chuanzheng Wei\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048964666\",\"display_name\":\"Hui Lin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4003-5972\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100364256\",\"display_name\":\"Peng Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4278-0036\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100405029\",\"display_name\":\"Yuanyuan Liu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8107-9731\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047149764\",\"display_name\":\"Youjin Deng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9743-4013\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022138363\",\"display_name\":\"Qianhui Huang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-7519\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049091838\",\"display_name\":\"Baogui Xie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2192-4168\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737643958\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Fungi\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080870\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4292248697" }, { "id": 1650, "title": "Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and Controlled Substances Act scheduling.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and controlled substances act scheduling", "authors": "Henningfield JE, Coe MA, Griffiths RR, Belouin SJ, Berger A, Coker AR, Comer SD, Heal DJ, Hendricks PS, Nichols CD, Sapienza F, Vocci FJ, Zia FZ.", "abstract": "New medicines containing classic hallucinogenic and entactogenic psychedelic substance are under development for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Many of these, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are Schedule I controlled substances of the United States Controlled Substances Act (US CSA), and similarly controlled globally. The implications of the CSA for research and medicines development, the path to approval of medicines, and their subsequent removal from Schedule I in the US are discussed. This entire process occurs within the framework of the CSA in the US and its counterparts internationally in accordance with international drug control treaties. Abuse potential related research in the US informs the eight factors of the CSA which provide the basis for rescheduling actions that must occur upon approval of a drug that contains a Schedule I substance. Abuse-related research also informs drug product labeling and the risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) will likely be required for approved medicines. Human abuse potential studies typically employed in CNS drug development may be problematic for substances with strong hallucinogenic effects such as psilocybin, and alternative strategies are discussed. Implications for research, medicinal development, and controlled substance scheduling are presented in the context of the US CSA and FDA requirements with implications for global regulation. We also discuss how abuse-related research can contribute to understanding mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects as well as the totality of the effects of the drugs on the brain, behavior, mood, and the constructs of spirituality and consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220", "pubmed_id": "35987353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Controlled Substances, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35987353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1686, "title": "Psilocybin Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Major Depressive Disorder: a Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin efficacy and mechanisms of action in major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "Prouzeau D, Conejero I, Voyvodic PL, Becamel C, Abbar M, Lopez-Castroman J.", "abstract": "Purpose of the reviewWe aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of depression, as well as its mechanisms of action.Recent findingsPsilocybin has a large, rapid, and persistent clinical effect in the treatment of resistant or end-of-life depression. Tolerance is good, with mild side effects limited to a few hours after dosing. The studies conducted to date have had small sample sizes. One clinical trial has been conducted against a reference treatment (escitalopram) without showing a significant superiority of psilocybin in the main outcome. The neurobiological mechanisms, mostly unknown, differ from those of SSRI antidepressants. Psilocybin represents a promising alternative in the treatment of depression. Further research with larger sample sizes, particularly against reference treatments, is needed to better understand the neurobiological factors of its effects and to investigate its potential for use in everyday practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01361-0", "pubmed_id": "35953638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01361-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35953638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3554, "title": "Prophylactic Effects of Psilocybin on Chronic Cluster Headache: an Open-label Clinical Trial and Neuroimaging Study", "normalized_title": "prophylactic effects of psilocybin on chronic cluster headache an open label clinical trial and neuroimaging study", "authors": "Gitte Moos Knudsen", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the prophylactic effects of psilocybin in chronic cluster headache. Subjects will receive a low dose of psilocybin during 3 sessions spaced by one week. Subjects will maintain a headache diary prior to, during, and after the administrations in order to document headache frequency, intensity and duration. Subjects will undergo a fMRI scanning before the first and after the last psilocybin session. Cluster headache (CH) is one of the most painful conditions known. CH affects 1 out 1000 and exists in two well-defined forms: episodic (ECH) and chronic (CCH). Ten to fifteen percent of patients have CCH and have less than three months of pain-free time during a year. Medical treatment for CH is divided into acute abortive treatment for the single attack and a prophylactic treatment. The most commonly used prophylactic, verapamil, decreases attack frequency but does not induce remission and very high doses are needed. Although most therapeutic options ameliorate CH, they may be problematic due to major side effects, unsatisfactory treatment response or availability. Thus, novel treatment options are needed. According to several studies, patients that self-medicate with low doses of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist and psychedelic psilocybin report that this is effective as CH prophylaxis or even to induce remission. So far, no clinical trials to confirm this have been conducted, nor is there any objective measures of brain function in association with psilocybin intake in CH. There is, however, already some evidence from functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) imaging studies suggesting that CH patients have abnormal functional connectivity patterns involving the hypothalamus and distributed brain networks, but the implication of these abnormalities is unknown. The investigators are conducting a prospective pilot study, evaluating prophylactic effects of psilocybin in CCH using an open-label study design. They're also going to investigate psilocybin's active metabolite psilocin and brain function (fMRI) to identify possible brain mechanisms underlying CCH and treatment response, including the correlation of treatment response with psilocin levels and estimated 5-HT2AR occupancy and the extent to which brain network changes are affected by psilocybin and correlated with treatment response. Effects of psilocybin on headache frequency, duration and intensity will be assessed in a sample of 20 patients with CCH. Participants will fill out headache logs during the entire study period, in total 10 weeks. Before study inclusion, participants taking prophylactic medication will first go through a 2-week wash-out period to allow for elimination of the medicine. Inclusion is followed by a baseline observation period lasting four weeks, after which patients will first undergo a baseline rs fMRI scanning followed by the first dose of 0.14 mg/kg psilocybin p.o. Blood samples will be collected during the first psilocybin intervention to establish psilocin plasma concentrations, which will be used for estimating receptor occupancy. Participants will then undergo two additional psilocybin administrations spaced by one-week. The last psilocybin dose will be followed by 4 weeks of observation. One week after the last administration of psilocybin, participants will undergo a follow-up MRI scan. Participants will be contacted 3, 6 and 12 months after the last psilocybin dose to gain information about the duration of potential remission periods. All regular acute treatments are permitted during the study period and a systematic record hereof has to be noted in the headache diary. No other prophylactic medication is allowed during the trial and at least a two-week washout period before inclusion is required. Prophylactics are allowed again after the 4 weeks follow-up, with dose and type carefully recorded. Participants will fill out questionnaires during the observation period, in conjunction with psilocybin interventions and at follow-up.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-08-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04280055", "keywords": "Cluster Headache, Psilocybin, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04280055\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1692, "title": "Differences across sexes on head-twitch behavior and 5-HT2A receptor signaling in C57BL/6J mice.", "normalized_title": "differences across sexes on head twitch behavior and 5 ht2a receptor signaling in c57bl 6j mice", "authors": "Jaster AM, Younkin J, Cuddy T, de la Fuente Revenga M, Poklis JL, Dozmorov MG, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, also known as classical hallucinogens, affect processes related to perception, cognition and sensory processing mostly via the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). This class of psychoactive substances, which includes lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline and the substituted amphetamine 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), is receiving renewed attention for their potential therapeutic properties as it relates to psychiatric conditions such as depression and substance use disorders. Current studies focused on the potentially clinical effects of psychedelics on human subjects tend to exclude sex as a biological variable. Much of the understanding of psychedelic pharmacology is derived from rodent models, but most of this preclinical research has only focused on male mice. Here we tested the effects of DOI on head-twitch behavior (HTR) - a mouse behavioral proxy of human psychedelic potential - in male and female mice. DOI elicited more HTR in female as compared to male C57BL/6J mice, a sex-specific exacerbated behavior that was not observed in 129S6/SvEv animals. Volinanserin (or M100907) - a 5-HT2AR antagonist - fully prevented DOI-induced HTR in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Accumulation of inositol monophosphate (IP1) in the frontal cortex upon DOI administration showed no sex-related effect in C57BL/6J mice. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of DOI differed among sexes - brain and plasma concentrations of DOI were lower 30 and 60 min after drug administration in female as compared to male C57BL/6J mice. Together, these results suggest strain-dependent and sex-related differences in the behavioral and pharmacokinetic profiles of the 5-HT2AR agonist DOI in C57BL/6J mice, and support the importance of studying sex as a biological variable in preclinical psychedelic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136836", "pubmed_id": "35963476", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136836", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, Amphetamine, Fluorobenzenes, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35963476\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4291398459" }, { "id": 4946, "title": "Med Check: Psilocybin for OCD, Nuplazid Vote, and More", "normalized_title": "med check psilocybin for ocd nuplazid vote and more", "authors": "Terri D’Arrigo", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMed Check: Psilocybin for OCD, Nuplazid Vote, and MoreTerri D’ArrigoTerri D’ArrigoSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:4 Aug 2022https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2AD109 Fast Tracked for Obstructive Sleep ApneaThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given fast track status to AD109, an investigational oral medication for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, Apnimed announced in June. The FDA fast track is a process designed to facilitate the development of drugs that treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need and to expedite their review.AD109 contains the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine and the selective antimuscarinic aroxybutynin. AD109 targets key neurological pathways that cause upper airway obstruction during sleep by activating the upper airway dilator muscles and maintaining an open airway during sleep.In a phase 2 trial of 32 adults with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea, patients who took AD109 experienced less hypoxic burden compared with patients who took placebo. Hypoxic burden is a measure of the total amount of respiratory event-related hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen during sleep. Patients who took AD109 also had fewer episodes of apnea and hypopnea per hour of sleep compared with patients who took placebo. Ceruvia to Begin Phase 2 Trial of Psilocybin for OCDThe FDA has accepted Ceruvia Lifesciences’ Investigational New Drug application for a phase 2 clinical trial to determine the efficacy and safety of SYNP-101 (synthetic psilocybin) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the company announced in June.In the trial, 105 patients with OCD will receive 25 mg of SYNP-101 or the active placebo niacin. The primary endpoint of the trial will be to determine the reduction in OCD symptoms for up to 12 weeks after a single dose of SYNP-101. Researchers will determine the drug’s efficacy using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. FDA Advisory Committee Votes Down Nuplazid for Alzheimer’s PsychosisIn June the FDA Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee voted 9 to 3 that available evidence does not support Nuplazid (pimavanserin) for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Alzheimer’s disease psychosis, Acadia Pharmaceuticals announced. The drug is currently approved for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease psychosis.The company submitted the application in 2020 after the phase 3 HARMONY trial suggested that pimavanserin may reduce the risk of psychosis relapse in patients with common subtypes of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders. However, the advisory committee noted that study’s conclusions about the primary endpoint-the effect of pimavanserin on time to relapse of psychosis-appeared to spring mostly from the results in patients with psychosis from Parkinson’s disease, not Alzheimer’s disease.The advisory committee also questioned the findings of a phase 2 trial of pimavanserin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The committee said the trial was not well controlled and that more than half of the patients in both the treatment and placebo groups deviated from the trial’s protocol.The FDA does not have to act on the advisory committee’s recommendations, although the agency will consider them in making a decision on whether to approve pimavanserin for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Alzheimer’s disease psychosis. The target date for FDA action is August 4, 2022. AbbVie Submits Supplemental NDA for Qulipta for Migraine PreventionIn June AbbVie announced that it has submitted a supplemental New Drug Application to the FDA to expand the labeling for Qulipta (atogepant) to include prevention of chronic migraine in adults. The drug is currently approved for the preventive treatment of episodic, not chronic, migraine in adults.The submission includes data from the phase 3 PROGRESS trial in patients with chronic migraine, which found that adults with chronic migraine who took the drug experienced fewer monthly migraine days over the course of 12 weeks compared with those who took placebo.In the trial, more than 750 patients with at least a one-year history of chronic migraine were randomized to receive 60 mg of atogepant once a day, 30 mg of atogepant twice a day, or placebo for 12 weeks. All patients had at least 15 headache days with at least eight migraine days in the 28 days before randomization. The trial consisted of two analyses based on regulatory agency feedback in the United States and European Union.The U.S. analysis revealed that patients in the 60 mg and 30 mg atogepant arms experienced a decrease of 6.88 and 7.46 monthly migraine days, respectively, compared with patients in the placebo arm, who experienced a decrease of 5.05 monthly migraine days. The European Union analysis revealed that patients in the 60 mg and 30 mg atogepant arms experienced a decrease of 6.75 and 7.33 monthly migraine days, respectively, compared with patients in the placebo arm, who experienced a decrease of 5.09 monthly migraine days. Zuranolone Promising for Postpartum DepressionZuranolone may reduce symptoms of postpartum depression, the phase 3 SKYLARK Study has found. The results of the study were announced by Sage Therapeutics and Biogen in June.In the trial, 195 women with postpartum depression were randomized to take either 50 mg of zuranolone or placebo once per night for 14 days. On Day 15, scores on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression dropped a mean of 15.6 points among women who took zuranolone compared with a mean decrease in score of 11.6 points among women who took placebo. Women who took zuranolone also experienced greater improvement in their depressive symptoms as measured by the Clinical Global Depression Severity Scale than those who took placebo. ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Placebo, Atomoxetine, Obstructive sleep apnea, Anesthesia, Apnea, Clinical trial, Internal medicine, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Methylphenidate, Hallucinogen, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:57", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4289781881\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4289781881\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056763663\",\"display_name\":\"Terri D’Arrigo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.08.8.2\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4289781881" }, { "id": 1712, "title": "Molecular insights into the regulation of constitutive activity by RNA editing of 5HT2C serotonin receptors.", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into the regulation of constitutive activity by rna editing of 5ht2c serotonin receptors", "authors": "Gumpper RH, Fay JF, Roth BL.", "abstract": "RNA editing is a process by which post-transcriptional changes of mRNA nucleotides alter protein function through modification of the amino acid content. The 5HT2C serotonin receptor, which undergoes 32 distinct RNA-editing events leading to 24 protein isoforms, is a notable example of this process. These 5HT2C isoforms display differences in constitutive activity, agonist/inverse agonist potencies, and efficacies. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects of RNA editing, we present four active-state 5HT2C-transducer-coupled structures of three representative isoforms (INI, VGV, and VSV) with the selective drug lorcaserin (Belviq) and the classic psychedelic psilocin. We also provide a comprehensive analysis of agonist activation and constitutive activity across all 24 protein isoforms. Collectively, these findings reveal a unique hydrogen-bonding network located on intracellular loop 2 that is subject to RNA editing, which differentially affects GPCR constitutive and agonist signaling activities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111211", "pubmed_id": "35977511", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111211", "keywords": "Receptors, Serotonin, Protein Isoforms, RNA, Messenger, Signal Transduction, RNA Editing", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35977511\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4292056146" }, { "id": 1731, "title": "Psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power and neuronal phase-locking in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake rodents.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power and neuronal phase locking in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake rodents", "authors": "Golden CT, Chadderton P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic compound that is showing promise in the ability to treat neurological conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. There have been several investigations into the neural correlates of psilocybin administration using non-invasive methods, however, there has yet to be an invasive study of the mechanism of action in awake rodents. Using multi-unit extracellular recordings, we recorded local field potential and spiking activity from populations of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake mice during the administration of psilocybin (2 mg/kg). The power of low frequency bands in the local field potential was found to significantly decrease in response to psilocybin administration, whilst gamma band activity trended towards an increase. The population firing rate was found to increase overall, with just under half of individual neurons showing a significant increase. Psilocybin significantly decreased the level of phase modulation of cells with each neural frequency band except high-gamma oscillations, consistent with a desynchronization of cortical populations. Furthermore, bursting behavior was altered in a subset of cells, with both positive and negative changes in the rate of bursting. Neurons that increased their burst firing following psilocybin administration were highly likely to transition from a phase-modulated to a phase unmodulated state. Taken together, psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power, increases overall firing rates and desynchronizes local neural activity. These findings are consistent with dissolution of the default mode network under psilocybin, and may be indicative of disruption of top-down processing in the acute psychedelic state.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2022-07-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-16325-w", "pubmed_id": "35882885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16325-w", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Neurons, Animals, Rodentia, Mice, Wakefulness, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35882885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287981303\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287981303\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":45,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W878533373\",\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1519977525\",\"https://openalex.org/W1568903867\",\"https://openalex.org/W1603307924\",\"https://openalex.org/W1844018320\",\"https://openalex.org/W1897507705\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968221912\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969549633\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972869628\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007430976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012073509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014643576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031255974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034208007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050618347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064029491\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069216046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082471440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105558714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112782685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135447632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141403390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148545198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159353177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159799383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161263036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163383667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165944199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2186584449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082552984\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095530399\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W6829831111\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002925558\",\"display_name\":\"Caroline T. Golden\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2530-3975\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081227506\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Chadderton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-1011\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16325-w\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4287981303" }, { "id": 1426, "title": "Psilocybin in neuropsychiatry: a review of its pharmacology, safety, and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in neuropsychiatry a review of its pharmacology safety and efficacy", "authors": "Dodd S, Norman TR, Eyre HA, Stahl SM, Phillips A, Carvalho AF, Berk M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a tryptamine alkaloid found in some mushrooms, especially those of the genus Psilocybe. Psilocybin has four metabolites including the pharmacologically active primary metabolite psilocin, which readily enters the systemic circulation. The psychoactive effects of psilocin are believed to arise due to the partial agonist effects at the 5HT2A receptor. Psilocin also binds to various other receptor subtypes although the actions of psilocin at other receptors are not fully explored. Psilocybin administered at doses sufficient to cause hallucinogenic experiences has been trialed for addictive disorders, anxiety and depression. This review investigates studies of psilocybin and psilocin and assesses the potential for use of psilocybin and a treatment agent in neuropsychiatry. The potential for harm is also assessed, which may limit the use of psilocybin as a pharmacotherapy. Careful evaluation of the number needed to harm vs the number needed to treat will ultimately justify the potential clinical use of psilocybin. This field needs a responsible pathway forward.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852922000888", "pubmed_id": "35811423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000888", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35811423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3220, "title": "Psilocybin-induced reduction in chronic cluster headache attack frequency correlates with changes in hypothalamic functional connectivity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced reduction in chronic cluster headache attack frequency correlates with changes in hypothalamic functional connectivity", "authors": "Madsen MK, Petersen AS, Stenbæk DS, Sørensen IM, Schiønning H, Fjeld T, Nykjær CH, Ulv Larsen SM, Grzywacz M, Mathiesen T, Klausen IL, Overgaard-Hansen O, Brendstrup-Brix K, Linnet K, Johansen SS, Fisher PM, Jensen RH, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Chronic cluster headache (CCH) is an excruciating disorder of unknown pathophysiology, but hypothalamic dysfunction has been implicated. CCH is difficult to treat but on a case-basis, the psychedelic compound psilocybin is said to have beneficial effects. In this first-ever clinical trial ( NCT04280055 ), we evaluate in a small open-label study of CCH patients the feasibility and prophylactic effect of three low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin as well as effects on hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC), using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The treatment was well-tolerated and without serious adverse reactions. Attack frequency was on average reduced by 30% from baseline to follow-up (P FWER =0.008). One patient experienced 21 weeks of complete remission. Changes in hypothalamic-diencephalic FC correlated negatively with relative reduction in attack frequency, implicating this neural pathway in treatment response. Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm the safety and prophylactic efficacy of psilocybin for CCH and hypothalamic involvement in treatment response.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.10.22277414", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.10.22277414", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR516560\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3785, "title": "From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary Development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q)", "normalized_title": "from relaxed beliefs under psychedelics rebus to revised beliefs after psychedelics rebas preliminary development of the relaxed beliefs questionnaire reb q", "authors": "Zeifman R, Spriggs MJ, Kettner H, Lyons T, Rosas F, Mediano P, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Background: The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model proposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs, and offers a unified account of the acute and therapeutic action of psychedelics. Although REBUS has received some neuroscientific support, little research has examined its psychological validity. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; (b) this relaxation and revision facilitates positive therapeutic outcomes and is associated with the entropy of EEG signals (an index of neurophysiological mechanisms relevant to REBUS). Method: Healthy individuals (N=11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mg psilocybin 4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings for personally held negative and positive beliefs were obtained before, during, and 4-weeks after dosing sessions. Acute entropy and self-reported subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks after dosing sessions). Results: Confidence in negative self-beliefs decreased following 25 mg psilocybin and not following 1 mg psilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mg psilocybin correlated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence (acute and 4-weeks after dosing). Particularly strong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-being at 4-weeks. Conclusions: We report the first empirical evidence that the relaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidence mediates positive psychological outcomes; a psychological assumption of REBUS. Replication within larger and clinical samples remains necessary. We also introduce a new measure, the Relaxed BEliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q), for examining the robustness of these preliminary findings and the utility of the REBUS model.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR515142\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3324, "title": "From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary Development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q)", "normalized_title": "from relaxed beliefs under psychedelics rebus to revised beliefs after psychedelics rebas preliminary development of the relaxed beliefs questionnaire reb q", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model proposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs, and offers a unified account of the acute and therapeutic action of psychedelics. Although REBUS has received some neuroscientific support, little research has examined its psychological validity. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; (b) this relaxation and revision facilitates positive therapeutic outcomes and is associated with the entropy of EEG signals (an index of neurophysiological mechanisms relevant to REBUS). Method: Healthy individuals (N=11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mg psilocybin 4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings for personally held negative and positive beliefs were obtained before, during, and 4-weeks after dosing sessions. Acute entropy and self-reported subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks after dosing sessions). Results: Confidence in negative self-beliefs decreased following 25 mg psilocybin and not following 1 mg psilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mg psilocybin correlated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence (acute and 4-weeks after dosing). Particularly strong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-being at 4-weeks. Conclusions: We report the first empirical evidence that the relaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidence mediates positive psychological outcomes; a psychological assumption of REBUS. Replication within larger and clinical samples remains necessary. We also introduce a new measure, the Relaxed BEliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q), for examining the robustness of these preliminary findings and the utility of the REBUS model.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/w8j6t_v1", "keywords": "beliefs, mechanism of action, psilocybin, Psychedelic, REBUS, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Therapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"w8j6t_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1737, "title": "Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees.", "normalized_title": "decreases in state and trait anxiety post psilocybin a naturalistic observational study among retreat attendees", "authors": "Kiraga MK, Kuypers KPC, Uthaug MV, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL.", "abstract": "Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders among Western countries. Evidence-based treatment modalities including pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral therapy result in deficient treatment responses. Historical and recent research suggests psychedelic drugs may be efficacious in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms among healthy and clinical populations. The main aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of psilocybin-containing truffles, when taken in a supportive group setting, on ratings of state and trait anxiety across self-reported healthy volunteers. Attendees of psilocybin ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: before the ceremony (baseline), the morning after, and 1 week after the ceremony. The test battery included questionnaires assessing state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mindfulness capacities (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory). Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire and the Ego Dissolution Inventory. The total amount of psilocybin-containing truffles consumed by each participant was recorded, and a sample of the truffles was analyzed to determine psilocin concentrations. Fifty-two attendees (males = 25; females = 25; others = 2) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 46 (males = 21; females = 24; others = 1) completed assessments the morning after the ceremony, and 23 (males = 10; females = 13) completed assessments at the 1-week follow-up. Average psilocin consumption across individuals was 27.1 mg. The morning after the ceremony, we observed medium reductions in anxiety measures (both state and trait) compared to baseline ( d ¯ = 6.4; p < 0.001 and d ¯ = 6; p = 0.014, respectively), which persisted over a 1-week period post-ceremony ( d ¯ = 6.7; p = 0.001 and d ¯ = 8.6; p = 0.004, respectively). At 1 week post-ceremony, the non-judging facet of the mindfulness scale was increased ( d ¯ = 1.5; p = 0.03), while the personality trait neuroticism decreased ( d ¯ = 5.2; p = 0.005), when compared to baseline. Additionally, we found ratings of ego dissolution (mean: 59.7, SD: 28.3) and changes in neuroticism to be the strongest predictors of reductions in state and trait anxiety, respectively. In sum, results suggest rapid and persisting (up to 1 week) anxiolytic effects in individuals with sub-clinical anxiety symptoms, which are related to the acute experience of ego dissolution, as well as lasting changes in trait neuroticism. Results also add support to the feasibility and potential efficacy of group sessions with psychedelics. To understand whether these effects extend to wider populations suffering from heightened anxiety, and the mechanisms involved, further experimental research is needed.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869", "pubmed_id": "35873251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35873251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4284665615\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4284665615\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":24,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W181124206\",\"https://openalex.org/W1160212399\",\"https://openalex.org/W1555290947\",\"https://openalex.org/W1563799145\",\"https://openalex.org/W1641003075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957546264\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965984279\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966067166\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972616052\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979696321\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982250145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006915292\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013558791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029087690\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036724208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037749579\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044016633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053657613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057394775\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059844842\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062075297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062088700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063166841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067074477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095448457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100834566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102144916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104022065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119187888\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119199851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123860724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126244487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148011665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153664481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157105430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162044949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164348509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169293969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2267227323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2292804940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312675623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328159225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2568037688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2592111319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2598155337\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608583841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2758572380\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2766061290\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884190723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885455509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889011379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2928737933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938570586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993940948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995742834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996702784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999261467\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009608926\",\"https://openalex.org/W3038388367\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3109765150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112904824\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133906491\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134098691\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136469907\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158642864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3195587140\",\"https://openalex.org/W3202537739\",\"https://openalex.org/W3216348943\",\"https://openalex.org/W4226207502\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254820710\",\"https://openalex.org/W6607396458\",\"https://openalex.org/W6636566387\",\"https://openalex.org/W6735109007\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013988235\",\"display_name\":\"Maggie Kiraga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079069147\",\"display_name\":\"Malin V. Uthaug\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-1325\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024899439\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes G. Ramaekers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-376X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4284665615" }, { "id": 1738, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression", "authors": "Bosch OG, Halm S, Seifritz E.", "abstract": "This is a narrative review about the role of classic and two atypical psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Since the 1990s, psychedelics experience a renaissance in biomedical research. The so-called classic psychedelics include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline and ayahuasca. Characteristic effects like alterations in sensory perception, as well as emotion- and self-processing are induced by stimulation of serotonin 2A receptors in cortical areas. The new paradigm of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy suggests a therapeutic framework in which a safely conducted psychedelic experience is integrated into a continuous psychotherapeutic process. First randomized, controlled trials with psilocybin show promising efficacy, tolerability, and adherence in the treatment of unipolar depression. On the other hand, classic psychedelics seem to be associated with the induction of mania, which is an important issue to consider for the design of research and clinical protocols. So called atypical psychedelics are a heterogeneous group with overlapping subjective effects but different neurobiological mechanisms. Two examples of therapeutic value in psychiatry are 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine. Since 2020 the ketamine enantiomer esketamine has been granted international approval for treatment-resistant unipolar depression, and also first evidence exists for the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine in bipolar depression. Whether psychedelics will fulfil current expectations and find their way into broader clinical use will depend on future rigorous clinical trials with larger sample sizes. A well-considered therapeutic and legal framework will be crucial for these substances to create new treatment settings and a potential paradigm shift.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1186/s40345-022-00265-5", "pubmed_id": "35788817", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-022-00265-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35788817\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3131, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord L, Fernandes HM, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression - to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used whole-brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a heathy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (>50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.06.30.497950", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.30.497950", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR521801\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3384, "title": "Synapses, predictions, and prediction errors: a neocortical computational study of MDD using the temporal memory algorithm of HTM", "normalized_title": "synapses predictions and prediction errors a neocortical computational study of mdd using the temporal memory algorithm of htm", "authors": "Sherif MA, Khalil MZ, Shukla R, Brown JC, Carpenter LL.", "abstract": "Background Synapses and spines are central in major depressive disorder (MDD) pathophysiology, recently highlighted by ketamine’s and psilocybin’s rapid antidepressant effects. The Bayesian brain and interoception perspectives formalize MDD as being “stuck” in affective states constantly predicting negative energy balance. We examined how synaptic atrophy relates to the predictive function of the neocortex and thus to symptoms, using temporal memory (TM), an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm. TM represents a single neocortical layer, learns in real-time using local Hebbian-learning rules, and extracts and predicts temporal sequences. Methods We trained a TM model on random sequences of upper-case alphabetical letters, representing sequences of affective states. To model depression, we progressively destroyed synapses in the TM model and examined how that affected the predictive capacity of the network. Results Destroying 50% of the synapses slightly reduced the number of predictions, followed by a marked drop with further destruction. However, reducing the synapses by 25% dropped the confidence in the predictions distinctly. So even though the network was making accurate predictions, the network was no longer confident about these predictions. Conclusions These findings explain how interoceptive cortices could be stuck in limited affective states with high prediction error. Growth of new synapses, e.g., with ketamine and psilocybin, would allow representing more futuristic predictions with higher confidence. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use the TM model to connect changes happening at synaptic levels to the Bayesian formulation of psychiatric symptomatology, making it possible to understand treatment mechanisms and possibly, develop new treatments. Graphical abstract", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.06.29.498015", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.29.498015", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR513414\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1658, "title": "Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity", "authors": "Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mostofsky SH, Mejia AF, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, and other serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists evoke acute alterations in perception and cognition. Altered thalamocortical connectivity has been hypothesized to underlie these effects, which is supported by some functional MRI (fMRI) studies. These studies have treated the thalamus as a unitary structure, despite known differential 5-HT2AR expression and functional specificity of different intrathalamic nuclei. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been previously used to identify reliable group-level functional subdivisions of the thalamus from resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. We build on these efforts with a novel data-maximizing ICA-based approach to examine psilocybin-induced changes in intrathalamic functional organization and thalamocortical connectivity in individual participants.MethodsBaseline rsfMRI data (n=38) from healthy individuals with a long-term meditation practice was utilized to generate a statistical template of thalamic functional subdivisions. This template was then applied in a novel ICA-based analysis of the acute effects of psilocybin on intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity in follow-up scans from a subset of the same individuals (n=18). We examined correlations with subjective reports of drug effect and compared with a previously reported analytic approach (treating the thalamus as a single functional unit).ResultsSeveral intrathalamic components showed significant psilocybin-induced alterations in spatial organization, with effects of psilocybin largely localized to the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei. The magnitude of changes in individual participants correlated with reported subjective effects. These components demonstrated predominant decreases in thalamocortical connectivity, largely with visual and default mode networks. Analysis in which the thalamus is treated as a singular unitary structure showed an overall numerical increase in thalamocortical connectivity, consistent with previous literature using this approach, but this increase did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsWe utilized a novel analytic approach to discover psilocybin-induced changes in intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity of intrathalamic nuclei and cortical networks known to express the 5-HT2AR. These changes were not observed using whole-thalamus analyses, suggesting that psilocybin may cause widespread but modest increases in thalamocortical connectivity that are offset by strong focal decreases in functionally relevant intrathalamic nuclei.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2022-07-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434", "pubmed_id": "35792293", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434", "keywords": "Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Serotonin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Rest, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35792293\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283768889\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":37,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1963781350\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972328487\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978694642\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980151324\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985327120\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995045083\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997812584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017237202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017573281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055655674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090664364\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091177453\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101135654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107411892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120836623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2276857175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2553251493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738849673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2758789655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760291954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886435130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890356717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899890309\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2911514809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944339144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971601581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972959563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981635040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994753895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026536334\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046391612\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049192188\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091722552\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110990374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134702649\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164618783\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"https://openalex.org/W3209545233\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200471428\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210459991\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225144612\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321760707\",\"https://openalex.org/W6730244987\",\"https://openalex.org/W6805395898\",\"https://openalex.org/W6810527906\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023659704\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew Gaddis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1611-3726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005271512\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel E. Lidstone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-3790\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057324811\",\"display_name\":\"Mary Beth Nebel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-3382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025787531\",\"display_name\":\"Stewart H. Mostofsky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-2411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062906939\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda F. Mejia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4312-8974\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113976793\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4283768889" }, { "id": 3731, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: A review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss MK, Carhart-Harris RL, Rosas FE, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Preller KH, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Müller F, Fisher PM", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelics is expanding rapidly, showing promising efficacy across myriad disorders. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a commonly used strategy to identify psychedelic-induced changes in neural pathways in clinical and healthy populations. Here we, a large group of psychedelic imaging researchers, review the 42 research articles published to date, based on the 17 unique studies evaluating psychedelic effects on rs-fMRI, focusing on methodological variation. Prominently, we observe that nearly all studies vary in data processing and analysis methodology, two datasets are the foundation of over half of the published literature, and there is lexical ambiguity in common outcome metric terminology. We offer guidelines for future studies that encourage coherence in the field. Psychedelic rs-fMRI will benefit from the development of novel methods that expand our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating its intriguing effects; yet, this field is at a crossroads where we must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104689", "pubmed_id": "35588933", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588933/", "keywords": "Ayahausca, Clinical, DMT, Entheogen, FMRI, Hallucinogen, Human, LSD, Neuroimaging, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Replication, Resting-state, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35588933\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1748, "title": "Psychedelic-inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders", "authors": "Saeger HN, Olson DE", "abstract": "Psychedelics are increasingly being recognized for their potential to treat a wide range of brain disorders including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder. Their broad therapeutic potential might result from an ability to rescue cortical atrophy common to many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases by impacting neurotrophic factor gene expression, activating neuronal growth and survival mechanisms, and modulating the immune system. While the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has not yet been extended to neurodegenerative disorders, we provide evidence suggesting that approaches based on psychedelic science might prove useful for treating these diseases. The primary target of psychedelics, the 5-HT receptor, plays key roles in cortical neuron health and is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, evidence suggests that psychedelics and related compounds could prove useful for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). While more research is needed to probe the effects of psychedelics in models of neurodegenerative diseases, the robust effects of these compounds on structural and functional neuroplasticity and inflammation clearly warrant further investigation.", "journal": "Journal of neurochemistry", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15544", "pubmed_id": "34816433", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816433/", "keywords": "Alzheimer's disease, BPSD, ayahuasca, frontotemporal dementia, neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychoplastogen", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34816433\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1755, "title": "Bacillus subtilis Produces Amino Acids to Stimulate Protein Synthesis in Ruminal Tissue Explants via the Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Beta-Serine/Threonine Kinase-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Pathway.", "normalized_title": "bacillus subtilis produces amino acids to stimulate protein synthesis in ruminal tissue explants via the phosphatidylinositol 4 5 bisphosphate 3 kinase catalytic subunit beta serine threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway", "authors": "Wang Q, Ren Y, Cui Y, Gao B, Zhang H, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Deng Z, Xu C.", "abstract": "BackgroundBacillus subtilis is a probiotic strain that is widely used as a feed supplement for ruminants. In this study, one B. subtilis strain isolated from the ruminal fluid of Holstein dairy cows was used for an ex vivo study with ruminal tissue explants. The main goal was to assess the potential endosymbiotic links between B. subtilis and the ruminal epithelium using molecular analyses and amino acid profiling. The explant culture protocol was first optimized to determine the ideal conditions in terms of tissue viability before performing the actual experiments involving active and inactive bacteria with or without protein synthesis inhibitors, such as LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor) or rapamycin [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor].ResultsThe mRNA levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta (PIK3CB), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), mTOR, P70S6K1, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 were the highest (p < 0.01), while those of programmed cell death 4 were the lowest when the tissue was incubated with 107 of B. subtilis. Compared with the inactivated bacteria, the expression levels of PIK3CB and AKT, and overall changes in mTOR and P70S6K1 were greater in rumen explants with living bacteria (p < 0.05). With an increase in B. subtilis concentration, the trends of protein and corresponding gene changes were consistent. There were differences in the concentrations of individual amino acids in the supernatants of living and inactivated bacterial culture groups, with most amino acids enriched in pathways, such as aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, cyanoamino acid metabolism, monobactam biosynthesis, or glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. The addition of psilocybin upregulated the expression levels of PIK3CB and AKT. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in PIK3CB and mTOR protein expression levels was detected after the addition of LY294002 and rapamycin. In addition, These responses were associated with the downregulation (p < 0.05) of AKT and P70S6K protein expression levels.ConclusionsWe confirmed that the in vivo ruminal tissue culture system is a suitable model for studying probiotic-induced alterations in tissue function. As such, this study provides a means for future mechanistic studies related to microbial regulation and the dietary supply of proteins. In addition, living and inactivated B. subtilis can promote protein synthesis in ruminal tissue explants by altering the expression levels of related factors in the PIK3CB-AKT-mTORC1 pathway, which could further aid in optimizing the feed efficiency and increasing the use of inactivated bacteria as additives in dairy cow farming.", "journal": "Frontiers in Veterinary Science", "publication_date": "2022-06-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fvets.2022.852321", "pubmed_id": "35832333", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.852321", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35832333\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283583952\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283583952\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1143038587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1529396499\",\"https://openalex.org/W1917400139\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986583789\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990909031\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991981288\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032189193\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082811823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117198621\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117938665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125666085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126334171\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129260297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156144699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168854627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2273431418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2273761917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2399848446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2402224932\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519084160\",\"https://openalex.org/W2521347598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2585472891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2591351467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753570469\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768368643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791092709\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805042391\",\"https://openalex.org/W2947354215\",\"https://openalex.org/W2980057575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2989097974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003172357\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016209374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3024032970\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027801084\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045833624\",\"https://openalex.org/W3089786334\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091694979\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111761623\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127009886\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136911420\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165051177\",\"https://openalex.org/W3174295241\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196158471\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196810842\",\"https://openalex.org/W4200193832\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205546337\",\"https://openalex.org/W4212959069\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214498704\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220670810\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225490791\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248332971\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5115694916\",\"display_name\":\"Qiuju Wang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053497523\",\"display_name\":\"Yulong Ren\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-3529\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063044140\",\"display_name\":\"Yizhe Cui\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047276690\",\"display_name\":\"Bingnan Gao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100396864\",\"display_name\":\"Hao Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-0091\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061785294\",\"display_name\":\"Qianming Jiang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-4856\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078504589\",\"display_name\":\"Juan J. Loor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-4365\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032395062\",\"display_name\":\"Zhaoju Deng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9297-7956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101057785\",\"display_name\":\"Chuang Xu\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2594976040\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Veterinary Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.852321\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4283583952" }, { "id": 1758, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin and Ketamine on Brain Neurotransmitters, Glutamate Receptors, DNA and Rat Behavior.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin and ketamine on brain neurotransmitters glutamate receptors dna and rat behavior", "authors": "Wojtas A, Bysiek A, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Szych Z, Majcher-Maślanka I, Herian M, Maćkowiak M, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Clinical studies provide evidence that ketamine and psilocybin could be used as fast-acting antidepressants, though their mechanisms and toxicity are still not fully understood. To address this issue, we have examined the effect of a single administration of ketamine and psilocybin on the extracellular levels of neurotransmitters in the rat frontal cortex and reticular nucleus of the thalamus using microdialysis. The genotoxic effect and density of glutamate receptor proteins was measured with comet assay and Western blot, respectively. An open field test, light-dark box test and forced swim test were conducted to examine rat behavior 24 h after drug administration. Ketamine (10 mg/kg) and psilocybin (2 and 10 mg/kg) increased dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA extracellular levels in the frontal cortex, while psilocybin also increased GABA in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Oxidative DNA damage due to psilocybin was observed in the frontal cortex and from both drugs in the hippocampus. NR2A subunit levels were increased after psilocybin (10 mg/kg). Behavioral tests showed no antidepressant or anxiolytic effects, and only ketamine suppressed rat locomotor activity. The observed changes in neurotransmission might lead to genotoxicity and increased NR2A levels, while not markedly affecting animal behavior.", "journal": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "publication_date": "2022-06-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms23126713", "pubmed_id": "35743159", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126713", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Rats, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Ketamine, Receptors, Glutamate, DNA, Neurotransmitter Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35743159\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4283011889\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":108,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W22529605\",\"https://openalex.org/W289503551\",\"https://openalex.org/W1543276710\",\"https://openalex.org/W1667725090\",\"https://openalex.org/W1914381346\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976392245\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977268054\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984615306\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993254026\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993254538\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995331365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005405042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007011615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012077435\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018420238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026246966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030401640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034894507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047397795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048184801\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074270863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083534769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085598752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087542866\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091064555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091363925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093643387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114770633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143649581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2239285493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2276857175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2291443053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2303081189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2415443438\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528777034\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608784747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762750184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2800586210\",\"https://openalex.org/W2805963939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902421877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2933289315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938807468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2966617845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981345776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2991582092\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010673072\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013737540\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3030621996\",\"https://openalex.org/W3110821178\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113989724\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139279914\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159527943\",\"https://openalex.org/W3164016075\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179564313\",\"https://openalex.org/W3205085416\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207449839\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210474529\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210625095\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4214937728\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220790353\",\"https://openalex.org/W6727994099\",\"https://openalex.org/W6775073274\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067587745\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Wojtas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7785-8396\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022505011\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Bysiek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069011269\",\"display_name\":\"Agnieszka Wawrzczak-Bargieła\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-8369\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030419325\",\"display_name\":\"Zuzanna Szych\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067063330\",\"display_name\":\"Iwona Majcher-Maślanka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-5582\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001590211\",\"display_name\":\"Monika Herian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7247-0322\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061387141\",\"display_name\":\"Marzena Maćkowiak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6056-9595\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053954553\",\"display_name\":\"Krystyna Gołembiowska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-1394\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S10623703\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126713\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4283011889" }, { "id": 1703, "title": "Psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "The effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders have been reported for several decades, and now controlled studies are emerging. The existing evidence supports a lasting therapeutic benefit after limited dosing, a unique feature of the drug class that distinguishes it from conventional treatment. This commentary summarizes these reports of preventive effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders. The recently published controlled trial of psilocybin in migraine is reviewed, including its limitations. Several neurobiological targets of psychedelics that are related to headache and chronic pain are highlighted, though a clear separation of acute and lasting effects is key in uncovering the unique clinical effects of this drug class. Considerable investigation is required before the effects, safety, and mechanism of action of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders can be known.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166", "pubmed_id": "35718005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35718005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1722, "title": "Don't be afraid, try to meditate- potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "don t be afraid try to meditate potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin assisted mindfulness based intervention for social anxiety disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Felsch CL, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "BackgroundCurrent first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, is limited in its efficacy. Hence, novel treatment approaches are urgently needed. The current review suggests a combination of meditation-based interventions and the administration of a psychedelic as a future alternative treatment approach. While both separate treatments show promise in the treatment of (other) clinical conditions, their combination has not yet been investigated in the treatment of psychopathologies.AimWith a systematic literature review, we aim to identify the potential mechanisms by which combined psilocybin and mindfulness treatment could adjust anomalous neural activity underlying SAD and exert therapeutic effects.ResultsThirty experimental studies investigating the neural effects of meditation or psilocybin treatment in healthy and patient samples were included. Findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted meditation interventions might change cognitive processes like biased attention to threat linked to SAD by modulating connectivity of the salience network, balancing the activity and connectivity of cortical-midline structures, and increasing frontoparietal control over amygdala reactivity.ConclusionsFuture studies should investigate whether psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention can provide therapeutic benefits to SAD patients who are do not remit following conventional therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724", "pubmed_id": "35679988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724", "keywords": "Humans, Meditation, Fear, Mindfulness, Psilocybin, Phobia, Social", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35679988\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 4961, "title": "Neuropharmacological analysis of the anti-addictive and therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "neuropharmacological analysis of the anti addictive and therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Anthony Principe", "abstract": "This review presents a general background of psilocybin pharmacology and discusses its uses in treating various mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. A summary of preliminary clinical trials utilizing psilocybin in each disorder is presented, along with an analysis of the neurobiological mechanisms that could explain the results. The purpose of this review is to collect and analyze neuropharmacological data and form an understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying psilocybin’s long-term positive effects in those suffering from various mental health disorders. Psilocybin may be a crucial tool in altering the neurofunctional anatomy that is the pathological core of various mental health disorders. A ‘reset’ of these neurological connections could be the basis of psilocybin treatment and may perhaps inspire a novel foundation of neurological medical intervention in mental health disorders.", "journal": "SURG Journal", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21083/surg.v14i1.6870", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21083/surg.v14i1.6870", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Addiction, Anxiety, Psychology, Psychiatry, Mental health, Obsessive compulsive, Intervention (counseling), Psychotherapist, Medicine, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:57", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4281736251\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4281736251\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W64958025\",\"https://openalex.org/W1846321575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969125125\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978891587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989757811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001484935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011245371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061730652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081150698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086236919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092674780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129253531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129340715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132624405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137664913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161050830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2177154801\",\"https://openalex.org/W2179754385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2235823035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2471155830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2491859250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581084710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757437757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2943435823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995066639\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025954068\",\"https://openalex.org/W3029566839\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093676138\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112525124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3143773781\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210615564\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238995000\",\"https://openalex.org/W4246897216\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054287524\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony Principe\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764695670\",\"source_display_name\":\"SURG Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.21083/surg.v14i1.6870\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4281736251" }, { "id": 1776, "title": "Serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Malcolm B, Thomas K", "abstract": "In recent years, psychedelic substances with serotonergic mechanisms have accumulated substantial evidence that they may provide therapeutic benefits for people suffering with psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric disorders targeted by these psychedelic-assisted therapies are managed with serotonergic drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the current standard of care, so it is important to evaluate the potential risks of drug-drug interactions and serotonin toxicity (ST) between these agents. A critical evaluation of the scientific literature is necessary to delineate the risks of ST when combining psychedelics with available serotonergic pharmacotherapy options. This review article describes signs and symptoms of ST, characterizes mechanisms of ST risk, summarizes what is known about serotonergic psychedelic drug interactions, and outlines potential management strategies. True ST typically occurs with a serotonergic drug overdose or in combinations in which a drug that can increase intrasynaptic serotonin is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Serotonergic psychotropics that do not contain MAOIs are low risk in combination with psychedelics that also do not contain MAOIs. Signs and symptoms warranting immediate medical attention include myoclonus, extreme and fluctuating vital signs, agitation or comatose mental state, muscle rigidity, pronounced hyperthermia (fever), and/or seizure activity. Serotonin-related adverse reactions exist along a spectrum with serotonin syndrome being the most severe manifestations of ST. Due to varying serotonergic mechanisms of psychedelics and psychotropics, with varying propensities to increase intrasynaptic serotonin, some combinations may present a significant risk for serotonin toxicity (ST) while others are likely benign.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05876-x", "pubmed_id": "34251464", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251464/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, MDMA, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Serotonin syndrome, Serotonin toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34251464\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1742, "title": "Neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin's therapeutic potential - the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology.", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin s therapeutic potential the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology", "authors": "Smausz R, Neill J, Gigg J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with profound perception-, emotion- and cognition-altering properties and great potential for treating brain disorders. However, the neural mechanisms mediating its effects require in-depth investigation as there is still much to learn about how psychedelic drugs produce their profound and long-lasting effects. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the neurophysiology of psilocybin's psychoactive properties, highlighting the need for additional preclinical studies to determine its effect on neural network dynamics. We first describe how psilocybin's effect on brain regions associated with the default-mode network (DMN), particularly the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, likely plays a key role in mediating its consciousness-altering properties. We then outline the specific receptor and cell types involved and discuss contradictory evidence from neuroimaging studies regarding psilocybin's net effect on activity within these regions. We go on to argue that in vivo electrophysiology is ideally suited to provide a more holistic, neural network analysis approach to understand psilocybin's mode of action. Thus, we integrate information about the neural bases for oscillatory activity generation with the accumulating evidence about psychedelic drug effects on neural synchrony within DMN-associated areas. This approach will help to generate important questions for future preclinical and clinical studies. Answers to these questions are vital for determining the neural mechanisms mediating psilocybin's psychotherapeutic potential, which promises to improve outcomes for patients with severe depression and other difficulty to treat conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221092508", "pubmed_id": "35638159", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221092508", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Electrophysiology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35638159\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1713, "title": "Review of potential psychedelic treatments for PTSD.", "normalized_title": "review of potential psychedelic treatments for ptsd", "authors": "Henner RL, Keshavan MS, Hill KP.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental illness with limited treatment options and a high treatment dropout rate. Psychedelics, often in combination with psychotherapy, are now under investigation as a potential treatment option for a variety of psychiatric conditions including PTSD. This paper reviews the proposed mechanism of action for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and classical psychedelics such as psilocybin in treating PTSD, along with available clinical evidence, safety and side effects. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is in FDA phase III clinical trials for PTSD and is purported to work by way of increased empathy and decreased amygdala activation during the therapeutic encounter and trauma processing. Classical psychedelics may create change by a subjective transformative experience along with an observable process of brain network alterations, though these substances have not been clinically studied in the context PTSD. In recent human-subject studies MDMA-assisted therapy resulted in significant improvement in PTSD symptoms with a good safety and side effect profile. There is not yet direct clinical evidence for classical psychedelics in treating PTSD, but the evidence supports such a trial. The studies to date have been relatively small, and participants are wellscreened for potential co-morbidities which could increase the risks of psychedelic treatment. Nonetheless, the data is promising for psychedelic-assisted treatment to become a much-needed treatment option for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302", "pubmed_id": "35700643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35700643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3398, "title": "Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory", "normalized_title": "unique effects of sedatives dissociatives psychedelics stimulants and cannabinoids on episodic memory a review and reanalysis of acute drug effects on recollection familiarity and metamemory", "authors": "Doss MK, Samaha J, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, de Wit H, Gallo DA, Koen JD.", "abstract": "Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from one’s past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or déjà vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology. Public significance statement This systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR496762\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1784, "title": "New Paradigms of Old Psychedelics in Schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "new paradigms of old psychedelics in schizophrenia", "authors": "Mahmood D, Alenezi SK, Anwar MJ, Azam F, Qureshi KA, Jaremko M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and mescaline exhibit intense effects on the human brain and behaviour. In recent years, there has been a surge in studies investigating these drugs because clinical studies have shown that these once banned drugs are well tolerated and efficacious in medically supervised low doses called microdosing. Psychedelics have demonstrated efficacy in treating neuropsychiatric maladies such as difficult to treat anxiety, depression, mood disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, suicidal ideation, posttraumatic stress disorder, and also in treating substance use disorders. The primary mode of action of psychedelics is activation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors affecting cognition and brain connectivity through the modulation of several downstream signalling pathways via complex molecular mechanisms. Some atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) primarily exhibit pharmacological actions through 5-HT2A receptors, which are also the target of psychedelic drugs. Psychedelic drugs including the newer second generation along with the glutamatergic APDs are thought to mediate pharmacological actions through a common pathway, i.e., a complex serotonin-glutamate receptor interaction in cortical neurons of pyramidal origin. Furthermore, psychedelic drugs have been reported to act via a complex interplay between 5HT2A, mGlu2/3, and NMDA receptors to mediate neurobehavioral and pharmacological actions. Findings from recent studies have suggested that serotoninergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions are very closely connected in producing pharmacological responses to psychedelics and antipsychotic medication. Emerging hypotheses suggest that psychedelics work through brain resetting mechanisms. Hence, there is a need to dig deeply into psychedelic neurobiology to uncover how psychedelics could best be used as scientific tools to benefit psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ph15050640", "pubmed_id": "35631466", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15050640", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35631466\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1781, "title": "Psychoactive Drugs in the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising New Horizon.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive drugs in the management of post traumatic stress disorder a promising new horizon", "authors": "Elsouri KN, Kalhori S, Colunge D, Grabarczyk G, Hanna G, Carrasco C, Aleman Espino A, Francisco A, Borosky B, Bekheit B, Ighanifard M, Astudillo AA, Demory Beckler M.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that often presents after exposure to a traumatic, life-threatening event. Experiencing a traumatic event is not rare, with inciting incidents ranging from being burglarized to politically motivated genocide. While traditional psychopharmacology and psychotherapy are the mainstays of the treatment of PTSD currently, psychoactive drugs (otherwise known as psychedelics) are being explored for their novel role in the treatment of PTSD patients. Psychoactive drugs such as MDMA, ketamine, and psilocybin have been shown to specifically target and decrease fear and anxiety pathways in the brain. These unique properties hold the potential to be utilized in addressing symptoms of trauma in those with refractory or treatment-resistant PTSD. Historically, federal and state laws have restricted research into how psychoactive drugs can be used to treat mental illness due to the widespread belief that these drugs present more harm than benefit. However, the current shift in public opinion on psychedelics has propelled research to look into the benefits of these drugs for patients with mental illness. This article aims to discuss the mechanisms of how MDMA, ketamine, and psilocybin work in the PTSD brain, as well as their beneficial role in treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.25235", "pubmed_id": "35747039", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25235", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35747039\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3659, "title": "Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Single Center Study of Psilocybin Efficacy in Major Depression", "normalized_title": "phase ii randomized double blind placebo controlled parallel group single center study of psilocybin efficacy in major depression", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation by psilocybin on mood and emotion processing in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the world's greatest contributor to the global burden of disease and MDD affects around 17% of the Swiss population (Tomonaga et al. 2013). It is a chronic condition and can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at school and in the family. More than 1'000 suicides were recorded in Switzerland in 2014, about 90% of these fatalities were related to depression or other psychiatric problems. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in individuals 15-24 years of age (Insel \\& Charney 2003). Current pharmacotherapies, including monoaminergic-acting antidepressants, require prolonged administration (weeks if not months) for clinical improvement. This lag time, as well as a high non-response rate, emphasizes the need for better and faster-acting antidepressant medications. However, psychopharmacological research has largely failed to produce novel and more efficacious treatment options for MDD since decades. Advanced pharmaceutical antidepressants should ideally facilitate the psychotherapeutic process for patients, reduce the time onset of antidepressant efficacy, and prime neuroplastic adaptations relevant to symptom improvement. Such novel therapeutics are much needed and would address this detrimental public health problem, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Early clinical studies using the psychotropic compound psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) as an adjunct in psychotherapy reported a significant improvement of clinical symptoms in depression and anxiety disorder (Leuner 1961, 1981). Psilocybin is the main psychoactive principle of the group of hallucinogenic fungi (Hofmann 1968), commonly known as magic mushrooms, and acts as partial agonist at cortical and sub-cortical serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors. At moderate doses, psilocybin produces a dream-like state of consciousness (Kraehenmann et al. 2016) characterized by perceptual alterations, enhanced mood, facilitated autobiographic memory recollection, and a change of perspective on the self (Leuner 1981; Studerus et al. 2011). Recent clinical studies applying placebo-controlled designs support and extend these early findings by showing that a single dose of psilocybin leads to a fast and sustained reduction in anxiety and depression as well as an improvement of quality of life in advanced cancer patients (Griffiths 2015, Grob et al. 2011). Furthermore, a recent open-label feasibility study showed rapid-onset, sustained symptom improvements over 3 weeks in a small sample of treatment-resistant depressed patients following two psilocybin treatment sessions (Carhart-Harris et al. 2016). Accumulating evidence from pharmacological and neuroimaging studies suggests that psilocybin may produce its antidepressant effects via activation of 5-HT2A receptors located in prefrontal-limbic structures that are also implicated in the pathophysiology of depression (Kraehenmann \\& Vollenweider et al. 2015; Vollenweider und Kometer 2010; Disner et al. 2011). In addition, molecular studies suggest that the enduring symptom improvement after a single dose of psilocybin may be mediated through downstream effects on the glutamate system and a subsequent activation of neuroplastic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Catlow et al. 2013, Barre et al. 2016). The present clinical trial aims at investigating the putative antidepressant effects of a single moderate dose of psilocybin (0.215 mg/kg) in patients suffering from MDD by applying a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The specific aims of this project are: 1. To investigate whether psilocybin in combination with short-term focused psychotherapy will reduce core symptoms in patients with MDD. 2. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to longitudinally assess whether a single dose of psilocybin will post-acutely change the negative emotion processing bias in patients with MDD and whether the change in emotion processing bias will predict subsequent symptom improvement. In addition, the investigators will analyze whether psilocybin will lead to sustained changes in functional neuronal network connectivity (FC), e.g. in amygdala-prefrontal FC. 3. To investigate whether psilocybin will increase BDNF plasma concentration and whether the change in BDNF is related to changes in fMRI markers and the subsequent mood improvement. Recent reviews indicate that impaired neuroplasticity is at the core of the pathophysiology moods and stress-related disorders. Current available antidepressants have been developed with the aim of providing symptom relief rather than targeting neuroplastic impairments. In contrast to this, the present proposal builds on promising new findings that single dose of psilocybin, presumably via a 5-HT2A receptor driven glutamatergic mechanism, leads to a rapid enhancement in neuronal resilience and a to a change in the function of neuronal networks underlying depressive symptoms and behavior. Targeting neuroplasticity with such novel approaches appears to be important for reversing cognitive schemata and emotion processing biases, fostering enduring improvements in mood and cognitive flexibility (Krystal et al. 2009). Expected value: this is the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) of psilocybin treatment in MDD. Using state-of-the art behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuroplasticity methodology, the results of this study will help elucidate urgently needed new treatment mechanisms in MDD. Should it turn out that a single moderate dose of psilocybin vs. placebo in conjunction with psychotherapy may rapidly and sustainedly reduce depressive symptoms, this will be a major breakthrough in finding a novel and fast acting treatment strategy in depressed patients. Therefore, the results of this study will have high impact on the field of pharmacological research into novel antidepressant medication.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-04-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03715127", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybine oral capsule, Placebo oral capsule, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03715127\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1761, "title": "Safety issues of psilocybin and LSD as potential rapid acting antidepressants and potential challenges.", "normalized_title": "safety issues of psilocybin and lsd as potential rapid acting antidepressants and potential challenges", "authors": "Rossi GN, Hallak JEC, Bouso Saiz JC, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "IntroductionA limited number of preliminary open-label (n = 3) and placebo-controlled clinical trials (n = 5) have suggested psilocybin and LSD as potential rapid antidepressants. In this context, there is a growing need to verify and document their safety and tolerability as therapeutic agents, discuss the challenges associated with their administration, and develop safety protocols for their use as next-generation therapeutic agents.Areas coveredWe have analyzed all randomized, double-blind, and controlled trials that assessed the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and LSD in clinical populations to date, taking special attention to adverse events (AEs) related to their use. Prevalence, significance, and mechanisms of action related to AEs were systematically extracted, analyzed, and discussed.Expert opinionThere were no serious AEs related to psilocybin and LSD administration. Most AEs were expected, manageable, and transient. Nevertheless, safety and tolerability concerns regarding some effects, such as dissociation, paranoia, and confusion, remain. Thus, randomized controlled trials with bigger samples are warranted to confirm their therapeutic effects and further investigate their safety and tolerability.", "journal": "Expert Opinion on Drug Safety", "publication_date": "2022-04-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2022.2066650", "pubmed_id": "35426754", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2066650", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Antidepressive Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35426754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223893856\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223893856\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":24,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1996652986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010522115\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012504366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025374719\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105571318\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112884745\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120051206\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166928505\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2730275538\",\"https://openalex.org/W2751240458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757295924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2772887788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788337440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793566445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887140173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3031575368\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093403723\",\"https://openalex.org/W3094915720\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118672806\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133542189\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3180562559\",\"https://openalex.org/W3192307046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193251618\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211263234\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220914774\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225258217\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231551125\",\"https://openalex.org/W4242068985\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044658660\",\"display_name\":\"Giordano Novak Rossi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1952-1207\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102785969\",\"display_name\":\"Jaime E. C. Hallak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-0189\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032347558\",\"display_name\":\"José Carlos Bouso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-9407\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058075680\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael G. dos Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-4745\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S20709540\",\"source_display_name\":\"Expert Opinion on Drug Safety\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2066650\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4223893856" }, { "id": 1653, "title": "Diverse therapeutic developments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation.", "normalized_title": "diverse therapeutic developments for post traumatic stress disorder ptsd indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation", "authors": "Raut SB, Marathe PA, van Eijk L, Eri R, Ravindran M, Benedek DM, Ursano RJ, Canales JJ, Johnson LR.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by abnormally persistent and distressing memories, is a chronic debilitating condition in need of new treatment options. Current treatment guidelines recommend psychotherapy as first line management with only two drugs, sertraline and paroxetine, approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of PTSD. These drugs have limited efficacy as they only reduce symptoms related to depression and anxiety without producing permanent remission. PTSD remains a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality requiring major advances in therapeutics. Early evidence has emerged for the beneficial effects of psychedelics particularly in combination with psychotherapy for management of PTSD, including psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, cannabinoids, ayahuasca and ketamine. MDMA and psilocybin reduce barrier to therapy by increasing trust between therapist and patient, thus allowing for modification of trauma related memories. Furthermore, research into the memory reconsolidation mechanisms has allowed for identification of various pharmacological targets to disrupt abnormally persistent memories. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have investigated novel and re-purposed pharmacological agents to disrupt fear memory in PTSD. Novel therapeutic approaches like neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, cannabinoids and neuroactive steroids have also shown potential for PTSD treatment. Here, we focus on the role of fear memory in the pathophysiology of PTSD and propose that many of these new therapeutic strategies produce benefits through the effect on fear memory. Evaluation of recent research findings suggests that while a number of drugs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and pilot clinical trials, the evidence from large scale clinical trials would be needed for these drugs to be incorporated in clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195", "pubmed_id": "35489438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Cannabinoids, Fear, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35489438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1428, "title": "Is PTSD an Evolutionary Survival Adaptation Initiated by Unrestrained Cytokine Signaling and Maintained by Epigenetic Change?", "normalized_title": "is ptsd an evolutionary survival adaptation initiated by unrestrained cytokine signaling and maintained by epigenetic change", "authors": "Rudzki S.", "abstract": "IntroductionTreatment outcomes for PTSD with current psychological therapies are poor, with very few patients achieving sustained symptom remission. A number of authors have identified physiological and immune disturbances in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, but there is no unifying hypothesis that explains the myriad features of the disorder.Materials and methodsThe medical literature was reviewed over a 6-year period primarily using the medical database PUBMED.ResultsThe literature contains numerous papers that have identified a range of physiological and immune dysfunction in association with PTSD. This paper proposes that unrestrained cytokine signaling induces epigenetic changes that promote an evolutionary survival adaptation, which maintains a defensive PTSD phenotype. The brain can associate immune signaling with past threat and initiate a defensive behavioral response. The sympathetic nervous system is pro-inflammatory, while the parasympathetic nervous system is anti-inflammatory. Prolonged cholinergic withdrawal will promote a chronic inflammatory state. The innate immune cytokine IL-1β has pleiotropic properties and can regulate autonomic, glucocorticoid, and glutamate receptor functions, sleep, memory, and epigenetic enzymes. Changes in epigenetic enzyme activity can potentially alter phenotype and induce an adaptation. Levels of IL-1β correlate with severity and duration of PTSD and PTSD can be prevented by bolus administration of hydrocortisone in acute sepsis, consistent with unrestrained inflammation being a risk factor for PTSD. The nervous and immune systems engage in crosstalk, governed by common receptors. The benefits of currently used psychiatric medication may arise from immune, as well as synaptic, modulation. The psychedelic drugs (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ketamine) have potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects on the adaptive immune system, which may contribute to their reported benefit in PTSD. There may be distinct PTSD phenotypes induced by innate and adaptive cytokine signaling.ConclusionIn order for an organism to survive, it must adapt to its environment. Cytokines signal danger to the brain and can induce epigenetic changes that result in a persistent defensive phenotype. PTSD may be the price individuals pay for the genomic flexibility that promotes adaptation and survival.", "journal": "Military Medicine", "publication_date": "2022-04-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usac095", "pubmed_id": "35446412", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac095", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35446412\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Rudzki\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207859457\",\"source_display_name\":\"Military Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac095\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Review Article,Safety,Genomics,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4224232624" }, { "id": 2016, "title": "Psylocybin and Psilocin as new tools to fight depression: an overview of the Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psylocybin and psilocin as new tools to fight depression an overview of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms", "authors": "Lemos Martins Sofia, Machado Brito-da-Costa Andreia, Madureira-Carvalho Áurea, Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge, Dias da Silva Diana", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2022-04-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0,\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223588025\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4223588025\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W253402974\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969107765\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031618431\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080632957\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2901185945\",\"https://openalex.org/W2986818733\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682579402\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067226504\",\"display_name\":\"Sofia Lemos Martins\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048312717\",\"display_name\":\"Andreia Machado Brito-da-Costa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7327-1598\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040103503\",\"display_name\":\"Áurea Madureira-Carvalho\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7569-6802\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001459260\",\"display_name\":\"Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7430-6297\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029670056\",\"display_name\":\"Diana Dias da Silva\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-9157\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210173156\",\"source_display_name\":\"RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4223588025" }, { "id": 1765, "title": "The promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "the promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry", "authors": "McClure-Begley TD, Roth BL.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, N,N'-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are undergoing a renaissance as potentially useful drugs for various neuropsychiatric diseases, with a rapid onset of therapeutic activity. Notably, phase II trials have shown that psilocybin can produce statistically significant clinical effects following one or two administrations in depression and anxiety. These findings have inspired a 'gold rush' of commercial interest, with nearly 60 companies already formed to explore opportunities for psychedelics in treating diverse diseases. Additionally, these remarkable phenomenological and clinical observations are informing hypotheses about potential molecular mechanisms of action that need elucidation to realize the full potential of this investigative space. In particular, despite compelling evidence that the 5-HT2A receptor is a critical mediator of the behavioural effects of psychedelic drugs, uncertainty remains about which aspects of 5-HT2A receptor activity in the central nervous system are responsible for therapeutic effects and to what degree they can be isolated by developing novel chemical probes with differing specificity and selectivity profiles. Here, we discuss this emerging area of therapeutics, covering both controversies and areas of consensus related to the opportunities and perils of psychedelic and psychedelic-inspired therapeutics. We highlight how basic science breakthroughs can guide the discovery and development of psychedelic-inspired medications with the potential for improved efficacy without hallucinogenic or rewarding actions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41573-022-00421-7", "pubmed_id": "35301459", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-022-00421-7", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35301459\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1764, "title": "Development of an E. coli-based norbaeocystin production platform and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats.", "normalized_title": "development of an e coli based norbaeocystin production platform and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats", "authors": "Adams AM, Anas NA, Sen AK, Hinegardner-Hendricks JD, O'Dell PJ, Gibbons WJ, Flower JE, McMurray MS, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Interest in the potential therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin and other psychedelic compounds has escalated significantly in recent years. To date, little is known regarding the biological activity of the psilocybin pathway intermediate, norbaeocystin, due to limitations around sourcing the phosphorylated tryptamine metabolite for in vivo testing. To address this limitation, we first developed a novel E. coli platform for the rapid and scalable production of gram-scale amounts of norbaeocystin. Through this process we compare the genetic and fermentation optimization strategies to that of a similarly constructed and previously reported psilocybin producing strain, uncovering the need for reoptimization and balancing upon even minor genetic modifications to the production host. We then perform in vivo measurements of head twitch response to both biosynthesized psilocybin and norbaeocystin using both a cell broth and water vehicle in Long-Evans rats. The data show a dose response to psilocybin while norbaeocystin does not elicit any pharmacological response, suggesting that norbaeocystin and its metabolites may not have a strong affinity for the serotonin 2A receptor. The findings presented here provide a mechanism to source norbaeocystin for future studies to evaluate its disease efficacy in animal models, both individually and in combination with psilocybin, and support the safety of cell broth as a drug delivery vehicle.", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering Communications", "publication_date": "2022-03-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00196", "pubmed_id": "35310468", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00196", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35310468\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4220669239\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4220669239\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":21,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1897852281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995013188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012142575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025534288\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037630877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062765660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067481209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092674780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130996362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132624405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154524838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2327221240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2435600814\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979144408\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3016823936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025951714\",\"https://openalex.org/W3048387866\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092306296\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113337956\",\"https://openalex.org/W6784290885\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069267630\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra M. Adams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0518-0461\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050418284\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas A. Anas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077644431\",\"display_name\":\"Abhishek K. Sen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035202969\",\"display_name\":\"Jordan D. Hinegardner-Hendricks\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3618-5003\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082807895\",\"display_name\":\"Philip J. O’Dell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8704-1806\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"William J. Gibbons\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041542031\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica E. Flower\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072282809\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew S. McMurray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1898-2933\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070067902\",\"display_name\":\"J. Andrew Jones\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-2126\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898246255\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00196\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4220669239" }, { "id": 3198, "title": "Psilocybin Combines Rapid Synaptogenic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vitro", "normalized_title": "psilocybin combines rapid synaptogenic and anti inflammatory effects in vitro", "authors": "Smedfors G, Glotfelty E, Kalani N, Hjelle CP, Horntvedt O, Wellfelt K, Brodin A, von Kieseritzky F, Olson L, Karlsson T.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance approaching clinical use. The drug has long-lasting effects after single or multiple administrations and enhances structural plasticity in the brain. Little is known if the plasticity inducing effects of psilocybin could be timed to other treatments and promote a larger effect. We investigated the effect of psilocybin on cultured mouse hippocampal neurons, examining the plasticity promoting effects from 5 min to 72 h post-treatment. We found robust effects on pre- and postsynaptic (Piccolo and Homer1) protein expression 1-3 h following treatment. Presynaptic Synapsin-1 expression mirrored these findings, with peak expression 72 h post-treatment. Our studies suggest psilocybin opens a window of plasticity that rapidly normalizes. As psilocybin has been shown to have an effect treating diseases (e.g. depression and cluster headache) linked with inflammation, we used an immortalized microglia cell line (IMG) to demonstrate its anti-inflammatory effects against a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (we show reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion). Altogether, our studies show discrete and acute cell type specific effects of psilocybin that provides insight into its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic value.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2022-03-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1321542/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1321542/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR465041\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3155, "title": "Persisting decreases in state and trait anxiety post-psilocybin: A naturalistic, observational study among retreat attendees", "normalized_title": "persisting decreases in state and trait anxiety post psilocybin a naturalistic observational study among retreat attendees", "authors": "Kiraga M, Kuypers KPC, Uthaug MV, Ramaekers J, Mason NL.", "abstract": "Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders among Western countries. Evidence-based treatment modalities including pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral therapy result in relatively low response rates (average range: 51 - 58%). Historical and recent research suggests psychedelic drugs may be efficacious in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms among healthy and clinical populations. The main aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of psilocybin-containing truffles, when taken in a supportive group setting, on ratings of state and trait anxiety across self-reported healthy volunteers. Attendees of psilocybin ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: before the ceremony (baseline), the morning after, and one week after the ceremony. The test battery included questionnaires assessing state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mindfulness capacities (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory). Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire and the Ego Dissolution Inventory. The total amount of psilocybin-containing truffles consumed by each participant was recorded, and a sample of the truffles was analyzed to determine psilocin concentrations. Fifty-two attendees (males= 25; females= 25; others= 2) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 46 (males= 21; females= 24; others= 1) completed assessments the morning after the ceremony, and 23 (males= 10; females= 13) completed assessments at the one-week follow-up. Average psilocin consumption across individuals was 27.1 mg. We observed medium to large reductions in anxiety measures (both state and trait) compared to baseline which persisted over a one-week period post-ceremony. At one week post-ceremony, the non-judging facet of the mindfulness scale was increased, while the personality trait neuroticism decreased, when compared to baseline. Additionally, we found neuroticism and ratings of ego dissolution to be the strongest predictors of reductions in trait and state anxiety, respectively. In sum, results indicate rapid and persisting (up to one week) anxiolytic effects in psilocybin retreat attendees, which are related to the acute experience of ego dissolution, as well as lasting changes in trait neuroticism. To understand whether these effects extend to wider populations suffering from heightened anxiety, and the mechanisms involved, further experimental research is needed.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.03.02.22271743", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.02.22271743", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR463532\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1814, "title": "The Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ): A theory-based approach to psychedelic drugs' effects on psychological flexibility.", "normalized_title": "the acceptance avoidance promoting experiences questionnaire apeq a theory based approach to psychedelic drugs effects on psychological flexibility", "authors": "Wolff M, Mertens LJ, Walter M, Enge S, Evens R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMany benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs' acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are insufficiently understood.AimThe purpose of this study was the validation of a psychological model of acceptance/avoidance-promoting psychedelic experiences, which included the development of a theory-based self-report instrument: the Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ). Its two main scales, acceptance-related experience (ACE) and avoidance-related experience (AVE), represent the theorized model's core constructs. We aimed to test the model's central assumptions of complementarity (ACE and AVE may occur alternatingly but not simultaneously, and are therefore empirically independent), intertwinedness (subaspects within ACE and AVE are mutually contingent and therefore highly inter-correlated), context-dependence (ACE and AVE depend on context factors) and interaction (longer-term outcomes depend on the interplay between ACE and AVE).MethodA bilingual retrospective online survey including 997 English- and 836 German-speaking participants. Each participant reported on one psychedelic experience occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, or ayahuasca.ResultsWhereas ACE and AVE were found to be relatively independent aspects of participants' reported psychedelic experiences (complementarity), their subaspects were mostly distinguishable but strongly correlated among each other (intertwinedness). Therapeutic, escapist, and hedonic use motives were differentially associated with ACE and AVE (context-dependence), which were in turn associated with retrospective changes in psychological flexibility following participants' reported experiences. The positive association between ACE and increased psychological flexibility was significantly moderated by AVE (interaction).ConclusionThese results provide an initial validation of the APEQ and its underlying theoretical model, suggesting the two can help clarify the psychological mechanisms of psychedelic-induced benefits and harms. Both should be further investigated in prospective-longitudinal and clinical studies.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-02-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211073758", "pubmed_id": "35253518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073758", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35253518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4221108429\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4221108429\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":56,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1446694\",\"https://openalex.org/W355722263\",\"https://openalex.org/W1598821627\",\"https://openalex.org/W1715619412\",\"https://openalex.org/W1815596065\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964343923\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966524739\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988626707\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996912158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015666695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021752411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037226859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037317432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047111528\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047317044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078657919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119175660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159585990\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163215199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173679640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2317130090\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2472899883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2479740609\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790381919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791765313\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793403693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801385561\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887283260\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890356717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894846833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903884088\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3007835064\",\"https://openalex.org/W3021353408\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3095167357\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100714436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112064661\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112208811\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112909063\",\"https://openalex.org/W3118498264\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134897339\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139397908\",\"https://openalex.org/W3146362880\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3158455932\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160694117\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162204693\",\"https://openalex.org/W3162909048\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213359974\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220956513\",\"https://openalex.org/W4220968891\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249610630\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254667312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4312357280\",\"https://openalex.org/W4390794773\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075794355\",\"display_name\":\"Max Wolff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6896-9633\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070309082\",\"display_name\":\"Lea J. Mertens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-3941\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063262218\",\"display_name\":\"Marie Walter\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108765630\",\"display_name\":\"Sören Enge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054444045\",\"display_name\":\"Ricarda Evens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-2171\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073758\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4221108429" }, { "id": 1819, "title": "Psilocin acutely alters sleep-wake architecture and cortical brain activity in laboratory mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocin acutely alters sleep wake architecture and cortical brain activity in laboratory mice", "authors": "Thomas CW, Blanco-Duque C, Bréant BJ, Goodwin GM, Sharp T, Bannerman DM, Vyazovskiy VV.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), profoundly alter the quality of consciousness through mechanisms which are incompletely understood. Growing evidence suggests that a single psychedelic experience can positively impact long-term psychological well-being, with relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression. A prominent factor associated with psychiatric disorders is disturbed sleep, and the sleep-wake cycle is implicated in the homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent psychedelic agents directly affect sleep, in terms of both acute arousal and homeostatic sleep regulation. Here, chronic electrophysiological recordings were obtained in mice to track sleep-wake architecture and cortical activity after psilocin injection. Administration of psilocin led to delayed REM sleep onset and reduced NREM sleep maintenance for up to approximately 3 h after dosing, and the acute EEG response was associated primarily with an enhanced oscillation around 4 Hz. No long-term changes in sleep-wake quantity were found. When combined with sleep deprivation, psilocin did not alter the dynamics of homeostatic sleep rebound during the subsequent recovery period, as reflected in both sleep amount and EEG slow-wave activity. However, psilocin decreased the recovery rate of sleep slow-wave activity following sleep deprivation in the local field potentials of electrodes targeting the medial prefrontal and surrounding cortex. It is concluded that psilocin affects both global vigilance state control and local sleep homeostasis, an effect which may be relevant for its antidepressant efficacy.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-02-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-022-01846-9", "pubmed_id": "35197453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01846-9", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Sleep Deprivation, Electroencephalography, Wakefulness, Sleep, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35197453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4214570845\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4214570845\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":40,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W951377813\",\"https://openalex.org/W1493831458\",\"https://openalex.org/W1505973041\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963859198\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966479610\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967113132\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971729817\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977647750\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983083273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995200202\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997680764\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011580879\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030472555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036016546\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039029351\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042033499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053591992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054129965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058452561\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060392742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062621310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065455020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076299279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080659194\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085880557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089633679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096352061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102656701\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110572089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111639473\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120918936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122806567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136104104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149996793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171644243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2228967078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2236052756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2276857175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2343813323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346499314\",\"https://openalex.org/W2364556618\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2538133955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2580767461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2602656046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2742814779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2748253069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2749408017\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760291954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773072410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790497376\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793484468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2795698014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2799891267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801418002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808867953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949245082\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950194569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2982649717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999364864\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3038822209\",\"https://openalex.org/W3045348821\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3101729008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3107150606\",\"https://openalex.org/W3123302588\",\"https://openalex.org/W3179469168\",\"https://openalex.org/W4207064626\",\"https://openalex.org/W6602745054\",\"https://openalex.org/W6653118637\",\"https://openalex.org/W6685483815\",\"https://openalex.org/W6780864130\",\"https://openalex.org/W7075297354\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052690772\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher W. Thomas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-7257\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052700816\",\"display_name\":\"Cristina Blanco-Duque\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-2880\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019999427\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin J. B. Bréant\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-3963\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037628078\",\"display_name\":\"Guy M. Goodwin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-2816\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016717006\",\"display_name\":\"Trevor Sharp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7434-9713\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041981916\",\"display_name\":\"David M. Bannerman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3024-7595\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061367170\",\"display_name\":\"Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-6681\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01846-9\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4214570845" }, { "id": 1799, "title": "Diversity, biology, and history of psilocybin-containing fungi: Suggestions for research and technological development.", "normalized_title": "diversity biology and history of psilocybin containing fungi suggestions for research and technological development", "authors": "Van Court RC, Wiseman MS, Meyer KW, Ballhorn DJ, Amses KR, Slot JC, Dentinger BTM, Garibay-Orijel R, Uehling JK.", "abstract": "Therapeutic use of psilocybin has become a focus of recent international research, with preliminary data showing promise to address a range of treatment-resistant mental health conditions. However, use of psilocybin as a healing entheogen has a long history through traditional consumption of mushrooms from the genus Psilocybe. The forthcoming adoption of new psilocybin-assisted therapeutic practices necessitates identification of preferred sources of psilocybin; consequently, comprehensive understanding of psilocybin-containing fungi is fundamental to consumer safety. Here we examine psilocybin producing fungi, discuss their biology, diversity, and ethnomycological uses. We also review recent work focused on elucidation of psilocybin biosynthetic production pathways, especially those from the genus Psilocybe, and their evolutionary history. Current research on psilocybin therapies is discussed, and recommendations for necessary future mycological research are outlined.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003", "pubmed_id": "35314062", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003", "keywords": "Agaricales, Biology, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35314062\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1825, "title": "Analysis of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Medicine: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin assisted therapy in medicine a narrative review", "authors": "Ziff S, Stern B, Lewis G, Majeed M, Gorantla VR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been consumed by various cultures in many different parts of the world for thousands of years. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, contains unique psychoactive properties and has been incorporated into religious ceremonies and investigated for its medicinal value. In the mid-20th century, psilocybin, along with most other classic psychedelics (5HT-2A agonists), was classified as a Schedule I substance, bringing a halt to research on its medicinal utility. The resurgence of clinical trials involving psilocybin in the 21st century has produced promising results concerning the treatment of addiction, depression, and end-of-life mood disorders. Results from these trials have shown significant reductions in depression and anxiety when compared with a placebo, and one trial found no significant difference when compared to a routinely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Studies conducted with patients with advanced-stage cancer have demonstrated that psilocybin may also be beneficial at reducing depression and anxiety associated with psychological crises due to a terminal diagnosis. Psilocybin therapy in the treatment of addiction, which is notoriously difficult to treat, has shown encouraging results. Due to its low toxicity and low risk of overuse, psilocybin has the potential to have a significant influence in the field of addiction medicine. Psilocybin addiction research has been primarily focused on nicotine and alcohol and, in a few small, open-label trials, has shown superiority over traditional therapies. Psilocybin has a relatively unique and incompletely understood mechanism of action, which allows it to be given at several isolated periods. This infrequent dosing regimen has been shown to produce durable effects with minimal toxicity. This review analyzes the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of addiction, depression, and end-of-life mood disorders. In addition, it will discuss the difficulties involved with conducting scientific research on psychedelic compounds, adverse effects, and the therapeutic measures that are necessary to accompany the safe and effective administration of these psychoactive chemicals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.21944", "pubmed_id": "35273885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21944", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35273885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1832, "title": "Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the potential use of serotonergic psychedelics in autism spectrum disorder", "authors": "Markopoulos A, Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Recent clinical and preclinical evidence points towards empathogenic and prosocial effects elicited by psychedelic compounds, notably the serotonin 5-HT2A agonists lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and their derivatives. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for some of the behavioural traits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by atypical social behaviour. In this review, we highlight evidence suggesting that psychedelics may potentially ameliorate some of the behavioural atypicalities of ASD, including reduced social behaviour and highly co-occurring anxiety and depression. Next, we discuss dysregulated neurobiological systems in ASD and how they may underlie or potentially limit the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. These phenomena include: 1) synaptic function, 2) serotonergic signaling, 3) prefrontal cortex activity, and 4) thalamocortical signaling. Lastly, we discuss clinical studies from the 1960s and 70s that assessed the use of psychedelics in the treatment of children with ASD. We highlight the positive behavioural outcomes of these studies, including enhanced mood and social behaviour, as well as the adverse effects of these trials, including increases in aggressive behaviour and dissociative and psychotic states. Despite preliminary evidence, further studies are needed to determine whether the benefits of psychedelic treatment in ASD outweigh the risks associated with the use of these compounds in this population, and if the 5-HT2A receptor may represent a target for social-behavioural disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.749068", "pubmed_id": "35177979", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.749068", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35177979\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1746, "title": "Novel Antidepressants in the Pipeline (Phase II and III): A Systematic Review of the US Clinical Trials Registry.", "normalized_title": "novel antidepressants in the pipeline phase ii and iii a systematic review of the us clinical trials registry", "authors": "Sakurai H, Yonezawa K, Tani H, Mimura M, Bauer M, Uchida H.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere is an imminent need for faster-acting and more effective antidepressants beyond the monoaminergic hypothesis.MethodsWe systematically searched the US Clinical Trials registry for antidepressant compounds with completed phase II and III trials. Compounds that demonstrated significant superiority over placebo in the primary outcome measure in the latest phase of phase II and III trials were identified. The collateral information was gathered via a PubMed search and press releases.ResultsNine compounds were identified. AXS-05 (a combination of dextromethorphan and bupropion) and ansofaxine hydrochloride showed a positive result over placebo in a phase III study for major depressive disorder or treatment-resistant depression. MIJ821, nitrous oxide, psilocybin, ayahuasca, facial injection of botulinum toxin A, prasterone, and casopitant demonstrated at least one positive result in phase II trials. Ayahuasca showed a greater response rate than placebo at week one, indicating the rapid antidepressant effect.DiscussionThese new compounds with novel mechanisms of action are expected to provide a greater variety of treatment options for depression if preliminary positive results are confirmed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1055/a-1714-9097", "pubmed_id": "35045580", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1714-9097", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Registries, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35045580\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1861, "title": "Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as novel therapeutics in alzheimer s disease rationale and potential mechanisms", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Darcy S, Jackson H, White T, Rosenberg P", "abstract": "Serotonin 2A receptor (5-HTR) agonist \"classic psychedelics\" are drawing increasing interest as potential mental health treatments. Recent work suggests psychedelics can exert persisting anxiolytic and antidepressant effects lasting up to several months after a single administration. Data indicate acute subjective drug effects as important psychological factors involved in observed therapeutic benefits. Additionally, animal models have shown an important role for 5-HTR agonists in modulating learning and memory function with relevance for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related dementias. A number of biological mechanisms of action are under investigation to elucidate 5-HTR agonists' therapeutic potential, including enhanced neuroplasticity, anti-inflammatory effects, and alterations in brain functional connectivity. These diverse lines of research are reviewed here along with a discussion of AD pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric symptoms to highlight classic psychedelics as potential novel pharmacotherapies for patients with AD. Human clinical research suggests a possible role for high-dose psychedelic administration in symptomatic treatment of depressed mood and anxiety in early-stage AD. Preclinical data indicate a potential for low- or high-dose psychedelic treatment regimens to slow or reverse brain atrophy, enhance cognitive function, and slow progression of AD. In conclusion, rationale and potential approaches for preliminary research with psychedelics in patients with AD are presented, and ramifications of this line of investigation for development of novel AD treatments are discussed.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_267", "pubmed_id": "34734390", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734390/", "keywords": "Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Hallucinogen, Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34734390\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1859, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders", "authors": "Ehrmann K, Allen JJB, Moreno FA.", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and disabling condition for which currently available treatments are insufficiently effective and alternatives merit priority attention. Psilocybin may represent a safe and effective avenue for treatment of individuals affected by this condition. In this chapter we briefly introduce OCD symptoms, epidemiology, as well as relevant hypotheses on the mechanism of disease that may inform treatment interventions. We briefly describe currently available treatments, mechanisms of action, and efficacy limitations, as preamble to the potential use of psilocybin and perhaps similar compounds in the treatment of OCD and related conditions. Although much is reviewed throughout this book about the mechanisms of action of psychedelic agents, a focused discussion of psilocybin effects as they pertain to OCD is also included. Our experience with incidental observation, prospective research, and current explorations of psilocybin in OCD are also described.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_279", "pubmed_id": "34784024", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_279", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34784024\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1855, "title": "Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New Pharmacological Targets.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and hallucinogens in psychiatry finding new pharmacological targets", "authors": "Sousa TR, Rema J, Machado S, Novais F.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe therapeutic options for neurobehavioral disorders are still limited, and in many cases, they lack a satisfactory balance between efficacy and side effects.ObjectivesThis work aims to review current evidence regarding the potential contribution of psychedelics and hallucinogens to the discovery of new drugs for treating different psychiatric disorders.DiscussionAyahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin have evidence supporting their use in depression, and psilocybin and ayahuasca have also shown good results in treatment-resistant depression. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with anxious patients, there were symptomatic improvements with psilocybin and LSD. Psilocybin diminished Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores in a small obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) sample. The evidence is less robust regarding substance use disorders, but it suggests a possible role for LSD and psilocybin in alcohol use disorders and for psilocybin in tobacco addiction. In a clinical setting, these substances seem to be safe and well-tolerated. Their mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated, but there seems to be a preponderant role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 2A agonism, as well as connectivity changes within the default mode network (DMN) and amygdala and some other molecular modifications.ConclusionThe studies underlying the conclusions have small samples and are heterogeneous in their methods. However, the results suggest that the use of psychedelics and hallucinogens could be considered in some disorders. More studies are needed to reinforce their evidence as potential new drugs.", "journal": "Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.2174/1568026621666211201145800", "pubmed_id": "34852736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211201145800", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34852736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3215301772\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3215301772\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1523962342\",\"https://openalex.org/W1649318184\",\"https://openalex.org/W1797327965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965303778\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994495174\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010391271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014761647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015666695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021752411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038786381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045988021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070089962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080308963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097999899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103583518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107376791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116715079\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123179625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130516627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163858520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169412710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325558246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413873059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2479476071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589381868\",\"https://openalex.org/W2622982732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757295924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790481213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801728504\",\"https://openalex.org/W2806419184\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887140173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990240756\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096897894\",\"https://openalex.org/W3119139278\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127623726\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133450788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230408374\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057142460\",\"display_name\":\"Teresa Reynolds de Sousa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-4841\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088942401\",\"display_name\":\"João Rema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-5175\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044288506\",\"display_name\":\"Sérgio Machado\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-8467\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078808651\",\"display_name\":\"Filipa Novais\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9379-1734\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S107732428\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211201145800\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3215301772" }, { "id": 1854, "title": "Psychedelic medicines for mood disorders: current evidence and clinical considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines for mood disorders current evidence and clinical considerations", "authors": "Sarris J, Pinzon Rubiano D, Day K, Galvão-Coelho NL, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewDespite advances in treatment modalities for mood disorders over recent decades, further therapeutic options are still required. Increased research is occurring, with the pursuit of psychedelic-based pharmacotherapies for a range of mood disorders and other conditions.Recent findingsSerotonergic psychedelics have been found to modulate brain networks underlying various psychiatric disorders, as well promoting neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Randomized placebo-controlled trials have found psilocybin with psychological support effective at treating depression, including treatment-resistant depression; with emergent research also signalling N,N-dimethyltryptamine/ayahuasca also as a potential option for the treatment of depression. Lysergic acid diethylamide has been found to have anxiolytic effects, whereas 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been used effectively to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with Phase III clinical trial evidence. Microdosing of psychedelics is a growing phenomenon that has shown benefits in some preclinical data; however, a recent self-directed controlled trial reported no evidence of improved mood.SummaryCurrent research with medicinal psychedelics, usually as an adjunct to psychotherapy, has shown encouraging results in treating mood disorders. However, there are challenges regarding blinding and sample sizes remain small, and there have been no definitive Phase III studies (aside from MDMA for PTSD). Further work exploring novel formulations, interface with pharmacogenomics and the microbiome, and inflammatory pathways can be advised.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1097/yco.0000000000000759", "pubmed_id": "34855694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000759", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34855694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3214407741\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3214407741\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1810864195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007549333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011428797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018957682\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019379291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025961724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052800296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099601730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127654449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133416128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2218174899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413573456\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588080892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612228298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788130744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792164490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801130428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889525702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892030583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912970239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923355729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926665170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942451714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945519735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948924404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949943874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953280092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2978567744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981779913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023636576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3034423620\",\"https://openalex.org/W3040046088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092438109\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093375227\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3111293057\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127961940\",\"https://openalex.org/W3132728164\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160765419\",\"https://openalex.org/W3160990818\",\"https://openalex.org/W3165684389\",\"https://openalex.org/W3185477803\",\"https://openalex.org/W6683883610\",\"https://openalex.org/W6734128243\",\"https://openalex.org/W6758612838\",\"https://openalex.org/W6762583173\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013936218\",\"display_name\":\"Jerome Sarris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-8854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019305066\",\"display_name\":\"Diego Pinzon Rubiano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103254095\",\"display_name\":\"Kimberley Day\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-3602\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041005999\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4887-8635\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049230775\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Perkins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-1649\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855694\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Genomics,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3214407741" }, { "id": 1853, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Substance Use Disorders and Potential Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for substance use disorders and potential mechanisms of action", "authors": "Rieser NM, Herdener M, Preller KH", "abstract": "Substance use disorders (SUD) represent a significant public health issue with a high need for novel and efficacious treatment options. In light of this high unmet need, recent results reporting beneficial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapy in SUD are particularly relevant. However, several questions remain with regard to this treatment approach. The clinical mechanisms of action of psychedelic substances in the treatment of SUD are not well understood. Closing this knowledge gap is critical to inform and optimize the psychotherapeutic embedding of the acute substance administration. In this chapter, we discuss potential mechanisms that have implications on psychotherapeutic approaches including induced neuroplasticity, alterations in brain network connectivity, reward and emotion processing, social connectedness, insight, and mystical experiences. Furthermore, we outline considerations and approaches that leverage these mechanisms in order to optimize the therapeutic embedding by maximizing synergy between substance effects and psychotherapy. Understanding the mechanisms of action, developing psychotherapeutic approaches accordingly, and evaluating their synergistic efficacy in scientific studies will be critical to advance the framework of psychedelic-assisted therapy for addiction, create evidence-based approaches, and achieve the best treatment outcome for patients with SUD.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_284", "pubmed_id": "34910289", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34910289/", "keywords": "Addiction, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mechanism of action, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, SUD, Substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34910289\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1840, "title": "Psilocybin for Trauma-Related Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for trauma related disorders", "authors": "Khan AJ, Bradley E, O'Donovan A, Woolley J.", "abstract": "Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating, chronic disorder and efficacy rates of current PTSD treatments are underwhelming. There is a critical need for innovative approaches. We provide an overview of trauma and PTSD and cite literature providing converging evidence of the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for PTSD. No study to date has investigated psilocybin or psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) as treatments for PTSD. An open-label study in traumatized AIDS survivors found that PAP reduced PTSD symptoms, attachment anxiety, and demoralization. Several PAP trials show preliminary efficacy in facilitating confronting traumatic memories, decreasing emotional avoidance, depression, anxiety, pessimism, and disconnection from others, and increasing acceptance, self-compassion, and forgiveness of abusers, all of which are relevant to PTSD recovery. There is also early evidence that other classic psychedelics may produce large reductions in PTSD symptoms in combat veterans. However, this body of literature is small, mechanisms are not yet well understood, and the risks of using psychedelic compounds for trauma-related disorders need further study. In sum, evidence supports further investigation of PAP as a radically new approach for treating PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_366", "pubmed_id": "35711024", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_366", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35711024\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1716, "title": "Neuroimaging Correlates of Treatment Response with Psychedelics in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging correlates of treatment response with psychedelics in major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Kuburi S, Di Passa AM, Tassone VK, Mahmood R, Lalovic A, Ladha KS, Dunlop K, Rizvi S, Demchenko I, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Preliminary evidence supports the use of psychedelics for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, less attention has been given to the neural mechanisms behind their effects. We conducted a systematic review examining the neuroimaging correlates of antidepressant response following psychedelic interventions for MDD. Through MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycINFO, 187 records were identified and 42 articles were screened. Six published studies and one conference abstract were included. Five ongoing trials were included from subjective outcomesTrials.gov. Our search covered several psychedelics, though included studies were specific to psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide. Three psilocybin studies noted amygdala activity and functional connectivity (FC) alterations that correlated with treatment response. Two psilocybin studies reported that FC changes in the medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices correlated with treatment response. Two trials from a single study reported global decreases in brain network modularity which correlated with antidepressant response. One ayahuasca study reported increased activity in the limbic regions following treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests that the default mode and limbic networks may be a target for future research on the neural mechanisms of psychedelics. More data is required to corroborate these initial findings as the evidence summarized in this review is based on four datasets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/24705470221115342", "pubmed_id": "35936944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221115342", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35936944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1561, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: What do we know about neurobiological mechanisms of action?", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for depression what do we know about neurobiological mechanisms of action", "authors": "Husain MI, Ledwos N, Fellows E, Baer J, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Castle DJ", "abstract": "Current treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) have limited efficacy and are associated with adverse effects. Recent studies investigating the antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics-also known as classic psychedelics-have promising preliminary results with large effect sizes. In this context, we conducted a review of the putative neurobiological underpinnings of the mechanism of antidepressant action of these drugs. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed to identify published articles evaluating the antidepressant mechanism of action of serotonergic psychedelics. Serotonergic psychedelics have serotonin (5HT)2A agonist or partial agonist effects. Their rapid antidepressant effects may be mediated-in part-by their potent 5HT2A agonism, leading to rapid receptor downregulation. In addition, these psychedelics impact brain derived neurotrophic factor and immunomodulatory responses, both of which may play a role in their antidepressant effect. Several neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies evaluating mechanistic change from a network perspective can help us to further understand their mechanism of action. Some, but not all, data suggest that psychedelics may exert their effects, in part, by disrupting the activity of the default mode network, which is involved in both introspection and self-referential thinking and is over-active in MDD. The mechanisms of action underlying the antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics remains an active area of research. Several competing theories are being evaluated and more research is needed to determine which ones are supported by the most robust evidence.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1076459", "pubmed_id": "36844032", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36844032/", "keywords": "LSD, ayahuasca, connectivity, depression, hallucinogen, neurobiology, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36844032\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3391, "title": "Predictors of Psychedelic Experience: A Thematic Analysis", "normalized_title": "predictors of psychedelic experience a thematic analysis", "authors": "McCartney A, McGovern H, De Foe A.", "abstract": "Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is rapidly expanding. A major limitation within this field is the unpredictability of individual responses to psychedelic substances. A better understanding of factors that can predict psychedelic experience is essential to both clinical progress and wider harm reduction frameworks. Ketamine, MDMA, LSD and psilocybin were selected for comparison due to their promising therapeutic effects and different mechanisms of action. The current study aimed to (a) identify factors that predict both positive and adverse psychedelic experience, and (b) compare these predictors across the four psychedelic substances. A thematic analysis was conducted on twenty-four subjective, first-person reports of psychedelic use (six per substance), sourced from the Erowid online database. The analysis revealed three external predictors (nature, music and preparation) and three internal predictors (understanding, mindset and motivation). Each predictor contained two sub-themes that further elucidated their meaning and impact. Nature and music emerged as potential tools for de-escalating adverse reactions to psychedelics, which was a novel finding. A comparison between substances further revealed that these predictors actually had different impacts, depending on the substance being taken. Finally, the importance of, and interrelationship between, preparation, mindset, understanding and motivation was made clear. The broader clinical and sociological implications of this were discussed, with particular reference to developing harm reduction frameworks. As psychedelic therapy and research continues to gain momentum, these findings constitute an early step in developing a more nuanced understanding of the factors shaping psychedelic experience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/5d7fc", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5d7fc", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR435107\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1401, "title": "Predictors of Psychedelic Experience: A Thematic Analysis", "normalized_title": "predictors of psychedelic experience a thematic analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is rapidly expanding. A major limitation within this field is the unpredictability of individual responses to psychedelic substances. A better understanding of factors that can predict psychedelic experience is essential to both clinical progress and wider harm reduction frameworks. Ketamine, MDMA, LSD and psilocybin were selected for comparison due to their promising therapeutic effects and different mechanisms of action. The current study aimed to (a) identify factors that predict both positive and adverse psychedelic experience, and (b) compare these predictors across the four psychedelic substances. A thematic analysis was conducted on twenty-four subjective, first-person reports of psychedelic use (six per substance), sourced from the Erowid online database. The analysis revealed three external predictors (nature, music and preparation) and three internal predictors (understanding, mindset and motivation). Each predictor contained two sub-themes that further elucidated their meaning and impact. Nature and music emerged as potential tools for de-escalating adverse reactions to psychedelics, which was a novel finding. A comparison between substances further revealed that these predictors actually had different impacts, depending on the substance being taken. Finally, the importance of, and interrelationship between, preparation, mindset, understanding and motivation was made clear. The broader clinical and sociological implications of this were discussed, with particular reference to developing harm reduction frameworks. As psychedelic therapy and research continues to gain momentum, these findings constitute an early step in developing a more nuanced understanding of the factors shaping psychedelic experience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/5d7fc_v1", "keywords": "context, experience, psychedelics, qualitative, setting, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"5d7fc_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3138, "title": "A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production.", "normalized_title": "a whole genome atlas of 81 psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production", "authors": "McKernan K, Kane L, Helbert Y, Zhang L, Houde N, McLaughlin S.", "abstract": "The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. The ubiquity of Psilocybin synthesis in Psilocybe has been attributed to a horizontal gene transfer mechanism of a ~20Kb gene cluster. A recently published highly contiguous reference genome derived from long read single molecule sequencing has underscored interesting variation in this Psilocybin synthesis gene cluster. This reference genome has also enabled the shotgun sequencing of spores from many Psilocybe strains to better catalog the genomic diversity in the Psilocybin synthesis pathway. Here we present the de novo assembly of 81 Psilocybe genomes compared to the P.envy reference genome. Surprisingly, the genomes of Psilocybe galindoi, Psilocybe tampanensis and Psilocybe azurescens lack sequence coverage over the previously described Psilocybin synthesis pathway but do demonstrate amino acid sequence homology to a less contiguous gene cluster and may illuminate the previously proposed evolution of psilocybin synthesis.", "journal": "F1000Res", "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.55301.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55301.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR433636\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"F1000Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1852, "title": "Psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion-related symptoms and processing: A preregistered field and lab-based study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion related symptoms and processing a preregistered field and lab based study", "authors": "Marschall J, Fejer G, Lempe P, Prochazkova L, Kuchar M, Hajkova K, van Elk M.", "abstract": "BackgroundMicrodoses of psychedelics (i.e. a sub-hallucinogenic dose taken every third day) can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress according to anecdotal reports and observational studies. Research with medium to high doses of psilocybin points towards potential underlying mechanisms, including the modulation of emotion and interoceptive processing.AimsIn this preregistered study, we investigated whether psilocybin microdoses alter self-reported interoceptive awareness and whether repeated microdosing over 3 weeks modulates emotion processing and reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression.MethodsWe used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design. Participants completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire 1½ h after self-administering their second dose (or placebo), and the emotional go/no-go task and the shortened Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 1½ h after self-administering their seventh dose.ResultsOur confirmatory analyses revealed that psilocybin microdosing did not affect emotion processing or symptoms of anxiety and depression compared with placebo. Our exploratory analyses revealed that psilocybin microdosing did not affect self-reported interoceptive awareness, that symptoms of depression and stress were significantly reduced in the first block compared with baseline, that participants broke blind in the second block and that there was no effect of expectations. Further research in a substance-naïve population with clinical range anxiety and depressive symptoms is needed to substantiate the potential beneficial effects of microdosing.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211050556", "pubmed_id": "34915762", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211050556", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Emotions, Anxiety, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34915762\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200583144\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200583144\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":68,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W22529605\",\"https://openalex.org/W1526898363\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974098282\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974721535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023999328\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025089570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034154165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088994872\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090114941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092282242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105190393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141674457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148993214\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150407416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153159895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153791616\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156892222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162440526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166820186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2488640608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2599276130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2789213216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793853595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895986834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897080393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907379922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926011243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944038128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945335566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969627127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990036135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996366481\",\"https://openalex.org/W3002125030\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022169380\",\"https://openalex.org/W3092151265\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093109301\",\"https://openalex.org/W3122801192\",\"https://openalex.org/W3134377893\",\"https://openalex.org/W3159653784\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166100102\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030624983\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Marschall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-2417\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084687542\",\"display_name\":\"George Fejer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-5504\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056906044\",\"display_name\":\"Pascal Lempe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010403613\",\"display_name\":\"Luisa Prochazkova\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7992-3603\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084865612\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Kuchař\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000277095\",\"display_name\":\"Kateřina Hájková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-2472\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004497618\",\"display_name\":\"Michiel van Elk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-3551\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211050556\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4200583144" }, { "id": 3671, "title": "Double-blind Placebo-controlled Naturalistic Study of Microdosing With Psilocybin: Effects on Brain Activity, Behavior, Cognition, Creativity, and Mental Health", "normalized_title": "double blind placebo controlled naturalistic study of microdosing with psilocybin effects on brain activity behavior cognition creativity and mental health", "authors": "National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina", "abstract": "This study seeks to understand the neural, cognitive and behavioral effects of low doses of psilocybin administered in the form of dried mushroom material (0.5 g of Psilocybe cubensis) consumed in natural settings following a placebo-controlled double-blind experimental design. Sub-threshold doses of serotonergic psychedelics are frequently consumed as cognitive enhancers, and due to their purported positive effects on mood, energy and creativity (\"microdosing\"). The acute and short-term effects of psilocybin (the psychoactive compound of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms) on several variables will be investigated, comprising spontaneous and evoked electrophysiological brain activity, perception and cognitive function (cognitive flexibility, attention, inhibitory control, conscious access, visual perception), creativity (problem solving, divergent and convergent thinking), behavior (actigraphy and sleep patterns, natural language production) and several domains related to well-being and mental health of the participants. This study is simultaneously naturalistic (i.e. recruited subjects are intrinsically motivated to microdose, as they have decided to embark in a microdosing protocol) and controlled by expectations, following a double-blind placebo-controlled design. Participants will microdose according to the following schedule: Two sessions (0.5 g dried Psilocybin mushrooms vs. dried edible mushroom material without psychoactive effects as a placebo condition) will be conducted. A third party will be in charge of generating their active dose and placebo capsules, and they will also implement a blinding procedure. Each session will span one week of measurements. Subjects will be given a smartwatch to monitor activity and sleeping patterns at the beginning of the week. At days 3 and 5, subjects will take capsules with active mushroom material or placebo, and then several variables will be recorded. Experiments will be conducted in a setting that is natural and comfortable for the participants, e.g. their homes. The main outcome measures consist of resting state activity recorded with EEG, evoked response potentials and performance during cognitive tasks, behavioral variables obtained with actigraphy and automated sleep scoring, natural language analysis, and several measurs self-reported via standarized questionnaires. After completion, this study will provide direct evidence concerning the efficacy of microdosing for cognitive enhancement under natural conditions, i.e. those most frequently used by individuals who microdose, as well as provide information concerning the potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05160220", "keywords": "Cognitive Change, Creativity, Mood Change, Sleep, Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05160220\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1817, "title": "Beating pain with psychedelics: Matter over mind?", "normalized_title": "beating pain with psychedelics matter over mind", "authors": "Elman I, Pustilnik A, Borsook D.", "abstract": "Basic pain research has shed light on key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nociceptive and phenomenological aspects of pain. Despite these advances, we still yearn for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to address the unmet needs of about 70 % of chronic neuropathic pain patients whose pain fails to respond to opioids as well as to other conventional analgesic agents. Importantly, a substantial body of clinical observations over the past decade cumulatively suggests that the psychedelic class of drugs may possess heuristic value for understanding and treating chronic pain conditions. The present review presents a theoretical framework for hitherto insufficiently understood neuroscience-based mechanisms of psychedelics' potential analgesic effects. To that end, searches of PubMed-indexed journals were performed using the following Medical Subject Headings' terms: pain, analgesia, inflammatory, brain connectivity, ketamine, psilocybin, functional imaging, and dendrites. Recursive sets of scientific and clinical evidence extracted from this literature review were summarized within the following key areas: (1) studies employing psychedelics for alleviation of physical and emotional pain; (2) potential neuro-restorative effects of psychedelics to remediate the impaired connectivity underlying the dissociation between pain-related conscious states/cognitions and the subcortical activity/function leading to the eventual chronicity through immediate and long-term effects on dentritic plasticity; (3) anti-neuroinflammatory and pro-immunomodulatory actions of psychedelics as the may pertain to the role of these factors in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain; (4) safety, legal, and ethical consideration inherent in psychedelics' pharmacotherapy. In addition to direct beneficial effects in terms of reduction of pain and suffering, psychedelics' inclusion in the analgesic armamentarium will contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights not only into pain syndromes but also into frequently comorbid psychiatric condition associated with emotional pain, e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders. Further inquiry is clearly warranted into the above areas that have potential to evolve into further elucidate the mechanisms of chronic pain and affective disorders, and lead to the development of innovative, safe, and more efficacious neurobiologically-based therapeutic approaches.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005", "pubmed_id": "34922987", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005", "keywords": "Humans, Analgesics, Analgesics, Opioid, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34922987\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1873, "title": "1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Future Approach to the Metabolic Profiling of Psychedelics in Human Biofluids?", "normalized_title": "1h nuclear magnetic resonance a future approach to the metabolic profiling of psychedelics in human biofluids", "authors": "Vilca-Melendez S, Uthaug MV, Griffin JL.", "abstract": "While psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for treating mental health disorders such as depression, further research is needed to better understand their biological effects and mechanisms of action when considering the development of future novel therapy approaches. Psychedelic research could potentially benefit from the integration of metabonomics by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy which is an analytical chemistry-based approach that can measure the breakdown of drugs into their metabolites and their metabolic consequences from various biofluids. We have performed a systematic review with the primary aim of exploring published literature where 1H NMR analysed psychedelic substances including psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), LSD derivatives, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and bufotenin. The second aim was to assess the benefits and limitations of 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics as a tool in psychedelic research and the final aim was to explore potential future directions. We found that the most current use of 1H NMR in psychedelic research has been for the structural elucidation and analytical characterisation of psychedelic molecules and that no papers used 1H NMR in the metabolic profiling of biofluids, thus exposing a current research gap and the underuse of 1H NMR. The efficacy of 1H NMR spectroscopy was also compared to mass spectrometry, where both metabonomics techniques have previously shown to be appropriate for biofluid analysis in other applications. Additionally, potential future directions for psychedelic research were identified as real-time NMR, in vivo 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 1H NMR studies of the gut microbiome. Further psychedelic studies need to be conducted that incorporate the use of 1H NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of metabolites both in the peripheral biofluids and in vivo to determine whether it will be an effective future approach for clinical and naturalistic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742856", "pubmed_id": "34966300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742856", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34966300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Metabolomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1874, "title": "A Spectrum of Selves Reinforced in Multilevel Coherence: A Contextual Behavioural Response to the Challenges of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Development.", "normalized_title": "a spectrum of selves reinforced in multilevel coherence a contextual behavioural response to the challenges of psychedelic assisted therapy development", "authors": "Whitfield HJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy research for depression and PTSD has been fast tracked in the United States with the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) granting breakthrough designations for MDMA (post-traumatic stress disorder) and psilocybin (major depressive disorder). The psychotherapeutic treatments accompanying these psychedelics have not been well-studied and remain controversial. This article reviews the challenges unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy and introduces a newly optimised psychological flexibility model that adapts Contextual Behavioural Science (CBS)/Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to those multiple challenges, including ego inflation, traumatic memories, and the perceived presence of entities. A methodology aligned with biological mechanisms, psychological processes and therapeutic contexts may be advantageous for improving outcomes. This model expands ACT by integrating practices and data from psychedelic-assisted therapy research into a Contextual Behavioural Science framework, allowing both fields to inform each other. Psychological flexibility processes are questioned and adapted to a psychedelic context, and interventions that operationalise these processes are considered. The principle through-line of the paper is to consider varied constructs of Self, as understood by these fields, and integrates respective elements of varied self-models, interventions and data into a Spectrum of Selves model for psychedelic-assisted therapy. Secondly the paper examines how to select and retain new self-perspectives and their corresponding behaviours systemically, drawing from evolutionary science principles. A case example of such behavioural reinforcement is provided, as well as a psychedelic integration checklist to guide the practical implementation of such an approach. This method can enable a coherent therapeutic framework with clear operational relationships between (1) problematic behaviour patterns that an individual wishes to address (2) the guided psychedelic experiences of that individual, and (3) the barriers to maintaining any changes, thus increasing theoretical-practical coherence, broadening treatment benefits and reducing relapse in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Research questions for further developing a CBS-consistent psychedelic-assisted therapy are offered.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572", "pubmed_id": "34950063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34950063\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200524305\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200524305\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":26,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W40126493\",\"https://openalex.org/W41739160\",\"https://openalex.org/W596458130\",\"https://openalex.org/W620866414\",\"https://openalex.org/W1579245897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002842229\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011197371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030680811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033047816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041656200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044880034\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056324512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072975230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078935007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095622390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097917677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109705747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113795688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121266378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127345956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169270823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313382114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2437324972\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2500843677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2514108040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2525190545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618615166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760068487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768561902\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790248870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2794376646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796179442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801198981\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887016029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900604419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2920559226\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921561928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944263526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2985188679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999728538\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3003368154\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014277121\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018943978\",\"https://openalex.org/W3025361548\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3084039345\",\"https://openalex.org/W3100714436\",\"https://openalex.org/W3139397908\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152417644\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177511739\",\"https://openalex.org/W3193503966\",\"https://openalex.org/W3207814356\",\"https://openalex.org/W3213373621\",\"https://openalex.org/W4233475842\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4250467785\",\"https://openalex.org/W4297677430\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386218079\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388055659\",\"https://openalex.org/W6601615983\",\"https://openalex.org/W6698631054\",\"https://openalex.org/W6804083353\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109831612\",\"display_name\":\"Henry J. Whitfield\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4200524305" }, { "id": 5035, "title": "P.0298 Evaluation of the acute mechanism of action of psilocybin in mice", "normalized_title": "p 0298 evaluation of the acute mechanism of action of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Ines Erkizia-Santamaría, R. Alles-Pascual, Igor Horrillo, J. Javier Meana, Jorge E. Ortega", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.282", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.282", "keywords": "Maillard reaction, Antibacterial activity, Chemistry, Bacillus subtilis, Zinc, Reactive oxygen species, Phenylalanine, Bacteria, Escherichia coli, Combinatorial chemistry, Biochemistry, Stereochemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Nuclear chemistry, Amino acid, Organic chemistry, Biology, Genetics, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:58", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200083165\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4200083165\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064629089\",\"display_name\":\"Ines Erkizia-Santamaría\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6163-4571\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007763947\",\"display_name\":\"R. Alles-Pascual\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028869928\",\"display_name\":\"Igor Horrillo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-5884\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024198476\",\"display_name\":\"J. Javier Meana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-6714\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033481973\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge E. Ortega\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-874X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.282\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4200083165" }, { "id": 1749, "title": "Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action.", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into psychedelic drug action", "authors": "Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Roth BL.", "abstract": "A confluence of factors has renewed interest in the scientific understanding and translational potential of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin: the desire for additional approaches to mental health care, incremental progress in basic and clinical research, and the reconsideration and relaxation of existing drug policies. With the United States Food and Drug Administration's designation of psilocybin as a \"Breakthrough Therapy\" for treatment-resistant depression, a new path has been forged for the conveyance of psychedelics to the clinic. Essential to the further development of such applications, however, is a clearer understanding of how these drugs exert their effects at the molecular level. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the molecular details of psychedelic drug actions and suggest that these discoveries can facilitate new insights into their hallucinogenic and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15540", "pubmed_id": "34797943", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15540", "keywords": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34797943\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1882, "title": "Psilocybin, a Naturally Occurring Indoleamine Compound, Could Be Useful to Prevent Suicidal Behaviors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a naturally occurring indoleamine compound could be useful to prevent suicidal behaviors", "authors": "Strumila R, Nobile B, Korsakova L, Lengvenyte A, Olie E, Lopez-Castroman J, Guillaume S, Courtet P.", "abstract": "The available interventions for people who are at risk of suicide have limited efficacy. Recently, research on new mental health treatments has started to consider psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin, a molecule with a few thousand years of history of use in human societies. The possible effects of psilocybin on suicidal ideation and behaviors have not been specifically studied yet; however, the current knowledge on the suicidal process and the available data on es/ketamine suggest that psylocibin could be used to modulate the thoughts and behavioral patterns in individuals who are at risk of suicidal behaviors. Here, we summarize the available evidence on the possible mechanisms underlying psilocybin positive effects on suicide risk. Major pathways related to suicidal behaviors that might be modulated by psylocibin include serotonin receptors. Specifically, psylocibin directly stimulates the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2A), targeting the inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and leading to a rapid increase in brain plasticity and inflammation suppression and increases in cognitive flexibility, spirituality, and empathy. We also present preliminary epidemiological data and provide a rationale for studying psilocybin in individuals with suicidal ideation or who are at risk of suicidal behaviors. This review presents a framework to understand the basis for psilocybin use in individuals who are at risk of suicidal behaviors and calls for clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14121213", "pubmed_id": "34959614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121213", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34959614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1884, "title": "Psilocybin targets a common molecular mechanism for cognitive impairment and increased craving in alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin targets a common molecular mechanism for cognitive impairment and increased craving in alcoholism", "authors": "Meinhardt MW, Pfarr S, Fouquet G, Rohleder C, Meinhardt ML, Barroso-Flores J, Hoffmann R, Jeanblanc J, Paul E, Wagner K, Hansson AC, Köhr G, Meier N, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Bell RL, Endepols H, Neumaier B, Schönig K, Bartsch D, Naassila M, Spanagel R, Sommer WH.", "abstract": "Alcohol-dependent patients commonly show impairments in executive functions that facilitate craving and can lead to relapse. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to executive dysfunction in alcoholism are poorly understood, and new effective pharmacological treatments are desired. Here, using a bidirectional neuromodulation approach, we demonstrate a causal link between reduced prefrontal mGluR2 function and both impaired executive control and alcohol craving. A neuron-specific prefrontal mGluR2 knockdown in rats generated a phenotype of reduced cognitive flexibility and excessive alcohol seeking. Conversely, virally restoring prefrontal mGluR2 levels in alcohol-dependent rats rescued these pathological behaviors. In the search for a pharmacological intervention with high translational potential, psilocybin was capable of restoring mGluR2 expression and reducing relapse behavior. Last, we propose a FDG-PET biomarker strategy to identify mGluR2 treatment-responsive individuals. In conclusion, we identified a common molecular pathological mechanism for both executive dysfunction and alcohol craving and provided a personalized mGluR2 mechanism-based intervention strategy for medication development for alcoholism.", "journal": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2021-11-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.abh2399", "pubmed_id": "34788104", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh2399", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34788104\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3213463597\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3213463597\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":91,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W108542985\",\"https://openalex.org/W1513662964\",\"https://openalex.org/W1949065868\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966449636\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970378665\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981986023\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983664266\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984835419\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990140024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992038146\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996296330\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996607457\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998461664\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001350759\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004160530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011029903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024485135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025534288\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027040267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029021490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032330165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041253023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044104531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045358091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055722215\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063995948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065351044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074446477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079343127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082051191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086175717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089436854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092204227\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102027938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104412023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110709615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120307371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121018683\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130897837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143015721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147197593\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153645092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153773787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158052449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165670888\",\"https://openalex.org/W2285481902\",\"https://openalex.org/W2307021258\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412894886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2416236000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2416621211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2467439529\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473950764\",\"https://openalex.org/W2505693056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513173335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603872611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2625510874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2733751315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753071628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781316183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793761191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912569397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2915299452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951080359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2980242459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983179222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984881895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996181392\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999392149\",\"https://openalex.org/W3004972885\",\"https://openalex.org/W3020950088\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093810618\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112535936\",\"https://openalex.org/W3123579562\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125143320\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013945938\",\"display_name\":\"Marcus W. Meinhardt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-0731\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040734680\",\"display_name\":\"Simone Pfarr\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031892461\",\"display_name\":\"Grégory Fouquet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-1197\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071632293\",\"display_name\":\"Cathrin Rohleder\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-1846\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080542806\",\"display_name\":\"Manuela L. Meinhardt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011246116\",\"display_name\":\"Janet Barroso-Flores\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2804-6188\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052483429\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca Hoffmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077418201\",\"display_name\":\"Jérôme Jeanblanc\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-2777\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013861574\",\"display_name\":\"Elisabeth Paul\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0201-273X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028012670\",\"display_name\":\"Konstantin Wagner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-1030\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083951355\",\"display_name\":\"Anita C. Hansson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-3920\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021241697\",\"display_name\":\"Georg Köhr\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031244013\",\"display_name\":\"Nils Meier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000986874\",\"display_name\":\"Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2613-2517\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080273132\",\"display_name\":\"Richard L. Bell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-0485\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031145007\",\"display_name\":\"Heike Endepols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6166-4818\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060326878\",\"display_name\":\"Bernd Neumaier\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-3116\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102304524\",\"display_name\":\"Kai Schönig\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-408X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073028848\",\"display_name\":\"Dušan Bartsch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-9923\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083298408\",\"display_name\":\"Mickaël Naassïla\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-0918\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016315764\",\"display_name\":\"Rainer Spanagel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2151-4521\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028618478\",\"display_name\":\"Wolfgang H. Sommer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5903-6521\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737427234\",\"source_display_name\":\"Science Advances\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh2399\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3213463597" }, { "id": 1858, "title": "Molecular Mechanisms of Psilocybin and Implications for the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "molecular mechanisms of psilocybin and implications for the treatment of depression", "authors": "Ling S, Ceban F, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Teopiz KM, Rodrigues NB, Lipsitz O, Gill H, Subramaniapillai M, Mansur RB, Lin K, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, Castle D, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "Therapeutic deficiencies with monoaminergic antidepressants invites the need to identify and develop novel rapid-acting antidepressants. Hitherto, ketamine and esketamine are identified as safe, well-tolerated rapid-acting antidepressants in adults with treatment-resistant depression, and also mitigate measures of suicidality. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid and non-selective agonist at many serotonin receptors, especially at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, and is found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. Preliminary studies with psilocybin have shown therapeutic promise across diverse populations including major depressive disorder. The pharmacodynamic mechanisms mediating the antidepressant and psychedelic effects of psilocybin are currently unknown but are thought to involve the modulation of the serotonergic system, primarily through agonism at the 5-HT2A receptors and downstream changes in gene expression. It is also established that indirect effects on dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are contributory, as well as effects at other lower affinity targets. Along with the direct effects on neurochemical systems, psilocybin alters neural circuitry and key brain regions previously implicated in depression, including the default mode network and amygdala. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current understanding of the receptor pharmacology and neuronal mechanisms underlying the psychedelic and putative antidepressant properties of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y", "pubmed_id": "34791625", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34791625\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1845, "title": "Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics", "authors": "Strickland JC, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of research on the basic science and clinical understanding of psychedelics. This chapter provides an overview of the human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics focusing on three prototypic classic psychedelics-psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). A brief historical overview of the classic psychedelics and naming and drug classification is first specified. Next, special considerations in the conduct of human behavioral pharmacology work with psychedelics is described including the role of set and setting, mystical experience measurement, the use of effective blinding and placebos, and the abuse liability of psychedelics. Following, a description of the subjective, physiological, and clinical effects of psilocybin, LSD, and DMT is provided. This body of work clearly documents a unique and complex collection of subjective effects following psychedelic use, both during acute drug administration and as related to long-term behavior change following use. Clinical research demonstrates potential therapeutic utility with early phase clinical trials showing positive and enduring effects in many difficult-to-treat conditions including treatment-resistant depression, alcohol use disorder, and cigarette smoking. Future work in this newly reemerged field is needed to reveal mechanisms of behavior change in psychedelic drug action. Behavioral pharmacology is ultimately well served to provide this direction answering questions at the intersection of environment and pharmacology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.003", "pubmed_id": "35341564", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.003", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35341564\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1818, "title": "[Rapid-acting antidepressants-neurobiological mechanisms of action].", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressants neurobiological mechanisms of action", "authors": "Gass P, Vasilescu AN, Inta D.", "abstract": "Rapid-acting antidepressants disprove the dogma that antidepressants need several weeks to become clinically effective. Ketamine, the prototype of a rapid-acting antidepressant, is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocking agent. A single i.v. application of ketamine induces rapid changes in glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems, leading to preferential activation of glutamatergic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. This evokes the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), causing plastic changes in the central nervous system within 24 h. In the prefrontal cortex ketamine leads to a regeneration of synaptic contacts, which have been damaged by chronic stress. This regeneration correlates with improvement of depression-like behavioral changes in rodent models. Classical monoaminergic antidepressants can cause similar changes but with considerably longer latency periods. For clinical application a nasal spray of esketamine has been developed, since this enantiomer has the highest affinity for NMDA receptors; however, since R-ketamine and certain ketamine metabolites also have antidepressant effects in preclinical models, these are currently being tested in clinical studies. Moreover, there are many other glutamatergic substances under clinical investigation for antidepressant effects without ketamine-like adverse effects. In addition, there are also several promising rapid-acting antidepressants that do not primarily act via the glutamate system, such as the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor modulator brexanolone or the serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00115-021-01225-7", "pubmed_id": "34766186", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-021-01225-7", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neurobiology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34766186\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1888, "title": "Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Doss MK, Považan M, Rosenberg MD, Sepeda ND, Davis AK, Finan PH, Smith GS, Pekar JJ, Barker PB, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of mood disorders, which are often accompanied by cognitive dysfunction including cognitive rigidity. Recent studies have proposed neuropsychoplastogenic effects as mechanisms underlying the enduring therapeutic effects of psilocybin. In an open-label study of 24 patients with major depressive disorder, we tested the enduring effects of psilocybin therapy on cognitive flexibility (perseverative errors on a set-shifting task), neural flexibility (dynamics of functional connectivity or dFC via functional magnetic resonance imaging), and neurometabolite concentrations (via magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in brain regions supporting cognitive flexibility and implicated in acute psilocybin effects (e.g., the anterior cingulate cortex, or ACC). Psilocybin therapy increased cognitive flexibility for at least 4 weeks post-treatment, though these improvements were not correlated with the previously reported antidepressant effects. One week after psilocybin therapy, glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations were decreased in the ACC, and dFC was increased between the ACC and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Surprisingly, greater increases in dFC between the ACC and PCC were associated with less improvement in cognitive flexibility after psilocybin therapy. Connectome-based predictive modeling demonstrated that baseline dFC emanating from the ACC predicted improvements in cognitive flexibility. In these models, greater baseline dFC was associated with better baseline cognitive flexibility but less improvement in cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest a nuanced relationship between cognitive and neural flexibility. Whereas some enduring increases in neural dynamics may allow for shifting out of a maladaptively rigid state, larger persisting increases in neural dynamics may be of less benefit to psilocybin therapy.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-11-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y", "pubmed_id": "34750350", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y", "keywords": "Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34750350\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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K. Doss\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-2522\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070371036\",\"display_name\":\"Michal Považan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-5162\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031168514\",\"display_name\":\"Monica D. Rosenberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-4025\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063337848\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick H. Finan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7525-4801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007203242\",\"display_name\":\"Gwenn S. Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0706-5440\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074044378\",\"display_name\":\"James J. Pekar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-0655\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012087640\",\"display_name\":\"Peter B. Barker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6410-7793\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3213458191" }, { "id": 1750, "title": "From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.", "normalized_title": "from psychiatry to neurology psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders", "authors": "Kozlowska U, Nichols C, Wiatr K, Figiel M.", "abstract": "The studies of psychedelics, especially psychedelic tryptamines like psilocybin, are rapidly gaining interest in neuroscience research. Much of this interest stems from recent clinical studies demonstrating that they have a unique ability to improve the debilitating symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) long-term after only a single treatment. Indeed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently designated two Phase III clinical trials studying the ability of psilocybin to treat forms of MDD with \"Breakthrough Therapy\" status. If successful, the use of psychedelics to treat psychiatric diseases like depression would be revolutionary. As more evidence appears in the scientific literature to support their use in psychiatry to treat MDD on and substance use disorders (SUD), recent studies with rodents revealed that their therapeutic effects might extend beyond treating MDD and SUD. For example, psychedelics may have efficacy in the treatment and prevention of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Preclinical work has highlighted psychedelics' ability to induce neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. Psychedelics may also act as immunomodulators by reducing levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Their exact molecular mechanisms, and induction of cellular interactions, especially between neural and glial cells, leading to therapeutic efficacy, remain to be determined. In this review, we discuss recent findings and information on how psychedelics may act therapeutically on cells within the central nervous system (CNS) during brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15509", "pubmed_id": "34519052", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15509", "keywords": "Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Neurology, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34519052\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1894, "title": "Study Protocol for \"Psilocybin as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study\".", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa a pilot study", "authors": "Spriggs MJ, Douglass HM, Park RJ, Read T, Danby JL, de Magalhães FJC, Alderton KL, Williams TM, Blemings A, Lafrance A, Nicholls DE, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and life-threatening psychiatric condition. With a paucity of approved treatments, there is a desperate need for novel treatment avenues to be explored. Here, we present (1) an overview of the ways through which Public Patient Involvement (PPI) has informed a trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for AN and (2) a protocol for a pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy in AN currently underway at Imperial College London. The study aims to assess the feasibility, brain mechanisms and preliminary outcomes of treating anorexia nervosa with psilocybin. Methods: (1) PPI: Across two online focus groups, eleven individuals with lived experience of AN were presented with an overview of the protocol. Their feedback not only identified solutions to possible barriers for future participants, but also helped the research team to better understand the concept of \"recovery\" from the perspective of those with lived experience. (2) Protocol: Twenty female participants [21-65 years old, body mass index (BMI) 15 kg/m2 or above] will receive three oral doses of psilocybin (up to 25 mg) over a 6-week period delivered in a therapeutic environment and enveloped by psychological preparation and integration. We will work with participant support networks (care teams and an identified support person) throughout and there will be an extended remote follow-up period of 12 months. Our two-fold primary outcomes are (1) psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination) across the 6-month follow-up and (2) readiness and motivation to engage in recovery (Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire) across the 6-week trial period. Neurophysiological outcome measures will be: (1) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain changes from baseline to 6-week endpoint and (2) post-acute changes in electroencephalography (EEG) activity, including an electrophysiological marker of neuronal plasticity. Discussion: The results of this pilot study will not only shed light on the acceptability, brain mechanisms, and impression of the potential efficacy of psilocybin as an adjunct treatment for AN but will be essential in shaping a subsequent Randomised Control Trial (RCT) that would test this treatment against a suitable control condition. Clinical Trial Registration: identifier: NCT04505189.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-10-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523", "pubmed_id": "34744825", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34744825\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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J. Spriggs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-1586\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031966441\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah Douglass\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-385X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005010143\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca J. Park\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8611-4409\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083068952\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Read\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-4848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046578118\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer L. Danby\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112142761\",\"display_name\":\"Frederico José Coelho de Magalhães\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008058826\",\"display_name\":\"Kirsty L. Alderton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048534479\",\"display_name\":\"Allan Blemings\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035542356\",\"display_name\":\"Adèle Lafrance\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-7786\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030053635\",\"display_name\":\"Dasha Nicholls\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7257-6605\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3205506305" }, { "id": 1897, "title": "Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo.", "normalized_title": "many drugs of abuse may be acutely transformed to dopamine norepinephrine and epinephrine in vivo", "authors": "Fitzgerald PJ", "abstract": "It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2021-10-01", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms221910706", "pubmed_id": "34639047", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639047/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, MDMA, amphetamine, atropine, buprenorphine, cocaine, ecstasy, ephedrine, fentanyl, heroin, mescaline, methamphetamine, morphine, naloxone, naltrexone, nightshades, oxycontin, psilocybin, scopolamine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34639047\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1573, "title": "Novel antidepressant drugs: Beyond monoamine targets.", "normalized_title": "novel antidepressant drugs beyond monoamine targets", "authors": "Gonda X, Dome P, Neill JC, Tarazi FI.", "abstract": "Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) including treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major unmet need. Although there are several classes of dissimilar antidepressant drugs approved for MDD, the current drugs have either limited efficacy or are associated with undesirable side effects and withdrawal symptoms. The efficacy and side effects of antidepressant drugs are mainly attributed to their actions on different monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine). Development of new antidepressants with novel targets beyond the monoamine pathways may fill the unmet need in treatment of MDD and TRD. The recent approval of intranasal Esketamine (glutamatergic agent) in conjunction with an oral antidepressant for the treatment of adult TRD patients was the first step toward expanding beyond the monoamine targets. Several other glutamatergic (AXS-05, REL-1017, AV-101, SLS-002, AGN24175, and PCN-101) and GABAergic (brexanolone, zuranolone, and ganaxolone) drugs are currently in different stages of clinical development for MDD, TRD and other indications. The renaissance of psychedelic drugs and the emergence of preliminary positive clinical trial results with psilocybin, Ayahuasca, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may pave the way towards establishing this class of drugs as effective therapies for MDD, TRD and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Going beyond the monoamine targets appears to be an effective strategy to develop novel antidepressant drugs with superior efficacy, safety, and tolerability for the improved treatment of MDD and TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852921000791", "pubmed_id": "34588093", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852921000791", "keywords": "Humans, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Antidepressive Agents, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34588093\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1902, "title": "Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics sociality and human evolution", "authors": "Rodríguez Arce JM, Winkelman MJ.", "abstract": "Our hominin ancestors inevitably encountered and likely ingested psychedelic mushrooms throughout their evolutionary history. This assertion is supported by current understanding of: early hominins' paleodiet and paleoecology; primate phylogeny of mycophagical and self-medicative behaviors; and the biogeography of psilocybin-containing fungi. These lines of evidence indicate mushrooms (including bioactive species) have been a relevant resource since the Pliocene, when hominins intensified exploitation of forest floor foods. Psilocybin and similar psychedelics that primarily target the serotonin 2A receptor subtype stimulate an active coping strategy response that may provide an enhanced capacity for adaptive changes through a flexible and associative mode of cognition. Such psychedelics also alter emotional processing, self-regulation, and social behavior, often having enduring effects on individual and group well-being and sociality. A homeostatic and drug instrumentalization perspective suggests that incidental inclusion of psychedelics in the diet of hominins, and their eventual addition to rituals and institutions of early humans could have conferred selective advantages. Hominin evolution occurred in an ever-changing, and at times quickly changing, environmental landscape and entailed advancement into a socio-cognitive niche, i.e., the development of a socially interdependent lifeway based on reasoning, cooperative communication, and social learning. In this context, psychedelics' effects in enhancing sociality, imagination, eloquence, and suggestibility may have increased adaptability and fitness. We present interdisciplinary evidence for a model of psychedelic instrumentalization focused on four interrelated instrumentalization goals: management of psychological distress and treatment of health problems; enhanced social interaction and interpersonal relations; facilitation of collective ritual and religious activities; and enhanced group decision-making. The socio-cognitive niche was simultaneously a selection pressure and an adaptive response, and was partially constructed by hominins through their activities and their choices. Therefore, the evolutionary scenario put forward suggests that integration of psilocybin into ancient diet, communal practice, and proto-religious activity may have enhanced hominin response to the socio-cognitive niche, while also aiding in its creation. In particular, the interpersonal and prosocial effects of psilocybin may have mediated the expansion of social bonding mechanisms such as laughter, music, storytelling, and religion, imposing a systematic bias on the selective environment that favored selection for prosociality in our lineage.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publication_date": "2021-09-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425", "pubmed_id": "34659037", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34659037\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Manuel Rodríguez Arce\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-1348\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050298685\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Winkelman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-348X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9692511\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3204171992" }, { "id": 1904, "title": "Rediscovering Psilocybin as an Antidepressive Treatment Strategy.", "normalized_title": "rediscovering psilocybin as an antidepressive treatment strategy", "authors": "Zeiss R, Gahr M, Graf H.", "abstract": "There has recently been a renewal of interest in psychedelic research on the use of psilocybin in psychiatric treatment and, in particular, for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Several state-of-the-art studies have provided new insight into the mechanisms of action of psilocybin and its therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered. With this review, we provide an overview of the current state of research on the potential mechanisms of psilocybin, its antidepressant potential, and the associated risks and adverse effects, to provide an update on a controversial topic discussed in psychopharmacology. A database search was conducted in Medline including articles on psilocybin over the period of the last 20 years. Despite the promising progress in understanding the mechanisms of psilocybin, the exact antidepressive mechanism and the role of the psychedelic experience remain elusive. The studies included in this review found high treatment effect sizes for psilocybin as an antidepressant. However, the results must be regarded as preliminary due to several limitations. Although the current studies observed no severe adverse events, several questions regarding safety and utility remain and must be subject of future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14100985", "pubmed_id": "34681209", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14100985", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34681209\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1890, "title": "Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics", "authors": "Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG.", "abstract": "The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting neuroplasticity as a convergent downstream mechanism of action for these novel fast-acting antidepressants. Through their primary glutamate or serotonin receptor targets, ketamine and psychedelics [psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)] induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. These include increased glutamate release, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling, expression of synaptic proteins, and synaptogenesis. Such influences may facilitate adaptive rewiring of pathological neurocircuitry, thus providing a neuroplasticity-focused framework to explain the robust and sustained therapeutic effects of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003", "pubmed_id": "34565579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34565579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1908, "title": "Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and neuroplasticity a systematic review unraveling the biological underpinnings of psychedelics", "authors": "de Vos CMH, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Clinical studies suggest the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, DMT, psilocybin, and LSD, in stress-related disorders. These substances induce cognitive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects suggested to arise from biological changes similar to conventional antidepressants or the rapid-acting substance ketamine. The proposed route is by inducing brain neuroplasticity. This review attempts to summarize the evidence that psychedelics induce neuroplasticity by focusing on psychedelics' cellular and molecular neuroplasticity effects after single and repeated administration. When behavioral parameters are encountered in the selected studies, the biological pathways will be linked to the behavioral effects. Additionally, knowledge gaps in the underlying biology of clinical outcomes of psychedelics are highlighted. The literature searched yielded 344 results. Title and abstract screening reduced the sample to 35; eight were included from other sources, and full-text screening resulted in the final selection of 16 preclinical and four clinical studies. Studies (n = 20) show that a single administration of a psychedelic produces rapid changes in plasticity mechanisms on a molecular, neuronal, synaptic, and dendritic level. The expression of plasticity-related genes and proteins, including Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), is changed after a single administration of psychedelics, resulting in changed neuroplasticity. The latter included more dendritic complexity, which outlasted the acute effects of the psychedelic. Repeated administration of a psychedelic directly stimulated neurogenesis and increased BDNF mRNA levels up to a month after treatment. Findings from the current review demonstrate that psychedelics induce molecular and cellular adaptations related to neuroplasticity and suggest those run parallel to the clinical effects of psychedelics, potentially underlying them. Future (pre)clinical research might focus on deciphering the specific cellular mechanism activated by different psychedelics and related to long-term clinical and biological effects to increase our understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606", "pubmed_id": "34566723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34566723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3395, "title": "Therapeutic interventions for PTSD - current evidence on the the role of psychedelics", "normalized_title": "therapeutic interventions for ptsd current evidence on the the role of psychedelics", "authors": "Figueiredo I, Viegas F, Ferreira F, Santos A, Ramos J, Miranda J.", "abstract": "Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the existence of evidence-based treatment options. Psychotherapy is the designated first line treatment for PTSD, although high rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidity are observed among patients who have undergone treatment. The psychoactive properties of psychedelics may be of particular interest within a substance-assisted psychotherapy approach, offering new treatment opportunities for this debilitating disorder. Objectives Review current evidence, therapeutic context, and possible mechanisms of action of different types of psychedelics in the treatment of PTSD. Methods Literature review using Medline database. Results 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy appears to be a potentially safe, effective, and durable treatment for individuals with treatment-refractory PTSD. Based on a small number of studies, ketamine administration appears to result in temporary symptom relief and may, in combination with psychotherapy, lead to lasting reductions in PTSD symptoms. Although these have not yet been investigated in controlled studies, it is known that psilocybin and LSD induce psychoactive effects that could as well contribute to the psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD. Conclusions The use of psychedelic compounds within a substance-assisted psychotherapy framework offers a novel method for pharmacotherapy-psychotherapy integration, although there is still much to learn from both a clinical and neurobiological perspective. It is necessary to generate more data regarding the safety and efficacy of psychedelics, in addition to research on cost-effectiveness, its use in mental health care infrastructure and also regarding the training of specialized therapists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9475922", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9475922\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3211, "title": "Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin assisted therapy on treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Fraga A, Esteves-Sousa D, Facucho-Oliveira J, Albuquerque M, Costa M, Dos Santos P, Moura N, Moutinho A.", "abstract": "Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with MDD fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel antidepressants with rapid and sustained effects on mood and cognition could represent a breakthrough in the TRD and may potentially improve or save lives. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, more commonly found in the Psilocybe mushrooms has a combined serotonergic and glutamatergic action. The preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy indicates the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a novel antidepressant intervention. Objectives The authors elaborate a narrative literature review about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. Methods PubMed database searched using the terms “Treatment-Resistant Depression AND Psilocybin” and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with TRD and showed that two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support significantly reduces depressive symptoms. All patients presented some reduction in symptoms from baseline to one week after the second dose and reproduced immediate and substantial improvements in depression that ultimately could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusions Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin’s mechanisms of actions and effects. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9480034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9480034\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2136, "title": "Pharmacologic Similarities and Differences Among Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "pharmacologic similarities and differences among hallucinogens", "authors": "Waters K.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens constitute a unique class of substances that cause changes in the user's thoughts, perceptions, and mood through various mechanisms of action. Although the serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine have been termed the classical hallucinogens, many hallucinogens elicit their actions through other mechanisms such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism, opioid receptor agonism, or inhibition of the reuptake of monoamines including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The aim of this article is to compare the pharmacologic similarities and differences among substances within the hallucinogen class and their impact on physical and psychiatric effects. Potential toxicities, including life-threatening and long-term effects, will be reviewed.", "journal": "The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-07-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/jcph.1917", "pubmed_id": "34396556", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1917", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Biogenic Monoamines, Tryptamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Opioid, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34396556\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Waters\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-1018\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S146237847\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1917\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3195506672" }, { "id": 2140, "title": "Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia-Relevance for Mental Diseases.", "normalized_title": "serotonin heteroreceptor complexes and their integration of signals in neurons and astroglia relevance for mental diseases", "authors": "Borroto-Escuela DO, Ambrogini P, Narvaez M, Di Liberto V, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Fores-Pons R, Alvarez-Contino JE, Lopez-Salas A, Mudò G, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K.", "abstract": "The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the integration of DA and 5-HT signals released from DA and 5-HT nerve terminal networks. The biological principle of forming 5-HT and other heteroreceptor complexes in the brain also help understand the mechanism of action for especially the 5-HT hallucinogens, including putative positive effects of e.g., psilocybin and the indicated prosocial and anti-stress actions of MDMA (ecstasy). The GalR1-GalR2 heterodimer and the putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1 heteroreceptor complexes are targets for Galanin N-terminal fragment Gal (1-15), a major modulator of emotional networks in models of mental disease. GPCR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) heteroreceptor complexes can operate through transactivation of FGFR1 via allosteric mechanisms and indirect interactions over GPCR intracellular pathways involving protein kinase Src which produces tyrosine phosphorylation of the RTK. The exciting discovery was made that several antidepressant drugs such as TCAs and SSRIs as well as the fast-acting antidepressant drug ketamine can directly bind to the TrkB receptor and provide a novel mechanism for their antidepressant actions. Understanding the role of astrocytes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in modulating forebrain glutamate synapses with impact on dorsal raphe-forebrain serotonin neurons is also of high relevance for research on major depressive disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/cells10081902", "pubmed_id": "34440670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081902", "keywords": "Brain, Astrocytes, Animals, Humans, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptor, Galanin, Type 1, Receptor, Galanin, Type 2, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Antipsychotic Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Signal Transduction, Receptor Cross-Talk, Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1, Dopaminergic Neurons, Serotonergic Neurons", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34440670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1912, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience", "authors": "Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Arvidsson A, Armand S, Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "The emerging novel therapeutic psilocybin produces psychedelic effects via engagement of cerebral serotonergic targets by psilocin (active metabolite). The serotonin 2A receptor critically mediates these effects by altering distributed neural processes that manifest as increased entropy, reduced functional connectivity (FC) within discrete brain networks (i.e., reduced integrity) and increased FC between networks (i.e., reduced segregation). Reduced integrity of the default mode network (DMN) is proposed to play a particularly prominent role in psychedelic phenomenology, including perceived ego-dissolution. Here, we investigate the effects of a psychoactive peroral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) on plasma psilocin level (PPL), subjective drug intensity (SDI) and their association in fifteen healthy individuals. We further evaluate associations between these measures and resting-state FC, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, acquired over the course of five hours after psilocybin administration. We show that PPL and SDI correlate negatively with measures of network integrity (including DMN) and segregation, both spatially constrained and unconstrained. We also find that the executive control network and dorsal attention network desegregate, increasing connectivity with other networks and throughout the brain as a function of PPL and SDI. These findings provide direct evidence that psilocin critically shapes the time course and magnitude of changes in the cerebral functional architecture and subjective experience following psilocybin administration. Our findings provide novel insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying profound perceptual experiences evoked by this emerging transnosological therapeutic and implicate the expression of network integrity and segregation in the psychedelic experience and consciousness.", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-07-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001", "pubmed_id": "34246868", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34246868\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3179473685\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":16,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":132,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1760829075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1951724000\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969676672\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971711266\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978694642\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983183519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002923643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009494091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013374926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019370496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035387023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049649543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064685959\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067456724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093844851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129624700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133903921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145729305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168830964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170848267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2505585523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2536956629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2557111525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2615397937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2760291954\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2787586915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923436703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950564037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951435914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2971683016\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981209953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090010637\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3101729008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3112700248\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113337956\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W4238048406\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285707174\",\"https://openalex.org/W4295750005\",\"https://openalex.org/W6685216092\",\"https://openalex.org/W6712001975\",\"https://openalex.org/W6737885350\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050867683\",\"display_name\":\"Albin Arvidsson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086179765\",\"display_name\":\"Sophia Armand\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-3329\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031514106\",\"display_name\":\"Maja Rou Marstrand-Joergensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2833-7823\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078174062\",\"display_name\":\"Kristían Línnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-5535\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3179473685" }, { "id": 5077, "title": "A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production.", "normalized_title": "a whole genome atlas of 81 psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production", "authors": "Kevin McKernan, Liam T. Kane, Yvonne Helbert, Lei Zhang, Nathan Houde, Stephen McLaughlin", "abstract": "The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. The ubiquity of Psilocybin synthesis in Psilocybe has been attributed to a horizontal gene transfer mechanism of a ~20Kb gene cassette. A recently published highly contiguous reference genome derived from long read single molecule sequencing has underscored interesting variation in this Psilocybin synthesis gene cassette. This reference genome has also enabled the shotgun sequencing of spores from many Psilocybe strains to better catalog the genomic diversity in the Psilocybin synthesis pathway. Here we present the de novo assembly of genomes of 81 Psilocybe genomes compared to the P.Envy reference genome. Surprisingly, the genomes of Psilocybe galindoi, Psilocybe tampanensis and Psilocybe azurescens lack sequence coverage over the previously described Psilocybin synthesis pathway but do demonstrate amino acid sequence homology to an alternative pathway and may illuminate previously proposed convergent evolution of Psilocybin synthesis.", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2021-07-01", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.5062843", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062843", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Genome, Atlas (anatomy), Biology, Neuroscience, Computational biology, Genetics, Hallucinogen, Gene, Anatomy, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287102283\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287102283\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023416939\",\"display_name\":\"Kevin McKernan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-1122\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074827243\",\"display_name\":\"Liam T. Kane\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-0104\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056001021\",\"display_name\":\"Yvonne Helbert\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100433852\",\"display_name\":\"Lei Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8951-390X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033934936\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan Houde\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010538525\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen McLaughlin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9558-8294\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062843\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4287102283" }, { "id": 2141, "title": "A dynamic and multilocus metabolic regulation strategy using quorum-sensing-controlled bacterial small RNA.", "normalized_title": "a dynamic and multilocus metabolic regulation strategy using quorum sensing controlled bacterial small rna", "authors": "Bao SH, Jiang H, Zhu LY, Yao G, Han PG, Wan XK, Wang K, Song TY, Liu CJ, Wang S, Zhang ZY, Zhang DY, Meng E.", "abstract": "Metabolic regulation strategies have been developed to redirect metabolic fluxes to production pathways. However, it is difficult to screen out target genes that, when repressed, improve yield without affecting cell growth. Here, we report a strategy using a quorum-sensing system to control small RNA transcription, allowing cell-density-dependent repression of target genes. This strategy is shown with convenient operation, dynamic repression, and availability for simultaneous regulation of multiple genes. The parameters Ai, Am, and RA (3-oxohexanoyl-homoserine lactone [AHL] concentrations at which half of the maximum repression and the maximum repression were reached and value of the maximum repression when AHL was added manually, respectively) are defined and introduced to characterize repression curves, and the variant LuxRI58N is identified as the most suitable tuning factor for shake flask culture. Moreover, it is shown that dynamic overexpression of the Hfq chaperone is the key to combinatorial repression without disruptions on cell growth. To show a broad applicability, the production titers of pinene, pentalenene, and psilocybin are improved by 365.3%, 79.5%, and 302.9%, respectively, by applying combinatorial dynamic repression.", "journal": "Cell Reports", "publication_date": "2021-06-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109413", "pubmed_id": "34289355", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109413", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Cyclopentanes, RNA, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Glycolysis, Quorum Sensing, Biosynthetic Pathways, Genetic Loci, Psilocybin, Bicyclic Monoterpenes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34289355\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3185509293\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3185509293\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":20,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1565711171\",\"https://openalex.org/W1773159508\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979197349\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986415167\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999530403\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001426985\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002333699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016652826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030367656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033646322\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051065279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058081044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088631531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093057648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112001696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112906241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113612304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131567601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134153749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137293271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141564052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145352273\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161293312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168036974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2197549119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2212831416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2268587872\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290367162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2292458301\",\"https://openalex.org/W2306122989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2321424493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2395413021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2400250419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418420146\",\"https://openalex.org/W2512006250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2515050083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518281077\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519262076\",\"https://openalex.org/W2588456700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2597042462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757119213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767217582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2773418065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2783770446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784338063\",\"https://openalex.org/W2786689114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791991616\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809867488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889374182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897769271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2905640039\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950942703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2958753428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992836595\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001515946\",\"https://openalex.org/W3011668650\",\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023758810\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026336982\",\"https://openalex.org/W3036657891\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046584849\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3108904779\",\"https://openalex.org/W3140541638\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210312828\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055552406\",\"display_name\":\"Shaoheng Bao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100784897\",\"display_name\":\"Hui Jiang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-9958\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026860052\",\"display_name\":\"Lingyun Zhu\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101714847\",\"display_name\":\"Ge Yao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-2987\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060057051\",\"display_name\":\"Penggang Han\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048753990\",\"display_name\":\"Xiukun Wan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8309-250X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100381661\",\"display_name\":\"Kang Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-1225\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083033253\",\"display_name\":\"Tianyu Song\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-6795\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063052790\",\"display_name\":\"Changjun Liu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9918-1638\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100388422\",\"display_name\":\"Shan Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9747-0743\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027709519\",\"display_name\":\"Zhe-Yang Zhang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024505007\",\"display_name\":\"Dongyi Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3811-0510\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102872903\",\"display_name\":\"Er Meng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-2667\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S169236886\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cell Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109413\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3185509293" }, { "id": 1866, "title": "Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals.", "normalized_title": "lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting state functional connectivity in healthy individuals", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Kristiansen S, Ozenne B, Jensen PS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a psychedelic drug that has shown lasting positive effects on clinical symptoms and self-reported well-being following a single dose. There has been little research into the long-term effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity in humans.AimEvaluate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) at 1 week and 3 months after one psilocybin dose in 10 healthy psychedelic-naïve volunteers and explore associations between change in RSFC and related measures.MethodsParticipants received 0.2-0.3 mg/kg psilocybin in a controlled setting. Participants completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans at baseline, 1-week and 3-month post-administration and [11C]Cimbi-36 PET scans at baseline and 1 week. We examined changes in within-network, between-network and region-to-region RSFC. We explored associations between changes in RSFC and psilocybin-induced phenomenology as well as changes in psychological measures and neocortex serotonin 2A receptor binding.ResultsPsilocybin was well tolerated and produced positive changes in well-being. At 1 week only, executive control network (ECN) RSFC was significantly decreased (Cohen's d = -1.73, pFWE = 0.010). We observed no other significant changes in RSFC at 1 week or 3 months, nor changes in region-to-region RSFC. Exploratory analyses indicated that decreased ECN RSFC at 1 week predicted increased mindfulness at 3 months (r = -0.65).ConclusionsThese findings in a small cohort indicate that psilocybin affects ECN function within the psychedelic 'afterglow' period. Our findings implicate ECN modulation as mediating psilocybin-induced, long-lasting increases in mindfulness. Although our findings implicate a neural pathway mediating lasting psilocybin effects, it is notable that changes in neuroimaging measures at 3 months, when personality changes are observed, remain to be identified.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-06-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211026454", "pubmed_id": "34189985", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211026454", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Humans, Benzylamines, Phenethylamines, Hallucinogens, Positron-Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Follow-Up Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Executive Function, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34189985\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3175441262\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":79,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964444231\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966464274\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983183519\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988930537\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995495598\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017307521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019930104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021986306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049649543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064685959\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068427049\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081498685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085561705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093220018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104016179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112278807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121044470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127662631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130010412\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131398580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133988276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157106546\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161617741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166934228\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2272422203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2347180461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2470118655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2480710602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567289819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791304632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793096639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897664451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2899204028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945506353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2951617899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2990741346\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999261467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014114230\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"https://openalex.org/W3043994263\",\"https://openalex.org/W3047886920\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090010637\",\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3101729008\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152046960\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064300685\",\"display_name\":\"Drummond E-Wen McCulloch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-5224\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Martin Korsbak Madsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107600706\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Peter Steen Jensen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211026454\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3175441262" }, { "id": 3208, "title": "Psilocybin: the magic medicine for depression?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin the magic medicine for depression", "authors": "Corrigan A, Burchill E, Pelton L, Marrocu A, Mazzoleni A, Shackshaft L.", "abstract": "Aims Depression is the single largest contributor to global disability. However, effective treatments are currently lacking, resulting in a significant burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, found as the active compound in 'magic mushrooms', has been proposed as a novel therapeutic avenue for TRD. We aimed to evaluate the future feasibility and implications of psilocybin as a new antidepressant therapy. Method We reviewed and critically analysed the available literature on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin as a treatment for depression, and the potential pharmacological and psychological mechanisms of the therapeutic benefit. We discussed the relative contributions to this therapeutic effect of the pharmacological drug treatment, placebo effects, and the context and parameters of the psychotherapeutic experience. We reviewed legal, social, and economic barriers to primary research and clinical implementation. Result Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy has been shown to be safe and effective in TRD. Its mechanism of action in TRD has not been fully elucidated, however reviewing functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated disparate short and long-term modifications of default mode network connectivity, suggested to represent a ‘reset’ mechanism of acute modular disintegration and subsequent reintegration which restores normal function, reviving emotional responsiveness. Research suggests psychedelic treatment induces lasting personality, belief and attitude changes. The psychedelic drug itself, the context of the psychotherapeutic experience, and the post-drug integration therapy all appear to have a significant role. Preparation prior to treatment, the environment, context and support during the psychedelic experience itself, and the following long-term integration and support process must be considered. Despite novel findings Psilocybin is a Schedule I drug; this imposes a persisting ethical barrier to clinical use. Prohibition of psilocybin results in high costs of drug supply, and potential for harmful drug-seeking behaviours. Therefore, complex socio-political factors currently limit wider implementation. Conclusion Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy is safe and effective in TRD. The interacting and elusive therapeutic mechanisms have implications for clinical implementation. Preparation prior to treatment, the physical and social environment in which the psychedelic experience takes place, and long-term integration and support are considered to play a significant role. Optimisation of these parameters and cost-benefit analyses are required prior to this being feasible as a widely available therapy. Systemic legislative, political and social change will also be key to enable widespread clinical use. The promise of this therapy on a background of inadequate current antidepressant treatments indicates these must be a priority.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8770735", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC8770735\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3400, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss M, Deco G, Carhart-Harris R, Rosas F, Preller K, Ramaekers J, Mason N, Müller F, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR355494\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1743, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/64kyg_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, DMT, entropy, fMRI, LSD, neuroimaging, neuroscience, psilocybin, psychedelic, replication, resting-state, review, Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"64kyg_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5087, "title": "Psilocybin: the magic medicine for depression?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin the magic medicine for depression", "authors": "Amber Elyse Corrigan, Ella Burchill, Lucy Pelton, Alessia Marrocu, Adele Mazzoleni, Lydia Shackshaft", "abstract": "Aims Depression is the single largest contributor to global disability. However, effective treatments are currently lacking, resulting in a significant burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, found as the active compound in 'magic mushrooms', has been proposed as a novel therapeutic avenue for TRD. We aimed to evaluate the future feasibility and implications of psilocybin as a new antidepressant therapy. Method We reviewed and critically analysed the available literature on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin as a treatment for depression, and the potential pharmacological and psychological mechanisms of the therapeutic benefit. We discussed the relative contributions to this therapeutic effect of the pharmacological drug treatment, placebo effects, and the context and parameters of the psychotherapeutic experience. We reviewed legal, social, and economic barriers to primary research and clinical implementation. Result Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy has been shown to be safe and effective in TRD. Its mechanism of action in TRD has not been fully elucidated, however reviewing functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated disparate short and long-term modifications of default mode network connectivity, suggested to represent a ‘reset’ mechanism of acute modular disintegration and subsequent reintegration which restores normal function, reviving emotional responsiveness. Research suggests psychedelic treatment induces lasting personality, belief and attitude changes. The psychedelic drug itself, the context of the psychotherapeutic experience, and the post-drug integration therapy all appear to have a significant role. Preparation prior to treatment, the environment, context and support during the psychedelic experience itself, and the following long-term integration and support process must be considered. Despite novel findings Psilocybin is a Schedule I drug; this imposes a persisting ethical barrier to clinical use. Prohibition of psilocybin results in high costs of drug supply, and potential for harmful drug-seeking behaviours. Therefore, complex socio-political factors currently limit wider implementation. Conclusion Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy is safe and effective in TRD. The interacting and elusive therapeutic mechanisms have implications for clinical implementation. Preparation prior to treatment, the physical and social environment in which the psychedelic experience takes place, and long-term integration and support are considered to play a significant role. Optimisation of these parameters and cost-benefit analyses are required prior to this being feasible as a widely available therapy. Systemic legislative, political and social change will also be key to enable widespread clinical use. The promise of this therapy on a background of inadequate current antidepressant treatments indicates these must be a priority.", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "publication_date": "2021-05-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2021.456", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.456", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Context (archaeology), Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Paleontology, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3173209673\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3173209673\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031805082\",\"display_name\":\"Amber Elyse Corrigan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0636-0114\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004172567\",\"display_name\":\"Ella Burchill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-8844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007359388\",\"display_name\":\"Lucy Pelton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023201944\",\"display_name\":\"Alessia Marrocu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-4870\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015600435\",\"display_name\":\"Adele Mazzoleni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-105X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033009428\",\"display_name\":\"Lydia Shackshaft\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-0488\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764831659\",\"source_display_name\":\"BJPsych Open\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.456\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3173209673" }, { "id": 1867, "title": "Psychedelics and health behaviour change.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behaviour change", "authors": "Teixeira PJ, Johnson MW, Timmermann C, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Douglass H, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Healthful behaviours such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called 'lifestyle diseases'-in personal suffering, premature mortality and public health costs-is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviours are increasingly being studied, e.g., using psychobiological models of behavioural regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive and has been shown to predict favourable changes in patients with depression, anxiety and other conditions marked by rigid behavioural patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics' proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behaviour change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behaviour change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and well-being.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211008554", "pubmed_id": "34053342", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211008554", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Health Behavior, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Healthy Lifestyle", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34053342\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3420, "title": "Future Directions for Clinical Psilocybin Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network", "normalized_title": "future directions for clinical psilocybin research the relaxed symptom network", "authors": "", "abstract": "Objective: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that psilocybin may have strong antidepressant effects, and may be effective in the treatment of depressive disorders when embedded in a psychotherapeutic protocol (psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy; PAP). However, despite promising results, the mechanism(s) that may be responsible for the antidepressant effects of PAP remain contested. Within this article, it is argued that the ‘Network Theory of Mental Disorders’ may be a useful tool for clinical research with psilocybin, and may help elucidate the antidepressant elements of PAP. Method: The clinical research using PAP for depressive disorders is briefly summarised, as are the potential mechanisms of PAP. In addition to this, the fundamental tenets of the network theory is presented, with particular reference to depression. In brief, the network theory proposes that depression is an emergent phenomenon, due to strong interactions in a complex dynamic symptom network. Results: A model of action based on a symptom network is proposed. It is hypothesised that, if PAP is successful, the connections between symptoms in a network will weaken, thereby rendering the patient less vulnerable to developing/relapsing into depression. It is argued that the application of the network theory may ultimately improve responsiveness and reduce relapse in PAP. Practical guidance in using the network theory for future clinical research with psilocybin is also provided. Conclusion: This article presents the primary hypothesis of the authors (The Relaxed Symptom Network), and intends to inform future researchers on how to integrate the network theory with future clinical studies using PAP.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1037/pne0000290", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/q3ymd_v1", "keywords": "Depression, Network Theory, Psychedelics, Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:37", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"q3ymd_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4281568156\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4281568156\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993518153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004762037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006931708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024610682\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053011811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056944867\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064794182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098956244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108514834\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109884356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111974633\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127514208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140530754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145371763\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152690559\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2258008046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2269331520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2285271602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2323994370\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2414588418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2469879789\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519546524\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559883979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582550385\",\"https://openalex.org/W2584391386\",\"https://openalex.org/W2601774270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741732950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768795110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784201937\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793403693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2894541203\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923522810\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949457836\",\"https://openalex.org/W2963120510\",\"https://openalex.org/W2965796360\",\"https://openalex.org/W2967775628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027835371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"https://openalex.org/W3046100757\",\"https://openalex.org/W3083216124\",\"https://openalex.org/W3085641834\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\",\"https://openalex.org/W3136469907\",\"https://openalex.org/W3154528253\",\"https://openalex.org/W3156937150\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172805875\",\"https://openalex.org/W3177516331\",\"https://openalex.org/W4205906672\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4225598392\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029712264\",\"display_name\":\"Evan Lewis-Healey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5914-5277\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066145746\",\"display_name\":\"Ruben Laukkonen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-9231\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004497618\",\"display_name\":\"Michiel van Elk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-3551\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S6813574\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychology & Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000290\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4281568156" }, { "id": 3247, "title": "Future Directions for Clinical Psilocybin Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network", "normalized_title": "future directions for clinical psilocybin research the relaxed symptom network", "authors": "Lewis-Healey E, Laukkonen RE, van Elk M.", "abstract": "Objective: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that psilocybin may have strong antidepressant effects, and may be effective in the treatment of depressive disorders when embedded in a psychotherapeutic protocol (psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy; PAP). However, despite promising results, the mechanism(s) that may be responsible for the antidepressant effects of PAP remain contested. Within this article, it is argued that the ‘Network Theory of Mental Disorders’ may be a useful tool for clinical research with psilocybin, and may help elucidate the antidepressant elements of PAP. Method: The clinical research using PAP for depressive disorders is briefly summarised, as are the potential mechanisms of PAP. In addition to this, the fundamental tenets of the network theory is presented, with particular reference to depression. In brief, the network theory proposes that depression is an emergent phenomenon, due to strong interactions in a complex dynamic symptom network. Results: A model of action based on a symptom network is proposed. It is hypothesised that, if PAP is successful, the connections between symptoms in a network will weaken, thereby rendering the patient less vulnerable to developing/relapsing into depression. It is argued that the application of the network theory may ultimately improve responsiveness and reduce relapse in PAP. Practical guidance in using the network theory for future clinical research with psilocybin is also provided. Conclusion: This article presents the primary hypothesis of the authors (The Relaxed Symptom Network), and intends to inform future researchers on how to integrate the network theory with future clinical studies using PAP.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/q3ymd", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q3ymd", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR344010\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3805, "title": "New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: an integrative review", "normalized_title": "new insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances an integrative review", "authors": "Forstmann M, Sagioglou C.", "abstract": "After decades of stagnancy, research on psychedelic substances (such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short and long term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological wellbeing as well as changes in personality, nature relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics, and conclude with a brief summary and outlook.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2489x", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2489x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR336905\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3393, "title": "New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: an integrative review", "normalized_title": "new insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances an integrative review", "authors": "", "abstract": "After decades of stagnancy, research on psychedelic substances (such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short and long term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological wellbeing as well as changes in personality, nature relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics, and conclude with a brief summary and outlook.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2489x_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, clinical application, DMT, drugs, LSD, mental health, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoactive substances, psychopharmacology, review, social health, well-being, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Social and Personality Psychology, Psychology, other, Health Psychology, Social health, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"2489x_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2024, "title": "Effects of the putative antidepressant psilocin on the lipid-raft proteome and lipid-raft signaling", "normalized_title": "effects of the putative antidepressant psilocin on the lipid raft proteome and lipid raft signaling", "authors": "Senese Nicolas, Nguyen Thu, Cologna Stephanie, Rasenick Mark", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have shown promise as rapid-acting antidepressants. The FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation for psilocybin's use as an antidepressant in 2019, and phase II clinical trials are currently ongoing. Psilocybin is converted to psilocin following oral administration, and this metabolite is the primary active compound found in the central nervous system. As such, it is critically important to understand the cellular and molecular processes contributing to psilocin's antidepressant action, as well as the similarities and differences between the cellular effects of psilocin and those of more traditional antidepressants. Both traditional and rapid-acting antidepressants cause translocation of Gα s from lipid-rafts to non-raft membranes. The sequelae of this translocation event include increased overall Gα s activity, leading to increased cellular cAMP. Antidepressants also accumulate in lipid-raft membranes, even in cellular models lacking the presumed binding target for these drugs. The lipid-raft binding target(s) are currently unknown, and the processes which contribute to Gα s translocation have not been fully elucidated. In this study we utilize a proteomic approach in a cellular model to investigate psilocin's effects on both the lipid-raft and non-raft proteome. We expect that additional proteins besides Gα s exhibit raft to non-raft translocation following antidepressant treatment. Proteins exhibiting this translocation pattern may represent as-of-yet unrecognized contributors to antidepressant efficacy, or may serve as antidepressant biomarkers. We also measure signaling downstream of Gα s and Gα q in intact cells, as well as purified lipid-raft membranes, using modified cAMP (AlphaScreen, cADDis) and inositol monophosphate (IP-One) detection assays. We hypothesize that both psilocin and desipramine attenuate lipid-raft Gα s (but notGα q ) downstream signaling due to the loss of Gα s fromthese membranes. Membranes treated with psilocin or the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine are compared in order to identify candidate proteins that may be generally affected following antidepressant treatment. Both drugs cause raft to non-raft translocation of hundreds of proteins. Several of these translocated proteins are common to both drug treatments, and we expect to identify novel contributors to the antidepressant response from this subset of proteins. In particular, observed effects on specific integrins, G-proteins, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways will be followed up with more in-depth analyses in future studies. We also show that antidepressant treatments reduce lipid-raft Gα s signaling, while simultaneously increasing whole cell Gα s signaling. This effect can persist for over 24 hr after drug withdrawal. These results represent one of the first direct measurements of lipid-raft signaling following antidepressant treatment, and may provide a more complete understanding of both antidepressant action, and the molecular mechanisms by which hallucinogens achieve antidepressant efficacy.", "journal": "The FASEB Journal", "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0,\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3168028697\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3168028697\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059272628\",\"display_name\":\"Nicolas B. Senese\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036293758\",\"display_name\":\"Thu T. A. Nguyen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8617-3305\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082245282\",\"display_name\":\"Stephanie M. Cologna\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3541-3361\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026181487\",\"display_name\":\"Mark M. Rasenick\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2405-4364\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S25293849\",\"source_display_name\":\"The FASEB Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Proteomics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3168028697" }, { "id": 5098, "title": "Effectiveness of Psilocybin on Depression: A Qualitative Study", "normalized_title": "effectiveness of psilocybin on depression a qualitative study", "authors": "Hisham Alshaikhli, Redhwan Ahmed Al-Naggar, Gwen Erlam", "abstract": "Introduction: Psilocybin mushroom use is well documented in spiritual and religious ceremonies globally. This drug is now the most popular in Europe and the USA. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the experiences and effects of psilocybin on patients with depression and anxiety. Method: A qualitative study was conducted interviewing ten participants currently taking psilocybin while experiencing depression and/or anxiety. Ethical approval was obtained from the University ethics committee. Participants were recruited via social media and groups are known to have used psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety and/or depression. Participants were informed of study aims and consent was obtained before interviews commenced. Confidentiality was maintained throughout this study. Interviews began with informing participants that psilocybin may be effective in the management of depression. Initially, information around the way treatment with psilocybin was obtained was sought. This was followed by queries around the effects of the drug in terms of experiences both during and after treatment. Finally, participants were asked to outline the positive effects of psilocybin on their lives. Results: The data were thematically coded using Grounded Theory as an underpinning philosophical paradigm. Emerging themes included enhancement of smell, vision, hearing, and taste sensations. Another theme emerging was the experience of being ‘connected with the universe’ while on the drug. Additionally, participants reported a stabilization of mood, an increase in optimism and emotional control, and a healthier emotional connection with others. Most also felt an increase in comfort, peace and calmness. Another theme that emerged centered on the mechanism of action of psilocybin. Participants stated that this substance seemed to ‘make new connections in their brain,’ resulting in new perspectives. Some participants felt this resulted in a calming influence on the mind and body. This aligns with research showing that psilocybin works by changing the thinking and improving information processing. Conclusion: Psilocybin has promising effects on the patients with depression/anxiety even after a single dose. Psilocybin is safe but the administration should be guided by a health professional to yield safe and positive outcomes.", "journal": "Electronic Journal of General Medicine", "publication_date": "2021-04-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.29333/ejgm/10862", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/10862", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Anxiety, Clinical psychology, Mood, Qualitative research, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Social science, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3157692430\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3157692430\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1659048389\",\"https://openalex.org/W1797327965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1914275515\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975282416\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036881116\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067177395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092728570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093289860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160313238\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163858520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171603114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796179442\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891343109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919488535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2940589604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964775179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2969932117\",\"https://openalex.org/W2975681496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996555671\",\"https://openalex.org/W3038378410\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080277805\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030402653\",\"display_name\":\"Hisham Alshaikhli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-7060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089818141\",\"display_name\":\"Redhwan Ahmed Al-Naggar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-6930\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045531803\",\"display_name\":\"Gwen Erlam\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-117X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210214587\",\"source_display_name\":\"Electronic Journal of General Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/10862\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Spirituality", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3157692430" }, { "id": 2163, "title": "Molecular and Functional Imaging Studies of Psychedelic Drug Action in Animals and Humans.", "normalized_title": "molecular and functional imaging studies of psychedelic drug action in animals and humans", "authors": "Cumming P, Scheidegger M, Dornbierer D, Palner M, Quednow BB, Martin-Soelch C.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens are a loosely defined group of compounds including LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamines, mescaline, psilocybin/psilocin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methamphetamine (DOM), which can evoke intense visual and emotional experiences. We are witnessing a renaissance of research interest in hallucinogens, driven by increasing awareness of their psychotherapeutic potential. As such, we now present a narrative review of the literature on hallucinogen binding in vitro and ex vivo, and the various molecular imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). In general, molecular imaging can depict the uptake and binding distribution of labelled hallucinogenic compounds or their congeners in the brain, as was shown in an early PET study with N1-([11C]-methyl)-2-bromo-LSD ([11C]-MBL); displacement with the non-radioactive competitor ketanserin confirmed that the majority of [11C]-MBL specific binding was to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. However, interactions at serotonin 5HT1A and other classes of receptors and pleotropic effects on second messenger pathways may contribute to the particular experiential phenomenologies of LSD and other hallucinogenic compounds. Other salient aspects of hallucinogen action include permeability to the blood-brain barrier, the rates of metabolism and elimination, and the formation of active metabolites. Despite the maturation of radiochemistry and molecular imaging in recent years, there has been only a handful of PET or SPECT studies of radiolabeled hallucinogens, most recently using the 5-HT2A/2C agonist N-(2[11CH3O]-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy- 4-bromophenethylamine ([11C]Cimbi-36). In addition to PET studies of target engagement at neuroreceptors and transporters, there is a small number of studies on the effects of hallucinogenic compounds on cerebral perfusion ([15O]-water) or metabolism ([18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose/FDG). There remains considerable scope for basic imaging research on the sites of interaction of hallucinogens and their cerebrometabolic effects; we expect that hybrid imaging with PET in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) should provide especially useful for the next phase of this research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/molecules26092451", "pubmed_id": "33922330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092451", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Carrier Proteins, Hallucinogens, Positron-Emission Tomography, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Drug Monitoring, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Energy Metabolism, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Molecular Imaging, Biomarkers, Clinical Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33922330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2174, "title": "Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure.", "normalized_title": "spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure", "authors": "Mason NL, Kuypers KPC, Reckweg JT, Müller F, Tse DHY, Da Rios B, Toennes SW, Stiers P, Feilding A, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "Creativity is an essential cognitive ability linked to all areas of our everyday functioning. Thus, finding a way to enhance it is of broad interest. A large number of anecdotal reports suggest that the consumption of psychedelic drugs can enhance creative thinking; however, scientific evidence is lacking. Following a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, we demonstrated that psilocybin (0.17 mg/kg) induced a time- and construct-related differentiation of effects on creative thinking. Acutely, psilocybin increased ratings of (spontaneous) creative insights, while decreasing (deliberate) task-based creativity. Seven days after psilocybin, number of novel ideas increased. Furthermore, we utilized an ultrahigh field multimodal brain imaging approach, and found that acute and persisting effects were predicted by within- and between-network connectivity of the default mode network. Findings add some support to historical claims that psychedelics can influence aspects of the creative process, potentially indicating them as a tool to investigate creativity and subsequent underlying neural mechanisms. Trial NL6007; psilocybin as a tool for enhanced cognitive flexibility; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6007.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-04-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-021-01335-5", "pubmed_id": "33833225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01335-5", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cognition, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33833225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062559490\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes T. Reckweg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-6334\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061374713\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062957500\",\"display_name\":\"Desmond H. Y. Tse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7707\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011930885\",\"display_name\":\"B. Da Rios\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090253811\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan W. Toennes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-3201\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083673110\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Stiers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-1474\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024899439\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes G. Ramaekers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-376X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S163345920\",\"source_display_name\":\"Translational Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01335-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3143890706" }, { "id": 5112, "title": "Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin assisted therapy on treatment resistant depression", "authors": "A. Fraga, Daniel Esteves-Sousa, João Facucho-Oliveira, Margarida Albuquerque, M. Costa, Paulo Santos, Nuno Moura, A. Moutinho", "abstract": "Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with MDD fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel antidepressants with rapid and sustained effects on mood and cognition could represent a breakthrough in the TRD and may potentially improve or save lives. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, more commonly found in the Psilocybe mushrooms has a combined serotonergic and glutamatergic action. The preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy indicates the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a novel antidepressant intervention. Objectives The authors elaborate a narrative literature review about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. Methods PubMed database searched using the terms “Treatment-Resistant Depression AND Psilocybin” and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with TRD and showed that two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support significantly reduces depressive symptoms. All patients presented some reduction in symptoms from baseline to one week after the second dose and reproduced immediate and substantial improvements in depression that ultimately could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusions Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin’s mechanisms of actions and effects. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": "European Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Treatment-resistant depression, Hallucinogen, Antidepressant, Depression (economics), Psychology, Psychiatry, Serotonergic, Mood, Obsessive compulsive, Clinical psychology, Major depressive disorder, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Internal medicine, Anxiety, Serotonin, Economics, Macroeconomics, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:51:59", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3212256162\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3212256162\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052285132\",\"display_name\":\"A. Fraga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032989537\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Esteves-Sousa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033862913\",\"display_name\":\"João Facucho-Oliveira\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-7915\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027164298\",\"display_name\":\"Margarida Albuquerque\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3668-8444\"},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"M. Costa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075303101\",\"display_name\":\"Paulo Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-3447\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027654106\",\"display_name\":\"Nuno Moura\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6024-7791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113724831\",\"display_name\":\"A. Moutinho\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S87202501\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3212256162" }, { "id": 2176, "title": "Associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health.", "normalized_title": "associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health", "authors": "Simonsson O, Sexton JD, Hendricks PS", "abstract": "In recent years, there has been significant research on the mental health effects of classic psychedelic use, but there is very little evidence on how classic psychedelics might influence physical health. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health. Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2018) with 171,766 (unweighted) adults aged 18 or above in the United States, the current study examined the associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and three markers of physical health (self-reported overall health, body mass index, and heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months) while controlling for a range of covariates. Respondents who reported having tried a classic psychedelic at least once in their lifetime had significantly higher odds of greater self-reported overall health and significantly lower odds of being overweight or obese versus having a normal weight. The association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and having a heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months approached conventional levels of significance, with lower odds of having a heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months for respondents who had tried a classic psychedelic at least once. The results of the present study suggest that classic psychedelics may be beneficial to physical health. Future research should investigate the causal effects of classic psychedelics on physical health and evaluate possible mechanisms.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121996863", "pubmed_id": "33719688", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33719688/", "keywords": "Classic psychedelics, LSD, body mass index, cancer, health, heart disease, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33719688\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2147, "title": "Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness.", "normalized_title": "cannabis induced oceanic boundlessness", "authors": "Earleywine M, Ueno LF, Mian MN, Altman BR.", "abstract": "BackgroundDespite tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)'s reputation for creating dramatic effects at high doses, empirical work rarely addresses cannabis's impact on subjective responses common to the tryptamine psychedelics. We focused on these effects because they have preceded and covaried with the therapeutic impact of psilocybin in previous work.AimsThe current study examined if self-reported responses to cannabis products might parallel those found in clinical trials of psilocybin administration. We also investigated if measures of demographics and cannabis use might correlate with these responses.MethodsParticipants reported the subjective effect of their highest THC experience using 27 items that assess oceanic boundlessness, a correlate of mystical experiences. They also answered infrequency items and questions on demographics and cannabis consumption.ResultsIn an effort to address concerns about replication, we divided respondents who passed infrequency items into two random samples. Self-reported \"breakthrough\" experiences were significantly greater than zero but significantly lower than those reported in randomized clinical trials of psilocybin (17-19% vs. 59%). Total scores covaried with perceived dosages of THC, but only in one sample. Heavier users of cannabis reported lower scores.ConclusionsSelf-report data suggest that high doses of cannabis can create subjective effects comparable to those identified in trials of psilocybin that precede relief from cancer-related distress, treatment-resistant depression, alcohol problems, and cigarette dependence. Given the disparate mechanisms of action, comparing THC-induced to psilocybin-induced effects might improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying subjective experiences. This work might also support the development of a cannabis-assisted psychotherapy comparable to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-03-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121997099", "pubmed_id": "33779383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121997099", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Dronabinol", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33779383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3151652679\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3151652679\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":36,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W593791618\",\"https://openalex.org/W1603509204\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966963529\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978737075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008032892\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022336627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030021261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061139168\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061540970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078135084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082153535\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085691122\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121535479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122063286\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141746953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162445884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2238876402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2286619620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337912130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340256041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473123625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2492473231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528752100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2585493186\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594222852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604365947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2618935900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2724805291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2795495768\",\"https://openalex.org/W2890221055\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891256775\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903001666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919176916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2932518772\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964127416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2965908387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2978988552\",\"https://openalex.org/W2979695050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981280520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981779913\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014579665\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018399375\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027835371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3088893658\",\"https://openalex.org/W3093269897\",\"https://openalex.org/W3113026224\",\"https://openalex.org/W3133510121\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229920826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234523729\",\"https://openalex.org/W4237844050\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090993398\",\"display_name\":\"Mitch Earleywine\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6870-0623\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090782374\",\"display_name\":\"Luna F. Ueno\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-5231\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069529785\",\"display_name\":\"Maha N. Mian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-7820\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038304952\",\"display_name\":\"Brianna R. Altman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-2939\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121997099\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Adolescents,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3151652679" }, { "id": 3799, "title": "Psychedelics and Health Behavior Change - Journal of Psychopharmacology (in press)", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behavior change journal of psychopharmacology in press", "authors": "Teixeira PJ, Johnson M, Timmermann C, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Douglass H, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Healthful behaviors such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active, and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called “lifestyle diseases” - in personal suffering, premature mortality, and public health costs - is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviors are increasingly being studied, e.g. using psychobiological models of behavioral regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive, and has been shown to predict favorable changes in patients with depression, anxiety, and other conditions marked by rigid behavioral patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics’ proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behavior change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behavior change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure, and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and wellbeing.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8vks6", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8vks6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR321591\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3374, "title": "Psychedelics and Health Behavior Change - Journal of Psychopharmacology (in press)", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behavior change journal of psychopharmacology in press", "authors": "", "abstract": "Healthful behaviors such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active, and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called “lifestyle diseases” - in personal suffering, premature mortality, and public health costs - is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviors are increasingly being studied, e.g. using psychobiological models of behavioral regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive, and has been shown to predict favorable changes in patients with depression, anxiety, and other conditions marked by rigid behavioral patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics’ proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behavior change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behavior change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure, and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and wellbeing.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8vks6_v1", "keywords": "health behaviour change, interventions, psilocybin, psychedelics, public health, self-determination, therapy, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology, Mental Health, Health-related Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"8vks6_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1880, "title": "Medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction: Advancing research of an emerging paradigm.", "normalized_title": "medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction advancing research of an emerging paradigm", "authors": "Perkins D, Sarris J, Rossell S, Bonomo Y, Forbes D, Davey C, Hoyer D, Loo C, Murray G, Hood S, Schubert V, Galvão-Coelho NL, O'Donnell M, Carter O, Liknaitzky P, Williams M, Siskind D, Penington D, Berk M, Castle D.", "abstract": "The medical use of psychedelic substances (e.g. psilocybin, ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is attracting renewed interest, driven by a pressing need for research and development of novel therapies for psychiatric disorders, as well as promising results of contemporary studies. In this Viewpoint, we reflect upon the 'Clinical Memorandum on Psychedelics' recently released by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists and note subsequent developments including the application for down-scheduling of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine presently being considered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration and approvals for access via the Special Access Scheme. We suggest that this field is worthy of rigorous research to assess potential benefits, address safety parameters and clarify therapeutic mechanisms. To this end, we outline recent research findings, provide an overview of current knowledge relating to mechanisms of action and discuss salient aspects of the psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy treatment model. The sum of this research points towards medicinal psychedelics as a potential new class of psychiatric treatments when used within a medically supervised framework with integrated psychotherapeutic support. However, before widespread translation into clinical use can occur, appropriately designed and sufficiently powered trials are required to detect both potential positive and negative outcomes. Unique safety and regulatory challenges also need to be addressed. As for any new medical therapy, psychedelic research needs to be conducted in a rigorous manner, through the dispassionate lens of scientific enquiry. Carte blanche availability to practitioners, without specific protocols and appropriate training, would be potentially harmful to individuals and detrimental to the field.", "journal": "Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-03-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0004867421998785", "pubmed_id": "33745287", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867421998785", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33745287\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3134642859\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3134642859\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":53,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2019379291\",\"https://openalex.org/W2416220352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887140173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2923355729\",\"https://openalex.org/W2942451714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945519735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949943874\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2953280092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2962285119\",\"https://openalex.org/W2996870046\",\"https://openalex.org/W3006905788\",\"https://openalex.org/W3012354707\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3027835371\",\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"https://openalex.org/W3049156731\",\"https://openalex.org/W3087672006\",\"https://openalex.org/W3120778817\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049230775\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Perkins\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-1649\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013936218\",\"display_name\":\"Jerome Sarris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-8854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073606057\",\"display_name\":\"Susan L. Rossell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063285518\",\"display_name\":\"Yvonne Bonomo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-0687\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079370099\",\"display_name\":\"David Forbes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-1605\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054229773\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher G. Davey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-3852\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089197450\",\"display_name\":\"Daniël Hoyer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1405-7089\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003963348\",\"display_name\":\"Colleen Loo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-0554\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082946700\",\"display_name\":\"Greg Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-5603\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046408523\",\"display_name\":\"Sean Hood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-7923\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084579010\",\"display_name\":\"Violeta Schubert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-2843\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041005999\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4887-8635\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102390220\",\"display_name\":\"Meaghen O’Donnell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060157509\",\"display_name\":\"Olivia Carter\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-6154\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030212190\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Liknaitzky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-2263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010417984\",\"display_name\":\"M.L. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-3008\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001271340\",\"display_name\":\"Dan Siskind\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-9216\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109261264\",\"display_name\":\"David Penington\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078882374\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Berk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-6946\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052884442\",\"display_name\":\"David Castle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-1580\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S179943861\",\"source_display_name\":\"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867421998785\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3134642859" }, { "id": 2175, "title": "Hallucinogenic/psychedelic 5HT2A receptor agonists as rapid antidepressant therapeutics: Evidence and mechanisms of action.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic psychedelic 5ht2a receptor agonists as rapid antidepressant therapeutics evidence and mechanisms of action", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Hallak JE, Baker G, Dursun S.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide, and it is associated with a reduced quality of life and enormous costs to health care systems. Available drug treatments show low-to-moderate response in most patients, with almost a third of patients being non-responders (treatment-resistant). Furthermore, most currently available medications need several weeks to achieve therapeutic effects, and the long-term use of these drugs is often associated with significant unwanted side effects and resultant reductions in treatment compliance. Therefore, more effective, safer, and faster-acting antidepressants with enduring effects are needed. Together with ketamine, psychedelics (or classic or serotoninergic hallucinogens) such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and ayahuasca are among the few compounds with recent human evidence of fast-acting antidepressant effects. Several studies in the 1950s to 1970s reported antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of these drugs, which are being confirmed by modern trials (LSD, one trial; psilocybin, five trials; ayahuasca, two trials). The effects of these drugs appear to be produced primarily by their agonism at serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, especially the 5-HT2A receptor. Considering the overall burden of MDD and the necessity of new therapeutic options, the promising (but currently limited) evidence of safety and efficacy of psychedelics has encouraged the scientific community to explore more fully their beneficial effects in MDD.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-03-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120986422", "pubmed_id": "33740877", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986422", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depressive Disorder, Clinical Trials as Topic, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33740877\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3137933781\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3137933781\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":51,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W184284683\",\"https://openalex.org/W1882482010\",\"https://openalex.org/W1918269093\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993197174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008525776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012834083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021282200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023081218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037606383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050472078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055277208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105571318\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128667819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150663429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157384069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163858520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164339448\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2592469547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2725596576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2749408017\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757295924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801130428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801279915\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801418002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810219073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889790655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892307734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2900791190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2919894573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2943320709\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948924404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2974916455\",\"https://openalex.org/W2983486486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2992322507\",\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"https://openalex.org/W3014803974\",\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023636576\",\"https://openalex.org/W3038388367\",\"https://openalex.org/W3082850425\",\"https://openalex.org/W3090852378\",\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058075680\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael G. dos Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-4745\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103536998\",\"display_name\":\"Jaime EC Hallak\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088403251\",\"display_name\":\"Glen B. Baker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-6486\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089267199\",\"display_name\":\"Serdar Dursun\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-851X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986422\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3137933781" }, { "id": 3212, "title": "The DMT and Psilocin Treatment Changes CD11b+ Activated Microglia Immunological Phenotype", "normalized_title": "the dmt and psilocin treatment changes cd11b activated microglia immunological phenotype", "authors": "Kozłowska U, Klimczak A, Wiatr K, Figiel M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are new, promising candidate molecules for clinical use in psychiatric disorders such as Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). They were recently also proposed as molecules supporting neural tissue repair by anti-inflammatory properties. Here we reported that two classic psychedelics, DMT and psilocin, can influence microglial functions by reducing the level of TLR4, p65, CD80 proteins, which are markers of the immune response, and upregulat TREM2 neuroprotective receptor. Psilocin also secured neuronal survival in the neuron-microglia co-culture model by attenuating the phagocytic function of microglia. We conclude that DMT and psilocin regulate the immunomodulatory potential of microglia. Of note, psychedelics were previously reported as a relatively safe treatment approach. The demonstrated regulation of inflammatory molecules and microglia phagocytosis suggests that psychedelics or their analogs are candidates in the therapy of neurological disorders where microglia and inflammation significantly contribute to pathogenic disease mechanisms.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.03.07.434103", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.07.434103", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR293601\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2191, "title": "The Use of Classic Hallucinogens/Psychedelics in a Therapeutic Context: Healthcare Policy Opportunities and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "the use of classic hallucinogens psychedelics in a therapeutic context healthcare policy opportunities and challenges", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Rocha JM, Rossi GN, Hallak JE.", "abstract": "Psychedelics or serotonergic hallucinogens are a group of substances that share the agonism of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors as their main mechanism of action. Its main effects include changes in perception, cognitive process, and mood. Despite being used for centuries by different cultures in ritual contexts, these substances have currently aroused the interest of science and industry for their promising antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-addictive effects. Considering this evidence, this article aims to explore some of the possible health policy challenges to integrate these therapeutic tools into broad and heterogeneous health systems. As a main benefit, these substances produce rapid and enduring effects with the administration of single or few doses, which could lead to new treatment possibilities for patients with severe mental disorders resistant to the usual medications. The main challenge is associated with the fact that these substances remain scheduled in most countries and are associated with social stigma related to their recreational use (especially LSD and psilocybin). This situation makes it exceedingly difficult to conduct clinical trials, although international conventions allow such research. Ethically, this could be interpreted as a violation of human rights since thousands of people are prevented from having access to possible benefits. Interestingly, ritual ayahuasca use is more acceptable to the public than the use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms or LSD. The controlled, clinical use of LSD and psilocybin seems to be less criticized and is being explored by the industry. Rigorous scientific evidence coupled with industrial interests (LSD and psilocybin), together with respect for traditional uses (ayahuasca) and international conventions, seems to be the best way for these drugs to be integrated into health systems in the next years. Which highlights the need for an urgent dialogue between science, health system, society, and politics.", "journal": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publication_date": "2021-03-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s300656", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33707976\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4392135761\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4392135761\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109339169\",\"display_name\":\"dos Santos RG\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093996524\",\"display_name\":\"Bouso JC\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093996525\",\"display_name\":\"Rocha JM\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093996526\",\"display_name\":\"Rossi GN\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5093996527\",\"display_name\":\"Hallak JE\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401280\",\"source_display_name\":\"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doaj.org/article/66c03aeeb68c42dfa03ec67e4be969a5\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4392135761" }, { "id": 2196, "title": "Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "chemistry and toxicology of major bioactive substances in inocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Patocka J, Wu R, Nepovimova E, Valis M, Wu W, Kuca K.", "abstract": "Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms22042218", "pubmed_id": "33672330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042218", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Muscarine, Tryptamines, Organophosphorus Compounds, Lectins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33672330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2195, "title": "The Evolved Psychology of Psychedelic Set and Setting: Inferences Regarding the Roles of Shamanism and Entheogenic Ecopsychology.", "normalized_title": "the evolved psychology of psychedelic set and setting inferences regarding the roles of shamanism and entheogenic ecopsychology", "authors": "Winkelman MJ.", "abstract": "This review illustrates the relevance of shamanism and its evolution under effects of psilocybin as a framework for identifying evolved aspects of psychedelic set and setting. Effects of 5HT2 psychedelics on serotonin, stress adaptation, visual systems and personality illustrate adaptive mechanisms through which psychedelics could have enhanced hominin evolution as an environmental factor influencing selection for features of our evolved psychology. Evolutionary psychology perspectives on ritual, shamanism and psychedelics provides bases for inferences regarding psychedelics' likely roles in hominin evolution as exogenous neurotransmitter sources through their effects in selection for innate dispositions for psychedelic set and setting. Psychedelics stimulate ancient brain structures and innate modular thought modules, especially self-awareness, other awareness, \"mind reading,\" spatial and visual intelligences. The integration of these innate modules are also core features of shamanism. Cross-cultural research illustrates shamanism is an empirical phenomenon of foraging societies, with its ancient basis in collective hominid displays, ritual alterations of consciousness, and endogenous healing responses. Shamanic practices employed psychedelics and manipulated extrapharmacological effects through stimulation of serotonin and dopamine systems and augmenting processes of the reptilian and paleomammalian brains. Differences between chimpanzee maximal displays and shamanic rituals reveal a zone of proximal development in hominin evolution. The evolution of the mimetic capacity for enactment, dance, music, and imitation provided central capacities underlying shamanic performances. Other chimp-human differences in ritualized behaviors are directly related to psychedelic effects and their integration of innate modular thought processes. Psychedelics and other ritual alterations of consciousness stimulate these and other innate responses such as soul flight and death-and-rebirth experiences. These findings provided bases for making inferences regarding foundations of our evolved set, setting and psychology. Shamanic setting is eminently communal with singing, drumming, dancing and dramatic displays. Innate modular thought structures are prominent features of the set of shamanism, exemplified in animism, animal identities, perceptions of spirits, and psychological incorporation of spirit others. A shamanic-informed psychedelic therapy includes: a preparatory set with practices such as sexual abstinence, fasting and dream incubation; a set derived from innate modular cognitive capacities and their integration expressed in a relational animistic worldview; a focus on internal imagery manifesting a presentational intelligence; and spirit relations involving incorporation of animals as personal powers. Psychedelic research and treatment can adopt this shamanic biogenetic paradigm to optimize set, setting and ritual frameworks to enhance psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.619890", "pubmed_id": "33732156", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.619890", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33732156\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3203, "title": "Psilocin acutely disrupts sleep and affects local but not global sleep homeostasis in laboratory mice", "normalized_title": "psilocin acutely disrupts sleep and affects local but not global sleep homeostasis in laboratory mice", "authors": "Thomas CW, Blanco-Duque C, Bréant B, Goodwin GM, Sharp T, Bannerman DM, Vyazovskiy VV.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), profoundly alter the quality of consciousness through mechanisms which are incompletely understood. Growing evidence suggests that a single psychedelic experience can positively impact long-term psychological well-being, with relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression. A prominent factor associated with psychiatric disorders is disturbed sleep, and the sleep-wake cycle is implicated in the regulation of neuronal firing and activity homeostasis. It remains unknown to what extent psychedelic agents directly affect sleep, in terms of both acute arousal and homeostatic sleep regulation. Here, chronic in vivo electrophysiological recordings were obtained in mice to track sleep-wake architecture and cortical activity after psilocin injection. Administration of psilocin led to delayed REM sleep onset and reduced NREM sleep maintenance for up to approximately 3 hours after dosing, and the acute EEG response was associated primarily with an enhanced oscillation around 4 Hz. No long-term changes in sleep-wake quantity were found. When combined with sleep deprivation, psilocin did not alter the dynamics of homeostatic sleep rebound during the subsequent recovery period, as reflected in both sleep amount and EEG slow wave activity. However, psilocin decreased the recovery rate of sleep slow wave activity following sleep deprivation in the local field potentials of electrodes targeting medial prefrontal and surrounding cortex. It is concluded that psilocin affects both global vigilance state control and local sleep homeostasis, an effect which may be relevant for its antidepressant efficacy.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.02.16.431276", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431276", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR285218\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3112, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience", "authors": "Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Arvidsson A, Armand S, Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "The emerging novel therapeutic psilocybin produces psychedelic effects via engagement of cerebral serotonergic targets by psilocin (active metabolite). The serotonin 2A receptor critically mediates these effects by altering distributed neural processes that manifest as increased entropy, reduced functional connectivity (FC) within discrete brain networks (i.e., reduced integrity) and increased FC between networks (i.e., reduced segregation). Reduced integrity of the default mode network (DMN) is proposed to play a particularly prominent role in psychedelic phenomenology, including perceived ego-dissolution. Here, we investigate the effects of a psychoactive oral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) on plasma psilocin level (PPL), subjective drug intensity (SDI) and their association in fifteen healthy individuals. We further evaluate associations between these measures and resting-state FC, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, acquired over the course of five hours after psilocybin administration. We show that PPL and SDI correlate negatively with measures of network integrity (including DMN) and segregation, both spatially constrained and unconstrained. We also find that the executive control network and dorsal attention network desegregate, increasing connectivity with other networks and throughout the brain as a function of PPL and SDI. These findings provide direct evidence that psilocin critically shapes the time course and magnitude of changes in the cerebral functional architecture and subjective experience following psilocybin administration. Our findings provide novel insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying profound perceptual experiences evoked by this emerging transnosological therapeutic and implicate the expression of network integrity and segregation in the psychedelic experience and consciousness.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.02.03.429325", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.03.429325", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR278731\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2198, "title": "Development and Evaluation of a Therapist Training Program for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Clinical Research.", "normalized_title": "development and evaluation of a therapist training program for psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression in clinical research", "authors": "Tai SJ, Nielson EM, Lennard-Jones M, Johanna Ajantaival RL, Winzer R, Richards WA, Reinholdt F, Richards BD, Gasser P, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "Introduction: Psychological support throughout psilocybin therapy is mandated by regulators as an essential part of ensuring participants' physical and psychological safety. There is an increased need for specially trained therapists who can provide high-quality care to participants in clinical studies. This paper describes the development and practical implementation of a therapist training program of psychological support within a current phase IIb international, multicenter, randomized controlled study of psilocybin therapy for people experiencing treatment-resistant depression. Description of Training Program: This new and manualized approach, based on current evidence-based psychotherapeutic approaches, was developed in partnership with different mental health researchers, practitioners, and experts; and has been approved by the FDA. Training consists of four components: an online learning platform; in-person training; applied clinical training; and ongoing individual mentoring and participation in webinars.This paper provides a brief overview of the method of support, the rationale and methodology of the training program, and describes each stage of training. The design and implementation of fidelity procedures are also outlined. Lessons Learned: As part of the phase IIb study of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, 65 health care professionals have been fully trained as therapists and assisting therapists, across the US, Canada and Europe. Therapists provided informal feedback on the training program. Feedback indicates that the didactic and experiential interactive learning, delivered through a combination of online and in-person teaching, helped therapists build conceptual understanding and skill development in the therapeutic approach. Clinical training and engagement in participant care, under the guidance of experienced therapists, were considered the most beneficial and challenging aspects of the training. Conclusions: Clinical training for therapists is essential for ensuring consistently high-quality psilocybin therapy. Development of a rigorous, effective and scalable training methodology has been possible through a process of early, active and ongoing collaborations between mental health experts. To maximize impact and meet phase III and post-approval need, enhanced online learning and establishing pathways for clinical training are identified as critical points for quality assurance. This will require close public, academic and industry collaboration.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-02-02", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682", "pubmed_id": "33643087", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33643087\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127909847\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127909847\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":87,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W570309327\",\"https://openalex.org/W1514273299\",\"https://openalex.org/W1565826239\",\"https://openalex.org/W1644715232\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989747464\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018631585\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028190754\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053775719\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135176444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150839665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152160545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169631639\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551626080\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726613221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2895740693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2987203272\",\"https://openalex.org/W4240789427\",\"https://openalex.org/W4321383869\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003939496\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Tai\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8316-5796\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087298757\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth M. Nielson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-4558\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033335673\",\"display_name\":\"Molly Lennard-Jones\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075703225\",\"display_name\":\"Riikka-Liisa Johanna Ajantaival\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002735246\",\"display_name\":\"Rachel I. Winzer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039889194\",\"display_name\":\"William A. Richards\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-9249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082252502\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick Reinholdt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034785335\",\"display_name\":\"Brian D. Richards\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046150668\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Gasser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021278348\",\"display_name\":\"Ekaterina Malievskaia\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3127909847" }, { "id": 3253, "title": "Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals", "normalized_title": "lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting state functional connectivity in healthy individuals", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Kristiansen S, Ozenne B, Jensen PS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that has shown lasting positive effects on clinical symptoms and self-reported well-being following a single dose. There has been little research into the long-term effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity in humans. Aims Evaluate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) at one-week and three-months after one psilocybin dose in 10 healthy psychedelic-naïve volunteers and explore associations between change in RSFC and related measures. Methods Participants received 0.2-0.3 mg/kg psilocybin in a controlled setting. Participants completed resting-state fMRI scans at baseline, one-week and three-months post-administration and [ 11 C]Cimbi-36 PET scans at baseline and one-week. We examined changes in within-network, between-network and region-to-region RSFC. We explored associations between changes in RSFC and psilocybin-induced phenomenology as well as changes in psychological measures and neocortex serotonin 2A receptor binding. Results Psilocybin was well tolerated and produced positive changes in well-being. At one-week only, executive control network (ECN) RSFC was significantly decreased (Cohen’s d=-1.73, p FWE =0.010). We observed no other significant changes in RSFC at one-week or three-months, nor changes in region-to-region RSFC. Exploratory analyses indicated that decreased ECN RSFC at one-week predicted increased mindfulness at three-months (r =-0.65). Conclusions These findings in a small cohort indicate that psilocybin affects ECN function within the psychedelic “afterglow” period. Our findings implicate ECN modulation as mediating psilocybin-induced, long-lasting increases in mindfulness. Although our findings implicate a neural pathway mediating lasting psilocybin effects, it is notable that changes in neuroimaging measures at three-months, when personality changes are observed, remain to be identified.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-01-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.01.28.428377", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.28.428377", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR275481\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5126, "title": "Behandeling met psilocybine", "normalized_title": "behandeling met psilocybine", "authors": "Joost J. Breeksema, Martijn H B Koolen, Metten Somers, Robert A. Schoevers", "abstract": "After a cessation of almost 40 years, there is renewed interest into therapeutic applicationsof the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin for the treatment of patients with various psychiatric disorders. PubMed was searched for clinical trials into \"psilocybin\" between 2000 and 2020, complemented by handsearching. Articles were also screened for explanatory models and working mechanisms. Psilocybin has been studied in 9 clinical trials: for the treatment of substance use disorders, depression, end-of-life anxiety, demoralization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results show that psilocybin is well tolerated, with only limited side-effects, while even patients with treatment-resistant disorders sometimes show marked, long-term improvements after one or a few sessions. Initial results are encouraging, but there are several limitations. More research is needed to determine which patient populations can benefit, what role setting and the placebo response play, and how these novel treatments can be optimized.", "journal": "Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)", "publication_date": "2021-01-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/5e83b45d-b208-402a-a435-f0380fad6429", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Placebo, Depression (economics), Clinical trial, Obsessive compulsive, Clinical psychology, Alternative medicine, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Macroeconomics, Pathology, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3169076037\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3169076037\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090242296\",\"display_name\":\"Joost J. Breeksema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011243177\",\"display_name\":\"Martijn H B Koolen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021140380\",\"display_name\":\"Metten Somers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5596\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026480246\",\"display_name\":\"Robert A. Schoevers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-9866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401843\",\"source_display_name\":\"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/5e83b45d-b208-402a-a435-f0380fad6429\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3169076037" }, { "id": 2203, "title": "[Treatment with psilocybin: applications for patients with psychiatric disorders].", "normalized_title": "treatment with psilocybin applications for patients with psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Koolen MHB, Somers M, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "After a cessation of almost 40 years, there is renewed interest into therapeutic applicationsof the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin for the treatment of patients with various psychiatric disorders. PubMed was searched for clinical trials into \"psilocybin\" between 2000 and 2020, complemented by handsearching. Articles were also screened for explanatory models and working mechanisms. Psilocybin has been studied in 9 clinical trials: for the treatment of substance use disorders, depression, end-of-life anxiety, demoralization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results show that psilocybin is well tolerated, with only limited side-effects, while even patients with treatment-resistant disorders sometimes show marked, long-term improvements after one or a few sessions. Initial results are encouraging, but there are several limitations. More research is needed to determine which patient populations can benefit, what role setting and the placebo response play, and how these novel treatments can be optimized.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2021-01-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "33560605", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33560605", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:38", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33560605\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127548368\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3127548368\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090242296\",\"display_name\":\"Joost J. Breeksema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011243177\",\"display_name\":\"Martijn H B Koolen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021140380\",\"display_name\":\"Metten Somers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5596\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026480246\",\"display_name\":\"Robert A. Schoevers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-9866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33560605\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3127548368" }, { "id": 2148, "title": "Classical Psychedelics as Therapeutics in Psychiatry - Current Clinical Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms in Substance Use and Mood Disorders.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelics as therapeutics in psychiatry current clinical evidence and potential therapeutic mechanisms in substance use and mood disorders", "authors": "Mertens LJ, Preller KH.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics, primarily psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have been used and extensively studied in Western medicine as part of substance-assisted psychotherapy in the 1950s and 1960s. Modern clinical research is currently gaining momentum and provides new evidence for the safety and efficacy of classical psychedelics (primarily psilocybin, but also LSD and ayahuasca) in the treatment of different psychiatric conditions, including substance use and mood disorders.In this review article, we outline common pathological mechanisms of substance use disorders (SUD) and unipolar depression. Next, the current literature on the effects of psychedelics is summarized in order to generate hypotheses regarding their potential therapeutic mechanisms of action in treating these psychiatric conditions. Finally, we review and discuss clinical trials published since 2011 investigating the effects of psychedelics in SUD and depression.While results from those modern clinical trials are promising, most of them do not meet the methodological requirements to allow firm conclusions on the clinical efficacy of psychedelics. Larger, blinded, randomized controlled trials (RCT) with clearly defined patient groups and well-defined primary endpoints are needed. Additionally, the therapeutic mechanisms of classical psychedelics are currently unknown. This review presents hypotheses derived from preclinical and human studies that need to be tested in future trials to better understand the clinical potential of psychedelic substances in modern psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1055/a-1341-1907", "pubmed_id": "33472250", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1341-1907", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33472250\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2193, "title": "The acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans.", "normalized_title": "the acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans", "authors": "Healy CJ.", "abstract": "RationaleMemory plays a central role in the psychedelic experience. The spontaneous recall and immersive reliving of autobiographical memories has frequently been noted by researchers and clinicians as a salient phenomenon in the profile of subjective effects of classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca. The ability for psychedelics to provoke vivid memories has been considered important to their clinical efficacy.ObjectiveThis review aims to examine and aggregate the findings from experimental, observational, and qualitative studies on the acute modulation of memory by classic psychedelics in humans.MethodA literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsycInfo as well as manual review of references from eligible studies. Publications reporting quantitative and/or qualitative findings were included; animal studies and case reports were excluded.ResultsClassic psychedelics produce dose-dependently increasing impairments in memory task performance, such that low doses produce no impairment and higher doses produce increasing levels of impairment. This pattern has been observed in tasks assessing spatial and verbal working memory, semantic memory, and non-autobiographical episodic memory. Such impairments may be less pronounced among experienced psychedelic users. Classic psychedelics also increase the vividness of autobiographical memories and frequently stimulate the recall and/or re-experiencing of autobiographical memories, often memories that are affectively intense (positively or negatively valenced) and that had been avoided and/or forgotten prior to the experience.ConclusionsClassic psychedelics dose-dependently impair memory task performance but may enhance autobiographical memory. These findings are relevant to the understanding of psychological mechanisms of action of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-08", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w", "pubmed_id": "33420592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Memory Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Psychotherapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Memory, Episodic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33420592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2214, "title": "Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in psychiatry neuroplastic immunomodulatory and neurotransmitter mechanisms", "authors": "Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056", "pubmed_id": "33328244", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Humans, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, United States, Immunomodulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33328244\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2211, "title": "Psychedelic Medicines in Major Depression: Progress and Future Challenges.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines in major depression progress and future challenges", "authors": "Bouso JC, Ona G, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "The volume of research on the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs has been increasing during the last decades. Partly because of the need of innovative treatments in psychiatry, several studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of drugs like psilocybin or ayahuasca for a wide range of mental disorders, including major depression. The first section of this chapter will offer an introduction to psychedelic research, including a brief historical overview and discussions about appropriate terminology. In the second section, the recently published clinical trials in which psychedelic drugs were administered to patients will be analysed in detail. Then, in the third section, the main neurobiological mechanisms of these drugs will be described, noting that while some of these mechanisms could be potentially associated with their therapeutic properties, they are commonly used as adjuvants in psychotherapeutic processes. The last section suggests future challenges for this groundbreaking field of research and therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_26", "pubmed_id": "33834416", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_26", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychiatry, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33834416\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2197, "title": "What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "what is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Castro Santos H, Gama Marques J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a predominant agonist of 5HT1A and 5HT2A/C receptors and was first isolated in 1958, shortly before it became a controlled substance. Research on the potential therapeutic effects of this compound has recently re-emerged alongside what is being addressed as a psychedelic renaissance.MethodsIn this paper we performed a systematic review of the clinical trials conducted so far regarding the therapeutic effects of psilocybin on psychiatric disorders. The eligibility criteria included clinical trials that assessed psilocybin's potential therapeutic effects on patients with psychiatric disorders. Nine hundred seven articles were found and screened in regard to the title, from which 94 were screened through abstract and 9 met the eligibility criteria and were included.ResultsThe papers published focused on 3 disorders: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (namely tobacco and alcohol). Psilocybin has shown a relatively safe profile and very promising results, with reductions found on most of the psychiatric rating scales' scores. Research on depression showed the most solid evidence, supported by 3 randomized controlled trials. Studies on OCD and substance use disorder showed more limitations due to their open-label design.ConclusionsAltogether, the results from the studies reviewed in this paper suggest a substantial therapeutic potential. This calls for further research to confirm the results observed so far and further explain the underlying mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128", "pubmed_id": "33884324", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33884324\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2133, "title": "Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "examining the potential synergistic effects between mindfulness training and psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Eleftheriou ME, Thomas E", "abstract": "Mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic-assisted therapy have been experimentally utilised in recent years as alternative treatments for various psychopathologies with moderate to great success. Both have also demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants. These two therapeutic interventions share various postulated salutogenic mechanisms, such as the ability to alter present-moment awareness and anti-depressive action, corresponding neuromodulatory effects. Recent preliminary evidence has also demonstrated that psychedelic administration can enhance mindfulness capacities which has already been demonstrated robustly as a result of mindfulness-based interventions. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic therapy have led to scientists theorising, and recently demonstrating, synergistic effects when both are used in combination, in the form of potentiated therapeutic benefit. These synergistic results hold great promise but require replication in bigger sample groups and better controlled methodologies, to fully delineate the effect of set and setting, before they can be extended onto clinical populations.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707057", "pubmed_id": "34456763", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456763/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, MBSR, ayahuasca, decentering, meditation, mindfulness, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34456763\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1872, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy s transdiagnostic effects a research domain criteria rdoc perspective", "authors": "Kelly JR, Gillan CM, Prenderville J, Kelly C, Harkin A, Clarke G, O'Keane V", "abstract": "Accumulating clinical evidence shows that psychedelic therapy, by synergistically combining psychopharmacology and psychological support, offers a promising transdiagnostic treatment strategy for a range of disorders with restricted and/or maladaptive habitual patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior, notably, depression (MDD), treatment resistant depression (TRD) and addiction disorders, but perhaps also anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders. Despite the emergent transdiagnostic evidence, the specific clinical dimensions that psychedelics are efficacious for, and associated underlying neurobiological pathways, remain to be well-characterized. To this end, this review focuses on pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the acute and sustained therapeutic potential of psychedelic therapy in the context of a transdiagnostic dimensional systems framework. Focusing on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as a template, we will describe the multimodal mechanisms underlying the transdiagnostic therapeutic effects of psychedelic therapy, traversing molecular, cellular and network levels. These levels will be mapped to the RDoC constructs of negative and positive valence systems, arousal regulation, social processing, cognitive and sensorimotor systems. In summarizing this literature and framing it transdiagnostically, we hope we can assist the field in moving toward a mechanistic understanding of how psychedelics work for patients and eventually toward a precise-personalized psychedelic therapy paradigm.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072", "pubmed_id": "34975593", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34975593/", "keywords": "dimethyltryptamine (DMT), hallucinogens, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatry, research domain criteria (RDoC)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34975593\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5151, "title": "The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action", "normalized_title": "the effects of daytime psilocybin administration on sleep implications for antidepressant action", "authors": "Daniela Dudysová, Karolína Janků, Michal Šmotek, Elizaveta Saifutdinová, Jana Kopřivová, Jitka Bušková, Bryce A. Mander, Martin Brunovský, Peter Zach, Jakub Korčák, Veronika Andrashko, Michaela Viktorinová, Filip Tylš, Anna Bravermanová, Tom Froese, Tomáš Páleníček, Jiřı́ Horáček", "abstract": "Serotonergic agonist psilocybin is a psychedelic with antidepressant potential. Sleep may interact with psilocybin's antidepressant properties like other antidepressant drugs via induction of neuroplasticity. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of psilocybin on sleep architecture on the night after psilocybin administration. Regarding the potential antidepressant properties, we hypothesized that psilocybin, similar to other classical antidepressants, would reduce rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and prolong REM sleep latency. Moreover, we also hypothesized that psilocybin would promote slow-wave activity (SWA) expression in the first sleep cycle, a marker of sleep-related neuroplasticity. Twenty healthy volunteers (10 women, age 28-53) underwent two drug administration sessions, psilocybin or placebo, in a randomized, double-blinded design. Changes in sleep macrostructure, SWA during the first sleep cycle, whole night EEG spectral power across frequencies in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, and changes in subjective sleep measures were analyzed. The results revealed prolonged REM sleep latency after psilocybin administration and a trend toward a decrease in overall REM sleep duration. No changes in NREM sleep were observed. Psilocybin did not affect EEG power spectra in NREM or REM sleep when examined across the whole night. However, psilocybin suppressed SWA in the first sleep cycle. No evidence was found for sleep-related neuroplasticity, however, a different dosage, timing, effect on homeostatic regulation of sleep, or other mechanisms related to antidepressant effects may play a role. Overall, this study suggests that potential antidepressant properties of psilocybin might be related to changes in sleep.", "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-12-02", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2020.602590", "pubmed_id": "33343372", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.602590", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Non-rapid eye movement sleep, Antidepressant, Slow-wave sleep, Sleep spindle, Psychology, Sleep (system call), Rapid eye movement sleep, Sleep Stages, Sleep onset, Electroencephalography, Medicine, Neuroscience, Polysomnography, Psychiatry, Insomnia, Hallucinogen, Hippocampus, Computer science, Operating system, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sleep and Wakefulness Research, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:00", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3107150606\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3107150606\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":36,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W114401071\",\"https://openalex.org/W137630247\",\"https://openalex.org/W145630688\",\"https://openalex.org/W1494352394\",\"https://openalex.org/W1580403824\",\"https://openalex.org/W1608895642\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965449743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970328639\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971729817\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975136983\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977647750\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978626522\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979430008\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999595923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004454719\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010070030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022024201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030172237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037586880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042033499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044084156\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044226799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049369164\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060392742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061717468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064705669\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065455020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067586706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070757879\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074779611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075208446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077360449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083357866\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085611222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092088903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108898741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110449405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114135485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122806567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141252299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2278064701\",\"https://openalex.org/W2279601307\",\"https://openalex.org/W2316721389\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325558246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2403525433\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616187260\",\"https://openalex.org/W2617014640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2742814779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757339434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2782190599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2811304329\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921650370\",\"https://openalex.org/W2972476113\",\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"https://openalex.org/W3010056573\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230727657\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301029050\",\"https://openalex.org/W6604578628\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061001300\",\"display_name\":\"Daniela Dudysová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-7578\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047643972\",\"display_name\":\"Karolína Janků\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6804-6967\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061837427\",\"display_name\":\"Michal Šmotek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-6150\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060520531\",\"display_name\":\"Elizaveta Saifutdinová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9838-7455\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029095037\",\"display_name\":\"Jana Kopřivová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-5372\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087556699\",\"display_name\":\"Jitka Bušková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-8031\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022724258\",\"display_name\":\"Bryce A. Mander\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0831-7980\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077855950\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Brunovský\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-0848\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011424147\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Zach\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011043226\",\"display_name\":\"Jakub Korčák\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-4736\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029388239\",\"display_name\":\"Veronika Andrashko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5488-3345\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018960269\",\"display_name\":\"Michaela Viktorinová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-5793\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012044574\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Tylš\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-6999\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059173727\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Bravermanová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-7061\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041658140\",\"display_name\":\"Tom Froese\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-5274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012893465\",\"display_name\":\"Jiřı́ Horáček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-7306\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S132108250\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.602590\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3107150606" }, { "id": 2223, "title": "The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action", "normalized_title": "the effects of daytime psilocybin administration on sleep implications for antidepressant action", "authors": "Dudysová Daniela, Janku Karolina, Smotek Michal, Saifutdinova Elizaveta, Koprivova Jana, Bušková Jitka, Mander Bryce Anthony, Brunovský Martin, Zach Peter, Korčák Jakub, Andrashko Veronika, Viktorinová Michaela, Tylš Filip, Bravermanová Anna, Froese Tom, Páleníček Tomáš, Horáček Jiří", "abstract": "Serotonergic agonist psilocybin is a psychedelic with antidepressant potential. Sleep may interact with psilocybin’s antidepressant properties like other antidepressant drugs via induction of neuroplasticity. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of psilocybin on sleep architecture on the night after psilocybin administration. Regarding the potential antidepressant properties, we hypothesized that psilocybin, similar to other classical antidepressants, would reduce rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and prolong REM sleep latency. Moreover, we also hypothesized that psilocybin would promote slow-wave activity (SWA) expression in the first sleep cycle, a marker of sleep-related neuroplasticity. Twenty healthy volunteers (10 women, age 28-53) underwent two drug administration sessions, psilocybin or placebo, in a randomized, double-blinded design. Changes in sleep macrostructure, SWA during the first sleep cycle, whole night EEG spectral power across frequencies in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, and changes in subjective sleep measures were analyzed. The results revealed prolonged REM sleep latency after psilocybin administration and a trend toward a decrease in overall REM sleep duration. No changes in NREM sleep were observed. Psilocybin did not affect EEG power spectra in NREM or REM sleep when examined across the whole night. However, psilocybin suppressed SWA in the first sleep cycle. No evidence was found for sleep-related neuroplasticity, however, a different dosage, timing, effect on homeostatic regulation of sleep, or other mechanisms related to antidepressant effects may play a role. Overall, this study suggests that potential antidepressant properties of psilocybin might be related to changes in sleep.", "journal": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "publication_date": "2020-12-02", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://id.nii.ac.jp/1394/00001681/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Non-rapid eye movement sleep, Sleep (system call), Slow-wave sleep, Rapid eye movement sleep, Psychology, Medicine, Serotonergic, Eye movement, Electroencephalography, Neuroscience of sleep, Sleep Stages, Anxiolytic, Sleep induction, Sleep Bruxism, Sleep spindle, Vigilance (psychology), Anesthesia, Imipramine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Agonist, Sleep onset, Mirtazapine, Reuptake inhibitor, Sleep deprivation, Mianserin, Pharmacology, Audiology, Sleep disorder, Benzodiazepine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sleep and Wakefulness Research, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7145041657\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7145041657\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131636900\",\"display_name\":\"Dudysová Daniela\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003029418\",\"display_name\":\"Janku Karolina\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055944515\",\"display_name\":\"Smotek Michal\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131666032\",\"display_name\":\"Saifutdinova Elizaveta\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062222226\",\"display_name\":\"Koprivova Jana\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131633914\",\"display_name\":\"Bušková Jitka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131897039\",\"display_name\":\"Mander Bryce Anthony\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131757219\",\"display_name\":\"Brunovský Martin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131539698\",\"display_name\":\"Zach Peter\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131599111\",\"display_name\":\"Korčák Jakub\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131743604\",\"display_name\":\"Andrashko Veronika\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131814198\",\"display_name\":\"Viktorinová Michaela\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131608681\",\"display_name\":\"Tylš Filip\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131613073\",\"display_name\":\"Bravermanová Anna\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131902705\",\"display_name\":\"Froese Tom\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131781456\",\"display_name\":\"Páleníček Tomáš\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131634482\",\"display_name\":\"Horáček Jiří\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407056385\",\"source_display_name\":\"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://id.nii.ac.jp/1394/00001681/\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W7145041657" }, { "id": 2186, "title": "[Ketamine, psilocybin, and rapid acting antidepressant: new promise for psychiatry?]", "normalized_title": "ketamine psilocybin and rapid acting antidepressant new promise for psychiatry", "authors": "Bottemanne H, Claret A, Fossati P.", "abstract": "The hypothesis of monoaminergic deficiency has long dominated the conceptual framework for the development of new antidepressant strategies, but the limits of conventional antidepressant treatments targeting monoaminergic signaling have motivated the search for new antidepressant pathways. The success of ketamine in the management of depressive disorders has provoked a renewed interest in hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin targeting the serotonergic signaling 5HT2A and neurosteroid allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors such as brexanolone. Unlike conventional treatments, these modulators of glutamatergic, serotonergic and GABAergic systems exert a rapid antidepressant effect ranging from 24hours to a week. Apart from their clinical interest and the fantasized search for a \"miracle\" molecule that jointly meets the expectations of patients and clinicians, these new targets could lead to the identification of potential new biomarkers for the development of rapid-acting antidepressants and redefine therapeutic strategies in mood disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.006", "pubmed_id": "33190819", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.006", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33190819\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3448, "title": "Beyond the Self and Back: Neuropharmacological Mechanisms Underlying the Dissolution of the Self", "normalized_title": "beyond the self and back neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the dissolution of the self", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "The aim of the study is to identify neural signatures, behavioral and phenomenological expressions of self-related processes including: sense of agency, semantic distinction between self and other, selflessness (altruism), social agency, embodied self (interoception), perceptual functioning of dissolved self including hallucinations and crossmodal processing, and finally the mystical type dissolution of the self. Four placebo-controlled, double blind sets of procedures using psilocybin with four independent study groups will be conducted. The number of subjects, testing procedures and dose of psilocybin for each group are as follows: group 1 (20 subjects, EEG, questionnaires, 0.200 mg/Kg body weight), group 2 (30 subjects, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), questionnaires, 0.200 mg/Kg body weight), group 3 (10 subjects, fMRI, questionnaires, 0.215 mg/Kg body weight), study group 4 (80 subjects, blood serum and saliva parameters, questionnaires, fMRI (only in 20 subjects from this group), 0.315 mg/Kg body weight). The groups 1, 2 and 3 involve healthy volunteers. The group 4 involves healthy volunteer long-term and short-term meditators during a 5-day group meditation retreat. Together, 140 subjects will participate in the study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03736980", "keywords": "Healthy, Placebo, Psilocybine, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03736980\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3429, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Anxiety and Psychosocial Distress in Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on anxiety and psychosocial distress in cancer patients", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The primary objective of this double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study is to assess the efficacy of psilocybin administration (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a serotonergic psychoactive agent, on psychosocial distress, with the specific primary outcome variable being anxiety associated with cancer. Secondary outcome measures will look at the effect of psilocybin on symptoms of pain perception, depression, existential/psychospiritual distress, attitudes towards disease progression and death, quality of life, and spiritual/mystical states of consciousness. In addition, a secondary objective of the study is to determine the feasibility of administering psilocybin to this patient population, with regards to the following issues: safety, patient recruitment, consent for treatment, and retention. The duration of the proposed investigation will be long enough to administer the drug one time to each of thirty-two patients and to conduct follow-up assessments. This study is separate but similar to a recently completed study at the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, run by a psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Grob. Although the outcomes measures would be similar to those used as in the Grob study, the proposed dose of psilocybin is higher at 0.3mg/kg and the total subjects for the study would be 32 instead of 12. The study utilizes a cross-over design at 7 weeks and includes prospective follow-up of 6 months duration. This study has been approved by the Bellevue Psychiatry Research Committee, the NYU Oncology PRMC Committee, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the issuance of an IND (77,138), the New York University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (NYU IRB), the Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC)-New York University (NYU) Clinical Translational Science Institute (CTSI), the NYU Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) through the issuance of a schedule I license. It is hypothesized that a one time experience with psilocybin will occasion dramatic shifts in consciousness and awareness that will lead to short-term (ie hours to days) and long-term (up to 6 months in this study, following the administration of the second dosing, either psilocybin or placebo) improvement in anxiety, depression, and pain associated with advanced cancer. The exact mechanism of action is unclear but based on studies done in the 60's using serotonergic hallucinogens in patients with advanced cancer, improvements in anxiety levels, mood and pain were reported. However, a treatment model developed by the famous British psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond, offers one possibility. In this model, serotonergic hallucinogens' therapeutic mechanism lies in their ability to allow the individual to access novel dimensions of consciousness and their efficacy or lack thereof relies on whether a transcendent and mystical state of awareness is attained. Another possible mechanism relates to what Dobkin de Rios and Grob have described as 'managed altered states of consciousness,' where the power of suggestibility, occurring in a safe setting, allows one to transcend a particular state of consciousness (i.e. anxiety and depression associated with advanced illness) as a means to facilitate emotional discharge and to manage irreconcilable conflict.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-10-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00957359", "keywords": "Cancer, Psilocybin, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Niacin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00957359\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2242, "title": "Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms a meta analysis", "authors": "Romeo B, Karila L, Martelli C, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have shown an efficacy in some psychiatric disorders and have an original mechanism of action with a 5-HT agonism. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess by a quantitative analysis the putative efficacy of psychedelic drugs on depressive symptoms and to investigate the kinetic of this efficacy. We searched the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases through April 2019, without limits on year of publication. Means and standard deviations were extracted to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Scores of depressive symptoms were compared with baseline scores at days 7, 14, and 21; weeks 4-5 and 6-8; and months 3 and 6. Eight studies were included in this meta-analysis. A significant decrease of depressive symptoms was found from day 1 ( = 5 studies; SMD = -1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.33 to -0.48, = 0.003) to 6 months ( = 4 studies; SMD = -1.07, 95% CI: -1.44 to -0.7, This meta-analysis shows that psychedelic treatments were safe and could contribute to a rapid improvement of depressive symptoms.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120919957", "pubmed_id": "32448048", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448048/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, ayahuasca, depressive symptoms, meta-analysis, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32448048\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3834, "title": "Wait for the Science Before Widespread Use of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "wait for the science before widespread use of psilocybin", "authors": "Nicole Harrington Cirino", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessWait for the Science Before Widespread Use of PsilocybinNicole Harrington Cirino, M.D.Nicole Harrington Cirino, M.D.Published Online:28 Sep 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32AbstractThe momentum behind psilocybin as the next big \"breakthrough\" in treating psychiatric disorders is strong, but Oregon psychiatrists and APA have had to push back psilocybin enthusiasts from making unsafe and premature laws for the use of psilocybin for vulnerable psychiatric patients looking for a cure. Over 112,000 Oregon residents signed a petition and made campaign donations topping $1.2 million to put the question of whether psilocybin-which is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-should be legalized on the November ballot in Oregon. Measure 109, The Psilocybin Program Initiative, is the first psilocybin treatment measure being proposed in the United States. It is gaining significant support from the psilocybin community. The Oregon Psilocybin Society is leading the Yes vote on the Measure 109 campaign. The society was formed by Portland-area psychotherapists Thomas and Sheri Eckert (both master's-level psychotherapists). Missing from the planning or initiation of the initiative is any mention of or oversight by Oregon psychiatrists.The Oregon Psychiatric Physicians Association (OPPA) and APA have both voiced their opposition for this measure for three main reasons: (1) safety and efficacy have not yet been established for psilocybin, (2) using majority public vote via ballot initiative to bypass FDA approval for a new medical treatment is dangerous, and (3) if passed, the use of psilocybin will not require oversight by medical professionals, particularly psychiatrists.Measure 109 as written would allow the \"manufacture, delivery, and administration\" of the hallucinogenic drug psilocybin for the treatment of \"including but not limited to addiction, depression, anxiety disorders, and end of-life psychological distress\" by nonmedical providers.Those following the scientific data know that neither safety nor efficacy has been established according to FDA guidelines or clinical trials. The psychiatric community generally agrees with the FDA-that early limited trials have shown that this new treatment has potential. The FDA has given psilocybin \"breakthrough therapy\" status for major depressive disorder to Usona pharmaceuticals whose phase 2 trials are still under way. Phase 3 trials have yet to even start for psilocybin.Psilocybin is believed to act on serotonin receptors and induce hallucinations as its main proposed mechanism of action. Studies have not yet explored basic drug interactions with other serotonergic or dopaminergic agents, the impact on psychiatric conditions vulnerable to psychosis, dose, side-effect profile, and efficacy for the treatment of substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and other comorbid psychiatric conditions. In essence, Measure 109 allows prescribing of a non-FDA approved Schedule 1 controlled substance by a nonmedical practitioner for an overly inclusive range of psychiatric conditions.In a letter in August to Oregon Secretary of State Bev Clarno, APA CEO and Medical Director Saul Levin, M.D., M.P.A., stated, \"Treating patients with mental health and substance use disorders is complex, due to the fact that more than half of these patients also have an underlying physical illness. Given our limited understanding of psilocybin's effects on patients and how it may interact with other medications, it is dangerous to allow practitioners-especially those with no medical training-to dispense a controlled substance.\"Psychiatrists, as physicians and experts in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, urge psilocybin nonphysician enthusiasts to slow down and wait for the science. It is dangerous to promote widespread use of psilocybin to vulnerable Oregonians with psychiatric conditions. ■The views expressed in this article do not represent the views of OHSU.The letter by Saul Levin, M.D., M.P.A., is posted here.Nicole Harrington Cirino, M.D., is president of the Oregon Psychiatric Physicians Association and an associate professor of psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology at the Oregon Health and Science University. ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2020-09-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Ballot, Psychiatry, Opposition (politics), Psychology, Political science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Law, Politics, Voting, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091539953\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091539953\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002035022\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Harrington Cirino\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3091539953" }, { "id": 2229, "title": "P300-mediated modulations in self-other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning: A window into the self-other overlap", "normalized_title": "p300 mediated modulations in self other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning a window into the self other overlap", "authors": "Lukasz Smigielski, Michael Kometer, Milan Scheidegger, Cornelia Stress, Katrin H. Preller, Thomas Koenig, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "The concept of self and self-referential processing has a growing explanatory value in psychiatry and neuroscience, referring to the cognitive organization and perceptual differentiation of self-stimuli in health and disease. Conditions in which selfhood loses its natural coherence offer a unique opportunity for elucidating the mechanisms underlying self-disturbances. We assessed the psychoactive effects of psilocybin (230 μg/kg p.o.), a preferential 5-HT1A/2A agonist known to induce shifts in self-perception. Our placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-subject crossover experiment (n = 17) implemented a verbal self-monitoring task involving vocalizations and participant identification of real-time auditory source- (self/other) and pitch-modulating feedback. Subjective experience and task performance were analyzed, with time-point-by-time-point assumption-free multivariate randomization statistics applied to the spatiotemporal dynamics of event-related potentials. Psilocybin-modulated self-experience, interacted with source to affect task accuracy, and altered the late phase of self-stimuli encoding by abolishing the distinctiveness of self- and other-related electric field configurations during the P300 timeframe. This last effect was driven by current source density changes within the supragenual anterior cingulate and right insular cortex. The extent of the P300 effect was associated with the intensity of psilocybin-induced feelings of unity and changed meaning of percepts. Modulations of late encoding and their underlying neural generators in self-referential processing networks via 5-HT signaling may be key for understanding self-disorders. This mechanism may reflect a neural instantiation of altered self-other and relational meaning processing in a stimulus-locked time domain. The study elucidates the neuropharmacological foundation of subjectivity, with implications for therapy, underscoring the concept of connectedness.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2020-08-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.25174", "pubmed_id": "32820851", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25174", "keywords": "Psychology, Psilocybin, Anterior cingulate cortex, Cognition, Cognitive psychology, Neuroscience, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Perception, Insula, Optimal distinctiveness theory, Stimulus (psychology), Anhedonia, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Dopamine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080679302\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080679302\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":42,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W245658\",\"https://openalex.org/W65160238\",\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"https://openalex.org/W1494456132\",\"https://openalex.org/W1499839459\",\"https://openalex.org/W1588158447\",\"https://openalex.org/W1761017443\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963776128\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964504848\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965008419\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965775616\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966282919\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966383231\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976734810\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976991293\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979612257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982146734\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992806775\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008299010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009794136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010664845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015390545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021926028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021945797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025132602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032164922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043696469\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045979883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046886788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047427656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048585421\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049107249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052320744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068176359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080140462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081817157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083494567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088992917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091987383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101734977\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104465908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106360908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108015793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108585495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110040374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112596612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115230300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116146623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126233790\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127263830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130721922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130912823\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136202179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138856282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150850591\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152100784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158327608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158715728\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159675987\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159816778\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165708796\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169955335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2237631194\",\"https://openalex.org/W2284048615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2305533550\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332658607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346816744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398084944\",\"https://openalex.org/W2501970031\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528600150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546653767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582692487\",\"https://openalex.org/W2593422637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605965249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2726898022\",\"https://openalex.org/W2733167715\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2763996094\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781625743\",\"https://openalex.org/W2782190599\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790184875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790381919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803054305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2831064708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888234306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2950975450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2994058197\",\"https://openalex.org/W3001676292\",\"https://openalex.org/W3080679302\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082806271\",\"display_name\":\"Lukasz Smigielski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050503083\",\"display_name\":\"Milan Scheidegger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-2208\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066258321\",\"display_name\":\"Cornelia Stress\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066778919\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Koenig\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-4638\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25174\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3080679302" }, { "id": 3266, "title": "Delayed Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Psilocybin in Male Mice Are Supported by Acute Glucocorticoid Release", "normalized_title": "delayed anxiolytic like effects of psilocybin in male mice are supported by acute glucocorticoid release", "authors": "Jones NT, Zahid Z, Grady SM, Sultan ZW, Zheng Z, Banks MI, Wenthur CJ.", "abstract": "Despite observed correlations between acute glucocorticoid release, self-reported anxiety, and long-term treatment outcomes for human studies using psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy approaches, the mechanistic relationship between psychedelic-dependent stress and subsequent behavioral responses remains unclear. Using rodents, direct manipulation of stress-associated hormone responses can be achieved with established pharmacologic models for the assessment of antidepressant and anxiolytic therapeutics. Here, chronic oral corticosterone-induced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is used to assess the relevance of drug-induced glucocorticoid release on the acute, post-acute, and long-term effects of psilocybin in male C57BL/6J mice. In these studies, psilocybin-induced acute anxiogenesis was found to be correlated to post-acute anxiolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocybin also displayed acute increases in plasma corticosterone, but a post-acute anxiolytic effect in the novelty suppressed feeding test. Both effects were lost when psilocybin was administered in animals pre-exposed to chronic oral corticosterone. A similar long-term interaction between chronic corticosterone and psilocybin administration was observed in an open field test occurring one week after drug administration. Psilocybin administration alone led to more time spent in the center of the arena, but animals spent less time in the center with chronic corticosterone exposure. Intriguingly, these interactive effects were absent in animals exposed to brief isoflurane anesthesia after drug treatment. Overall, these experiments identify acute glucocorticoid release as a relevant biological modifier for the post-acute and long-term behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice. Rodent studies are thus suggested as a tractable means to address neuroendocrine mechanisms supporting context-dependent psychedelic effects in mammalian species.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-08-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.08.12.248229", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.248229", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR200840\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3846, "title": "A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder", "normalized_title": "a potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Edward Jacobs", "abstract": "Abstract The recent revivification of interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelics has had a particular focus on mood disorders and addiction, although there is reason to think these drugs may be effective more widely. After outlining pertinent aspects of psilocybin and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the current review summarizes the evidence indicating that there may be a role for psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, as well as highlighting a range of potential therapeutic mechanisms that reflect the action of psilocybin on brain function. Although the current evidence is limited, that multiple signals point in directions consistent with treatment potential, alongside the psychological and physiological safety of clinically administered psilocybin, support the expansion of research, both in animal models and in further randomized controlled trials, to properly investigate this potential.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2020.00128", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00128", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Obsessive compulsive, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Mood, Psychotherapist, Addiction, Psychiatry, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": 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,\"https://openalex.org/W3217097423\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386315766\",\"https://openalex.org/W6649587555\",\"https://openalex.org/W6748386387\",\"https://openalex.org/W6755698176\",\"https://openalex.org/W6819150864\",\"https://openalex.org/W6821717516\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014864277\",\"display_name\":\"Edward Jacobs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-7233\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00128\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3048223422" }, { "id": 2269, "title": "Integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments.", "normalized_title": "integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology psychedelic assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments", "authors": "Greenway KT, Garel N, Jerome L, Feduccia AA", "abstract": "Combinations of psychotherapy with antidepressants are gold-standard psychiatric treatments. They operate through complex and interactional mechanisms, not unlike the reemergent paradigm of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which promising research suggests may also be highly effective in even challenging populations. We review the therapeutic mechanisms behind both conventional and psychedelic paradigms, including the evolution of this knowledge and the associated explanatory frameworks. We explore how psychedelics have provided insights about psychiatric illnesses and treatments over the past decades. We discuss limitations to early explanatory models while highlighting and comparing the psychological and biological mechanisms underlying many psychiatric treatments. A narrative review was conducted based on a search in Medline/Pubmed up to January 1, 2020, and iterative retrieval of references from recent reviews and clinical trials. The contextual model of the common factors of psychotherapy provides a powerful perspective on psychotherapy, antidepressants, and psychedelics, as well as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine. It aligns well with key tenets of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Conventional antidepressants and especially psychedelics may improve the efficacy of psychotherapy via neurochemical changes and increased environmental sensitivity. Combined treatments hold significant promise for advancing the knowledge and treatment of many forms of psychopathology.", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2020.1772054", "pubmed_id": "32478631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32478631/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, antidepressants, ketamine, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, lsd, mdma, mdma-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychiatry, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32478631\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2268, "title": "Reviewing the Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of PTSD.", "normalized_title": "reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of ptsd", "authors": "Krediet E, Bostoen T, Breeksema J, van Schagen A, Passie T, Vermetten E.", "abstract": "There are few medications with demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment guidelines have unequivocally designated psychotherapy as a first line treatment for PTSD. Yet, even after psychotherapy, PTSD often remains a chronic illness, with high rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Meanwhile, the search for and development of drugs with new mechanisms of action has stalled. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore not just novel compounds but novel approaches for the treatment of PTSD. A promising new approach involves the use of psychedelic drugs. Within the past few years, 2 psychedelics have received breakthrough designations for psychiatric indications from the US Food and Drug Administration, and several psychedelics are currently being investigated for the treatment of PTSD. This review discusses 4 types of compounds: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, classical psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide), and cannabinoids. We describe the therapeutic rationale, the setting in which they are being administered, and their current state of evidence in the treatment of PTSD. Each compound provides unique qualities for the treatment of PTSD, from their use to rapidly target symptoms to their use as adjuncts to facilitate psychotherapeutic treatments. Several questions are formulated that outline an agenda for future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018", "pubmed_id": "32170326", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32170326\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2255, "title": "Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention", "normalized_title": "psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception memory and attention", "authors": "Frederick S. Barrett, Samuel R. Krimmel, Roland R. Griffiths, David A. Seminowicz, Brian N. Mathur", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, including the serotonin 2a (5-HT2A) receptor partial agonist psilocybin, are receiving renewed attention for their possible efficacy in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin induces widespread dysregulation of cortical activity, but circuit-level mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. The claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that highly expresses 5-HT2A receptors and provides glutamatergic inputs to arguably all areas of the cerebral cortex. We therefore tested the hypothesis that psilocybin modulates claustrum function in humans. Fifteen healthy participants (10M, 5F) completed this within-subjects study in which whole-brain resting-state blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured 100 ​min after blinded oral administration of placebo and 10 mg/70 ​kg psilocybin. Left and right claustrum signal was isolated using small region confound correction. Psilocybin significantly decreased both the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations as well as the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right claustrum. Psilocybin also significantly decreased functional connectivity of the right claustrum with auditory and default mode networks (DMN), increased right claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC), and decreased left claustrum connectivity with the FPTC. DMN integrity was associated with right-claustrum connectivity with the DMN, while FPTC integrity and modularity were associated with right claustrum and left claustrum connectivity with the FPTC, respectively. Subjective effects of psilocybin predicted changes in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right claustrum. Observed effects were specific to claustrum, compared to flanking regions of interest (the left and right insula and putamen). This study used a pharmacological intervention to provide the first empirical evidence in any species for a significant role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in claustrum functioning, and supports a possible role of the claustrum in the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2020-05-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980", "pubmed_id": "32454209", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Claustrum, Perception, Neuroscience, Functional connectivity, Psychology, Serotonin, Cognitive psychology, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Nucleus, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": 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S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072690915\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel R. Krimmel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-1545\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082953471\",\"display_name\":\"David A. Seminowicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-3756\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026298510\",\"display_name\":\"Brian N. Mathur\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-8625\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3027721867" }, { "id": 2233, "title": "Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin", "normalized_title": "me myself bye regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin", "authors": "Natasha L. Mason, Kim P. C. Kuypers, Felix Müller, Johannes T. Reckweg, Desmond H. Y. Tse, Stefan W. Toennes, Nadia R. P. W. Hutten, Jacobus F.A. Jansen, Peter Stiers, Amanda Feilding, Johannes G. Ramaekers", "abstract": "There is growing interest in the therapeutic utility of psychedelic substances, like psilocybin, for disorders characterized by distortions of the self-experience, like depression. Accumulating preclinical evidence emphasizes the role of the glutamate system in the acute action of the drug on brain and behavior; however this has never been tested in humans. Following a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, we utilized an ultra-high field multimodal brain imaging approach and demonstrated that psilocybin (0.17 mg/kg) induced region-dependent alterations in glutamate, which predicted distortions in the subjective experience of one's self (ego dissolution). Whereas higher levels of medial prefrontal cortical glutamate were associated with negatively experienced ego dissolution, lower levels in hippocampal glutamate were associated with positively experienced ego dissolution. Such findings provide further insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the psychedelic, as well as the baseline, state. Importantly, they may also provide a neurochemical basis for therapeutic effects as witnessed in ongoing clinical trials.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-05-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8", "pubmed_id": "32446245", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neurochemical, Glutamate receptor, Psychology, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Hippocampal formation, Psychiatry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":261,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W159676469\",\"https://openalex.org/W1926198785\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967075670\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967724103\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969549633\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970076964\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973741448\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983183519\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985327120\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985920331\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990926259\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002081170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007011615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008659680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014643576\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015011531\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019803062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024232708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039200237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043768758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047862976\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061871785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062088700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074000411\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074270863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074483296\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079106221\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084892943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085598752\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086861479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087317982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103583518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104150998\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105916826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107557962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111990860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113525305\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120918936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131761257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133462240\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134539998\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137981069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143648030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152160545\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163830705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166045982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171112603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2280429408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2377185146\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2592111319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765493481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768851887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792211781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885455509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888688605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892061340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2902820651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2907315963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"https://openalex.org/W2938570586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949283084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\",\"https://openalex.org/W3008758753\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239785504\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061374713\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062559490\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes T. Reckweg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-6334\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062957500\",\"display_name\":\"Desmond H. Y. Tse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7707\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090253811\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan W. Toennes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-3201\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064339250\",\"display_name\":\"Nadia R. P. W. Hutten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-8119\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022027850\",\"display_name\":\"Jacobus F.A. Jansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-8060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083673110\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Stiers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-1474\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024899439\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes G. Ramaekers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-376X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3027590463" }, { "id": 3854, "title": "Binding Interactions of Psilocin and Serotonin in the 5-HT2A Receptor", "normalized_title": "binding interactions of psilocin and serotonin in the 5 ht2a receptor", "authors": "Katie R. Barnes, Stephanie N. Lewis", "abstract": "Psilocin is a molecule found in psilocybin mushrooms, which are typically consumed recreationally for their hallucinogenic effects. Recently, studies have shown that psilocin can have almost immediate antidepressant effects in patients who are treatment-resistant to medications that increase serotonin levels in the synapse. Researchers believe that the molecule works by suppressing activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, which are both brain structures involved in the emotional aspect of depression. However, psilocin’s exact mechanism of action and binding characteristics in the body remain unknown. Using Chimera for visualization and AutoDock Tools and AutoDock Vina for docking, psilocin and serotonin were separately docked in a crystallized 5-HT2A receptor. Key residues were identified using existing information in the RCSB database. Once the ligands were docked, the lengths of the potential bonds between atoms of the ligands and the key residues within the receptor were measured to determine if they were close enough to each other to interact. Serotonin had multiple possible hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions; however, psilocin only had one potential hydrophobic interaction. The main structural difference between psilocin and serotonin is the presence of the phosphate group in psilocin; therefore, studies of phosphate’s binding properties within the 5-HT2A receptor could potentially provide insight on the efficacy of psilocin.", "journal": "VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)", "publication_date": "2020-05-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99299", "keywords": "Artifact (error), World Wide Web, Serotonin, Studio, Psychology, Computer science, Neuroscience, Chemistry, Receptor, Biochemistry, Telecommunications, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048778283\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048778283\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":10,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032575639\",\"display_name\":\"Katie R. Barnes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003228283\",\"display_name\":\"Stephanie N. Lewis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-2069\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400248\",\"source_display_name\":\"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99299\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3048778283" }, { "id": 3859, "title": "One Dose of Psilocybin in Late Adolescence Mitigates Deleterious Effects of Developmental Stress on Cognition and Behavioral Despair in Adult Female Rats", "normalized_title": "one dose of psilocybin in late adolescence mitigates deleterious effects of developmental stress on cognition and behavioral despair in adult female rats", "authors": "Meghan Hibicke, Charles D. Nichols", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin (PSI) has persistent antidepressant efficacy in human trials. We have shown one dose of PSI to significantly decrease depressive-like behavior in male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats for at least five weeks without losing efficacy. However, the outcome assay we used to evaluate depressive-like behavior, the forced swim test (FST), has been criticized for not providing circuit-specific endpoint data. Further, rodent strains like WKY selectively bred for face validity in modeling depression have lower translational value than chronic/developmental stress models. Pattern separation is a function of the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 region of the hippocampus. Pattern separation deficits are measurable in a number of psychological and neurological disorders where the DG-CA3 circuit is impaired, including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and age-related dementias. The object pattern separation (OPS) task is a new paradigm to measure DG-CA3 function in rodents, proposed as a cognitive-based outcome measure for depression-like phenotypes, but so far only used in healthy male animals. Whether OPS performance correlates with established measures of behavioral despair, or can be normalized by human pharmacotherapies, is unknown. Objectives Evaluate long-term antidepressant-like effects of PSI in the stress-based adolescent chronic restraint stress (aCRS) model for depression, establish face and predictive validity of the OPS task, and determine whether OPS correlates with FST immobility in aCRS rats. Methods Adolescent female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to groups: not restrained-saline (NRS), not restrained-PSI (NRP), restrained-saline (RS), and restrained-PSI (RP). RS and RP rats were restrained 1 hr/day post-natal days (PND) 32-45. Rats received IP PSI (1 mg/kg) or saline PND52. The OPS task was performed nightly PND82 (0 cm) - 86 (24 cm) in a 66 cm diameter arena containing two identical objects, one of which was moved from 0 cm to 6, 12, 18, and 24 cm from 0 following an hour intertrial interval. FST was performed PND89-90. Results Significant discrimination in the OPS at 24 cm was observed in NRS ( p", "journal": "The FASEB Journal", "publication_date": "2020-03-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02912", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02912", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Behavioural despair test, Psychology, Dentate gyrus, Cognition, Hippocampus, Chronic stress, Neuroscience, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Medicine, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Memory and Neural Mechanisms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016993897\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016993897\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008298741\",\"display_name\":\"Meghan Hibicke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9789\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S25293849\",\"source_display_name\":\"The FASEB Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02912\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3016993897" }, { "id": 2288, "title": "Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review.", "normalized_title": "depression mindfulness and psilocybin possible complementary effects of mindfulness meditation and psilocybin in the treatment of depression a review", "authors": "Heuschkel K, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 4.4% of the global population. Since conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies are only partially effective, as demonstrated by the number of patients failing to achieve remission, alternative treatments are needed. Mindfulness meditation (MM) and psilocybin represent two promising novel treatments that might even have complementary therapeutic effects when combined. Since the current literature is limited to theoretical and empirical underpinnings of either treatment alone, the present review aimed to identify possible complementary effects that may be relevant to the treatment of depression. To that end, the individual effects of MM and psilocybin, and their underlying working mechanisms, were compared on a non-exhaustive selection of six prominent psychological and biological processes that are well known to show impairments in patients suffering from major depression disorder, that is mood, executive functioning, social skills, neuroplasticity, core neural networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmunological levels. Based on predefined search strings used in two online databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) 1129 articles were identified. After screening title and abstract for relevance related to the question, 82 articles were retained and 11 were added after reference list search, resulting in 93 articles included in the review. Findings show that MM and psilocybin exert similar effects on mood, social skills, and neuroplasticity; different effects were found on executive functioning, neural core networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune system markers. Potential mechanisms of MM's effects are enhanced affective self-regulation through mental strategies, optimization of stress reactivity, and structural and functional adjustments of prefrontal and limbic areas; psilocybin's effects might be established via attenuation of cognitive associations through deep personal insights, cognitive disinhibition, and global neural network disintegration. It is suggested that, when used in combination, MM and psilocybin could exert complementary effects by potentiating or prolonging mutual positive effects, for example, MM potentially facilitating psilocybin-induced peak experiences. Future placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trials focusing on psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based therapy will provide knowledge about whether the proposed combination of therapies maximizes their efficacy in the treatment of depression or depressive symptomatology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224", "pubmed_id": "32296353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32296353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2267, "title": "Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives", "normalized_title": "metabolic engineering of saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives", "authors": "N. Milne, Philip Tinggaard Thomsen, Niels Aage Tvis Knudsen, P. Rubaszka, Mette Kristensen, Irina Borodina", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a tryptamine-derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in so-called \"magic mushrooms\". Although its notoriety originates from its psychotropic properties and popular use as a recreational drug, clinical trials have recently recognized psilocybin as a promising candidate for the treatment of various psychological and neurological afflictions. In this work, we demonstrate the de novo biosynthetic production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of a heterologous biosynthesis pathway sourced from Psilocybe cubensis. Additionally, we achieve improved product titers by supplementing the pathway with a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis. Further rational engineering resulted in a final production strain producing 627 ± 140 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 ± 276 mg/L of the dephosphorylated degradation product psilocin in triplicate controlled fed-batch fermentations in minimal synthetic media. Pathway intermediates baeocystin, nor norbaeocystin as well the dephosphorylated baeocystin degradation product norpsilocin were also detected in strains engineered for psilocybin production. We also demonstrate the biosynthetic production of natural tryptamine derivative aeruginascin as well as the production of a new-to-nature tryptamine derivative N-acetyl-4-hydroxytryptamine. These results lay the foundation for the biotechnological production of psilocybin in a controlled environment for pharmaceutical applications, and provide a starting point for the biosynthetic production of other tryptamine derivatives of therapeutic relevance.", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering", "publication_date": "2020-03-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007", "pubmed_id": "32224264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007", "keywords": "Tryptamine, Psilocybin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Metabolic engineering, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Biology, Yeast, Hallucinogen, Enzyme, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Fermentation and Sensory Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":126,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W70082989\",\"https://openalex.org/W620598799\",\"https://openalex.org/W1483456869\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965925823\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990226486\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997859062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003117374\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005405042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011945340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015086459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016388239\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018061252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038839611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059418741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061437600\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079017722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086719222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096336948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122113339\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132324173\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132624405\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158474067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161742145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163959508\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168036974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2202603680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2294865282\",\"https://openalex.org/W2347725975\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2555171617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2572835720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767482428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2793430004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884828036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891794992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921940482\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"https://openalex.org/W3022930117\",\"https://openalex.org/W6649767272\",\"https://openalex.org/W6730232402\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051235510\",\"display_name\":\"N. Milne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-110X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006633030\",\"display_name\":\"Philip Tinggaard Thomsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-4550\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108903517\",\"display_name\":\"Niels Aage Tvis Knudsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038032963\",\"display_name\":\"P. Rubaszka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103130326\",\"display_name\":\"Mette Kristensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3767-161X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040605607\",\"display_name\":\"Irina Borodina\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-1393\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173328182\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3013100262" }, { "id": 2290, "title": "Natural Psychoplastogens As Antidepressant Agents.", "normalized_title": "natural psychoplastogens as antidepressant agents", "authors": "Benko J, Vranková S.", "abstract": "Increasing prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder presents an unavoidable problem for psychiatry. Existing antidepressants exert their effect only after several weeks of continuous treatment. In addition, their serious side effects and ineffectiveness in one-third of patients call for urgent action. Recent advances have given rise to the concept of psychoplastogens. These compounds are capable of fast structural and functional rearrangement of neural networks by targeting mechanisms previously implicated in the development of depression. Furthermore, evidence shows that they exert a potent acute and long-term positive effects, reaching beyond the treatment of psychiatric diseases. Several of them are naturally occurring compounds, such as psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Their pharmacology and effects in animal and human studies were discussed in this article.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/molecules25051172", "pubmed_id": "32150976", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051172", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Biological Products, Treatment Outcome, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depression, Structure-Activity Relationship, Clinical Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32150976\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 1083, "title": "Rethinking Therapeutic Strategies for Anorexia Nervosa: Insights From Psychedelic Medicine and Animal Models.", "normalized_title": "rethinking therapeutic strategies for anorexia nervosa insights from psychedelic medicine and animal models", "authors": "Foldi CJ, Liknaitzky P, Williams M, Oldfield BJ.", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease, yet available pharmacological treatments are largely ineffective due, in part, to an inadequate understanding of the neurobiological drivers that underpin the condition. The recent resurgence of research into the clinical applications of psychedelic medicine for a range of mental disorders has highlighted the potential for classical psychedelics, including psilocybin, to alleviate symptoms of AN that relate to serotonergic signaling and cognitive inflexibility. Clinical trials using psychedelics in treatment-resistant depression have shown promising outcomes, although these studies are unable to circumvent some methodological biases. The first clinical trial to use psilocybin in patients with AN commenced in 2019, necessitating a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms through which psychedelics act. Animal models are beneficial in this respect, allowing for detailed scrutiny of brain function and behavior and the potential to study pharmacology without the confounds of expectancy and bias that are impossible to control for in patient populations. We argue that studies investigating the neurobiological effects of psychedelics in animal models, including the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model, are particularly important to inform clinical applications, including the subpopulations of patients that may benefit most from psychedelic medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-02-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2020.00043", "pubmed_id": "32116500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00043", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32116500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2300, "title": "Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lea J. Mertens, Matthew B. Wall, Leor Roseman, Lysia Demetriou, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin has shown promise as a treatment for depression but its therapeutic mechanisms are not properly understood. In contrast to the presumed actions of antidepressants, we recently found increased amygdala responsiveness to fearful faces one day after open-label treatment with psilocybin (25 mg) in 19 patients with treatment-resistant depression, which correlated with treatment efficacy. AIMS: Aiming to further unravel the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin, the present study extends this basic activation analysis. We hypothesised changed amygdala functional connectivity, more precisely decreased amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity, during face processing after treatment with psilocybin. METHODS: Psychophysiological interaction analyses were conducted on functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a classic face/emotion perception task, with the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex time-series as physiological regressors. Average parameter estimates (beta weights) of significant clusters were correlated with clinical outcomes at one week. RESULTS: Results showed decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-right amygdala functional connectivity during face processing post- (versus pre-) treatment; this decrease was associated with levels of rumination at one week. This effect was driven by connectivity changes in response to fearful and neutral (but not happy) faces. Independent whole-brain analyses also revealed a post-treatment increase in functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to occipital-parietal cortices during face processing. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the idea that psilocybin therapy revives emotional responsiveness on a neural and psychological level, which may be a key treatment mechanism for psychedelic therapy. Future larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to examine the replicability of the current findings.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-01-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881119895520", "pubmed_id": "31941394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895520", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Amygdala, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Functional connectivity, Prefrontal cortex, Neuroscience, Depression (economics), Treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Cognition, Major depressive disorder, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":211,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1831666347\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967996189\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970133878\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982298223\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998633617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001287871\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007768041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015650241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021031321\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042333532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052213011\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055862036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063619953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070757879\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072833030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083730492\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101006267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101842006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103881507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105190393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105824687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110431345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111613011\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112300402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114613490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114757046\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127127037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129736850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131439590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134189152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146747402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147242053\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148191429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157803948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158598050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163072248\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165707697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167738136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2410368721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2579967741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2594366375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624535799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767171514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2788854095\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2898717395\",\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253507931\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070309082\",\"display_name\":\"Lea J. Mertens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-3941\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060501027\",\"display_name\":\"Lysia Demetriou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-0900\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895520\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3000549374" }, { "id": 3893, "title": "Psilocybin and LSD in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and lsd in the treatment of depression and anxiety", "authors": "Marcus Allgulin", "abstract": "Psychiatry is in a crisis. Mental health disorders are on the rise worldwide and there are currently not enough efficient treatment methods that would meet the patients’ needs. Hence, the societal and economic costs of mental health problems are enormous, as well as the suffering of individuals afflicted by mental health problems. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are substances that create an altered state of consciousness characterized by altered sensory perception and on some occasions, ego-dissolution, and mystical experiences. In recent studies, LSD and psilocybin have been shown to carry significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in conjunction with psychotherapy. The therapeutic effects of LSD and psilocybin have also been shown to persist for between 3-12 months post-treatment. LSD and psilocybin, like other classical hallucinogens, increase serotonin availability, which has been suggested to attenuate symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, LSD and psilocybin alter the activity of the default mode network, which has been suggested to be overly active in depressed and anxious patients. This essay is a literature review of the neural mechanisms of LSD and psilocybin, their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, and how insights about said neural mechanisms may be useful in understanding the possible application of psychedelics in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. In sum, recent studies have provided converging and convincing evidence on therapeutic potential of LSD and psilocybin. Yet, few conclusions on the exact neural mechanisms of how LSD and psilocybin alleviate depressive and anxiety symptoms can be made. Although the future of this research field looks promising, archaic national- and international regulations continue to be a hindrance to research into psychedelic drugs. Yet, due to the psychiatric crisis and the promising results so far, more studies in this field are warranted.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Mental health, Depression (economics), Psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093826296\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093826296\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078099219\",\"display_name\":\"Marcus Allgulin\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3093826296" }, { "id": 3891, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the Treatment of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the treatment of depression and post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Sofia Gyllvik", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin and the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are being scientifically studied again after a long hiatus, and especially for their potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Their profound effect on cognitive, perceptual, and affective processes have led to several clinical studies during the last decade that have forced the reconsideration of the utility of these substances. The research includes clinical trials with psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms, and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results have shown a significant reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and in PTSD symptoms in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, with acceptable adverse effects. Moreover, the reductions in symptoms have been shown to be sustained several years later. Given the results indicate short- and long-term safety and efficacy, even for treatment resistant conditions, this suggest that these substances administered with psychotherapy are promising and deserve to be taken seriously as a therapeutic tool. The present thesis provides an overview of the latest clinical studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and PTSD with psilocybin and MDMA, respectively, as well as reviews the history, mechanisms of action, the therapeutic process used with psilocybin and MDMA, and any adverse physiological and psychological effects of both substances.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Traumatic stress, Depression (economics), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, MDMA, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3083741926\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3083741926\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075217865\",\"display_name\":\"Sofia Gyllvik\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3083741926" }, { "id": 3886, "title": "Drugs and the Music Industry: How the Neurological and Visual Effects of LSD and Psilocybin Impact Creativity and Songwriting Abilities", "normalized_title": "drugs and the music industry how the neurological and visual effects of lsd and psilocybin impact creativity and songwriting abilities", "authors": "Ammar Jawad", "abstract": "Drugs and the Music Industry: How the Neurological and Visual Effects of LSD and Psilocybin Impact Creativity and Songwriting Abilities Ammar Jawad, Depts. of Biology and Chemistry, with Prof. Mary Boyes, VCU Honors College The 5-hydroxy-tryptamine 2A receptor, 5-HT2A, is a G protein-coupled receptor that belongs to a subtype of receptors known as serotonergic receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor plays a wide variety of roles that are pivotal in the optimal functionality of the brain, such as mediating the neurological, visual, and auditory pathways of the central nervous system. Typical agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor include psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, and N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Psychedelic drugs in particular have been a means for many artists and musicians to further enhance their creativity, leading to a subgenre of music and instrumentation known as psychedelic music, or psychedelia. Typically, psychedelic music is characterized by feelings of depersonalization and derealization, and artists who’ve experimented with drugs such as LSD and psilocybin claim to have an expanded imagination, along with a heightened sense of creativity and mesmerism. The research presented in this study explores the overlap between music and psychedelic drugs, namely LSD and psilocybin, and how the 5-HT2A receptor engages and mediates the neurological as well as the biological effects of these substances. This study has concluded that further research is necessary to explore the possibility of activating the 5-HT2A receptors with substances that do not carry the harmful effects that drugs such as LSD and psilocybin do.", "journal": "VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/uresposters/356", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Creativity, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Social psychology, Internal medicine, Receptor, Serotonin, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3034444235\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3034444235\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112454018\",\"display_name\":\"Ammar Jawad\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196340\",\"source_display_name\":\"VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/uresposters/356\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3034444235" }, { "id": 2314, "title": "Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics", "authors": "Moreton SG, Szalla L, Menzies RE, Arena AF", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapies can engender enduring improvements in psychological well-being. However, relatively little is known about the psychological mechanisms through which the salutary effects of psychedelics emerge. Through integrating extant research on psychedelics with contemporary existential psychology, we present a novel hypothesis that reduced death anxiety may be a key mechanism underpinning the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. In developing this hypothesis, we also provide a complementary review of mechanisms through which psychedelics may reduce death anxiety. We conclude that an awareness of the role of death anxiety in psychopathology has the potential to guide future research into psychedelic therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-019-05391-0", "pubmed_id": "31784805", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784805/", "keywords": "DMT, Death anxiety, Fear of death, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic therapy, Psychedelics, Transdiagnostic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31784805\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2312, "title": "Neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics", "authors": "Ho JT, Preller KH, Lenggenhager B", "abstract": "As a continual source of sensory input and fundamental component of self-referential processing, the body holds an integral modulatory role in cognition. In a healthy state, predictive coding of multisensory integration promotes the construction of a coherent self. However, several psychiatric disorders comprise aberrant perceptions of the bodily self that are purported to involve discrepancies in the integration and updating of multisensory systems. Changes in functional connectivity of somatomotor and high-level association networks in these disorders could be successfully remediated through 5-HT receptor agonism via psychedelics. Reported alterations of bodily self-awareness during psychedelic experiences allude to a potentially central role of the bodily self. In this article, we bridge the domains of (aberrant) bodily self-awareness and psychedelics by discussing the predictive coding mechanisms underlying the bodily self and psychedelics. Furthermore, we propose that psychedelically-induced desynchronization of predictive coding might involve modulation of somatomotor, sensorimotor, and high-level association networks that could remediate aberrant perceptions of the bodily self.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.006", "pubmed_id": "31816361", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31816361/", "keywords": "Bodily self, Bodily self-awareness, Predictive coding, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31816361\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2294, "title": "Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance.", "normalized_title": "learning to let go a cognitive behavioral model of how psychedelic therapy promotes acceptance", "authors": "Wolff M, Evens R, Mertens LJ, Koslowski M, Betzler F, Gründer G, Jungaberle H", "abstract": "The efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mental disorders has been attributed to the lasting change from experiential avoidance to acceptance that these treatments appear to facilitate. This article presents a conceptual model that specifies potential psychological mechanisms underlying such change, and that shows substantial parallels between psychedelic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy: We propose that in the carefully controlled context of psychedelic therapy as applied in contemporary clinical research, psychedelic-induced belief relaxation can increase motivation for acceptance operant conditioning, thus engendering episodes of relatively avoidance-free exposure to greatly intensified private events. Under these unique learning conditions, relaxed avoidance-related beliefs can be exposed to corrective information and become revised accordingly, which may explain long-term increases in acceptance and corresponding reductions in psychopathology. Open research questions and implications for clinical practice are discussed.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00005", "pubmed_id": "32153433", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153433/", "keywords": "acceptance, avoidance, ayahuasca, cognitive behavioral therapy, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32153433\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2291, "title": "The relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Mathai DS, Meyer MJ, Storch EA, Kosten TR.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe relationship between ketamine's hallucinogenic- and dissociative-type effects and antidepressant mechanism of action is poorly understood. This paper reviewed the correlation between subjective effects defined by various psychometric scales and observed clinical outcomes in the treatment of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).MethodsBased on PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed the dissociative and psychotomimetic mental state induced with ketamine during MDD treatment. Our selected studies correlated depression rating with validated scales collected at regular intervals throughout the study period such as the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC). We excluded studies with bipolar depression or with repeated dosing and no single-dose phase. We included 8 of 556 screened reports.ResultsTwo of five CADSS studies found significant negative correlations between increases in CADSS scores and depression scores. One of six BPRS studies demonstrated correlations between BPRS scores and depression scores. The 5D-ASC's one study found no correlation with the MADRS.ConclusionsKetamine's dissociative and psychotomimetic effects were correlated with depression changes in 37.5% of studies, but most studies did not examine this relationship and future studies should consider this association since it appears important for MDMA and psilocybin therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023", "pubmed_id": "32056741", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Dissociative Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32056741\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2362, "title": "[Neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy].", "normalized_title": "neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Corne R, Mongeau R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, often referred to as hallucinogens, are quite distinct from other classes of psychotropic drugs. Although the subjective and behavioral effects they induce are quite dramatic, they possess little addictive potential when compared to nicotine, alcohol or opiates. Since the discovery of ketamine antidepressant effects, there has been growing interest for these molecules. Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are gaining attention as potential treatments for depression and addiction, similarly to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and ibogaine for addiction. Although they possess distinct pharmacological profiles, their kinetics of action are quite similar: the therapeutic effects are felt within the hours following administration, and last well beyond drug elimination by the organism. This strongly suggests the induction of neurogenic and plastic mechanisms, including the involvement of trophic factors. This review will explore the literature dealing with the effects of psychedelics on neurotrophins, as well as the plastic adaptations that they induce, in an attempt to understand their surprising therapeutic potential. We will show that although ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics have affinity for very different receptors (NMDA, 5-HT2A), they ultimately initiate similar plastic adaptations in the prefrontal cortex through the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We will see that although MDMA uses the same receptors as serotonergic psychedelics to alleviate PTSD symptoms, its effect on BDNF levels seem paradoxical and quite different. Finally, we show how ibogaine could exert its anti-addictive properties through a completely different neurotrophic factor than other psychedelic drugs, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). While the current literature concerning the psychiatric applications of psychedelic therapy is encouraging, it remains to be determined whether their benefits could be obtained without their psychotomimetic effects, or concerns over potential toxicity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1051/jbio/2019015", "pubmed_id": "31829932", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019015", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Ketamine, Ibogaine, Nerve Growth Factors, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31829932\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2277, "title": "S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in “Magic” Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "s adenosyl l methionine salvage impacts psilocybin formation in magic mushrooms", "authors": "Richard Demmler, Janis Fricke, Sebastian Dörner, Markus Gressler, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and two methyltransfer reactions, which consume one equivalent of 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and two equivalents of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). This short but co-substrate-intensive pathway requires nucleoside cofactor salvage to maintain high psilocybin production rates. We characterized the adenosine kinase (AdoK) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SahH) of Psilocybe cubensis. Both enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in regenerating SAM. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed an induced expression of the genes in the fungal primordia and carpophores. A one-pot in vitro reaction with the N-methyltransferase PsiM of the psilocybin pathway demonstrates a concerted action with SahH to facilitate biosynthesis by removal of accumulating SAH.", "journal": "ChemBioChem", "publication_date": "2019-12-03", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.201900649", "pubmed_id": "31802575", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900649", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Biochemistry, Adenosine kinase, Biosynthesis, Chemistry, Enzyme, Nucleoside, Natural product, Biology, Adenosine deaminase, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Polyamine Metabolism and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2993991001\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2993991001\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":31,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W188344449\",\"https://openalex.org/W195270458\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498415432\",\"https://openalex.org/W1516611896\",\"https://openalex.org/W1537892086\",\"https://openalex.org/W1542609157\",\"https://openalex.org/W1587133637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1691796058\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966988083\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967852408\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968972077\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975422925\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977937919\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996071843\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008827720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013327061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015086459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021205104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028365705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030401086\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031308714\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042374413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047456204\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049487458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053835084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062974161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074715304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077332216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082623830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088678949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099508850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100622757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108244474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115250860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125136672\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126617061\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135693696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2431638578\",\"https://openalex.org/W2508915532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2748593001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753941774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2791254798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801007779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802656036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2886696856\",\"https://openalex.org/W2888111941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2903438963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949965849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952291569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2964574506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993991001\",\"https://openalex.org/W3145257564\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040915673\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Demmler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3476-2481\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027539660\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Dörner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015043702\",\"display_name\":\"Markus Gressler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-7618\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S154285657\",\"source_display_name\":\"ChemBioChem\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900649\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2993991001" }, { "id": 2313, "title": "Therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens: A review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens a review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Serotoninergic hallucinogens include drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Recent trials with single/few doses of these compounds show that they induce rapid and sustained antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects. These effects are also observed in religious groups using the DMT-containing brew ayahuasca. The agonist action of these substances on 5-HT2A receptors expressed in frontal and limbic areas increase glutamatergic transmission and neuroplasticity. These neurochemical effects are associated with acute alterations on self-perception and increases in introspection and positive mood, and with subacute and long-term decreases in psychiatric symptoms, increases in some personality traits such as openness, improvements in emotional processing, and increases in empathy. These are preliminary but promising results that should be further explored in controlled trials with larger sample sizes, especially considering that these compounds could be beneficial in the treatment of treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-02", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001", "pubmed_id": "31809772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001", "keywords": "Limbic System, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Hallucinogens, Exploratory Behavior, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Social Cognition", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31809772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3905, "title": "P.609 Therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic drugs: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "p 609 therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic drugs changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Laura Mertens, M.B. Wall, L. Roseman, L. Demetriou, D.J. Nutt, R.L. Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-11-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.593", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.593", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Blinding, Clinical trial, Psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248055189\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248055189\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2063619953\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2781340150\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013750321\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Mertens\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074368982\",\"display_name\":\"M.B. Wall\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028858595\",\"display_name\":\"L. Roseman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042821012\",\"display_name\":\"L. Demetriou\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087308623\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061284186\",\"display_name\":\"R.L. Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.593\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4248055189" }, { "id": 2292, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: How do we advance the field?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for depression how do we advance the field", "authors": "Sally Meikle, Paul Liknaitzky, Susan L. Rossell, Margaret Ross, Nigel Strauss, Neil Thomas, Greg Murray, M.L. Williams, David Castle", "abstract": "In the quest for new treatment options for depression, attention is being paid to the potential role of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin is of particular interest given its mechanism of action, its benefits in early trials and its relatively low side effects burden. This viewpoint outlines a number of key issues that remain to be elucidated about its potential use in the clinical environment, including clarification of the profile of people most likely to benefit and those who might experience adverse effects, longer-term outcomes and the role of psychotherapeutic input alongside the drug itself. There are also opportunities to understand better, the neurobiology underpinning its effects.", "journal": "Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-11-21", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0004867419888575", "pubmed_id": "31752499", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419888575", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Depression (economics), Adverse effect, Psychiatry, Underpinning, Action (physics), Medicine, Pharmacology, Macroeconomics, Engineering, Civil engineering, Physics, Economics, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2989680519\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2989680519\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W40040914\",\"https://openalex.org/W1580029690\",\"https://openalex.org/W1582943257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1877874306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011221060\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072015756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104320372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107376791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112074033\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134189152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2551187611\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605178562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2796940952\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2889504249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2891291514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913227533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2921561928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2944263526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2945519735\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4386638047\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033945101\",\"display_name\":\"Sally Meikle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-141X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030212190\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Liknaitzky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-2263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073606057\",\"display_name\":\"Susan L. Rossell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101561809\",\"display_name\":\"Margaret Ross\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3368-6614\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044554133\",\"display_name\":\"Nigel Strauss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058530050\",\"display_name\":\"Neil Thomas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-6361\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082946700\",\"display_name\":\"Greg Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-5603\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010417984\",\"display_name\":\"M.L. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-3008\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052884442\",\"display_name\":\"David Castle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-1580\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S179943861\",\"source_display_name\":\"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419888575\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2989680519" }, { "id": 2307, "title": "Simultaneous Production of Psilocybin and a Cocktail of β-Carboline Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in “Magic” Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "simultaneous production of psilocybin and a cocktail of β carboline monoamine oxidase inhibitors in magic mushrooms", "authors": "Felix Blei, Sebastian Dörner, Janis Fricke, Florian Baldeweg, Felix Trottmann, Anna J. Komor, Florian Meyer, Christian Hertweck, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Abstract The psychotropic effects of Psilocybe “magic” mushrooms are caused by the l -tryptophan-derived alkaloid psilocybin. Despite their significance, the secondary metabolome of these fungi is poorly understood in general. Our analysis of four Psilocybe species identified harmane, harmine, and a range of other l -tryptophan-derived β-carbolines as their natural products, which was confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Stable-isotope labeling with 13 C11 - l -tryptophan verified the β-carbolines as biosynthetic products of these fungi. In addition, MALDI-MS imaging showed that β-carbolines accumulate toward the hyphal apices. As potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidases, β-carbolines are neuroactive compounds and interfere with psilocybin degradation. Therefore, our findings represent an unprecedented scenario of natural product pathways that diverge from the same building block and produce dissimilar compounds, yet contribute directly or indirectly to the same pharmacological effects.", "journal": "Chemistry - A European Journal", "publication_date": "2019-11-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/chem.201904363", "pubmed_id": "31729089", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904363", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Harmine, Monoamine oxidase, Chemistry, Alkaloid, Natural product, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Biochemistry, Tryptophan, Stereochemistry, Biology, Enzyme, Pharmacology, Serotonin, Hallucinogen, Receptor, Amino acid, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":11,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":78,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W576283900\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978147611\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984117453\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992988465\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012142575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016574995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018061252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020353075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020948394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030586524\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039389767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049008941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055080577\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070174150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075967837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091202577\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101808966\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2313073065\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332805685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398867243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2736681034\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2748593001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753941774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775417640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2810710828\",\"https://openalex.org/W2884828036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2885449523\",\"https://openalex.org/W2948000230\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949965849\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088811388\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Blei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3190-8684\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027539660\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Dörner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051072915\",\"display_name\":\"Florian Baldeweg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003092397\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Trottmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2587-7293\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030005124\",\"display_name\":\"Anna J. Komor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-4233\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108803597\",\"display_name\":\"Florian Meyer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066230640\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Hertweck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-337X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S68911691\",\"source_display_name\":\"Chemistry - A European Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904363\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2983552824" }, { "id": 2323, "title": "Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat", "normalized_title": "characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat", "authors": "Lukasz Smigielski, Michael Kometer, Milan Scheidegger, Rainer Krähenmann, Theo Huber, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "Meditation and psychedelics have played key roles in humankind's search for self-transcendence and personal change. However, neither their possible synergistic effects, nor related state and trait predictors have been experimentally studied. To elucidate these issues, we administered double-blind the model psychedelic drug psilocybin (315 μg/kg PO) or placebo to meditators (n = 39) during a 5-day mindfulness group retreat. Psilocybin increased meditation depth and incidence of positively experienced self-dissolution along the perception-hallucination continuum, without concomitant anxiety. Openness, optimism, and emotional reappraisal were predictors of the acute response. Compared with placebo, psilocybin enhanced post-intervention mindfulness and produced larger positive changes in psychosocial functioning at a 4-month follow-up, which were corroborated by external ratings, and associated with magnitude of acute self-dissolution experience. Meditation seems to enhance psilocybin's positive effects while counteracting possible dysphoric responses. These findings highlight the interactions between non-pharmacological and pharmacological factors, and the role of emotion/attention regulation in shaping the experiential quality of psychedelic states, as well as the experience of selflessness as a modulator of behavior and attitudes. A better comprehension of mechanisms underlying most beneficial psychedelic experiences may guide therapeutic interventions across numerous mental conditions in the form of psychedelic-assisted applications.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2019-10-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3", "pubmed_id": "31649304", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Mindfulness, Psychology, Meditation, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Placebo, Psychological intervention, Psychiatry, Medicine, Pathology, Theology, Philosophy, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":174,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W87431409\",\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W1580905096\",\"https://openalex.org/W1585748582\",\"https://openalex.org/W1595412181\",\"https://openalex.org/W1766767637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1804384498\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966592369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968914365\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970318334\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996537012\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000014323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005022581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026267776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027109141\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035400281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045106859\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052450807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053406116\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065164655\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070124482\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071559616\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077686642\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078848640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080120082\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088864916\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093540347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096249407\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098331648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108817006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114731875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116546856\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117955819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123349511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124126925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144241704\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144962897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146646200\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146848268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152264416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154459716\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173679640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2197186185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2325207359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341748123\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412554478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412704513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2416804157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2439685582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2501344434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2526764269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537027964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2557193826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2612914912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2623228771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2733703624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738112257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762822955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2808301300\",\"https://openalex.org/W2857478301\",\"https://openalex.org/W2892061340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2995037870\",\"https://openalex.org/W3124410800\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235918804\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235959379\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239618035\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249610630\",\"https://openalex.org/W4252855288\",\"https://openalex.org/W4256594762\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082806271\",\"display_name\":\"Lukasz Smigielski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050503083\",\"display_name\":\"Milan Scheidegger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-2208\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113153562\",\"display_name\":\"Rainer Krähenmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065724982\",\"display_name\":\"Theo Huber\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2981695213" }, { "id": 3918, "title": "Modified E. coli pump out psilocybin", "normalized_title": "modified e coli pump out psilocybin", "authors": "Megha Satyanarayana", "abstract": "A team of researchers has turned Escherichia coli into tiny bioreactors that can manufacture large amounts of psilocybin, the ingredient in magic mushrooms that leads to their psychoactive effects (Metab. Eng. 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.009). With the compound in clinical trials for treating depression and other brain diseases, says J. Andrew Jones, the Miami University chemical engineer who led the work, scaled-up manufacturing processes may soon be needed to meet consumer demand. Scientists discovered psilocybin decades ago, but the enzymatic pathway that fungi use to make the molecule wasn’t described until 2017. That synthesis, scientists found, starts with a tryptophan-based compound and ends with a phosphorylated product. The phosphate on psilocybin is unstable, however, and in the human body, it’s stripped to make psilocin, which can cross the blood-brain barrier, Jones says. So getting that phosphate onto psilocybin is challenging with synthetic methods, he says, but “biology is good at adding", "journal": "C&EN Global Enterprise", "publication_date": "2019-10-06", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Computer science, Chemistry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981873322\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981873322\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":14,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103057976\",\"display_name\":\"Megha Satyanarayana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3741-9744\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210177211\",\"source_display_name\":\"C&EN Global Enterprise\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2981873322" }, { "id": 3504, "title": "Measurement of Persisting Changes in Emotional Brain Functioning Produced by Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "measurement of persisting changes in emotional brain functioning produced by psilocybin", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The proposed pilot study will assess whether ingestion of a classic hallucinogen (psilocybin) leads to changes in emotion processing and neural circuitry that may predict repeated self-administration of this drug and underlie an atypical mechanism of abuse liability, which may vitally contribute to the understanding of the potential for abuse and the underlying mechanisms supporting abuse of classic hallucinogens.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2019-09-09", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02971605", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02971605\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3287, "title": "Psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice", "authors": "Grandjean J, Buehlmann D, Buerge M, Sigrist H, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Pryce CR, Rudin M.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic agents have been proposed as potent antidepressants; this includes the serotonin (5-HT) receptor 2A agonist psilocybin. In human subjects, psilocybin alters functional connectivity (FC) within the default-mode network (DMN), a constellation of inter-connected regions that is involved in self-reference and displays altered FC in depressive disorders. In this study we investigated the effects of psilocybin on FC in the analogue of the DMN in mouse, with a view to establishing an experimental animal model to investigate underlying mechanisms. Psilocybin effects were investigated in lightly-anaesthetized mice using resting-state fMRI. Dual-regression analysis identified reduced FC within the ventral striatum in psilocybin-relative to vehicle-treated mice. Refinement of the analysis using spatial references derived from both gene expression maps and viral tracer projection fields revealed two distinct effects of psilocybin: it increased FC between 5-HT-associated networks and elements of the murine DMN, thalamus, and midbrain; it decreased FC within dopamine (DA)-associated striatal networks. These results suggest that interaction between 5-HT- and DA-regulated neural networks contributes to the neural and therefore psychological effects of psilocybin. Furthermore, they highlight how information on molecular expression patterns and structural connectivity can assist in the interpretation of pharmaco-fMRI findings.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/751255", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/751255", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR90802\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3583, "title": "A Randomised, Balanced, Double-blind Two-way Crossover Design Study to Evaluate the Effects of SRC Kinase Inhibitor, Saracatinib, on Brain Activity Associated With Visual Processing in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Psychosis.", "normalized_title": "a randomised balanced double blind two way crossover design study to evaluate the effects of src kinase inhibitor saracatinib on brain activity associated with visual processing in patients with parkinson s disease psychosis", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "Parkinson's disease is often characterised by movement symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia, however, there are a number of non-motor symptoms that can have a significant impact on quality of life. One of the most common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease is visual hallucinations (where someone sees things that don't exist outside their mind).. Recent findings led to the approval of a drug called Pimavanserin as a treatment for PD psychosis in the USA. Based on other recent studies, we believe that Saracatinib, a drug that interacts within the same system as Pimavanserin, is a potential treatment for PD psychosis. Saracatinib has shown to reduce the intensity of the psychedelic effect induced by psilocybin (a naturally occurring psychedelic found in psilocybe mushrooms) and attenuate social cognition and brain changes in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to test the effects of 14 days dosing of saracatinib or placebo on 30 volunteers with PD psychosis. We aim to to use neuroimaging combined with psychopharmacology to provide evidence that a putative new treatment approach can modulate abnormal visual cortex activation in patients with PD psychosis. If positive, this proof of mechanism study would provide a strong platform to pursue symptom modification studies with Saracatinib. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition which has a 1% prevalence in the over 60s and also affects young adults. As well as motor symptoms such as akinesia or rigidity, many patients also experience non-motor symptoms of which psychosis is the most common (Chang and Fox, 2016). Current treatments for Parkinson's disease psychosis include atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine, clozapine and pimavanserin (a 5-HT2a inverse agonist). Pimavanserin has recently been approved in the USA as a PD psychosis treatment; it has been shown to have an overall effect on reducing hallucinations as a whole, but not on visual hallucinations specifically. Functional neuroimaging evidence confirms dysfunctional ventral visual pathway activity in PD psychosis with altered metabolism, blood flow and brain activation following visual stimulation (Chang and Fox, 2016). Outside of the ventral visual pathways, two imaging studies in PD patients with visual hallucinations have shown altered connectivity within the default mode network, a brain system implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, pointing to more widespread abnormalities (Chang and Fox, 2016). Structural imaging studies show some atrophy within the ventral visual pathways, but also implicates brain regions outside of visual processing areas, including parietal, frontal, and cerebellar and hippocampal regions (Ffytche et al., 2017). Moreover, even though the serotoninergic dysfunction underpinning Parkinson's disease psychosis is not fully understood, animal studies with psychedelics have pointed to the dimerisation of the 5-HT2A and mGlu2 receptors and the over recruitment of specific downstream signalling pathways. Src kinase inhibition is a potential mechanism for blocking the hallucinogenic effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism. Src kinase inhibitor, Saracatinib, has shown to reduce the intensity of the psychedelic effect induced by psilocybin (a naturally occurring psychedelic found in psilocybe mushrooms (Byock, 2018)) and attenuate social cognition and brain changes in healthy volunteers. We will test the effects of Saracatinib on brain activity associated with visual processing using a visual processing task, known to be sensitive to 5-HT2a receptor stimulation in previous studies with psilocybin (Carter et al., 2004), and a visual recognition task (Meppelink et al., 2009) with known sensitivity to PD psychosis, both scanned using the latest implementation of multi-echo blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We aim to conduct a double-blind crossover design study, looking at the effects of Saracatinib and placebo treatment on 26 patients who have PD with psychosis. Existing data shows that 10 days of dosing with Saracatinib will achieve a steady state level that is known to be well tolerated in people with Alzheimer's disease (Nygaard et al., 2015). Therefore, participants will be given an oral dose of 100mg of Saracatinib or placebo as two 50mg tablets to be taken once daily for 14 days. Participants will return to the clinic on day 14 for their final dose of Saracatinib or placebo, fMRI and EEG scans, cognitive assessments, physical examination and blood screen. The participants will then move onto the second treatment arm where they will receive a further 14 days of dosing with saracatinib or placebo depending on the group they were in for the first treatment arm. There will be a minimum 2-week washout between treatment arms to avoid potential carry over effects.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2019-08-12", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03661125", "keywords": "Parkinson Disease Psychosis, Saracatinib, Placebo Oral Tablet, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03661125\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3406, "title": "Decreased Directed Functional Connectivity in the Psychedelic State", "normalized_title": "decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state", "authors": "Barnett L, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Seth AK.", "abstract": "Neuroimaging studies of the psychedelic state offer a unique window onto the neural basis of conscious perception and selfhood. Despite well understood pharmacological mechanisms of action, the large-scale changes in neural dynamics induced by psychedelic compounds remain poorly understood. Using source-localised, steady-state MEG recordings, we describe changes in functional connectivity following the controlled administration of LSD, psilocybin and low-dose ketamine, as well as, for comparison, the (non-psychedelic) anticonvulsant drug tiagabine. We compare both undirected and directed measures of functional connectivity between placebo and drug conditions. We observe a general decrease in directed functional connectivity for all three psychedelics, as measured by Granger causality, throughout the brain. These data support the view that the psychedelic state involves a breakdown in patterns of functional organisation or information flow in the brain. In the case of LSD, the decrease in directed functional connectivity is coupled with an increase in undirected functional connectivity, which we measure using correlation and coherence. This surprising opposite movement of directed and undirected measures is of more general interest for functional connectivity analyses, which we interpret using analytical modelling. Overall, our results uncover the neural dynamics of information flow in the psychedelic state, and highlight the importance of comparing multiple measures of functional connectivity when analysing time-resolved neuroimaging data.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-07-15", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/703660", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/703660", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR85812\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2338, "title": "REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "rebus and the anarchic brain toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ.", "abstract": "This paper formulates the action of psychedelics by integrating the free-energy principle and entropic brain hypothesis. We call this formulation relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) and the anarchic brain, founded on the principle that-via their entropic effect on spontaneous cortical activity-psychedelics work to relax the precision of high-level priors or beliefs, thereby liberating bottom-up information flow, particularly via intrinsic sources such as the limbic system. We assemble evidence for this model and show how it can explain a broad range of phenomena associated with the psychedelic experience. With regard to their potential therapeutic use, we propose that psychedelics work to relax the precision weighting of pathologically overweighted priors underpinning various expressions of mental illness. We propose that this process entails an increased sensitization of high-level priors to bottom-up signaling (stemming from intrinsic sources), and that this heightened sensitivity enables the potential revision and deweighting of overweighted priors. We end by discussing further implications of the model, such as that psychedelics can bring about the revision of other heavily weighted high-level priors, not directly related to mental health, such as those underlying partisan and/or overly-confident political, religious, and/or philosophical perspectives. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelics are capturing interest, with efforts underway to bring psilocybin therapy to marketing authorisation and legal access within a decade, spearheaded by the findings of a series of phase 2 trials. In this climate, a compelling unified model of how psychedelics alter brain function to alter consciousness would have appeal. Towards this end, we have sought to integrate a leading model of global brain function, hierarchical predictive coding, with an often-cited model of the acute action of psychedelics, the entropic brain hypothesis. The resulting synthesis states that psychedelics work to relax high-level priors, sensitising them to liberated bottom-up information flow, which, with the right intention, care provision and context, can help guide and cultivate the revision of entrenched pathological priors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-06-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1124/pr.118.017160", "pubmed_id": "31221820", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Models, Neurological, Culture", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31221820\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2987, "title": "Rapid-acting antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressants", "authors": "Witkin JM, Martin AE, Golani LK, Xu NZ, Smith JL.", "abstract": "Conventional antidepressants (biogenic amine mechanisms) are not fully efficacious (e.g., symptoms remain after treatment, not all patients respond), produce effects only after weeks of daily dosing, and do not impact all disease symptoms. In contrast, a new class of antidepressants has been emerging since 2006 that has demonstrated rapid onset, large effect size, activity after only a single or few dose applications, and positive impact in treatment refractory patients and against some treatment-resistant symptoms (e.g., anhedonia). Rapid-acting antidepressant drug action has been demonstrated in controlled clinical studies for ketamine, a few other NMDA receptor antagonists, and scopolamine. Less clinical data are currently available for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca. The mechanisms of action of rapid-acting antidepressants are not fully understood. However, a general triggering mechanism appears to involve the potentiation of AMPA receptor function. Although the durability of antidepressant effects of ketamine and scopolamine is limited, psychedelic drugs have been reported to produce effects for many months. The primary impediment to generating a medicine of this type for depressed patients is side effects and the lack of methods to ensure enduring antidepressant effects. Thus, further exploration of drug possibilities continues. Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) was recently FDA approved. Compounds currently in clinical development include the NMDA receptor antagonist (R)-ketamine, the NMDA receptor modulator, GLYX-13 (Rapastinel), and the AMPA receptor potentiator TAK-653. Additional pharmacological classes have produced effects in the preclinical laboratory to suggest their potential as rapid-acting agents. These include mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor potentiators, and negative allosteric modulators of GABAA(α5) receptors. In all cases, molecules exist that could be used to provide clinical proof of concept testing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-04-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002", "pubmed_id": "31378256", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptors, Muscarinic, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Muscarinic Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31378256\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3958, "title": "THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF PSILOCYBIN: In Relation to Depression", "normalized_title": "the potential therapeutic value of psilocybin in relation to depression", "authors": "Isabella Stendahl", "abstract": "Depression is one of the most disabling and prevalent mental disorders, which causes excessive feelings of sadness and despair. Unfortunately, there are a substantial number of patients that do not respond well to conventional interventions and new approaches are therefore needed. Recent studies have revealed that psilocybin can effectively reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, particularly when combined with psychological support. It has been further suggested that psilocybin can reduce symptoms of alcohol abuse, cluster headaches and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results have shown that psilocybin can give long-lasting beneficial changes in mood, behavior, values, and attitudes. Psilocybin enables creative thinking and increases emotional access, which seems suitable for therapeutic implications. Neuroimaging studies have shown that psilocybin alters similar neural networks to those in depressed patients, in particular: the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala. The mechanisms behind the clinical improvements are still poorly understood. Using psilocybin for clinical purposes is controversial since it is categorized as a Schedule I substance, although the drug is not physically addictive nor harmful and has low abuse potential. Recent studies have demonstrated that psilocybin has clinical potential and is safe to use in supervised settings.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17749", "keywords": "Sadness, Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Feeling, Psychology, Psychiatry, Value (mathematics), Psychotherapist, Social psychology, Anger, Hallucinogen, Machine learning, Computer science, Economics, Macroeconomics, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3045370936\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3045370936\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074954941\",\"display_name\":\"Isabella Stendahl\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17749\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3045370936" }, { "id": 2367, "title": "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of peyote and mescaline clinical and forensic repercussions", "authors": "Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD.", "abstract": "BackgroundMescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood.ObjectivesThis article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response.MethodsMescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed.ResultsAlthough its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported.ConclusionMost reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.2174/1874467211666181010154139", "pubmed_id": "30318013", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Cactaceae, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Forensic Medicine, Tissue Distribution, Intestinal Absorption", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30318013\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Adolescents,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2347, "title": "Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics an integrative review of epidemiology therapeutics mystical experience and brain network function", "authors": "Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrative review and offer novel insights regarding human research with classic psychedelics (classic hallucinogens), which are serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Classic psychedelics have been administered as sacraments since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s to 1960s, and during this time contributed to the emergence of the field of molecular neuroscience. Promising results were reported for treatment of both end-of-life psychological distress and addiction, and classic psychedelics served as tools for studying the neurobiological bases of psychological disorders. Moreover, classic psychedelics were shown to occasion mystical experiences, which are subjective experiences reported throughout different cultures and religions involving a strong sense of unity, among other characteristics. However, the recreational use of classic psychedelics and their association with the counterculture prompted an end to human research with classic psychedelics in the early 1970s. We provide the most comprehensive review of epidemiological studies of classic psychedelics to date. Notable among these are a number of studies that have suggested the possibility that nonmedical naturalistic (non-laboratory) use of classic psychedelics is associated with positive mental health and prosocial outcomes, although it is clear that some individuals are harmed by classic psychedelics in non-supervised settings. We then review recent therapeutic studies suggesting efficacy in treating psychological distress associated with life-threatening diseases, treating depression, and treating nicotine and alcohol addictions. We also describe the construct of mystical experience, and provide a comprehensive review of modern studies investigating classic psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences and their consequences. These studies have shown classic psychedelics to fairly reliably occasion mystical experiences. Moreover, classic-psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences are associated with improved psychological outcomes in both healthy volunteer and patient populations. Finally, we review neuroimaging studies that suggest neurobiological mechanisms of classic psychedelics. These studies have also broadened our understanding of the brain, the serotonin system, and the neurobiological basis of consciousness. Overall, these various lines of research suggest that classic psychedelics might hold strong potential as therapeutics, and as tools for experimentally investigating mystical experiences and behavioral-brain function more generally.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "pubmed_id": "30521880", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mysticism, Epidemiological Monitoring", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30521880\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2372, "title": "The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug.", "normalized_title": "the neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations serotonin 2a activation and a novel therapeutic drug", "authors": "Jalal B.", "abstract": "Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny \"ghost-like\" hallucinations and extreme fear reactions. I provide here a neuropharmacological account for these hallucinatory experiences by evoking the role of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Research has shown that 5-HT2AR activation can induce visual hallucinations, \"mystical\" subjective states, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and modulate fear circuits. Hallucinatory experiences triggered by serotonin-serotonergic (\"pseudo\") hallucinations, induced by hallucinogenic drugs-tend to be \"dream-like\" with the experiencer having insight (\"meta-awareness\") that he is hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic (\"psychotic\" and \"life-like\") hallucinations where such insight is lost. Indeed, hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis have the classic features of serotonergic hallucinations, and are strikingly similar to perceptual and subjective states induced by hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin), i.e., they entail visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, OBEs, and extreme fear reactions. I propose a possible mechanism whereby serotonin could be functionally implicated in generating sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions through 5-HT2AR activity. Moreover, I speculate on the role of 5-HT2C receptors vis-à-vis anxiety and panic during sleep paralysis, and the orbitofrontal cortex-rich with 5-HT2A receptors-in influencing visual pathways during sleep paralysis, and, in effect, hallucinations. Finally, I propose, for the first time, a drug to target sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions, namely the selective 5-HT2AR inverse agonist, pimavanserin. This account implicates gene HTR2A on chromosome 13q as the underlying cause of sleep paralysis hallucinations and could be explored using positron emission tomography.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1", "pubmed_id": "30288594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Sleep Paralysis, Dopamine, Serotonin, Urea, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Sleep, Neuropharmacology, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30288594\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2379, "title": "Iterative l-Tryptophan Methylation in Psilocybe Evolved by Subdomain Duplication.", "normalized_title": "iterative l tryptophan methylation in psilocybe evolved by subdomain duplication", "authors": "Blei F, Fricke J, Wick J, Slot JC, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybe mushrooms are best known for their l-tryptophan-derived psychotropic alkaloid psilocybin. Dimethylation of norbaeocystin, the precursor of psilocybin, by the enzyme PsiM is a critical step during the biosynthesis of psilocybin. However, the \"magic\" mushroom Psilocybe serbica also mono- and dimethylates l-tryptophan, which is incompatible with the specificity of PsiM. Here, a second methyltransferase, TrpM, was identified and functionally characterized. Mono- and dimethylation activity on l-tryptophan was reconstituted in vitro, whereas tryptamine was rejected as a substrate. Therefore, we describe a second l-tryptophan-dependent pathway in Psilocybe that is not part of the biosynthesis of psilocybin. TrpM is unrelated to PsiM but originates from a retained ancient duplication event of a portion of the egtDB gene that encodes an ergothioneine biosynthesis enzyme. During mushroom evolution, this duplicated gene was widely lost but re-evolved sporadically and independently in various genera. We propose a new secondary metabolism evolvability mechanism, in which weakly selected genes are retained through preservation in a widely distributed, conserved pathway.", "journal": "ChemBioChem", "publication_date": "2018-10-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.201800336", "pubmed_id": "30098085", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800336", "keywords": "Tryptamines, Methyltransferases, Tryptophan, Evolution, Molecular, Substrate Specificity, Methylation, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:39", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30098085\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2885449523\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2885449523\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":30,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1599207401\",\"https://openalex.org/W1903260451\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965381930\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991949941\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992140809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014479174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015375628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031611770\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035055074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038290169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042374413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057174717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064227891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115888213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118970397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124351063\",\"https://openalex.org/W2128635872\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140682278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141052558\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151831732\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153544371\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158714788\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160378127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165876708\",\"https://openalex.org/W2195958526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2277953252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2495417651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2748593001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2775417640\",\"https://openalex.org/W2801007779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2802656036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2949965849\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229487902\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293247451\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088811388\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Blei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3190-8684\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026941467\",\"display_name\":\"Jonas Wick\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053454511\",\"display_name\":\"Jason C. Slot\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6731-3405\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S154285657\",\"source_display_name\":\"ChemBioChem\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800336\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2885449523" }, { "id": 2433, "title": "d-Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and other classic hallucinogens: Mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications in mood disorders.", "normalized_title": "d lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and other classic hallucinogens mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications in mood disorders", "authors": "De Gregorio D, Enns JP, Nuñez NA, Posa L, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Depression and anxiety are psychiatric diagnoses commonly associated with low quality of life and low percentage of responsiveness by patients treated with currently available drugs. Thus, research into alternative compounds to treat these disorders is essential to guarantee a patient's remission. The last decade has witnessed a revamped interest for the application of psychedelic medicine for the treatment of mental disorders due to anecdotal reports and clinical studies which show that low doses of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin may have antidepressant effects. LSD and psilocybin have demonstrated mood-modulating properties likely due to their capacity to modulate serotonergic (5-HT), dopaminergic (DA) and glutamatergic systems. LSD, belonging to the category of \"classic halluginogens,\" interacts with the 5-HT system through 5HT1A, and 5HT2A receptors, with the DA system through D2 receptors, and indirectly also the glutamatergic neurotransmission thought the recruitment of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Randomized clinical studies have confirmed its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in humans. Thus, in this chapter, we will review the pharmacology of psychedelic drugs, report the most striking clinical evidence which substantiate the therapeutic potentials of these fascinating compounds in mood disorders, and look into the horizon of where psychedelic medicine is heading.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-30", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008", "pubmed_id": "30471683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30471683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2395, "title": "Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as anti inflammatory agents", "authors": "Flanagan TW, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)2A receptor agonists have recently emerged as promising new treatment options for a variety of disorders. The recent success of these agonists, also known as psychedelics, like psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and addiction, has ushered in a renaissance in the way these compounds are perceived in the medical community and populace at large. One emerging therapeutic area that holds significant promise is their use as anti-inflammatory agents. Activation of 5-HT2A receptors produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of human inflammatory disorders at sub-behavioural levels. This review discusses the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in the inflammatory response, as well as highlight studies using the 5-HT2A agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] to treat inflammation in cellular and animal models. It also examines potential mechanisms by which 5-HT2A agonists produce their therapeutic effects. Overall, psychedelics regulate inflammatory pathways via novel mechanisms, and may represent a new and exciting treatment strategy for several inflammatory disorders.", "journal": "International Review of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2018-08-12", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827", "pubmed_id": "30102081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Amphetamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2886249511\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":261,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W113943150\",\"https://openalex.org/W282097497\",\"https://openalex.org/W1483881410\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498061816\",\"https://openalex.org/W1533266221\",\"https://openalex.org/W1635746382\",\"https://openalex.org/W1643307304\",\"https://openalex.org/W1821528780\",\"https://openalex.org/W1836548413\",\"https://openalex.org/W1846163860\",\"https://openalex.org/W1922605075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1928870799\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965303778\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968682237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969347973\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971618488\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975022088\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978142623\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978663882\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980126241\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981652415\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981945027\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983045415\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983263255\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983633220\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983814298\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984266898\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985972305\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988597558\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990141563\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991029061\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992080822\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992360391\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993226714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993608941\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994232747\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995089537\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995284842\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998274141\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000655486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002131365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004428166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005405042\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009231298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009987865\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011312787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013576699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014964627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015376899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015442311\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015543304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016516315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017103866\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022061759\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026418899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026444780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026612602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028503965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028798936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029819292\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031084334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032409964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038479423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038940414\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039836319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040535648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041442022\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043788707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044595141\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045076787\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047622007\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048213004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050216216\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051692635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059428590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075764782\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076423355\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080308963\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084925375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087055962\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088684629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091528520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092110894\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094189191\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095329894\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096428863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097086441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099722677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100795125\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105352615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109014958\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114587449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116531862\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117575931\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121161301\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121473111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123815872\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124073673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126146844\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131131671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134254908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137404075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138325877\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144702807\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146578632\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148652399\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149963584\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153853866\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155578222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159358298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160203886\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161826873\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168779696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170931676\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171912603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2174034699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2304131176\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315561580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341757648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398117252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408463391\",\"https://openalex.org/W2410331571\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413925195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2469169783\",\"https://openalex.org/W2476234894\",\"https://openalex.org/W2514363696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2547918114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2728001011\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738971267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741191097\",\"https://openalex.org/W2746558379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2755283369\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757917284\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2766726816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798640434\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211248987\",\"https://openalex.org/W4242520976\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254570903\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254982405\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255564469\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062641633\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas W. Flanagan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136737876\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Review of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2886249511" }, { "id": 2392, "title": "Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "awe a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Hendricks PS", "abstract": "A psychological model of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy informed by contemporary scientific data is presented in this paper. It is suggested that classic psychedelic-occasioned mystical experience is characterized by profound awe, a discrete emotion experienced in the presence of a vast stimulus requiring accommodation of mental structures. Awe, in turn, promotes the small self, a construct that, in the extreme, is analogous to those of unitive experience and ego dissolution. The small self is conceptualized as key to understanding the downstream effects of mystical experience occasioned in the context of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. With this novel theoretical framework in mind, a number of clinical implications and recommendations are provided so as to advance this incipient field of study.", "journal": "International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2018-07-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1474185", "pubmed_id": "30260256", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30260256/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, awe, mechanisms of change, psilocybin, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30260256\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3386, "title": "Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens", "normalized_title": "psychoactive plant and mushroom associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens", "authors": "Boyce GR, Gluck-Thaler E, Slot JC, Stajich JE, Davis WJ, James TY, Cooley JR, Panaccione DG, Eilenberg J, Licht HHDF, Macias AM, Berger MC, Wickert KL, Stauder CM, Spahr EJ, Maust MD, Metheny AM, Simon C, Kritsky G, Hodge KT, Humber RA, Gullion T, Short DPG, Kijimoto T, Mozgai D, Arguedas N, Kasson MT.", "abstract": "Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but select species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics and metabolomics studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses, yet mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive. Here we report the discovery, through metabolomics, of the plant-associated amphetamine, cathinone, in four Massospora cicadina -infected periodical cicada populations, and the mushroom-associated tryptamine, psilocybin, in annual cicadas infected with Massospora platypediae or Massospora levispora, which appear to represent a single fungal species. The absence of some fungal enzymes necessary for cathinone and psilocybin biosynthesis along with the inability to detect intermediate metabolites or gene orthologs are consistent with possibly novel biosynthesis pathways in Massospora. The neurogenic activities of these compounds suggest the extended phenotype of Massospora that modifies cicada behavior to maximize dissemination is chemically-induced.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2018-07-23", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1101/375105", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/375105", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR45797\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Transcriptomics,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2402, "title": "Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation qualitative analysis of participant accounts", "authors": "Noorani T, Garcia-Romeu A, Swift TC, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent pilot trials suggest feasibility and potential efficacy of psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment interventions. Fifteen participants completed a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation pilot study between 2009 and 2015.AimsThe aims of this study were as follows: (1) to identify perceived mechanisms of change leading to smoking cessation in the pilot study; (2) to identify key themes in participant experiences and long-term outcomes to better understand the therapeutic process.MethodsParticipants were invited to a retrospective follow-up interview an average of 30 months after initial psilocybin sessions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 of the 15 participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants reported gaining vivid insights into self-identity and reasons for smoking from their psilocybin sessions. Experiences of interconnectedness, awe, and curiosity persisted beyond the duration of acute drug effects. Participants emphasised that the content of psilocybin experiences overshadowed any short-term withdrawal symptoms. Preparatory counselling, strong rapport with the study team, and a sense of momentum once engaged in the study treatment were perceived as vital additional factors in achieving abstinence. In addition, participants reported a range of persisting positive changes beyond smoking cessation, including increased aesthetic appreciation, altruism, and pro-social behaviour.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the value of qualitative research in the psychopharmacological investigation of psychedelics. They describe perceived connections between drug- and non-drug factors, and provide suggestions for future research trial design and clinical applications.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-06-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118780612", "pubmed_id": "29938565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Interviews as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29938565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2809850625\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":284,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W605446962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1492283962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975879668\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990140024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996143523\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012159028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018267671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020765068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043319570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053154970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063085086\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078129420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088785539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110701839\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116852450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139280107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141348739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145615919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160134066\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312874651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2427846517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W2506717582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W3026821888\",\"https://openalex.org/W3147372180\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235975748\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004186550\",\"display_name\":\"Tehseen Noorani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4185-0218\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002580794\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Cody Swift\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2809850625" }, { "id": 2374, "title": "Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure", "authors": "Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, MacLean K, Kaelen M, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD).MethodTwenty patients with moderate or severe, unipolar, TRD received oral psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, one week apart) in a supportive setting. Personality was assessed at baseline and at 3-month follow-up using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), the subjective psilocybin experience with Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) scale, and depressive symptoms with QIDS-SR16.ResultsNeuroticism scores significantly decreased while Extraversion increased following psilocybin therapy. These changes were in the direction of the normative NEO-PI-R data and were both predicted, in an exploratory analysis, by the degree of insightfulness experienced during the psilocybin session. Openness scores also significantly increased following psilocybin, whereas Conscientiousness showed trend-level increases, and Agreeableness did not change.ConclusionOur observation of changes in personality measures after psilocybin therapy was mostly consistent with reports of personality change in relation to conventional antidepressant treatment, although the pronounced increases in Extraversion and Openness might constitute an effect more specific to psychedelic therapy. This needs further exploration in future controlled studies, as do the brain mechanisms of postpsychedelic personality change.", "journal": "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica", "publication_date": "2018-06-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1111/acps.12904", "pubmed_id": "29923178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12904", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Personality, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29923178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":268,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W606553535\",\"https://openalex.org/W1503049217\",\"https://openalex.org/W1589221672\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971459727\",\"https://openalex.org/W1977240000\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980375822\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990644324\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991604982\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000909913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008525776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018277166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025604131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040661201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051521144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058805315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059819102\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065217375\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068198479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081793457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092115693\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095643440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104811266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123750279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126990876\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137597447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137785404\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140018908\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146140851\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149402043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155054485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2172124190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181560023\",\"https://openalex.org/W2266766602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319511153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333901870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412432222\",\"https://openalex.org/W2492489237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2519170540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2567179506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2568037688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582927459\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589071607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608583841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2657342869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2716623847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2744933359\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2756069429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2767530231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2782003333\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784069100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2784860341\",\"https://openalex.org/W2792444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2807534705\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301064750\",\"https://openalex.org/W6635244525\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073964938\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew M. Nour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-6184\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110383308\",\"display_name\":\"Keir Maclean\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113636502\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S199498439\",\"source_display_name\":\"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12904\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Personality Change,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2807534705" }, { "id": 2383, "title": "Psychedelics and Personality.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and personality", "authors": "Aixalà M, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC, Bouso JC.", "abstract": "In the past decade, an increasing number of clinical trials are reporting evidence that psychedelics or serotonergic hallucinogens (such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and ayahuasca/dimethyltryptamine) could be effective in the treatment of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The mechanisms responsible for these effects are not fully understood but seem to involve changes in bran dynamics in areas rich in serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and in personality. In the present text, we present a brief and critical overview of the current research in this field, pointing out both promises and limitations of these studies.", "journal": "ACS Chemical Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2018-06-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00237", "pubmed_id": "29863323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00237", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Plant Preparations, Personality, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29863323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2805186158\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2805186158\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2325558246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2546678366\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757295924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2790959730\",\"https://openalex.org/W2952169207\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084562532\",\"display_name\":\"Marc Aixalà\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058075680\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael G. dos Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-4745\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102785969\",\"display_name\":\"Jaime E. C. Hallak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-0189\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032347558\",\"display_name\":\"José Carlos Bouso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-9407\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S180465690\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Chemical Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00237\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2805186158" }, { "id": 2410, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA reduce costly punishment in the Ultimatum Game.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma reduce costly punishment in the ultimatum game", "authors": "Gabay AS, Carhart-Harris RL, Mazibuko N, Kempton MJ, Morrison PD, Nutt DJ, Mehta MA.", "abstract": "Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psychological mechanisms underlying interpersonal interactions, such as the Ultimatum Game (UG). Rejection behaviour in the UG represents altruistic punishment - the costly punishment of norm violators - but the mechanisms underlying it require clarification. To investigate the psychopharmacology of UG behaviour, we carried out two studies with healthy participants, employing serotonergic agonists: psilocybin (open-label, within-participant design, N = 19) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, N = 20). We found that both MDMA and psilocybin reduced rejection of unfair offers (odds ratio: 0.57 and 0.42, respectively). The reduction in rejection rate following MDMA was associated with increased prosociality (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.025). In the MDMA study, we investigated third-party decision-making and proposer behaviour. MDMA did not reduce rejection in the third-party condition, but produced an increase in the amount offered to others (Cohen's d = 0.82). We argue that these compounds altered participants' conceptualisation of 'social reward', placing more emphasis on the direct relationship with interacting partners. With these compounds showing efficacy in drug-assisted psychotherapy, these studies are an important step in the further characterisation of their psychological effects.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2018-05-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2", "pubmed_id": "29844496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Social Behavior, Altruism, Emotions, Interpersonal Relations, Punishment, Reward, Decision Making, Psychopharmacology, Games, Experimental, Socialization, Adult, Middle Aged, Male, Community-Based Participatory Research, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Rejection, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29844496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2806513910\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2806513910\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":38,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1546556888\",\"https://openalex.org/W1600050098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1612167481\",\"https://openalex.org/W1825286732\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966733439\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985112394\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987076450\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992359236\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996714946\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001476380\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011428797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012058098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013498451\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024532043\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033226218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035376227\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037056680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037184398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045443942\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045744884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2046234340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052710610\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058582869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073612520\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076029586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079344098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089149909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090157943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093273763\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102420923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110233917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110775598\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111112265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118919555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121743627\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122307809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127654449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129135549\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131610559\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132011757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143847857\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161335496\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558430488\",\"https://openalex.org/W2604124685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2624901555\",\"https://openalex.org/W2750269398\",\"https://openalex.org/W2753654430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2763021308\",\"https://openalex.org/W3125042683\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248435336\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041603476\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony S. Gabay\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-1046\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007580896\",\"display_name\":\"Ndaba Mazibuko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-2602\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011077117\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew J. Kempton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-9947\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103918701\",\"display_name\":\"Paul D. Morrison\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016544125\",\"display_name\":\"Mitul A. Mehta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-5323\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2806513910" }, { "id": 2404, "title": "Psychedelic use and intimate partner violence: The role of emotion regulation.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use and intimate partner violence the role of emotion regulation", "authors": "Thiessen MS, Walsh Z, Bird BM, Lafrance A.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that psychedelic use predicts reduced perpetration of intimate partner violence among men involved in the criminal justice system. However, the extent to which this association generalizes to community samples has not been examined, and potential mechanisms underlying this association have not been directly explored.AimsThe present study examined the association between lifetime psychedelic use and intimate partner violence among a community sample of men and women. The study also tested the extent to which the associations were mediated by improved emotion regulation.MethodsWe surveyed 1266 community members aged 16-70 (mean age=22.78, standard deviation =7.71) using an online questionnaire that queried substance use, emotional regulation, and intimate partner violence. Respondents were coded as psychedelic users if they reported one or more instance of using lysergic acid diethylamide and/or psilocybin mushrooms in their lifetime. Results/outcomes: Males reporting any experience using lysergic acid diethylamide and/or psilocybin mushrooms had decreased odds of perpetrating physical violence against their current partner (odds ratio=0.42, p", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-05-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118771782", "pubmed_id": "29807492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118771782", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Sex Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Intimate Partner Violence, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29807492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2807286797\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2807286797\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":58,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W173160171\",\"https://openalex.org/W208211972\",\"https://openalex.org/W563138297\",\"https://openalex.org/W648645029\",\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1514273299\",\"https://openalex.org/W1534746683\",\"https://openalex.org/W1548751499\",\"https://openalex.org/W1849190772\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970677133\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972701654\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980063428\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981653230\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983350514\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983959076\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985069877\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996143523\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997161439\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003898298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017039362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023926679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025799918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027505610\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036956513\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037798270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048043118\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058208177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069847213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074503869\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081064950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081810797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086617413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090826913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101403104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104057213\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104300853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110608362\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111101816\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122630860\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124910525\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125887571\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127111588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131806125\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136084133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139084469\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147634556\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155914606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2181040265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2270553246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2337075201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2427846517\",\"https://openalex.org/W2474588055\",\"https://openalex.org/W2530925494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2552814605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2766270028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2897080393\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4247665917\",\"https://openalex.org/W4250806749\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253507931\",\"https://openalex.org/W4293735806\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113739986\",\"display_name\":\"Michelle S. Thiessen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112603217\",\"display_name\":\"Zach Walsh\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091625925\",\"display_name\":\"Brian M. Bird\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0011-7087\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035542356\",\"display_name\":\"Adèle Lafrance\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-7786\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118771782\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2807286797" }, { "id": 2403, "title": "Facile assembly and fluorescence-based screening method for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in fungi.", "normalized_title": "facile assembly and fluorescence based screening method for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in fungi", "authors": "Hoefgen S, Lin J, Fricke J, Stroe MC, Mattern DJ, Kufs JE, Hortschansky P, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D, Valiante V.", "abstract": "Heterologous expression of multi-gene biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotic hosts is limited by highly regulated individual monocistrons. Dissimilar to prokaryotes, each eukaryotic gene is strictly controlled by its own regulatory elements, such as promoter and terminator. Consequently, parallel transcription can occur only when a group of genes is synchronously activated. A strategy to circumvent this limitation is the concerted expression of multiple genes as a polycistron. By exploiting the \"stop-carry on\" mechanism of picornaviruses, we have designed a sophisticated, yet easy-to-assemble vector system to heterologously express multiple genes under the control of a single promoter. For facile selection of correctly transformed colonies by basic fluorescence microscopy, our vector includes a split gene for a fluorescent reporter protein. This method was successfully applied to produce the psychotropic mushroom alkaloid psilocybin in high yields by heterologous expression of the entire biosynthetic gene cluster in the mould Aspergillus nidulans.", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering", "publication_date": "2018-05-25", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.014", "pubmed_id": "29842926", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.014", "keywords": "Aspergillus nidulans, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Genetic Engineering, Gene Expression, Genes, Reporter, Fluorescence, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29842926\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2803234722\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":113,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1517600888\",\"https://openalex.org/W1672766447\",\"https://openalex.org/W1885901017\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972289308\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987405281\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991415074\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993454225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019248292\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022186026\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023545713\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028622989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039210066\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050577168\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051628479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059861223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080576612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082702196\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082800992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083440150\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087063325\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091761710\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092485142\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101667055\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130052699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154524838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159015766\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160898059\",\"https://openalex.org/W2295417131\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341680533\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412094269\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2589139361\",\"https://openalex.org/W2615853094\",\"https://openalex.org/W2741562499\",\"https://openalex.org/W2757701299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2765655243\",\"https://openalex.org/W2787607673\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085545646\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra Hoefgen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-7063\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5100684205\",\"display_name\":\"Jun Lin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5152-6518\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082382763\",\"display_name\":\"María C. Stroe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066478193\",\"display_name\":\"Derek J. Mattern\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051657626\",\"display_name\":\"Johann E. Kufs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1177-2255\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002693297\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Hortschansky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-9054\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054532448\",\"display_name\":\"Axel A. Brakhage\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8814-4193\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023312761\",\"display_name\":\"Vito Valiante\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-169X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173328182\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.014\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2803234722" }, { "id": 2406, "title": "Psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination", "authors": "Grimm O, Kraehenmann R, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest that the antidepressant effects of the psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin are mediated through its modulatory properties on prefrontal and limbic brain regions including the amygdala. To further investigate the effects of psilocybin on emotion processing networks, we studied for the first-time psilocybin's acute effects on amygdala seed-to-voxel connectivity in an event-related face discrimination task in 18 healthy volunteers who received psilocybin and placebo in a double-blind balanced cross-over design. The amygdala has been implicated as a salience detector especially involved in the immediate response to emotional face content. We used beta-series amygdala seed-to-voxel connectivity during an emotional face discrimination task to elucidate the connectivity pattern of the amygdala over the entire brain. When we compared psilocybin to placebo, an increase in reaction time for all three categories of affective stimuli was found. Psilocybin decreased the connectivity between amygdala and the striatum during angry face discrimination. During happy face discrimination, the connectivity between the amygdala and the frontal pole was decreased. No effect was seen during discrimination of fearful faces. Thus, we show psilocybin's effect as a modulator of major connectivity hubs of the amygdala. Psilocybin decreases the connectivity between important nodes linked to emotion processing like the frontal pole or the striatum. Future studies are needed to clarify whether connectivity changes predict therapeutic effects in psychiatric patients.", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-04-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016", "pubmed_id": "29703645", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016", "keywords": "Amygdala, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Reaction Time, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29703645\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2801092899\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":94,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1805858390\",\"https://openalex.org/W1961903064\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964970417\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972524714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984163458\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997927507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013825418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016068952\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017481703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026088841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044413038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050596356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054454468\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061170062\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074886593\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086146798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086604324\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091308025\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094758440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101790396\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109167188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109661582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118969780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133194768\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133318750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134305330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142455581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143428277\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157217643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164383455\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165626582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"https://openalex.org/W2290816323\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2422363455\",\"https://openalex.org/W2481885040\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605407165\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607932615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970485787\",\"https://openalex.org/W4246613689\",\"https://openalex.org/W6601266828\",\"https://openalex.org/W6627905590\",\"https://openalex.org/W6654492999\",\"https://openalex.org/W6673819475\",\"https://openalex.org/W6837332038\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037306868\",\"display_name\":\"O. Grimm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-0301\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086978778\",\"display_name\":\"Rainer Kraehenmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-0726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2801092899" }, { "id": 5164, "title": "Alteration of Depressive-like Behaviors by Psilocybe cubensis Alkaloid Extract in Mice: the Role of Glutamate Pathway", "normalized_title": "alteration of depressive like behaviors by psilocybe cubensis alkaloid extract in mice the role of glutamate pathway", "authors": "Elaheh Mahmoudi, Mehrdad Faizi, Reza Hajiaghaee, Ali Razmi", "abstract": "Background and objectives: Considering the increasing prevalence of depression, many studies are launched to investigate new antidepressant treatments. The present research has shown how psilocybin as an active compound of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer extract (PCE) can change the parameters related to depression and anxiety in animal models. Both serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) and glutamate modulate depressive-like behaviors and, therefore, we examined the possible interaction of psilocybin as 5-HT1 agonist with glutamate receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Methods: Psilocybe cubensis extract of this mushroom was prepared by ethyl acetate. NMRI mice involved in all experiments and were treated with the vehicle, extract, or standard drug intraperitoneally. Open field (OFT), forced swimming (FST) and tail suspension tests (TST) were applied to measure the intended parameters. OFT was performed to verify the applied doses for measuring the following antidepressant activity. Results: PCE at the doses of 100 mg/kg significantly changed the locomotion, time spent in center and velocity of the animals in OFT. While treatment of the animals with PCE10 and 40 mg/kg or ketamine 1 mg/kg did not alter the locomotor activity, co-administration of these subeffective amounts significantly reduced the immobility time in both FST and TST. Conclusion: These effects may indicate possible implication of psilocybin with NMDA receptor which consequently produces the antidepressant effects.", "journal": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publication_date": "2018-02-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.22127/rjp.2018.58486", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doaj.org/article/6982e7d479cc425db4622ec49357f976", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Open field, NMDA receptor, Pharmacology, Antidepressant, Glutamate receptor, Agonist, Chemistry, 5-HT receptor, Serotonin, Animal models of depression, Psychology, Receptor, Internal medicine, Medicine, Biochemistry, Hallucinogen, Hippocampus, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:02", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2791918973\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2791918973\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":14,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1977080576\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978632621\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981097208\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005594217\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006218562\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011699554\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023081218\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047397795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054759608\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074907255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086305648\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108403304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109334244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116635659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116750744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123354702\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127872798\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133565799\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162510673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162519480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2197078876\",\"https://openalex.org/W2581701212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2585110642\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103237851\",\"display_name\":\"Elaheh Mahmoudi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-3568\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089994806\",\"display_name\":\"Mehrdad Faizi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-838X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000831408\",\"display_name\":\"Reza Hajiaghaee\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052956885\",\"display_name\":\"Ali Razmi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8480-3588\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401280\",\"source_display_name\":\"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doaj.org/article/6982e7d479cc425db4622ec49357f976\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2791918973" }, { "id": 2421, "title": "\"Hallucinations\" Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs.", "normalized_title": "hallucinations following acute cannabis dosing a case report and comparison to other hallucinogenic drugs", "authors": "Barrett FS, Schlienz NJ, Lembeck N, Waqas M, Vandrey R.", "abstract": "Introduction: Cannabis has been historically classified as a hallucinogen. However, subjective cannabis effects do not typically include hallucinogen-like effects. Empirical reports of hallucinogen-like effects produced by cannabis in controlled settings, particularly among healthy research volunteers, are rare and have mostly occurred after administration of purified Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rather than whole plant cannabis. Methods: The case of a healthy 30-year-old male who experienced auditory and visual hallucinations in a controlled laboratory study after inhaling vaporized cannabis that contained 25 mg THC (case dose) is presented. Ratings on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) following the case dose are compared with HRS ratings obtained from the participant after other doses of cannabis and with archival HRS data from laboratory studies involving acute doses of cannabis, psilocybin, dextromethorphan (DXM), and salvinorin A. Results: Scores on the Volition subscale of the HRS were greater for the case dose than for the maximum dose administered in any other comparison study. Scores on the Intensity and Perception subscales were greater for the case dose than for the maximum dose of cannabis, psilocybin, or salvinorin A. Scores on the Somaesthesia subscale were greater for the case dose than for the maximum dose of DXM, salvinorin A, or cannabis. Scores on the Affect and Cognition subscales for the case dose were significantly lower than for the maximum doses of psilocybin and DXM. Conclusion: Acute cannabis exposure in a healthy adult male resulted in self-reported hallucinations that rated high in magnitude on several subscales of the HRS. However, the hallucinatory experience in this case was qualitatively different than that typically experienced by participants receiving classic and atypical hallucinogens, suggesting that the hallucinatory effects of cannabis may have a unique pharmacological mechanism of action. This type of adverse event needs to be considered in the clinical use of cannabis.", "journal": "Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "publication_date": "2018-02-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1089/can.2017.0052", "pubmed_id": "29682608", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0052", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29682608\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2795495768\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2795495768\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":37,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W70805046\",\"https://openalex.org/W1457264087\",\"https://openalex.org/W1530884233\",\"https://openalex.org/W1922614815\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964167179\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972030149\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980721637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982053625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011439740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2028900932\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032506781\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036881116\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047414434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067909880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074984135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075560989\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078596607\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081452182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085225021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100834566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111330096\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135217909\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147271251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148841660\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156450850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161987858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2269558388\",\"https://openalex.org/W2272792653\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315745933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412155769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2507445866\",\"https://openalex.org/W2518949021\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2582535979\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022528069\",\"display_name\":\"Nicolas J. Schlienz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3665-6776\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066639554\",\"display_name\":\"Natalie A Lembeck\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101429001\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Waqas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4500-7954\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004834451\",\"display_name\":\"Ryan G. Vandrey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-884X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210191666\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0052\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Case Report,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2795495768" }, { "id": 2422, "title": "The Psychedelic Debriefing in Alcohol Dependence Treatment: Illustrating Key Change Phenomena through Qualitative Content Analysis of Clinical Sessions.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic debriefing in alcohol dependence treatment illustrating key change phenomena through qualitative content analysis of clinical sessions", "authors": "Nielson EM, May DG, Forcehimes AA, Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "Research on the clinical applications of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated promising early results for treatment of alcohol dependence. Detailed description of the content and methods of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, as it is conducted in clinical settings, is scarce. Methods: An open-label pilot (proof-of-concept) study of psilocybin-assisted treatment of alcohol dependence (NCT01534494) was conducted to generate data for a phase 2 RCT (NCT02061293) of a similar treatment in a larger population. The present paper presents a qualitative content analysis of the 17 debriefing sessions conducted in the pilot study, which occurred the day after corresponding psilocybin medication sessions. Results: Participants articulated a series of key phenomena related to change in drinking outcomes and acute subjective effects of psilocybin. Discussion: The data illuminate change processes in patients' own words during clinical sessions, shedding light on potential therapeutic mechanisms of change and how participants express effects of psilocybin. This study is unique in analyzing actual clinical sessions, as opposed to interviews of patients conducted separately from treatment.", "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-02-20", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00132", "pubmed_id": "29515449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00132", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29515449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2793096639\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2793096639\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":110,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W436832653\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996607457\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999556231\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001298144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020525889\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038244408\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056680548\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060882917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087265397\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117834601\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120356707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136435696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142225512\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154766235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2221092372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2281900567\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319439902\",\"https://openalex.org/W2320275590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333536875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2577034209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2583277970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2734455806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2768082096\",\"https://openalex.org/W6644777155\",\"https://openalex.org/W6677819859\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087298757\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth M. Nielson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-4558\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015373046\",\"display_name\":\"Darrick G. May\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075574900\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa A. Forcehimes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S132108250\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00132\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2793096639" }, { "id": 2445, "title": "Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogen induced visual perceptual alterations", "authors": "Kometer M, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), are famous for their capacity to temporally and profoundly alter an individual's visual experiences. These visual alterations show consistent attributes despite large inter- and intra-individual variances. Many reports document a common perception of colors as more saturated, with increased brightness and contrast in the environment (\"Visual Intensifications\"). Environmental objects might be altered in size (\"Visual illusions\") or take on a modified and special meaning for the subject (\"Altered self-reference\"). Subjects may perceive light flashes or geometrical figures containing recurrent patterns (\"Elementary imagery and hallucinations\") influenced by auditory stimuli (\"Audiovisual synesthesia\"), or they may envision images of people, animals, or landscapes (\"Complex imagery and hallucinations\") without any physical stimuli supporting their percepts. This wide assortment of visual phenomena suggests that one single neuropsychopharmacological mechanism is unlikely to explain such vast phenomenological diversity. Starting with mechanisms that act at the cellular level, the key role of 5-HT2A receptor activation and the subsequent increased cortical excitation will be considered. Next, it will be shown that area specific anatomical and dynamical features link increased excitation to the specific visual contents of hallucinations. The decrease of alpha oscillations by hallucinogens will then be introduced as a systemic mechanism for amplifying internal-driven excitation that overwhelms stimulus-induced excitations. Finally, the hallucinogen-induced parallel decrease of the N170 visual evoked potential and increased medial P1 potential will be discussed as key mechanisms for inducing a dysbalance between global integration and early visual gain that may explain several hallucinogen-induced visual experiences, including visual hallucinations, illusions, and intensifications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_461", "pubmed_id": "27900674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_461", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Visual Perception", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27900674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2444, "title": "Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States.", "normalized_title": "phenomenology structure and dynamic of psychedelic states", "authors": "Preller KH, Vollenweider FX", "abstract": "Classic serotonergic hallucinogens or psychedelics produce an altered states of consciousness (ASC) that is characterized by profound alterations in sensory perception, mood, thought including the perception of reality, and the sense of self. Over the past years, there has been considerable progress in the search for invariant and common features of psychedelic states. In the first part of this review, we outline contemporary approaches to characterize the structure of ASCs by means of three primary etiology-independent dimensions including oceanic boundlessness, anxious ego-dissolution, and visionary restructuralization as well as by 11 lower-order factors, all of which can be reliably measured by the altered state of consciousness questionnaire (APZ-OAV). The second part sheds light on the dynamic nature of psychedelic experiences. Frequently, psychedelic subjects progress through different stages over time and levels of changes along a perception-hallucination continuum of increasing arousal and ego-dissolution. We then review in detail the acute effects of psychedelics on sensory perception, emotion, cognition, creativity, and time perception along with possible neural mechanisms underlying them. The next part of this review outlines the influence of non-pharmacological factors (predictors) on the acute psychedelic experience, such as demographics, genetics, personality, mood, and setting, and also discusses some long-term effects succeeding the acute experience. The last part presents some recent concepts and models attempting to understand different facets of psychedelic states of consciousness from a neuroscientific perspective.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_459", "pubmed_id": "28025814", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28025814/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, Hallucinogens, Human, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28025814\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2443, "title": "Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior.", "normalized_title": "effect of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA", "abstract": "Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens has been derived from animal models. However, developing reliable animal models has proven to be a challenging task due to the complexity and variability of hallucinogen effects in humans. This chapter focuses on three animal models that are frequently used to test the effects of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior: head twitch response (HTR), prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), and exploratory behavior. The HTR has demonstrated considerable utility in the neurochemical actions of hallucinogens. However, the latter two models have clearer conceptual bridges to human phenomenology. Consistent with the known mechanism of action of hallucinogens in humans, the behavioral effects of hallucinogens in rodents are mediated primarily by activation of 5-HT receptors. There is evidence, however, that other receptors may play secondary roles. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of hallucinogens are reviewed in relation to each model, with a focus on the HTR in rats and mice.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_466", "pubmed_id": "28224459", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28224459/", "keywords": "1-methylpsilocin, 25CN-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 5-HT2C receptor, DOI, LSD, Lisuride, Locomotor activity, Lysergic acid diethylamide, M100907, Mescaline, Mouse, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Quipazine, Rat, SB-242,084, Wet dog shake", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28224459\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2441, "title": "Therapeutic Applications of Classic Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic applications of classic hallucinogens", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Ross S.", "abstract": "This chapter reviews what is known about the therapeutic uses of the serotonergic or classic hallucinogens, i.e., psychoactive drugs such as LSD and psilocybin that exert their effects primarily through agonist activity at serotonin 2A (5HT2A) receptors. Following a review of the history of human use and scientific study of these drugs, the data from clinical research are summarized, including extensive work on the use of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, studies of the use of LSD and psilocybin to relieve distress concerning death, particularly in patients with advanced or terminal cancer, and more limited data concerning the use of classic hallucinogens to treat mood and anxiety disorders. A survey of possible mechanisms of clinically relevant effects is provided. The well-established safety of classic hallucinogens is reviewed. To provide a clinical perspective, case summaries are provided of two individuals who received treatment in recent controlled trials of psilocybin: one being treated for alcoholism, the other suffering from anxiety and depression related to fear of death due to a cancer diagnosis. Although promising early phase research conducted from the 1950s through the early 1970s was discontinued before firm conclusions could be reached concerning the efficacy of any of the classic hallucinogens for any clinical condition, the research that was conducted in that era strongly suggests that classic hallucinogens have clinically relevant effects, particularly in the case of LSD treatment of alcoholism. In the past decade, clinical trials have resumed investigating the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of existential distress in the face of cancer, and in the treatment of addictions including alcoholism and nicotine addiction. The studies that have been completed to date are not sufficient to establish efficacy, but the outcomes have been very encouraging, and larger trials, up to and including phase 3, are now underway or being planned. Although research has elucidated many of the acute neurobiological and psychological effects of classic hallucinogens on humans, animals, and in vitro systems, the mechanisms of clinically relevant persisting effects remain poorly understood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_464", "pubmed_id": "28512684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_464", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28512684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2440, "title": "The Effects of Hallucinogens on Gene Expression.", "normalized_title": "the effects of hallucinogens on gene expression", "authors": "Martin DA, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "The classic serotonergic hallucinogens, or psychedelics, have the ability to profoundly alter perception and behavior. These can include visual distortions, hallucinations, detachment from reality, and mystical experiences. Some psychedelics, like LSD, are able to produce these effects with remarkably low doses of drug. Others, like psilocybin, have recently been demonstrated to have significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction that persist for at least several months after only a single therapeutic session. How does this occur? Much work has recently been published from imaging studies showing that psychedelics alter brain network connectivity. They facilitate a disintegration of the default mode network, producing a hyperconnectivity between brain regions that allow centers that do not normally communicate with each other to do so. The immediate and acute effects on both behaviors and network connectivity are likely mediated by effector pathways downstream of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. These acute molecular processes also influence gene expression changes, which likely influence synaptic plasticity and facilitate more long-term changes in brain neurochemistry ultimately underlying the therapeutic efficacy of a single administration to achieve long-lasting effects. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the molecular genetic responses to psychedelics within the brain and discuss how gene expression changes may contribute to altered cellular physiology and behaviors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_479", "pubmed_id": "28677095", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_479", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28677095\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2439, "title": "Hallucinogens and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and serotonin 5 ht2a receptor mediated signaling pathways", "authors": "López-Giménez JF, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The neuropsychological effects of naturally occurring psychoactive chemicals have been recognized for millennia. Hallucinogens, which include naturally occurring chemicals such as mescaline and psilocybin, as well as synthetic compounds, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), induce profound alterations of human consciousness, emotion, and cognition. The discovery of the hallucinogenic effects of LSD and the observations that LSD and the endogenous ligand serotonin share chemical and pharmacological profiles led to the suggestion that biogenic amines like serotonin were involved in the psychosis of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Although they bind other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, studies indicate that several effects of hallucinogens involve agonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. In this chapter, we review recent advances in understanding hallucinogen drug action through characterization of structure, neuroanatomical location, and function of the 5-HT2A receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_478", "pubmed_id": "28677096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_478", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28677096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2435, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics: Experimental Approaches for Assessing Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics experimental approaches for assessing mechanisms of action", "authors": "Canal CE.", "abstract": "Recent, well-controlled - albeit small-scale - clinical trials show that serotonergic psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, possess great promise for treating psychiatric disorders, including treatment-resistant depression. Additionally, fresh results from a deluge of clinical neuroimaging studies are unveiling the dynamic effects of serotonergic psychedelics on functional activity within, and connectivity across, discrete neural systems. These observations have led to testable hypotheses regarding neural processing mechanisms that contribute to psychedelic effects and therapeutic benefits. Despite these advances and a plethora of preclinical and clinical observations supporting a central role for brain serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in producing serotonergic psychedelic effects, lingering and new questions about mechanisms abound. These chiefly pertain to molecular neuropharmacology. This chapter is devoted to illuminating and discussing such questions in the context of preclinical experimental approaches for studying mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics, classic and new.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/164_2018_107", "pubmed_id": "29532180", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_107", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29532180\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2789541163" }, { "id": 2420, "title": "Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects.", "normalized_title": "unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects", "authors": "Swanson LR", "abstract": "How do psychedelic drugs produce their characteristic range of acute effects in perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self? How do these effects relate to the clinical efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies? Efforts to understand psychedelic phenomena date back more than a century in Western science. In this article I review theories of psychedelic drug effects and highlight key concepts which have endured over the last 125 years of psychedelic science. First, I describe the subjective phenomenology of acute psychedelic effects using the best available data. Next, I review late 19th-century and early 20th-century theories-, and -and highlight their shared features. I then briefly review recent findings on the neuropharmacology and neurophysiology of psychedelic drugs in humans. Finally, I describe recent theories of psychedelic drug effects which leverage 21st-century cognitive neuroscience frameworks-, and -and point out key shared features that link back to earlier theories. I identify an abstract principle which cuts across many theories past and present: psychedelic drugs perturb universal brain processes that normally serve to constrain neural systems central to perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self. I conclude that making an explicit effort to investigate the principles and mechanisms of psychedelic drug effects is a uniquely powerful way to iteratively develop and test unifying theories of brain function.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00172", "pubmed_id": "29568270", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29568270/", "keywords": "LSD, cognitive flexibility, ego dissolution, entropic brain theory, integrated information theory, predictive processing, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"29568270\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 3631, "title": "Psilocybin and Depression - Assessing the Long-term Effects of a Single Administration of Psilocybin on the Psychiatric Symptoms and Brain Activity of Patients With Severe Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and depression assessing the long term effects of a single administration of psilocybin on the psychiatric symptoms and brain activity of patients with severe depression", "authors": "University of Helsinki", "abstract": "The main aim of the study is to investigate the possible long-term therapeutic effects of psilocybin on the symptoms of severe depression, as well as the brain mechanisms underlying these changes. Depression severity is assessed before and after (i.e., 1 week, 3 months and 6 months after) a single dose of psilocybin and compared to respective scores of a group receiving an active placebo, ketamine. Brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) is measured before and one week after drug administration in order to determine whether changes in brain networks related to emotional and self-referential processing correlate with any observed changes in depression scores. Further, blood samples will be obtained from the participants and analyzed in order to reveal gene expression and molecular level correlates underlying rapid antidepressant effects, and to identify biomarkers that predict treatment outcome.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2017-12-20", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03380442", "keywords": "Severe Depression, Psilocybin, Ketamine (Ketalar), UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03380442\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2428, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan similarities and differences in subjective experiences", "authors": "Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin and dextromethorphan (DXM) are hallucinogens, they have different receptor mechanisms of action and have not been directly compared.ObjectiveThis study compared subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of psilocybin and dextromethorphan under conditions that minimized expectancy effects.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of psilocybin (10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg), DXM (400 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions to 20 healthy participants with histories of hallucinogen use. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Various subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed after drug administration.ResultsHigh doses of both drugs produced similar increases in participant ratings of peak overall drug effect strength, with similar times to maximal effect and time-course. Psilocybin produced orderly dose-related increases on most participant-rated subjective measures previously shown sensitive to hallucinogens. DXM produced increases on most of these same measures. However, the high dose of psilocybin produced significantly greater and more diverse visual effects than DXM including greater movement and more frequent, brighter, distinctive, and complex (including textured and kaleidoscopic) images and visions. Compared to DXM, psilocybin also produced significantly greater mystical-type and psychologically insightful experiences and greater absorption in music. In contrast, DXM produced larger effects than psilocybin on measures of disembodiment, nausea/emesis, and light-headedness. Both drugs increased systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil dilation and decreased psychomotor performance and balance.ConclusionsPsilocybin and DXM produced similar profiles of subjective experiences, with psilocybin producing relatively greater visual, mystical-type, insightful, and musical experiences, and DXM producing greater disembodiment.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-11-06", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "pubmed_id": "29116367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Substance-Related Disorders, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Music, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29116367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2767725891\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":139,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62704851\",\"https://openalex.org/W1144621943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1493607257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1595187506\",\"https://openalex.org/W1772191471\",\"https://openalex.org/W1847168837\",\"https://openalex.org/W1895388428\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971080708\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976483990\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003379938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008854521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023777641\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029021490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043678991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044783071\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047050449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057298190\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058161128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087065939\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089436854\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107985334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129576675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148080316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164480306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167311298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2257443024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330686105\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2343295103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2398898762\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401986986\",\"https://openalex.org/W2498783845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2549202270\",\"https://openalex.org/W2561419573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2600624779\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603506674\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605338907\",\"https://openalex.org/W2605399484\",\"https://openalex.org/W2738683289\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210411994\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211211437\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2767725891" }, { "id": 2452, "title": "Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression fmri measured brain mechanisms", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Bolstridge M, Demetriou L, Pannekoek JN, Wall MB, Tanner M, Kaelen M, McGonigle J, Murphy K, Leech R, Curran HV, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin with psychological support is showing promise as a treatment model in psychiatry but its therapeutic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after treatment with psilocybin (serotonin agonist) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Quality pre and post treatment fMRI data were collected from 16 of 19 patients. Decreased depressive symptoms were observed in all 19 patients at 1-week post-treatment and 47% met criteria for response at 5 weeks. Whole-brain analyses revealed post-treatment decreases in CBF in the temporal cortex, including the amygdala. Decreased amygdala CBF correlated with reduced depressive symptoms. Focusing on a priori selected circuitry for RSFC analyses, increased RSFC was observed within the default-mode network (DMN) post-treatment. Increased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-bilateral inferior lateral parietal cortex RSFC was predictive of treatment response at 5-weeks, as was decreased parahippocampal-prefrontal cortex RSFC. These data fill an important knowledge gap regarding the post-treatment brain effects of psilocybin, and are the first in depressed patients. The post-treatment brain changes are different to previously observed acute effects of psilocybin and other 'psychedelics' yet were related to clinical outcomes. A 'reset' therapeutic mechanism is proposed.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2017-10-12", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7", "pubmed_id": "29030624", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29030624\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2762746674\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":589,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W202043522\",\"https://openalex.org/W1552940129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964807622\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972616052\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973776237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982325587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992059353\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999520265\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006509419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012702426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018608345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024729467\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035495352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036970657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037316926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044423747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055862036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060895955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061564920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078524519\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078821747\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083937514\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095438393\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103583518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109492510\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117140276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123722617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129736850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131398580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137983723\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139505744\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143859454\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146747402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151721316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2235823035\",\"https://openalex.org/W2330815024\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2341558148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2346262441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419844652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2464316004\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2610144880\",\"https://openalex.org/W2616273018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2644260506\",\"https://openalex.org/W2735984207\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060501027\",\"display_name\":\"Lysia Demetriou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-0900\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012877956\",\"display_name\":\"J. Nienke Pannekoek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3954-5297\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051781791\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Tanner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6706-6536\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110317265\",\"display_name\":\"John McGonigle\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057824637\",\"display_name\":\"Kevin Murphy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-313X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061200799\",\"display_name\":\"H. Valerie Curran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2762746674" }, { "id": 2378, "title": "TCB-2 [(7R)-3-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine]: A hallucinogenic drug, a selective 5-HT2A receptor pharmacological tool, or none of the above?", "normalized_title": "tcb 2 7r 3 bromo 2 5 dimethoxy bicyclo 4 2 0 octa 1 3 5 trien 7 yl methanamine a hallucinogenic drug a selective 5 ht2a receptor pharmacological tool or none of the above", "authors": "Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P.", "abstract": "The development of 5-HT2A receptor agonists has been considerably marginalized since the demonstration that the tryptaminergic drugs, LSD and psilocybin, or the phenylakylamine drugs, mescaline and DOI, exert their hallucinogenic properties via the stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors. Nonetheless, the ability of drugs to stimulate 5-HT2A receptors is not necessarily associated with psychedelic experience and the hallucinogenic properties are still not understood. Several studies have increased interest in stimulating 5-HT2A receptors in various CNS diseases. (7R)-3-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine (TCB-2) which was synthetized in 2006 presents a high affinity with human and rat 5-HT2A receptors. Its main feature of interest is that it preferentially stimulates the phospholipase C and not phospholipase A2 pathway, which is at variance with several hallucinogenic drugs. Preference for TCB-2 has increased in preclinical studies and it exhibits subtle differences compared to DOI or LSD in some molecular, cellular and behavioral studies. The purpose of this review is to take a position on the use of TCB-2 as a pharmacological tool. A careful reading of the literature has revealed that the suspected hallucinogenic properties of TCB-2 cannot firmly be ascertained while its pharmacological profile is unknown and likely not selective at 5-HT2A receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-03", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.004", "pubmed_id": "28987938", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.004", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Methylamines, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28987938\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2449, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in biomedicine", "authors": "Kyzar EJ, Nichols CD, Gainetdinov RR, Nichols DE, Kalueff AV.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin, exert profound effects on brain and behavior. After decades of difficulties in studying these compounds, psychedelics are again being tested as potential treatments for intractable biomedical disorders. Preclinical research of psychedelics complements human neuroimaging studies and pilot clinical trials, suggesting these compounds as promising treatments for addiction, depression, anxiety, and other conditions. However, many questions regarding the mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of psychedelics remain. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical data in this field, discuss their pharmacological mechanisms of action, and outline critical areas for future studies of psychedelic drugs, with the goal of maximizing the potential benefits of translational psychedelic biomedicine to patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-09-21", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.003", "pubmed_id": "28947075", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.003", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychophysiology, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28947075\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5191, "title": "‘Magic mushroom’ enzyme mystery solved", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom enzyme mystery solved", "authors": "STEVE RITTER", "abstract": "The euphoria and hallucinations induced from eating Psilocybe “magic mushrooms” have earned the fungi a cult following. Albert Hofmann, a chemist at Sandoz, isolated and determined the structure of psilocybin, the main ingredient in the mushrooms that leads to the psychedelic effects, nearly 60 years ago. That discovery and subsequent mind-altering experiments by Harvard University psychologist Timothy F. Leary have left scientists longing to develop a large-scale synthesis of the compound for medical uses, which include treating anxiety, depression, and nicotine addiction. Yet no one has been able to unravel the enzymatic pathway the mushrooms use to make psilocybin until now. Janis Fricke, Felix Blei, and Dirk Hoffmeister of Friedrich Schiller University Jena have identified and characterized to the greatest extent so far the four enzymes that the mushrooms use to make psilocybin. The team then developed the first enzymatic synthesis of the compound, setting the stage for its possible", "journal": "C&EN Global Enterprise", "publication_date": "2017-08-20", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1021/cen-09533-notw1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09533-notw1", "keywords": "Mushroom, MAGIC (telescope), Art, Biology, Botany, Physics, Astronomy, Fungal Biology and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:02", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2746206207\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2746206207\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015399425\",\"display_name\":\"STEVE RITTER\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-9390\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210177211\",\"source_display_name\":\"C&EN Global Enterprise\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09533-notw1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2746206207" }, { "id": 2467, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other 5-hydroxytryptamine2A agonist classic psychedelics have been used for centuries as sacraments within indigenous cultures. In the mid-twentieth century they were a focus within psychiatry as both probes of brain function and experimental therapeutics. By the late 1960s and early 1970s these scientific inquires fell out of favor because classic psychedelics were being used outside of medical research and in association with the emerging counter culture. However, in the twenty-first century, scientific interest in classic psychedelics has returned and grown as a result of several promising studies, validating earlier research. Here, we review therapeutic research on psilocybin, the classic psychedelic that has been the focus of most recent research. For mood and anxiety disorders, three controlled trials have suggested that psilocybin may decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychiatric distress for at least 6 months following a single acute administration. A small, open-label study in patients with treatment-resistant depression showed reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms 3 months after two acute doses. For addiction, small, open-label pilot studies have shown promising success rates for both tobacco and alcohol addiction. Safety data from these various trials, which involve careful screening, preparation, monitoring, and follow-up, indicate the absence of severe drug-related adverse reactions. Modest drug-related adverse effects at the time of medication administration are readily managed. US federal funding has yet to support therapeutic psilocybin research, although such support will be important to thoroughly investigate efficacy, safety, and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "pubmed_id": "28585222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28585222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5203, "title": "Cancer at the Dinner Table: Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Distress", "normalized_title": "cancer at the dinner table experiences of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of cancer related distress", "authors": "Thomas Cody Swift, Alexander Belser, Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Neşe Devenot, Sara Terrana, Harris L. Friedman, Jeffrey Guss, Anthony P. Bossis, Stephen Ross", "abstract": "Recent randomized controlled trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for patients with cancer suggest that this treatment results in large-magnitude reductions in anxiety and depression as well as improvements in attitudes toward disease progression and death, quality of life, and spirituality. To better understand these findings, we sought to identify psychological mechanisms of action using qualitative methods to study patient experiences in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 adult participants with clinically elevated anxiety associated with a cancer diagnosis who received a single dose of psilocybin under close clinical supervision. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis, which resulted in 10 themes, focused specifically on cancer, death and dying, and healing narratives. Participants spoke to the anxiety and trauma related to cancer, and perceived lack of available emotional support. Participants described the immersive and distressing effects of the psilocybin session, which led to reconciliations with death, an acknowledgment of cancer’s place in life, and emotional uncoupling from cancer. Participants made spiritual or religious interpretations of their experience, and the psilocybin therapy helped facilitate a felt reconnection to life, a reclaiming of presence, and greater confidence in the face of cancer recurrence. Implications for theory and clinical treatment are discussed.", "journal": "Journal of Humanistic Psychology", "publication_date": "2017-06-13", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0022167817715966", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817715966", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Distress, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Cancer, Spirituality, Thematic analysis, Quality of life (healthcare), Grief, Qualitative research, Psychiatry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Alternative medicine, Internal medicine, Social science, Sociology, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:02", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2626493232\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":185,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W15451970\",\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W77146434\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W422801020\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607118314\",\"https://openalex.org/W1659048389\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973027306\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974043834\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978118367\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978737075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996296427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007445014\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033002423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034293461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039746812\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044788246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053764826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063166841\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115111325\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2188432899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2513336695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2580169180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"https://openalex.org/W2734455806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912967094\",\"https://openalex.org/W3023887779\",\"https://openalex.org/W3166383367\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249610630\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002580794\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Cody Swift\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082087722\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander Belser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041698353\",\"display_name\":\"Gabrielle Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-229X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086059379\",\"display_name\":\"Neşe Devenot\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-0935\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060292622\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Terrana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-9991\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086078170\",\"display_name\":\"Harris L. Friedman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-4338\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026405762\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Guss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015516801\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony P. Bossis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007445878\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Ross\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3037\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207414187\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817715966\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2626493232" }, { "id": 5206, "title": "Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis", "normalized_title": "patient experiences of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy an interpretative phenomenological analysis", "authors": "Alexander Belser, Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Thomas Cody Swift, Sara Terrana, Neşe Devenot, Harris L. Friedman, Jeffrey Guss, Anthony P. Bossis, Stephen Ross", "abstract": "The psychological mechanisms of action involved in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy are not yet well understood. Despite a resurgence of quantitative research regarding psilocybin, the current study is the first qualitative study of participant experiences in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Semistructured interviews were carried out with 13 adult participants aged 22 to 69 years ( M = 50 years) with clinically elevated anxiety associated with a cancer diagnosis. Participants received a moderate dose of psilocybin and adjunctive psychotherapy with an emphasis on the process of meaning-making. Verbatim transcribed interviews were analyzed by a five-member research team using interpretative phenomenological analysis. General themes found in all or nearly all transcripts included relational embeddedness, emotional range, the role of music as conveyor of experience, meaningful visual phenomena, wisdom lessons, revised life priorities, and a desire to repeat the psilocybin experience. Typical themes found in the majority of transcripts included the following: exalted feelings of joy, bliss, and love; embodiment; ineffability; alterations to identity; a movement from feelings of separateness to interconnectedness; experiences of transient psychological distress; the appearance of loved ones as guiding spirits; and sharing the experience with loved ones posttreatment. Variant themes found in a minority of participant transcripts include lasting changes to sense of identity, synesthesia experiences, catharsis of powerful emotion, improved relationships after treatment, surrender or “letting go,” forgiveness, and a continued struggle to integrate experience. The findings support the conclusion that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy may provide an effective treatment for psychological distress in cancer patients. Implications for theory and treatment are discussed.", "journal": "Journal of Humanistic Psychology", "publication_date": "2017-04-27", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0022167817706884", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817706884", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Feeling, Distress, Qualitative research, Trance, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Psychiatry, Social science, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:02", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2608897054\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":304,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W359263171\",\"https://openalex.org/W428411035\",\"https://openalex.org/W1556808170\",\"https://openalex.org/W1569948371\",\"https://openalex.org/W1583489002\",\"https://openalex.org/W1587900242\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607118314\",\"https://openalex.org/W1796738135\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974043834\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981281259\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996296427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009063429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010900569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018227507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029882949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048956741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058892148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062249187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072803665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086621170\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102991428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127783001\",\"https://openalex.org/W2131536379\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132467809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163137476\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164276826\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328097539\",\"https://openalex.org/W2332087446\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396675581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2558412547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2559739670\",\"https://openalex.org/W2580169180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2603038116\",\"https://openalex.org/W2736157036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2912967094\",\"https://openalex.org/W2965107588\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211188312\",\"https://openalex.org/W4213454592\",\"https://openalex.org/W4234528599\",\"https://openalex.org/W4388055659\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082087722\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander Belser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041698353\",\"display_name\":\"Gabrielle Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-229X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002580794\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Cody Swift\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060292622\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Terrana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-9991\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086059379\",\"display_name\":\"Neşe Devenot\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-0935\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086078170\",\"display_name\":\"Harris L. Friedman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-4338\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026405762\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Guss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015516801\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony P. Bossis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007445878\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Ross\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3037\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207414187\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817706884\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2608897054" }, { "id": 2473, "title": "Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies.", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca dimethyltryptamine and psychosis a systematic review of human studies", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Ayahuasca is a hallucinogen brew traditionally used for ritual and therapeutic purposes in Northwestern Amazon. It is rich in the tryptamine hallucinogens dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which acts as a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist. This mechanism of action is similar to other compounds such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. The controlled use of LSD and psilocybin in experimental settings is associated with a low incidence of psychotic episodes, and population studies corroborate these findings. Both the controlled use of DMT in experimental settings and the use of ayahuasca in experimental and ritual settings are not usually associated with psychotic episodes, but little is known regarding ayahuasca or DMT use outside these controlled contexts. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the published case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca and DMT intake. We found three case series and two case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca intake, and three case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with DMT. Several reports describe subjects with a personal and possibly a family history of psychosis (including schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorders, psychotic mania, psychotic depression), nonpsychotic mania, or concomitant use of other drugs. However, some cases also described psychotic episodes in subjects without these previous characteristics. Overall, the incidence of such episodes appears to be rare in both the ritual and the recreational/noncontrolled settings. Performance of a psychiatric screening before administration of these drugs, and other hallucinogens, in controlled settings seems to significantly reduce the possibility of adverse reactions with psychotic symptomatology. Individuals with a personal or family history of any psychotic illness or nonpsychotic mania should avoid hallucinogen intake.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-02-22", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/2045125316689030", "pubmed_id": "28540034", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316689030", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28540034\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2468, "title": "An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.", "normalized_title": "an online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson PS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Data suggest psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may hold therapeutic potential in the treatment of addictions, including tobacco dependence. This retrospective cross-sectional anonymous online survey characterized 358 individuals (52 females) who reported having quit or reduced smoking after ingesting a psychedelic in a non-laboratory setting ⩾1 year ago. On average, participants smoked 14 cigarettes/day for 8 years, and had five previous quit attempts before their psychedelic experience. Of the 358 participants, 38% reported continuous smoking cessation after psychedelic use (quitters). Among quitters, 74% reported >2 years' abstinence. Of the 358 participants, 28% reported a persisting reduction in smoking (reducers), from a mode of 300 cigarettes/month before, to a mode of 1 cigarette/month after the experience. Among reducers, 62% reported >2 years of reduced smoking. Finally, 34% of the 358 participants (relapsers) reported a temporary smoking reduction before returning to baseline smoking levels, with a mode time range to relapse of 3-6 months. Relapsers rated their psychedelic experience significantly lower in personal meaning and spiritual significance than both other groups. Participants across all groups reported less severe affective withdrawal symptoms (e.g. depression, craving) after psychedelic use compared with previous quit attempts, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for psychedelic-associated smoking cessation/reduction. Changes in life priorities/values were endorsed as the most important psychological factor associated with smoking cessation/reduction. Results suggest psychedelics may hold promise in treating tobacco addiction as potentially mediated by spiritual experience, changed priorities/values, and improved emotional regulation.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-01-17", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116684335", "pubmed_id": "28095732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116684335", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Smoking Reduction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28095732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2573408014\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":128,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1545232577\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957998952\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964397853\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968972959\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970318334\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975107026\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983911930\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004525209\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006293429\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011293350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013762461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016744112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017360110\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020765068\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024490100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025716661\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031941084\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032391933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034911394\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039460330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043530175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049865797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054806410\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061221064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088429760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093477837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094933578\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096571901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111920357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118061336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141348739\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159742582\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160823143\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336389811\",\"https://openalex.org/W2336591896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2340085151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2490107109\",\"https://openalex.org/W4254090635\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082616184\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick S. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-2531\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116684335\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2573408014" }, { "id": 5224, "title": "Magic mushrooms as a treatment for depression", "normalized_title": "magic mushrooms as a treatment for depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive component of magic mushrooms, is thought to have therapeutic potential in psychiatric disorders but its mechanism of action within the brain is unclear. In a study, researchers gave two doses of psilocybin to 19 patients with treatment-resistant depression, and studied blood flow within the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at […]", "journal": "Clinical pharmacist", "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1211/cp.2017.20204046", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1211/cp.2017.20204046", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MAGIC (telescope), Depression (economics), Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psychiatry, Action (physics), Psychology, Medicine, Magnetic resonance imaging, Psychotherapist, Neuroscience, Psychoanalysis, Mechanism of action, Fungal Biology and Applications, Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248666216\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248666216\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":7,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210205712\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinical pharmacist\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1211/cp.2017.20204046\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4248666216" }, { "id": 3392, "title": "Neuronal dynamics of the anterior cingulate cortex during working memory and serotonergic manipulation", "normalized_title": "neuronal dynamics of the anterior cingulate cortex during working memory and serotonergic manipulation", "authors": "Golden C.", "abstract": "The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a strong role in the execution of executive tasks such as working memory. It is thought to exert top-down control over sensory regions, and integrate information from both external stimuli, and internal computation, such as choice and expectation (1-3). The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a region of the PFC known to receive strong projections from serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei (4). In the work presented here, the influence of the hallucinogenic compound, and serotonergic agonist, psilocybin, was investigated in the neural circuits of the ACC of awake, head-fixed mice. Extracellular, multi-unit recordings were performed to examine the effects of the systemic administration of psilocybin. Psilocybin was found to transition the network into a desynchronised state, reminiscent of REM sleep. This state was characterised by an increase in activation in the network, combined with a reduction in power of low frequency LFP oscillations in the delta, theta and alpha band, coupled with a moderate increase in power in the gamma frequency band. The encoding mechanisms in the ACC in working memory were examined by conducting similar recordings in mice performing a delayed... (continues)", "journal": "Imperial College London", "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.25560/45527", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.25560/45527", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"712959\",\"source\":\"ETH\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Imperial College London\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2477, "title": "Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as medicines an emerging new paradigm", "authors": "Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Scientific interest in serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and LSD; 5-HT2A receptor agonists) has dramatically increased within the last decade. Clinical studies administering psychedelics with psychotherapy have shown preliminary evidence of robust efficacy in treating anxiety and depression, as well as addiction to tobacco and alcohol. Moreover, recent research has suggested that these compounds have potential efficacy against inflammatory diseases through novel mechanisms, with potential advantages over existing antiinflammatory agents. We propose that psychedelics exert therapeutic effects for psychiatric disorders by acutely destabilizing local brain network hubs and global network connectivity via amplification of neuronal avalanches, providing the occasion for brain network \"resetting\" after the acute effects have resolved. Antiinflammatory effects may hold promise for efficacy in treatment of inflammation-related nonpsychiatric as well as potentially for psychiatric disorders. Serotonergic psychedelics operate through unique mechanisms that show promising effects for a variety of intractable, debilitating, and lethal disorders, and should be rigorously researched.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-12-25", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.557", "pubmed_id": "28019026", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.557", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Inflammation, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Inflammation Mediators, Severity of Illness Index, Depression, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Clinical Trials as Topic, Mind-Body Therapies, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28019026\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5227, "title": "Development of a Psychotherapeutic Model for Psilocybin-Assisted Treatment of Alcoholism", "normalized_title": "development of a psychotherapeutic model for psilocybin assisted treatment of alcoholism", "authors": "Michael P. Bogenschutz, Alyssa A. Forcehimes", "abstract": "Research activity on the potential clinical value of classic hallucinogens and other psychedelics has increased markedly in the past two decades, and promises to continue to expand. Experimental study of hallucinogen-assisted treatment, and any future clinical use, requires the development of psychotherapeutic models that are appropriate to the disorder being treated and effectively integrated with the pharmacologic component of the treatment. To provide a framework for thinking about possible treatment models, we provide an overview of the history of psychedelic-assisted treatment, review what is known about the therapeutic mechanisms of these treatments, and consider the various purposes of psychotherapy in the context of both research and clinical use of psychedelic-assisted treatment. We then provide a description of a therapy model we have developed and are currently using in a trial of psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcoholism. Finally, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of a range of alternative models, emphasizing the need for research to determine the most effective treatment models for any indications for which efficacy becomes established.", "journal": "Journal of Humanistic Psychology", "publication_date": "2016-10-15", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0022167816673493", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816673493", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Context (archaeology), Psychology, Clinical trial, Medicine, Psychiatry, Biology, Paleontology, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2537388000\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":96,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W109922458\",\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W621567176\",\"https://openalex.org/W1490424065\",\"https://openalex.org/W1607220101\",\"https://openalex.org/W1797327965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1957998952\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963662807\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964116811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968488639\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974109667\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978032191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984534015\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989086727\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000909913\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001298144\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010129474\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011293350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012159028\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018267671\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024274950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031398681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035068440\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051271111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052466574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056852922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061221064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068852619\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079490870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082206299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082483310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088140721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090179920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093323137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096058212\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100182643\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108556733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116852450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117864279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119144746\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120356707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121345197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129977009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133559478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134107246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139192721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140013897\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143648030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154766235\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170596036\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315561580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318552418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319975253\",\"https://openalex.org/W2320275590\",\"https://openalex.org/W2328159225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333536875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2361945527\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408251447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2413044490\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419156332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2422079377\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196761093\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4231635321\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243284554\",\"https://openalex.org/W4243894589\",\"https://openalex.org/W4248840134\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255807345\",\"https://openalex.org/W4255974008\",\"https://openalex.org/W4301522671\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075574900\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa A. Forcehimes\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207414187\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816673493\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2537388000" }, { "id": 2486, "title": "Return of the psychedelics: Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "return of the psychedelics psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Patra S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the clinically most researched classic psychedelic has recently been tested for its safety and efficacy in a clinical population of treatment resistant depression. The efficacy of psilocybin in clinical depression previously demonstrated in the elecrophysiologic and neuroimaging findings as also in neuropsychological assessments is further validated by the findings of this rigorously conducted randomized trial. Mechanism of action of psilocybin and efficacy in treatment resistant depression are discussed in this paper. Ethical issues of conducting clinical trials with psychedelics are also discussed with particular emphasis on their relative safety and absence of addiction potential. Implications of these issues for conduct of larger trials for establishing risk benefit ratio in treatment resistant depression are further suggested.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-22", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.010", "pubmed_id": "27931907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.010", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27931907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2478, "title": "Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treating substance use disorders", "authors": "de Veen BT, Schellekens AF, Verheij MM, Homberg JR.", "abstract": "IntroductionEvidence based treatment for Substance use disorders (SUD) includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. However, these are only partially effective. Hallucinogens, such as psilocybin, may represent potential new treatment options for SUD. This review provides a summary of (human) studies on the putative therapeutic effects of psilocybin, and discusses the receptor systems, brain regions and cognitive and emotional processes mediating psilocybin's effects. Psilocybin's chemical structure is similar to that of serotonin. Dysregulations in the serotonin system are associated with alterations in stress hormones, such as cortisol, and mood disorders. After psilocybin administration cortisol levels spike and activate the executive control network, with subsequent increased control over emotional processes, and relief of negative thinking and persistent negative emotions. Preliminary data of ongoing alcohol and smoking addiction studies in humans shows promising effects of psilocybin administration on substance use. Importantly, psilocybin has a low risk of toxicity and dependence and can be used safely under controlled clinical conditions. Areas covered: This paper is a narrative review based on the search terms: psilocybin, substance use disorder, addiction, depression, serotonin. Literature on potential efficacy and mechanisms of action of psilocybin in SUD is discussed. Expert commentary: Recent positive findings with psilocybin need confirmation in well-designed placebo controlled randomized trials employing a large sample size.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-11", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834", "pubmed_id": "27684102", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27684102\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2507, "title": "Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans.", "normalized_title": "naltrexone but not ketanserin antagonizes the subjective cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin a in humans", "authors": "Maqueda AE, Valle M, Addy PH, Antonijoan RM, Puntes M, Coimbra J, Ballester MR, Garrido M, González M, Claramunt J, Barker S, Lomnicka I, Waguespack M, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Riba J.", "abstract": "BackgroundSalvinorin-A is a terpene found in the leaves of the plant Salvia divinorum. When administered to humans, salvinorin-A induces an intense but short-lasting modified state of awareness, sharing features with those induced by the classical serotonin-2A receptor agonist psychedelics. However, unlike substances such as psilocybin or mescaline, salvinorin-A shows agonist activity at the kappa-opioid receptor rather than at the serotonin-2A receptor. Here, we assessed the involvement of kappa-opioid receptor and serotonin-2A agonism in the subjective, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin-A in humans.MethodsWe conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study with 2 groups of 12 healthy volunteers with experience with psychedelic drugs. There were 4 experimental sessions. In group 1, participants received the following treatment combinations: placebo+placebo, placebo+salvinorin-A, naltrexone+placebo, and naltrexone+salvinorin-A. Naltrexone, a nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist, was administered at a dose of 50mg orally. In group 2, participants received the treatment combinations: placebo+placebo, placebo+salvinorin-A, ketanserin+placebo, and ketanserin+salvinorin-A. Ketanserin, a selective serotonin-2A antagonist, was administered at a dose of 40mg orally.ResultsInhalation of 1mg of vaporized salvinorin-A led to maximum plasma concentrations at 1 and 2 minutes after dosing. When administered alone, salvinorin-A severely reduced external sensory perception and induced intense visual and auditory modifications, increased systolic blood pressure, and cortisol and prolactin release. These effects were effectively blocked by naltrexone, but not by ketanserin.ConclusionsResults support kappa opioid receptor agonism as the mechanism of action underlying the subjective and physiological effects of salvinorin-A in humans and rule out the involvement of a serotonin-2A-mediated mechanism.", "journal": "The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-07-04", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyw016", "pubmed_id": "26874330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw016", "keywords": "Humans, Diterpenes, Clerodane, Naltrexone, Ketanserin, Hydrocortisone, Prolactin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Narcotic Antagonists, Double-Blind Method, Perception, Blood Pressure, Drug Interactions, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26874330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2299277295\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2299277295\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":31,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1872197089\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981073133\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988808332\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990568056\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990596751\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992094129\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992914052\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005643237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006215870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2008523312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029197384\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050166569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056382948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062249187\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066049912\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066481312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067020336\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068110425\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081452182\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083661078\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087536428\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095299275\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101693074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104650852\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108609891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110432917\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113499211\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118617956\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122967709\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129143684\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133672910\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135563104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147271251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148208755\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154543554\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168830964\",\"https://openalex.org/W2270666457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297134680\",\"https://openalex.org/W2528743862\",\"https://openalex.org/W4285719527\",\"https://openalex.org/W6728006180\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075535645\",\"display_name\":\"Ana Maqueda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018617121\",\"display_name\":\"Marta Valle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3515-251X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027824996\",\"display_name\":\"Peter H. Addy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070763532\",\"display_name\":\"Rosa María Antonijoan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113962238\",\"display_name\":\"Montserrat Puntes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034377634\",\"display_name\":\"Jimena Coimbra\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043190410\",\"display_name\":\"María Rosa Ballester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-9558\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078216766\",\"display_name\":\"Maite Garrido\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042580068\",\"display_name\":\"M. J. González\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029374524\",\"display_name\":\"Judit Claramunt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111877567\",\"display_name\":\"Steven A. Barker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5755-3496\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032680919\",\"display_name\":\"Izabela Lomnicka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009932824\",\"display_name\":\"Marian Waguespack\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041566460\",\"display_name\":\"Jordi Riba\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-8421\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S199972112\",\"source_display_name\":\"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw016\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2299277295" }, { "id": 2048, "title": "Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin.", "normalized_title": "sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin", "authors": "Tylš F, Páleníček T, Kadeřábek L, Lipski M, Kubešová A, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a clinical research and therapeutic tool. The aim of this paper is to bridge two major knowledge gaps regarding its behavioural pharmacology - sex differences and the underlying receptor mechanisms. We used psilocin (0.25, 1 and 4 mg/kg), an active metabolite of psilocybin, in two behavioural paradigms - the open-field test and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reaction. Sex differences were evaluated with respect to the phase of the female cycle. The contribution of serotonin receptors in the behavioural action was tested in male rats with selective serotonin receptor antagonists: 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY100635 1 mg/kg), 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (MDL100907 0.5 mg/kg), 5-HT2B receptor antagonist (SB215505 1 mg/kg) and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (SB242084 1 mg/kg). Psilocin induced dose-dependent inhibition of locomotion and suppression of normal behaviour in rats (behavioural serotonin syndrome, impaired PPI). The effects were more pronounced in male rats than in females. The inhibition of locomotion was normalized by 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B/C antagonists; however, PPI was not affected significantly by these antagonists. Our findings highlight an important issue of sex-specific reactions to psilocin and that apart from 5-HT2A-mediated effects 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C/B receptors also play an important role. These findings have implications for recent clinical trials.", "journal": "Behavioural Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2016-05-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198", "pubmed_id": "26461483", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Sex Factors, Estrous Cycle, Locomotion, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26461483\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2318447563\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":86,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W41008617\",\"https://openalex.org/W1844018320\",\"https://openalex.org/W1893475387\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963983750\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964473837\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966051646\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972349079\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972622243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983083273\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983350514\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983746474\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984304181\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986543617\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988081587\",\"https://openalex.org/W1989168929\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990245488\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993266955\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993648598\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995716681\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998786450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001972521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2003424951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005023389\",\"https://openalex.org/W2005756201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007011615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007728462\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009464577\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009632756\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016770736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021349846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021958736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022404244\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023770434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038620688\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042469037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057313063\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058340335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058566133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058567736\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059800315\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060487112\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061239557\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061257044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061601865\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061743666\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071289935\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072942450\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073997074\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074926791\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075241114\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079258526\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080123927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2081487441\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085073153\",\"https://openalex.org/W2085564728\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089210700\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091397797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092517056\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092726363\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094053695\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095356255\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099797657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100987476\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103517742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113674682\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115526051\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129576675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136830997\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149463687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158239158\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165194242\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167955809\",\"https://openalex.org/W2261115999\",\"https://openalex.org/W2295428705\",\"https://openalex.org/W2312932653\",\"https://openalex.org/W2324554653\",\"https://openalex.org/W2409536169\",\"https://openalex.org/W2409801431\",\"https://openalex.org/W2436075536\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W6638985061\",\"https://openalex.org/W6714262990\",\"https://openalex.org/W6714681351\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012044574\",\"display_name\":\"Filip Tylš\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-6999\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074167242\",\"display_name\":\"L. Kadeřábek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047897050\",\"display_name\":\"Michaela Lipski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067625805\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Kubešová\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012893465\",\"display_name\":\"Jiřı́ Horáček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-7306\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S9181514\",\"source_display_name\":\"Behavioural Pharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2318447563" }, { "id": 5250, "title": "Psilocybin, LSD, Mescaline and drug-induced synesthesia", "normalized_title": "psilocybin lsd mescaline and drug induced synesthesia", "authors": "Dimitria Electra Gatzia, Berit Brogaard", "abstract": "Studies have shown that both serotonin and glutamate receptor systems play a crucial role in the mechanisms underlying drug-induced synesthesia. The specific nature of these mechanisms, however, continues to remain elusive. Here we propose two distinct hypotheses for how synesthesia triggered by hallucinogens in the serotonin-agonist family may occur. One hypothesis is that the drug-induced destabilization of thalamic projections via GABAergic neuronal circuits from sensory areas leads to a disruption of low-level, spontaneous integration of multisensory stimuli. This sort of integration regularly occurs when spatial and temporal attributes match. Destabilization of feedback loops, however, can result in incongruent experiences or binding of random thalamus activation with sensory input in a particular sensory modality. The second hypothesis builds on embodied cognition, cases in which visual images of external stimuli activate task-related neural regions. On this proposal, binding processes that do not normally generate awareness become accessible to consciousness as a result of decreased attentional discrimination among incoming stimuli.", "journal": "PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)", "publication_date": "2015-12-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://philarchive.org/rec/BROPLM", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mescaline, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Drug, Synesthesia, Pharmacology, Dermatology, Psychology, Medicine, Neuroscience, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Perception, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2523230554\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2523230554\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017599520\",\"display_name\":\"Dimitria Electra Gatzia\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2330-2661\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044017896\",\"display_name\":\"Berit Brogaard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0897\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402130\",\"source_display_name\":\"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://philarchive.org/rec/BROPLM\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2523230554" }, { "id": 2501, "title": "The Associations of Naturalistic Classic Psychedelic Use, Mystical Experience, and Creative Problem Solving.", "normalized_title": "the associations of naturalistic classic psychedelic use mystical experience and creative problem solving", "authors": "Sweat NW, Bates LW, Hendricks PS", "abstract": "Developing methods for improving creativity is of broad interest. Classic psychedelics may enhance creativity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. This study was designed to assess whether a relationship exists between naturalistic classic psychedelic use and heightened creative problem-solving ability and if so, whether this is mediated by lifetime mystical experience. Participants (N = 68) completed a survey battery assessing lifetime mystical experience and circumstances surrounding the most memorable experience. They were then administered a functional fixedness task in which faster completion times indicate greater creative problem-solving ability. Participants reporting classic psychedelic use concurrent with mystical experience (n = 11) exhibited significantly faster times on the functional fixedness task (Cohen's d = -.87; large effect) and significantly greater lifetime mystical experience (Cohen's d =.93; large effect) than participants not reporting classic psychedelic use concurrent with mystical experience. However, lifetime mystical experience was unrelated to completion times on the functional fixedness task (standardized β = -.06), and was therefore not a significant mediator. Classic psychedelic use may increase creativity independent of its effects on mystical experience. Maximizing the likelihood of mystical experience may need not be a goal of psychedelic interventions designed to boost creativity.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2015-12-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2016.1234090", "pubmed_id": "27719438", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719438/", "keywords": "Creativity, hallucinogen, mystical experience, problem solving, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"27719438\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Creativity,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2525, "title": "The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity.", "normalized_title": "the mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat induced modulation of amygdala connectivity", "authors": "Kraehenmann R, Schmidt A, Friston K, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Stimulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by psilocybin has been shown to shift emotional biases away from negative towards positive stimuli. We have recently shown that reduced amygdala activity during threat processing might underlie psilocybin's effect on emotional processing. However, it is still not known whether psilocybin modulates bottom-up or top-down connectivity within the visual-limbic-prefrontal network underlying threat processing. We therefore analyzed our previous fMRI data using dynamic causal modeling and used Bayesian model selection to infer how psilocybin modulated effective connectivity within the visual-limbic-prefrontal network during threat processing. First, both placebo and psilocybin data were best explained by a model in which threat affect modulated bidirectional connections between the primary visual cortex, amygdala, and lateral prefrontal cortex. Second, psilocybin decreased the threat-induced modulation of top-down connectivity from the amygdala to primary visual cortex, speaking to a neural mechanism that might underlie putative shifts towards positive affect states after psilocybin administration. These findings may have important implications for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.", "journal": "NeuroImage Clinical", "publication_date": "2015-08-21", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009", "pubmed_id": "26909323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009", "keywords": "Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Brain Mapping, Bayes Theorem, Fear, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26909323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1191653087\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":107,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W284042030\",\"https://openalex.org/W438966905\",\"https://openalex.org/W590335313\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964970417\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974105735\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976073163\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976863244\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004805863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016647678\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024685092\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038727657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044264234\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047496901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054428623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058866161\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072283174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083433785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086590817\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093203605\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095986387\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097958735\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112300402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116649573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117663940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118969780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127229574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135173838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136619901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139037554\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147351252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148905283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149798692\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155388413\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2285774466\",\"https://openalex.org/W2913421382\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4210652359\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230920194\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232609309\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292994367\",\"https://openalex.org/W6617660511\",\"https://openalex.org/W6950415317\",\"https://openalex.org/W6982170338\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086978778\",\"display_name\":\"Rainer Kraehenmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-0726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054234763\",\"display_name\":\"André Schmidt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-8397\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086852785\",\"display_name\":\"Karl Friston\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-8909\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898194095\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage Clinical\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1191653087" }, { "id": 2532, "title": "Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations", "authors": "Kometer M, Pokorny T, Seifritz E, Volleinweider FX.", "abstract": "RationaleDuring the last years, considerable progress has been made toward understanding the neuronal basis of consciousness by using sophisticated behavioral tasks, brain-imaging techniques, and various psychoactive drugs. Nevertheless, the neuronal mechanisms underlying some of the most intriguing states of consciousness, including spiritual experiences, remain unknown.ObjectivesTo elucidate state of consciousness-related neuronal mechanisms, human subjects were given psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist and hallucinogen that has been used for centuries to induce spiritual experiences in religious and medical rituals.MethodsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 50 healthy human volunteers received a moderate dose of psilocybin, while high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were taken during eyes-open and eyes-closed resting states. The current source density and the lagged phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations across distributed brain regions were computed and correlated with psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness.ResultsPsilocybin decreased the current source density of neuronal oscillations at 1.5-20 Hz within a neural network comprising the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices and the parahippocampal regions. Most intriguingly, the intensity levels of psilocybin-induced spiritual experience and insightfulness correlated with the lagged phase synchronization of delta oscillations (1.5-4 Hz) between the retrosplenial cortex, the parahippocampus, and the lateral orbitofrontal area.ConclusionsThese results provide systematic evidence for the direct association of a specific spatiotemporal neuronal mechanism with spiritual experiences and enhanced insight into life and existence. The identified mechanism may constitute a pathway for modulating mental health, as spiritual experiences can promote sustained well-being and psychological resilience.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2015-07-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7", "pubmed_id": "26231498", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7", "keywords": "Parahippocampal Gyrus, Cerebral Cortex, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26231498\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1037524820\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":165,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W245658\",\"https://openalex.org/W99126694\",\"https://openalex.org/W284689758\",\"https://openalex.org/W1549030279\",\"https://openalex.org/W1603307924\",\"https://openalex.org/W1862942562\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969118592\",\"https://openalex.org/W1971169197\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973275441\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978569191\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980521192\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980721637\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983939506\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988061580\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990366495\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991490575\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996031356\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996620918\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996864540\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997047095\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998259498\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002101667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004150207\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2015303758\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017860220\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019885188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019925314\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020974659\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023471067\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025024951\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027700252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031255974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032825285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033034887\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037420423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038427447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040149530\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040972615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041299010\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042237566\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042921481\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043757388\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043838018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044670283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054997020\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057998699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065096279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066749237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071249625\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077491345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084473597\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084717574\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094147107\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098182568\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102963347\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105908679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105909330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108384452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109582949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111096018\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114267373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115964617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117207767\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120347667\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121409298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123571009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135390742\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137699706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2138790588\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142232471\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142875089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147899888\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150704740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151428784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156662050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157133166\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157787057\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158866673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161642698\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162501988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162949965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2245231029\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4253527428\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009222806\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Pokorny\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-8874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019594966\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Volleinweider\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing,Resilience,Spirituality", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1037524820" }, { "id": 2536, "title": "Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "finding the self by losing the self neural correlates of ego dissolution under psilocybin", "authors": "Lebedev AV, Lövdén M, Rosenthal G, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Ego-disturbances have been a topic in schizophrenia research since the earliest clinical descriptions of the disorder. Manifesting as a feeling that one's \"self,\" \"ego,\" or \"I\" is disintegrating or that the border between one's self and the external world is dissolving, \"ego-disintegration\" or \"dissolution\" is also an important feature of the psychedelic experience, such as is produced by psilocybin (a compound found in \"magic mushrooms\"). Fifteen healthy subjects took part in this placebo-controlled study. Twelve-minute functional MRI scans were acquired on two occasions: subjects received an intravenous infusion of saline on one occasion (placebo) and 2 mg psilocybin on the other. Twenty-two visual analogue scale ratings were completed soon after scanning and the first principal component of these, dominated by items referring to \"ego-dissolution\", was used as a primary measure of interest in subsequent analyses. Employing methods of connectivity analysis and graph theory, an association was found between psilocybin-induced ego-dissolution and decreased functional connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and high-level cortical regions. Ego-dissolution was also associated with a \"disintegration\" of the salience network and reduced interhemispheric communication. Addressing baseline brain dynamics as a predictor of drug-response, individuals with lower diversity of executive network nodes were more likely to experience ego-dissolution under psilocybin. These results implicate MTL-cortical decoupling, decreased salience network integrity, and reduced inter-hemispheric communication in psilocybin-induced ego disturbance and suggest that the maintenance of \"self\"or \"ego,\" as a perceptual phenomenon, may rest on the normal functioning of these systems.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2015-05-21", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.22833", "pubmed_id": "26010878", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Ego, Self Concept, Perception, Principal Component Analysis, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26010878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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V. Lebedev\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-2357\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008745650\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Lövdén\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-2028\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083109597\",\"display_name\":\"Gidon Rosenthal\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2100182643" }, { "id": 2537, "title": "The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review.", "normalized_title": "the hallucinogenic world of tryptamines an updated review", "authors": "Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M.", "abstract": "In the area of psychotropic drugs, tryptamines are known to be a broad class of classical or serotonergic hallucinogens. These drugs are capable of producing profound changes in sensory perception, mood and thought in humans and act primarily as agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor. Well-known tryptamines such as psilocybin contained in Aztec sacred mushrooms and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), present in South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, have been restrictedly used since ancient times in sociocultural and ritual contexts. However, with the discovery of hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mid-1900s, tryptamines began to be used recreationally among young people. More recently, new synthetically produced tryptamine hallucinogens, such as alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), emerged in the recreational drug market, which have been claimed as the next-generation designer drugs to replace LSD ('legal' alternatives to LSD). Tryptamine derivatives are widely accessible over the Internet through companies selling them as 'research chemicals', but can also be sold in 'headshops' and street dealers. Reports of intoxication and deaths related to the use of new tryptamines have been described over the last years, raising international concern over tryptamines. However, the lack of literature pertaining to pharmacological and toxicological properties of new tryptamine hallucinogens hampers the assessment of their actual potential harm to general public health. This review provides a comprehensive update on tryptamine hallucinogens, concerning their historical background, prevalence, patterns of use and legal status, chemistry, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and their physiological and toxicological effects on animals and humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-04-15", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x", "pubmed_id": "25877327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25877327\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2523, "title": "Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions.", "normalized_title": "classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Addictive disorders are very common and have devastating individual and social consequences. Currently available treatment is moderately effective at best. After many years of neglect, there is renewed interest in potential clinical uses for classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions and other behavioral health conditions. In this paper we provide a comprehensive review of both historical and recent clinical research on the use of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction, selectively review other relevant research concerning hallucinogens, and suggest directions for future research. Clinical trial data are very limited except for the use of LSD in the treatment of alcoholism, where a meta-analysis of controlled trials has demonstrated a consistent and clinically significant beneficial effect of high-dose LSD. Recent pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted treatment of nicotine and alcohol dependence had strikingly positive outcomes, but controlled trials will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. Although plausible biological mechanisms have been proposed, currently the strongest evidence is for the role of mystical or other meaningful experiences as mediators of therapeutic effects. Classic hallucinogens have an excellent record of safety in the context of clinical research. Given our limited understanding of the clinically relevant effects of classic hallucinogens, there is a wealth of opportunities for research that could contribute important new knowledge and potentially lead to valuable new treatments for addiction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-13", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002", "pubmed_id": "25784600", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Addictive, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25784600\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2543, "title": "Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences?", "normalized_title": "peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Majić T, Schmidt TT, Gallinat J", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances has recently resumed. During an early phase of human psychedelic research, their therapeutic application in different pathologies had been suggested, and the first evidence for efficacy was provided. The range of recent clinical applications of psychedelics spans from cluster headaches and obsessive-compulsive disorder to addiction and the treatment of fear and anxiety in patients suffering from terminal illness, indicating potentially different therapeutic mechanisms. A variety of approaches in psychotherapy emphasize subjective experiences, such as so-called peak experiences or afterglow phenomena, as differentially mediating therapeutic action. This review aims to re-evaluate earlier and recent concepts of how psychedelic substances may exert beneficial effects. After a short outline of neurophenomenological aspects, we discuss different approaches to how psychedelics are used in psychotherapy. Finally, we summarize evidence for the relationship between subjective experiences and therapeutic success. While the distinction between pharmacological and psychological action obviously cannot be clear-cut, they do appear to contribute differently from each other when their effects are compared with regard to pathologies.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2015-02-28", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114568040", "pubmed_id": "25670401", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25670401/", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, LSD, ketamine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, psycholytic therapy, serotonin, substance addiction, substance-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25670401\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2545, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted treatment for alcohol dependence a proof of concept study", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Forcehimes AA, Pommy JA, Wilcox CE, Barbosa PC, Strassman RJ.", "abstract": "UnlabelledSeveral lines of evidence suggest that classic (5HT2A agonist) hallucinogens have clinically relevant effects in alcohol and drug addiction. Although recent studies have investigated the effects of psilocybin in various populations, there have been no studies on the efficacy of psilocybin for alcohol dependence. We conducted a single-group proof-of-concept study to quantify acute effects of psilocybin in alcohol-dependent participants and to provide preliminary outcome and safety data. Ten volunteers with DSM-IV alcohol dependence received orally administered psilocybin in one or two supervised sessions in addition to Motivational Enhancement Therapy and therapy sessions devoted to preparation for and debriefing from the psilocybin sessions. Participants' responses to psilocybin were qualitatively similar to those described in other populations. Abstinence did not increase significantly in the first 4 weeks of treatment (when participants had not yet received psilocybin), but increased significantly following psilocybin administration (p < 0.05). Gains were largely maintained at follow-up to 36 weeks. The intensity of effects in the first psilocybin session (at week 4) strongly predicted change in drinking during weeks 5-8 (r = 0.76 to r = 0.89) and also predicted decreases in craving and increases in abstinence self-efficacy during week 5. There were no significant treatment-related adverse events. These preliminary findings provide a strong rationale for controlled trials with larger samples to investigate efficacy and mechanisms.Trial registrationNCT02061293.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2015-01-12", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114565144", "pubmed_id": "25586396", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565144", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Alcohol Drinking, Motivation, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:40", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25586396\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2075238613\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1161,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W54728729\",\"https://openalex.org/W62922542\",\"https://openalex.org/W159676469\",\"https://openalex.org/W173089895\",\"https://openalex.org/W376897599\",\"https://openalex.org/W592732404\",\"https://openalex.org/W621567176\",\"https://openalex.org/W1475474724\",\"https://openalex.org/W1560741048\",\"https://openalex.org/W1896027656\",\"https://openalex.org/W1940682915\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964116811\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968488639\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973405277\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973613743\",\"https://openalex.org/W1973814761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975552694\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982006269\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999159677\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999336162\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006587749\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009271136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012834083\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014622858\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016774883\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031398681\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037776127\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043530175\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052341973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2054754029\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056852922\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061900306\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076029586\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079490870\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079836081\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080464850\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082206299\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082483310\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086552507\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086963232\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087952727\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088140721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2090179920\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091746900\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096567449\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098258137\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102582267\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108556733\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110065044\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111139037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118739111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2120356707\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122459973\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123282949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129977009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143648030\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150894903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166262899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166952073\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169216780\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170915041\",\"https://openalex.org/W2243916050\",\"https://openalex.org/W2297304494\",\"https://openalex.org/W2318552418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2319975253\",\"https://openalex.org/W2333536875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2408251447\",\"https://openalex.org/W2419156332\",\"https://openalex.org/W2474274656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2607365596\",\"https://openalex.org/W2973687702\",\"https://openalex.org/W3018382390\",\"https://openalex.org/W3196761093\",\"https://openalex.org/W3217134939\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4229920826\",\"https://openalex.org/W4232615320\",\"https://openalex.org/W4239785504\",\"https://openalex.org/W4249571112\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300870773\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075574900\",\"display_name\":\"Alyssa A. Forcehimes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109907760\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica A. Pommy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079953298\",\"display_name\":\"Claire Wilcox\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-7357\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108481782\",\"display_name\":\"PCR Barbosa\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113712322\",\"display_name\":\"Rick J. Strassman\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2075238613" }, { "id": 2549, "title": "Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "recreational use analysis and toxicity of tryptamines", "authors": "Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS.", "abstract": "UnlabelledThe definition New psychoactive substances (NPS) refers to emerging drugs whose chemical structures are similar to other psychoactive compounds but not identical, representing a \"legal\" alternative to internationally controlled drugs. There are many categories of NPS, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. Tryptamines are naturally occurring compounds, which can derive from the amino acid tryptophan by several biosynthetic pathways: their structure is a combination of a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, with the addition of a 2-carbon side chain. Tryptamines include serotonin and melatonin as well as other compounds known for their hallucinogenic properties, such as psilocybin in 'Magic mushrooms' and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Ayahuasca brews.AimTo review the scientific literature regarding tryptamines and their derivatives, providing a summary of all the available information about the structure of these compounds, their effects in relationship with the routes of administration, their pharmacology and toxicity, including articles reporting cases of death related to intake of these substances.MethodsA comprehensive review of the published scientific literature was performed, using also non peer-reviewed information sources, such as books, government publications and drug user web fora.ConclusionsInformation from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for specialists facing the emerging NPS threat to public health and public security, including the personnel working in Emergency Department.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-12-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409", "pubmed_id": "26074742", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409", "keywords": "Humans, Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Tryptamines, Psychotropic Drugs, Designer Drugs, Structure-Activity Relationship, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26074742\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2053, "title": "Effect of psilocin on extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the mesoaccumbens and mesocortical pathway in awake rats.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocin on extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the mesoaccumbens and mesocortical pathway in awake rats", "authors": "Sakashita Y, Abe K, Katagiri N, Kambe T, Saitoh T, Utsunomiya I, Horiguchi Y, Taguchi K.", "abstract": "Psilocin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol) is a hallucinogenic component of the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana and a skeletal serotonin (5-HT) analogue. Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate). In the present study, we examined the effects of systemically administered psilocin on extracellular dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex of the dopaminergic pathway in awake rats using in vivo microdialysis. Intraperitoneal administration of psilocin (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Psilocin did not affect the extracellular 5-HT level in the nucleus accumbens. Conversely, systemic administration of psilocin (10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats, but dopamine was decreased in this region. However, neither extracellular dopamine nor 5-HT levels in the VTA were altered by administration of psilocin. Behaviorally, psilocin significantly increased the number of head twitches. Thus, psilocin affects the dopaminergic system in the nucleus accumbens. In the serotonergic system, psilocin contribute to a crucial effect in the medial prefrontal cortex. The present data suggest that psilocin increased both the extracellular dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the mesoaccumbens and/or mesocortical pathway.", "journal": "Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin", "publication_date": "2014-10-23", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1248/bpb.b14-00315", "pubmed_id": "25342005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00315", "keywords": "Ventral Tegmental Area, Nucleus Accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25342005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2079092936\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":12,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"title:psilocin\",\"abstract:psilocin\",\"contextual-mushroom-match\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":84,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1684978948\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965146355\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967178229\",\"https://openalex.org/W1969855549\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980461963\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986425243\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990245488\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992840579\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1998075304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2016437478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043197532\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044704612\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057879372\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074371541\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089931568\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103431948\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104493382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2107441654\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124858522\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145998697\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165554771\",\"https://openalex.org/W2173531201\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401206973\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030344777\",\"display_name\":\"Yuichi Sakashita\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052583987\",\"display_name\":\"Kenji Abe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2829-3146\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064221710\",\"display_name\":\"N. KATAGIRI\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1388-0804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111625347\",\"display_name\":\"Toshie Kambe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110516585\",\"display_name\":\"Toshiaki Saitoh\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052295531\",\"display_name\":\"Iku Utsunomiya\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102278819\",\"display_name\":\"Yoshie Horiguchi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035856456\",\"display_name\":\"Kyoji Taguchi\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S165235614\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00315\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2079092936" }, { "id": 2558, "title": "Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles.", "normalized_title": "classical hallucinogens as antidepressants a review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles", "authors": "Baumeister D, Barnes G, Giaroli G, Tracy D", "abstract": "Hallucinogens have been part of spiritual practice for millennia, but controversy surrounding their mind-manifesting effects led to their proscription by the mid-20th century, largely without evidence of harm or toxicity and despite nascent data suggesting therapeutic utility in treating depressive illnesses. This review explores their pharmacodynamic actions and the current limited data on their clinic effectiveness. These drugs appear to exert their psychedelic effects through their agonist or partial agonist activity at the serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor, though they also have affinity for other metabotropic serotonin receptors. Hallucinogen binding affects a wide range of intracellular signalling pathways, the precise nature of which remains incompletely understood. They alter the serotonergic tone of brainstem raphe nuclei that project through the brain; they interact with receptors in the prefrontal cortex altering connectivity patterns and intracellular functioning; and they disrupt inhibitory control of sensory input via the thalamus to the cortex. The serotonergic system has long been implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders, and is a major target of most existing antidepressants. Classical hallucinogens alter the functioning of this system, but not in the same way current medications do: whilst there are identified receptors and neurotransmitter pathways through which hallucinogens could therein produce therapeutic effects, the neurobiology of this remains speculative at this time. There is currently an extremely limited but growing literature on hallucinogen safety and clinical application. The drugs appear well tolerated by healthy controls and clinical populations, and the rapid tolerance to repeated administration might reduce the possibility of dependency. Clinical trials reported over the past decade have generally shown positive therapeutic potential, but they are notably few in number. Legislative policy has had a freezing effect on evaluation of these compounds, a better understanding of which might improve our knowledge of the processes involved in consciousness, the neuropathology of depression, and potentially open up new pharmacological therapies.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2014-07-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314527985", "pubmed_id": "25083275", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25083275/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, LSD, antidepressants, anxiety, depression, hallucinogen, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25083275\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 5292, "title": "Examining the psychological mechanisms of psilocybin-assisted smoking cessation treatment: A pilot study", "normalized_title": "examining the psychological mechanisms of psilocybin assisted smoking cessation treatment a pilot study", "authors": "Albert Garcia-Romeu, Matthew W. Johnson, Roland R. Griffiths", "abstract": "", "journal": "Drug and Alcohol Dependence", "publication_date": "2014-06-06", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.200", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.200", "keywords": "Modafinil, Discontinuation, Medicine, Adverse effect, Randomized controlled trial, Psychology, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics, Digital Mental Health Interventions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2111139037\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2111139037\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W2341709196\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S109998069\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug and Alcohol Dependence\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.200\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2111139037" }, { "id": 2560, "title": "The effects of psilocybin and MDMA on between-network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin and mdma on between network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Roseman L, Leech R, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Perturbing a system and observing the consequences is a classic scientific strategy for understanding a phenomenon. Psychedelic drugs perturb consciousness in a marked and novel way and thus are powerful tools for studying its mechanisms. In the present analysis, we measured changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between a standard template of different independent components analysis (ICA)-derived resting state networks (RSNs) under the influence of two different psychoactive drugs, the stimulant/psychedelic hybrid, MDMA, and the classic psychedelic, psilocybin. Both were given in placebo-controlled designs and produced marked subjective effects, although reports of more profound changes in consciousness were given after psilocybin. Between-network RSFC was generally increased under psilocybin, implying that networks become less differentiated from each other in the psychedelic state. Decreased RSFC between visual and sensorimotor RSNs was also observed. MDMA had a notably less marked effect on between-network RSFC, implying that the extensive changes observed under psilocybin may be exclusive to classic psychedelic drugs and related to their especially profound effects on consciousness. The novel analytical approach applied here may be applied to other altered states of consciousness to improve our characterization of different conscious states and ultimately advance our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying them.", "journal": "Frontiers in Human Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2014-05-26", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204", "pubmed_id": "24904346", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24904346\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1963722081\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":293,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W615812809\",\"https://openalex.org/W1522559070\",\"https://openalex.org/W1564034482\",\"https://openalex.org/W1760829075\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967126833\",\"https://openalex.org/W1980527160\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987430298\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990134753\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994102540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004644140\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006096283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007318901\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007565547\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009494091\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012702426\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021803760\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2033134445\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035391615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035482871\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036802268\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038098617\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039619955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041404167\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051426845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052644075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059512699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071881327\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078152479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079450984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087302183\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087848624\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093969628\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095031720\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097563002\",\"https://openalex.org/W2097974840\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099046646\",\"https://openalex.org/W2109543774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114461993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2114900706\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117663940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2118232570\",\"https://openalex.org/W2122335802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129920623\",\"https://openalex.org/W2132011757\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137473377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137526583\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149013149\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162010696\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162501988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411432352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2417217304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2993383518\",\"https://openalex.org/W4235770099\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007616376\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Leech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-6318\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S146364893\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1963722081" }, { "id": 2561, "title": "Quantitative phosphoproteomics unravels biased phosphorylation of serotonin 2A receptor at Ser280 by hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists.", "normalized_title": "quantitative phosphoproteomics unravels biased phosphorylation of serotonin 2a receptor at ser280 by hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists", "authors": "Karaki S, Becamel C, Murat S, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, Prézeau L, Bockaert J, Marin P, Vandermoere F.", "abstract": "The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is a primary target of psychedelic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamine, mescaline, and psilocybin, which reproduce some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. An incompletely resolved paradox is that only some 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists exhibit hallucinogenic activity, whereas structurally related agonists with comparable affinity and activity lack such a psychoactive activity. Using a strategy combining stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture with enrichment in phosphorylated peptides by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, we compared the phosphoproteome in HEK-293 cells transiently expressing the 5-HT(2A) receptor and exposed to either vehicle or the synthetic hallucinogen 1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane (DOI) or the nonhallucinogenic 5-HT(2A) agonist lisuride. Among the 5995 identified phosphorylated peptides, 16 sites were differentially phosphorylated upon exposure of cells to DOI versus lisuride. These include a serine (Ser(280)) located in the third intracellular loop of the 5-HT(2A) receptor, a region important for its desensitization. The specific phosphorylation of Ser(280) by hallucinogens was further validated by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of immunopurified receptor digests and by Western blotting using a phosphosite specific antibody. The administration of DOI, but not of lisuride, to mice, enhanced the phosphorylation of 5-HT(2A) receptors at Ser(280) in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, hallucinogens induced a less pronounced desensitization of receptor-operated signaling in HEK-293 cells and neurons than did nonhallucinogenic agonists. The mutation of Ser(280) to aspartic acid (to mimic phosphorylation) reduced receptor desensitization by nonhallucinogenic agonists, whereas its mutation to alanine increased the ability of hallucinogens to desensitize the receptor. This study reveals a biased phosphorylation of the 5-HT(2A) receptor in response to hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists, which underlies their distinct capacity to desensitize the receptor.", "journal": "Molecular & Cellular Proteomics", "publication_date": "2014-03-16", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1074/mcp.m113.036558", "pubmed_id": "24637012", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m113.036558", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Humans, Mice, Amphetamines, Lisuride, Serine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Proteomics, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Phosphorylation, HEK293 Cells, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24637012\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2116715079\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2116715079\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":73,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1503765703\",\"https://openalex.org/W1625702540\",\"https://openalex.org/W1965303778\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981568254\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981875451\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986945180\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991074752\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995989434\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996467813\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999060556\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999450178\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036507117\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037606383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039541786\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051639699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053071903\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057122292\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057136443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066199312\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068007833\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071159103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075352853\",\"https://openalex.org/W2079882316\",\"https://openalex.org/W2080752012\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087200563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087773298\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089553250\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091608595\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094843483\",\"https://openalex.org/W2111373319\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121473111\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123684145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140946052\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140969503\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141175006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2145054656\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152186486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157769365\",\"https://openalex.org/W2162172965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2164090974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2166103925\",\"https://openalex.org/W2168386087\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110213700\",\"display_name\":\"Samah Karaki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035079972\",\"display_name\":\"Carine Bécamel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-681X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014068590\",\"display_name\":\"Samy Murat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1672-3110\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108488272\",\"display_name\":\"Clotilde Mannoury la Cour\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041494494\",\"display_name\":\"Mark J. Millan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-0301\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019678940\",\"display_name\":\"Laurent Prézeau\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9800-1084\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045863654\",\"display_name\":\"Joël Bockaert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-9529\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062205416\",\"display_name\":\"Philippe Marin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5977-7274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090500699\",\"display_name\":\"Franck Vandermoere\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5724-7037\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S104550190\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m113.036558\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions,Proteomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2116715079" }, { "id": 2570, "title": "Altered states: psychedelics and anesthetics.", "normalized_title": "altered states psychedelics and anesthetics", "authors": "Icaza EE, Mashour GA.", "abstract": "The psychedelic experience has been reported since antiquity, but there is relatively little known about the underlying neural mechanisms. A recent neuroimaging study on psilocybin revealed a pattern of decreased cerebral blood flow and functional disconnections that is surprisingly similar to that caused by various anesthetics. In this article, the authors review historical examples of psychedelic experiences induced by general anesthetics and then contrast the mechanisms by which these two drug classes generate altered states of consciousness.", "journal": "Anesthesiology", "publication_date": "2013-11-30", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee", "pubmed_id": "24061599", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, GABA Agents, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24061599\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2421174840\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2421174840\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":5,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W52782739\",\"https://openalex.org/W623659716\",\"https://openalex.org/W1522472173\",\"https://openalex.org/W1566688401\",\"https://openalex.org/W1919168435\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970624920\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984098721\",\"https://openalex.org/W1985673618\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986938874\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988846939\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988881714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993483507\",\"https://openalex.org/W1996517694\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012817373\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017237202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021230919\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022888479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036880486\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039181163\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043887334\",\"https://openalex.org/W2049487837\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055144174\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056836466\",\"https://openalex.org/W2062847304\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071592927\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078469130\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083217606\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112492148\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112639978\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113307128\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115952847\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123274136\",\"https://openalex.org/W2124042652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2129317350\",\"https://openalex.org/W2137456793\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140774335\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150967988\",\"https://openalex.org/W2152871511\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170811861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2308963264\",\"https://openalex.org/W4230923288\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050748043\",\"display_name\":\"Eduardo E. Icaza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080287940\",\"display_name\":\"George A. Mashour\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-5932\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S124035732\",\"source_display_name\":\"Anesthesiology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2421174840" }, { "id": 2574, "title": "Serotonergic hyperactivity as a potential factor in developmental, acquired and drug-induced synesthesia.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hyperactivity as a potential factor in developmental acquired and drug induced synesthesia", "authors": "Brogaard B.", "abstract": "Though synesthesia research has seen a huge growth in recent decades, and tremendous progress has been made in terms of understanding the mechanism and cause of synesthesia, we are still left mostly in the dark when it comes to the mechanistic commonalities (if any) among developmental, acquired and drug-induced synesthesia. We know that many forms of synesthesia involve aberrant structural or functional brain connectivity. Proposed mechanisms include direct projection and disinhibited feedback mechanisms, in which information from two otherwise structurally or functionally separate brain regions mix. We also know that synesthesia sometimes runs in families. However, it is unclear what causes its onset. Studies of psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD and mescaline, reveal that exposure to these drugs can induce synesthesia. One neurotransmitter suspected to be central to the perceptual changes is serotonin. Excessive serotonin in the brain may cause many of the characteristics of psychedelic intoxication. Excessive serotonin levels may also play a role in synesthesia acquired after brain injury. In brain injury sudden cell death floods local brain regions with serotonin and glutamate. This neurotransmitter flooding could perhaps result in unusual feature binding. Finally, developmental synesthesia that occurs in individuals with autism may be a result of alterations in the serotonergic system, leading to a blockage of regular gating mechanisms. I conclude on these grounds that one commonality among at least some cases of acquired, developmental and drug-induced synesthesia may be the presence of excessive levels of serotonin, which increases the excitability and connectedness of sensory brain regions.", "journal": "Frontiers in Human Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2013-10-20", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2013.00657", "pubmed_id": "24155703", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00657", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24155703\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Brogaard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0897\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S146364893\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00657\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1977882221" }, { "id": 2575, "title": "Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state.", "normalized_title": "broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Moran RJ, Brookes MJ, Williams TM, Errtizoe D, Sessa B, Papadopoulos A, Bolstridge M, Singh KD, Feilding A, Friston KJ, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs produce profound changes in consciousness, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms for this remain unclear. Spontaneous and induced oscillatory activity was recorded in healthy human participants with magnetoencephalography after intravenous infusion of psilocybin--prodrug of the nonselective serotonin 2A receptor agonist and classic psychedelic psilocin. Psilocybin reduced spontaneous cortical oscillatory power from 1 to 50 Hz in posterior association cortices, and from 8 to 100 Hz in frontal association cortices. Large decreases in oscillatory power were seen in areas of the default-mode network. Independent component analysis was used to identify a number of resting-state networks, and activity in these was similarly decreased after psilocybin. Psilocybin had no effect on low-level visually induced and motor-induced gamma-band oscillations, suggesting that some basic elements of oscillatory brain activity are relatively preserved during the psychedelic experience. Dynamic causal modeling revealed that posterior cingulate cortex desynchronization can be explained by increased excitability of deep-layer pyramidal neurons, which are known to be rich in 5-HT2A receptors. These findings suggest that the subjective effects of psychedelics result from a desynchronization of ongoing oscillatory rhythms in the cortex, likely triggered by 5-HT2A receptor-mediated excitation of deep pyramidal cells.", "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2013-08-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013", "pubmed_id": "24048847", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electrocardiography, Cortical Synchronization, Magnetoencephalography, Analysis of Variance, Photic Stimulation, Nonlinear Dynamics, Models, Neurological, Rest, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24048847\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe 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Muthukumaraswamy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-3920\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079076250\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalyn Moran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-2621\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5106788181\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew J. Brookes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8687-8185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101579525\",\"display_name\":\"Tom A. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056667568\",\"display_name\":\"David Errtizoe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081065269\",\"display_name\":\"Ben Sessa\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1212-6060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113509149\",\"display_name\":\"Andreas Papadopoulos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073080173\",\"display_name\":\"Mark Bolstridge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083338138\",\"display_name\":\"Krish D. Singh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-2475\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086852785\",\"display_name\":\"Karl Friston\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-8909\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5555990\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2033134445" }, { "id": 2572, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "One of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which act through the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor. These compounds produce a 'model psychosis' in normal individuals that resembles at least some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on these similarities, and because evidence has emerged that the serotonergic system plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients, animal models relevant to schizophrenia have been developed based on hallucinogen effects. Here we review the behavioural effects of hallucinogens in four of those models, the receptor and neurochemical mechanisms for the effects and their translational relevance. Despite the difficulty of modelling hallucinogen effects in nonverbal species, animal models of schizophrenia based on hallucinogens have yielded important insights into the linkage between 5-HT and schizophrenia and have helped to identify receptor targets and interactions that could be exploited in the development of new therapeutic agents.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-12", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1017/s1461145713000722", "pubmed_id": "23942028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000722", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Disease Models, Animal, Serotonin, Serotonin Agents, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Translational Research, Biomedical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23942028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2060, "title": "Fungal hallucinogens psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol: analytical methods and biologic activities.", "normalized_title": "fungal hallucinogens psilocin ibotenic acid and muscimol analytical methods and biologic activities", "authors": "Stebelska K.", "abstract": "Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as psilocin, some recent findings suggest their ability to improve perception and mental skills, what would motivate the consumption of \"magic mushrooms.\" The present article offers an opportunity to find out what are the main symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms containing psilocybin/psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid. The progress in analytical methods for detection of them in fungal material, food, and body fluids is reviewed. Findings on the mechanisms of their biologic activity are summarized. Additionally, therapeutic potential of these fungal psychoactive compounds and health risk associated with their abuse are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-07-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1097/ftd.0b013e31828741a5", "pubmed_id": "23851905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31828741a5", "keywords": "Body Fluids, Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23851905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2553, "title": "Spatiotemporal brain dynamics of emotional face processing modulations induced by the serotonin 1A/2A receptor agonist psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "spatiotemporal brain dynamics of emotional face processing modulations induced by the serotonin 1a 2a receptor agonist psilocybin", "authors": "Bernasconi F, Schmidt A, Pokorny T, Kometer M, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Emotional face processing is critically modulated by the serotonergic system. For instance, emotional face processing is impaired by acute psilocybin administration, a serotonin (5-HT) 1A and 2A receptor agonist. However, the spatiotemporal brain mechanisms underlying these modulations are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal brain dynamics underlying psilocybin-induced modulations during emotional face processing. Electrical neuroimaging analyses were applied to visual evoked potentials in response to emotional faces, following psilocybin and placebo administration. Our results indicate a first time period of strength (i.e., Global Field Power) modulation over the 168-189 ms poststimulus interval, induced by psilocybin. A second time period of strength modulation was identified over the 211-242 ms poststimulus interval. Source estimations over these 2 time periods further revealed decreased activity in response to both neutral and fearful faces within limbic areas, including amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, and the right temporal cortex over the 168-189 ms interval, and reduced activity in response to happy faces within limbic and right temporo-occipital brain areas over the 211-242 ms interval. Our results indicate a selective and temporally dissociable effect of psilocybin on the neuronal correlates of emotional face processing, consistent with a modulation of the top-down control.", "journal": "Cerebral Cortex", "publication_date": "2013-07-15", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1093/cercor/bht178", "pubmed_id": "23861318", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht178", "keywords": "Face, Temporal Lobe, Humans, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23861318\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2169957979\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":9,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":62,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1598932076\",\"https://openalex.org/W1659118978\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963945289\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964970417\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966282919\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968218572\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972524714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972637069\",\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976073163\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979458375\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979612257\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982322471\",\"https://openalex.org/W1984163458\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990253761\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990545822\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991124987\",\"https://openalex.org/W1995051494\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997979827\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001012944\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001428189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007702933\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2011082377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012272477\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013825418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019312772\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022288443\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025132602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025221637\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026832357\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026955890\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034010615\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034272133\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035398019\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036970657\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040624569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043539548\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053750947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058207180\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063393199\",\"https://openalex.org/W2066027038\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069674721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073570537\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074270863\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083433785\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086826185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2088688195\",\"https://openalex.org/W2089188198\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091987383\",\"https://openalex.org/W2095279262\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096377479\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096817458\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098418070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098846409\",\"https://openalex.org/W2100724786\",\"https://openalex.org/W2101790396\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104461993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2110431345\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116628589\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117459380\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119134849\",\"https://openalex.org/W2126449881\",\"https://openalex.org/W2130423340\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133318750\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135286048\",\"https://openalex.org/W2139628377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140443081\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160610103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163072248\",\"https://openalex.org/W2182371455\",\"https://openalex.org/W2327595266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334566563\",\"https://openalex.org/W3127623214\",\"https://openalex.org/W3142828467\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4236533540\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019971665\",\"display_name\":\"Fosco Bernasconi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-6598\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054234763\",\"display_name\":\"André Schmidt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-8397\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009222806\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Pokorny\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-8874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S117898428\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cerebral Cortex\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht178\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2169957979" }, { "id": 2591, "title": "Single treatments that have lasting effects: some thoughts on the antidepressant effects of ketamine and botulinum toxin and the anxiolytic effect of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "single treatments that have lasting effects some thoughts on the antidepressant effects of ketamine and botulinum toxin and the anxiolytic effect of psilocybin", "authors": "Young SN.", "abstract": "Recent clinical trials suggest that 3 single biological treatments have effects that persist. Based on research showing that the muscles involved in facial expressions can feed back to influence mood, a single trial diminishing glabella frown lines with botulinum toxin demonstrated a significant antidepressant effect for 16 weeks. Based primarily on research with animal models of depression suggesting that glutamate may be involved in depression, the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine has been tested in several trials. A single dose decreased depression for up to a week. The reported effects of the use of mushrooms containing psilocybin by a number of cultures around the world has stimulated several trials showing beneficial effects of a single dose of psilocybin for over a year in healthy people, and for up to 3 months in patients with anxiety disorders who have advanced cancer. This article discusses these studies, their rationale, their possible mechanisms of action, the future clinical research required to establish these therapies and the basic research required to optimize single treatments that have lasting effects.", "journal": "Фундаментальные исследования (Fundamental Research)", "publication_date": "2013-02-28", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1503/jpn.120128", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.120128", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Anti-Dyskinesia Agents, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Botulinum Toxins, Facial Expression, Treatment Outcome, Attitude, Behavior, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Placebo Effect, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23171696\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W23171696\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W23171696\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049614194\",\"display_name\":\"Ю. Д. Шмидт\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062705477\",\"display_name\":\"Natalya Stepanovna Martyshenko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4018-7899\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210193633\",\"source_display_name\":\"Фундаментальные исследования (Fundamental Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=34571\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W23171696" }, { "id": 2593, "title": "Animal models of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "animal models of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Hanks JB, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is the major target of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Serotonergic psychedelics induce profound effects on cognition, emotion, and sensory processing that often seem uniquely human. This raises questions about the validity of animal models of psychedelic drug action. Nonetheless, recent findings suggest behavioral abnormalities elicited by psychedelics in rodents that predict such effects in humans. Here we review the behavioral effects induced by psychedelic drugs in rodent models, discuss the translational potential of these findings, and define areas where further research is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms and neuronal circuits underlying their neuropsychological effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-09-23", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1021/cn300138m", "pubmed_id": "23336043", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cn300138m", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rodentia, Mice, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Models, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Impulsive Behavior, Anxiety, Memory, Reinforcement Schedule, Time Perception, Head Movements, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Reflex, Startle, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23336043\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2597, "title": "Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin biases facial recognition goal directed behavior and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors", "authors": "Kometer M, Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Studerus E, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundSerotonin (5-HT) 1A and 2A receptors have been associated with dysfunctional emotional processing biases in mood disorders. These receptors further predominantly mediate the subjective and behavioral effects of psilocybin and might be important for its recently suggested antidepressive effects. However, the effect of psilocybin on emotional processing biases and the specific contribution of 5-HT2A receptors across different emotional domains is unknown.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind study, 17 healthy human subjects received on 4 separate days placebo, psilocybin (215 μg/kg), the preferential 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (50 mg), or psilocybin plus ketanserin. Mood states were assessed by self-report ratings, and behavioral and event-related potential measurements were used to quantify facial emotional recognition and goal-directed behavior toward emotional cues.ResultsPsilocybin enhanced positive mood and attenuated recognition of negative facial expression. Furthermore, psilocybin increased goal-directed behavior toward positive compared with negative cues, facilitated positive but inhibited negative sequential emotional effects, and valence-dependently attenuated the P300 component. Ketanserin alone had no effects but blocked the psilocybin-induced mood enhancement and decreased recognition of negative facial expression.ConclusionsThis study shows that psilocybin shifts the emotional bias across various psychological domains and that activation of 5-HT2A receptors is central in mood regulation and emotional face recognition in healthy subjects. These findings may not only have implications for the pathophysiology of dysfunctional emotional biases but may also provide a framework to delineate the mechanisms underlying psylocybin's putative antidepressant effects.", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2012-05-09", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005", "pubmed_id": "22578254", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Ketanserin, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Affect, Goals, Neuropsychological Tests, Evoked Potentials, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin, Recognition, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22578254\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W1974074998\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":299,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1607171655\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972426098\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972524714\",\"https://openalex.org/W1979086264\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1982282806\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990644324\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994271186\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994511912\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000571766\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001854690\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002469918\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009122980\",\"https://openalex.org/W2014019620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2019885188\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020444257\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022816995\",\"https://openalex.org/W2026736418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027680810\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034119223\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034860560\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036575795\",\"https://openalex.org/W2038593489\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039391993\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040285006\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040383829\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040624569\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042298460\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2043009728\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045618160\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055098509\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060926272\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067512259\",\"https://openalex.org/W2067901581\",\"https://openalex.org/W2068751924\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069947117\",\"https://openalex.org/W2071743179\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073547940\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073805480\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074739635\",\"https://openalex.org/W2075969679\",\"https://openalex.org/W2078806205\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083894864\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091600396\",\"https://openalex.org/W2103296974\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104640717\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105909330\",\"https://openalex.org/W2108384452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2115308878\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116650724\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123750279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2127699202\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134822928\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140443081\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141820378\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148905283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149522089\",\"https://openalex.org/W2149823098\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150407416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151985832\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153159895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153590575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2157574960\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158718741\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161555895\",\"https://openalex.org/W2163431819\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170151899\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170904543\",\"https://openalex.org/W2970485787\",\"https://openalex.org/W3171418018\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4292994367\",\"https://openalex.org/W4294333904\",\"https://openalex.org/W7074234824\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054234763\",\"display_name\":\"André Schmidt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-8397\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022192518\",\"display_name\":\"Rosilla Bachmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034712307\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Studerus\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-0182\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205482884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1974074998" }, { "id": 2604, "title": "Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin dose dependently causes delayed transient headaches in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Johnson MW, Sewell RA, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a well-characterized classic hallucinogen (psychedelic) with a long history of religious use by indigenous cultures, and nonmedical use in modern societies. Although psilocybin is structurally related to migraine medications, and case studies suggest that psilocybin may be efficacious in treatment of cluster headache, little is known about the relationship between psilocybin and headache.MethodsThis double-blind study examined a broad range of psilocybin doses (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg) on headache in 18 healthy participants.ResultsPsilocybin frequently caused headache, the incidence, duration, and severity of which increased in a dose-dependent manner. All headaches had delayed onset, were transient, and lasted no more than a day after psilocybin administration.ConclusionsPossible mechanisms for these observations are discussed, and include induction of delayed headache through nitric oxide release. These data suggest that headache is an adverse event to be expected with the nonmedical use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms as well as the administration of psilocybin in human research. Headaches were neither severe nor disabling, and should not present a barrier to future psilocybin research.", "journal": "Drug and Alcohol Dependence", "publication_date": "2011-11-28", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029", "pubmed_id": "22129843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Regression Analysis, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Educational Status, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22129843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2022443784\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":121,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W58525860\",\"https://openalex.org/W257682574\",\"https://openalex.org/W1521741140\",\"https://openalex.org/W1547348523\",\"https://openalex.org/W1656840546\",\"https://openalex.org/W1844018320\",\"https://openalex.org/W1856701106\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963521376\",\"https://openalex.org/W1964617237\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966592369\",\"https://openalex.org/W1968070291\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970071981\",\"https://openalex.org/W1970261516\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975859459\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976400419\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976576660\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976663079\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981740630\",\"https://openalex.org/W1987499931\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988102338\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988231226\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988343615\",\"https://openalex.org/W1988540804\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990652280\",\"https://openalex.org/W1992842279\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W2000979352\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001101493\",\"https://openalex.org/W2002063367\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004172377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2006995225\",\"https://openalex.org/W2007717420\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009823135\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010322651\",\"https://openalex.org/W2010595984\",\"https://openalex.org/W2012859687\",\"https://openalex.org/W2013374926\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017145453\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018137947\",\"https://openalex.org/W2023073151\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024491673\",\"https://openalex.org/W2027305485\",\"https://openalex.org/W2032560685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2035632600\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037449495\",\"https://openalex.org/W2037577416\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039200237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042593075\",\"https://openalex.org/W2044779961\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045530969\",\"https://openalex.org/W2047529423\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048509938\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048769100\",\"https://openalex.org/W2050297923\",\"https://openalex.org/W2051861629\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055432251\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058313885\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058799830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2059976461\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061529241\",\"https://openalex.org/W2063850876\",\"https://openalex.org/W2064775388\",\"https://openalex.org/W2069693356\",\"https://openalex.org/W2070290419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2074392685\",\"https://openalex.org/W2077782358\",\"https://openalex.org/W2082215297\",\"https://openalex.org/W2083516978\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084559769\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087042104\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087250686\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092074237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2093681430\",\"https://openalex.org/W2094479806\",\"https://openalex.org/W2096626991\",\"https://openalex.org/W2099048452\",\"https://openalex.org/W2106095564\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113099805\",\"https://openalex.org/W2119738402\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121441663\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133514631\",\"https://openalex.org/W2133878521\",\"https://openalex.org/W2135841101\",\"https://openalex.org/W2136779718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2141403390\",\"https://openalex.org/W2144693103\",\"https://openalex.org/W2147111949\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150280237\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151192281\",\"https://openalex.org/W2151828427\",\"https://openalex.org/W2153960249\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2156868152\",\"https://openalex.org/W2160795943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2161963368\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165575058\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170181652\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2292955418\",\"https://openalex.org/W2315561580\",\"https://openalex.org/W2326523421\",\"https://openalex.org/W2327340604\",\"https://openalex.org/W2329399965\",\"https://openalex.org/W2394708294\",\"https://openalex.org/W2403241328\",\"https://openalex.org/W2404743884\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412260037\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412554478\",\"https://openalex.org/W2418862703\",\"https://openalex.org/W2470421266\",\"https://openalex.org/W2471155830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2473812009\",\"https://openalex.org/W2930381162\",\"https://openalex.org/W3152453307\",\"https://openalex.org/W3172655997\",\"https://openalex.org/W4211150788\",\"https://openalex.org/W4302573313\",\"https://openalex.org/W6638985061\",\"https://openalex.org/W6645562331\",\"https://openalex.org/W6662167853\",\"https://openalex.org/W6674996748\",\"https://openalex.org/W6711943613\",\"https://openalex.org/W6713477425\",\"https://openalex.org/W6794257399\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064169821\",\"display_name\":\"R. Andrew Sewell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S109998069\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug and Alcohol Dependence\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029\",\"is_oa\":false}}}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Healthy Volunteers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2022443784" }, { "id": 2607, "title": "Mismatch negativity encoding of prediction errors predicts S-ketamine-induced cognitive impairments.", "normalized_title": "mismatch negativity encoding of prediction errors predicts s ketamine induced cognitive impairments", "authors": "Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Kometer M, Csomor PA, Stephan KE, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Psychotomimetics like the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine and the 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor (5-HT(2A)R) agonist psilocybin induce psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers that resemble those of schizophrenia. Recent theories of psychosis posit that aberrant encoding of prediction errors (PE) may underlie the expression of psychotic symptoms. This study used a roving mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm to investigate whether the encoding of PE is affected by pharmacological manipulation of NMDAR or 5-HT(2A)R, and whether the encoding of PE under placebo can be used to predict drug-induced symptoms. Using a double-blind within-subject placebo-controlled design, S-ketamine and psilocybin, respectively, were administrated to two groups of healthy subjects. Psychological alterations were assessed using a revised version of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC-R) questionnaire. As an index of PE, we computed changes in MMN amplitudes as a function of the number of preceding standards (MMN memory trace effect) during a roving paradigm. S-ketamine, but not psilocybin, disrupted PE processing as expressed by a frontally disrupted MMN memory trace effect. Although both drugs produced positive-like symptoms, the extent of PE processing under placebo only correlated significantly with the severity of cognitive impairments induced by S-ketamine. Our results suggest that the NMDAR, but not the 5-HT(2A)R system, is implicated in PE processing during the MMN paradigm, and that aberrant PE signaling may contribute to the formation of cognitive impairments. The assessment of the MMN memory trace in schizophrenia may allow detecting early phases of the illness and might also serve to assess the efficacy of novel pharmacological treatments, in particular of cognitive impairments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-10-25", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1038/npp.2011.261", "pubmed_id": "22030715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.261", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Placebos, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Cognition Disorders, Schizophrenia, Forecasting, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22030715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1989324273" }, { "id": 5333, "title": "P.1.e.017 The functional brain correlates of the psychedelic state: an arterial spin labelling study with psilocybin", "normalized_title": "p 1 e 017 the functional brain correlates of the psychedelic state an arterial spin labelling study with psilocybin", "authors": "Robin Carhart-Harris, David Erritzøe, James Stone, Rjs Wise, David Nutt", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2011-08-06", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/s0924-977x(11)70495-3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(11)70495-3", "keywords": "Curettage, Medicine, Zoledronic acid, Adverse effect, Surgery, Internal medicine, Cancer-related Molecular Pathways, Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Studies, Microtubule and mitosis dynamics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2061147949\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2061147949\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":4,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053590250\",\"display_name\":\"James Stone\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-0135\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110117993\",\"display_name\":\"Rjs Wise\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(11)70495-3\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2061147949" }, { "id": 2625, "title": "Maternal influenza viral infection causes schizophrenia-like alterations of 5-HT₂A and mGlu₂ receptors in the adult offspring.", "normalized_title": "maternal influenza viral infection causes schizophrenia like alterations of 5 ht₂a and mglu₂ receptors in the adult offspring", "authors": "Moreno JL, Kurita M, Holloway T, López J, Cadagan R, Martínez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin and glutamate systems are suspected in the etiology of schizophrenia, as well as in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. The effects of hallucinogens, such as psilocybin and mescaline, require the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, and induce schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans. In addition, metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu(2/3) agonists show promise as a new treatment for schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the level of expression and behavioral function of 5-HT(2A) and mGlu(2) receptors in a mouse model of maternal influenza viral infection. We show that spontaneous locomotor activity is diminished by maternal infection with the mouse-adapted influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. The behavioral responses to hallucinogens and glutamate antipsychotics are both affected by maternal exposure to influenza virus, with increased head-twitch response to hallucinogens and diminished antipsychotic-like effect of the glutamate agonist. In frontal cortex of mice born to influenza virus-infected mothers, the 5-HT(2A) receptor is upregulated and the mGlu(2) receptor is downregulated, an alteration that may be involved in the behavioral changes observed. Additionally, we find that the cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-dependent signaling pathways are significantly altered in the offspring of infected mothers, showing higher c-fos, egr-1, and egr-2 expression in response to the hallucinogenic drug DOI. Identifying a biochemical alteration that parallels the behavioral changes observed in a mouse model of prenatal viral infection may facilitate targeting therapies for treatment and prevention of schizophrenia.", "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2011-01-31", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.4230-10.2011", "pubmed_id": "21289196", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4230-10.2011", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe, Neural Pathways, Animals, Mice, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Disease Models, Animal, Glutamic Acid, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Pregnancy, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Female, Early Growth Response Protein 1, Early Growth Response Protein 2, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21289196\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2072898255\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2072898255\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":3,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":119,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W1549834980\",\"https://openalex.org/W1577274024\",\"https://openalex.org/W1646300150\",\"https://openalex.org/W1951663525\",\"https://openalex.org/W1962355416\",\"https://openalex.org/W1966407955\",\"https://openalex.org/W1972018621\",\"https://openalex.org/W1975996377\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983413649\",\"https://openalex.org/W1983746474\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990535802\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990545448\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993527031\",\"https://openalex.org/W1993826962\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994600097\",\"https://openalex.org/W1997058647\",\"https://openalex.org/W1999848070\",\"https://openalex.org/W2004367185\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009134620\",\"https://openalex.org/W2009490069\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017358382\",\"https://openalex.org/W2018385636\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020301473\",\"https://openalex.org/W2021402699\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022230955\",\"https://openalex.org/W2022654189\",\"https://openalex.org/W2024942419\",\"https://openalex.org/W2025534288\",\"https://openalex.org/W2029558958\",\"https://openalex.org/W2030517797\",\"https://openalex.org/W2031607959\",\"https://openalex.org/W2034427457\",\"https://openalex.org/W2040789766\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041812587\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045837603\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048010776\",\"https://openalex.org/W2048250261\",\"https://openalex.org/W2052882602\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053544252\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055013734\",\"https://openalex.org/W2055984914\",\"https://openalex.org/W2057109524\",\"https://openalex.org/W2060018802\",\"https://openalex.org/W2061506085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2073234751\",\"https://openalex.org/W2076572271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084257157\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086167675\",\"https://openalex.org/W2086596085\",\"https://openalex.org/W2087200563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2091447278\",\"https://openalex.org/W2092533774\",\"https://openalex.org/W2098205950\",\"https://openalex.org/W2102291283\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104148197\",\"https://openalex.org/W2105035544\",\"https://openalex.org/W2112851246\",\"https://openalex.org/W2113113845\",\"https://openalex.org/W2116386279\",\"https://openalex.org/W2117430572\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121136381\",\"https://openalex.org/W2121366540\",\"https://openalex.org/W2123403544\",\"https://openalex.org/W2125244470\",\"https://openalex.org/W2134144722\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140824803\",\"https://openalex.org/W2142525943\",\"https://openalex.org/W2143217444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2148598875\",\"https://openalex.org/W2150172575\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154965665\",\"https://openalex.org/W2155757287\",\"https://openalex.org/W2158024838\",\"https://openalex.org/W2159030941\",\"https://openalex.org/W2167272363\",\"https://openalex.org/W2169911721\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170260565\",\"https://openalex.org/W2170760271\",\"https://openalex.org/W2171104921\",\"https://openalex.org/W2254502236\",\"https://openalex.org/W2396844307\",\"https://openalex.org/W4244626365\",\"https://openalex.org/W4251040433\",\"https://openalex.org/W6640887276\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065089135\",\"display_name\":\"José L. Moreno\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1851-925X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070282946\",\"display_name\":\"Mitsumasa Kurita\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062790531\",\"display_name\":\"Terrell Holloway\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-8417\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110351938\",\"display_name\":\"Javier López\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000670715\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Cadagan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065326739\",\"display_name\":\"Luis Martínez-Sobrido\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-0804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004889712\",\"display_name\":\"Adolfo García-Sastre\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-1827\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047587284\",\"display_name\":\"Javier González-Maeso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-3204\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S5555990\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4230-10.2011\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2072898255" }, { "id": 2621, "title": "Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists.", "normalized_title": "metabotropic glutamate mglu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5 ht2a receptor agonists", "authors": "Moreno JL, Holloway T, Albizu L, Sealfon SC, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs, including mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), act at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) ligands show efficacy in modulating the responses induced by activation of 5-HT2ARs. The formation of a 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 complex suggests a functional interaction that affects the hallucinogen-regulated cellular signaling pathways. Here, we tested the cellular and behavioral effects of hallucinogenic 5-HT2AR agonists in mGluR2 knockout (mGluR2-KO) mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with the hallucinogens DOI (2 mg/kg) and LSD (0.24 mg/kg), or vehicle. Head-twitch behavioral response, expression of c-fos, which is induced by all 5-HT2AR agonists, and expression of egr-2, which is hallucinogen-specific, were determined in wild type and mGluR2-KO mice. [(3)H]Ketanserin binding displacement curves by DOI were performed in mouse frontal cortex membrane preparations. Head twitch behavior was abolished in mGluR2-KO mice. The high-affinity binding site of DOI was undetected in mGluR2-KO mice. The hallucinogen DOI induced c-fos in both wild type and mGluR2-KO mice. However, the induction of egr-2 by DOI was eliminated in mGlu2-KO mice. These findings suggest that the 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 complex is necessary for the neuropsychological responses induced by hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-01-26", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046", "pubmed_id": "21276828", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046", "keywords": "Frontal Lobe, Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Schizophrenia, Signal Transduction, Protein Binding, Genes, fos, Male, Early Growth Response Protein 2, Mice, 129 Strain, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21276828\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2629, "title": "The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders.", "normalized_title": "the neurobiology of psychedelic drugs implications for the treatment of mood disorders", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Kometer M.", "abstract": "After a pause of nearly 40 years in research into the effects of psychedelic drugs, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and ketamine have led to renewed interest in the clinical potential of psychedelics in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Recent behavioural and neuroimaging data show that psychedelics modulate neural circuits that have been implicated in mood and affective disorders, and can reduce the clinical symptoms of these disorders. These findings raise the possibility that research into psychedelics might identify novel therapeutic mechanisms and approaches that are based on glutamate-driven neuroplasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-08-17", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1038/nrn2884", "pubmed_id": "20717121", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2884", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Models, Neurological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20717121\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2638, "title": "Novel, unifying mechanism for mescaline in the central nervous system: electrochemistry, catechol redox metabolite, receptor, cell signaling and structure activity relationships.", "normalized_title": "novel unifying mechanism for mescaline in the central nervous system electrochemistry catechol redox metabolite receptor cell signaling and structure activity relationships", "authors": "Kovacic P, Somanathan R.", "abstract": "A unifying mechanism for abused drugs has been proposed previously from the standpoint of electron transfer. Mescaline can be accommodated within the theoretical framework based on redox cycling by the catechol metabolite with its quinone counterpart. Electron transfer may play a role in electrical effects involving the nervous system in the brain. This approach is in accord with structure activity relationships involving mescaline, abused drugs, catecholamines, and etoposide. Inefficient demethylation is in keeping with the various drug properties, such as requirement for high dosage and slow acting. There is a discussion of receptor binding, electrical effects, cell signaling and other modes of action. Mescaline is a nonselective, seretonin receptor agonist. 5-HTP receptors are involved in the stimulus properties. Research addresses the aspect of stereochemical requirements. Receptor binding may involve the proposed quinone metabolite and/or the amino sidechain via protonation. Electroencephalographic studies were performed on the effects of mescaline on men. Spikes are elicited by stimulation of a cortical area. The potentials likely originate in nonsynaptic dendritic membranes. Receptor-mediated signaling pathways were examined which affect mescaline behavior. The hallucinogen belongs to the class of 2AR agonists which regulate pathways in cortical neurons. The research identifies neural and signaling mechanisms responsible for the biological effects. Recently, another hallucinogen, psilocybin, has been included within the unifying mechanistic framework. This mushroom constituent is hydrolyzed to the phenol psilocin, also active, which is subsequently oxidized to an ET o-quinone or iminoquinone.", "journal": "Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity", "publication_date": "2009-08-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.4161/oxim.2.4.9380", "pubmed_id": "20716904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.4.9380", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Mescaline, Catechols, Quinones, Receptors, Serotonin, Signal Transduction, Protein Binding, Structure-Activity Relationship, Electron Transport, Oxidation-Reduction, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 07:00:41", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20716904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\",\"openalex_enrichment\":{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2059908347\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2059908347\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":8,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"abstract:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\",\"abstract:psilocin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":34,\"referenced_works\":[\"https://openalex.org/W93838318\",\"https://openalex.org/W1498073437\",\"https://openalex.org/W1566797965\",\"https://openalex.org/W1781543641\",\"https://openalex.org/W1963636752\",\"https://openalex.org/W1967353658\",\"https://openalex.org/W1976195943\",\"https://openalex.org/W1978801492\",\"https://openalex.org/W1981559928\",\"https://openalex.org/W1986543617\",\"https://openalex.org/W1990492302\",\"https://openalex.org/W1991642459\",\"https://openalex.org/W1994641285\",\"https://openalex.org/W2001445210\",\"https://openalex.org/W2017548325\",\"https://openalex.org/W2020588377\",\"https://openalex.org/W2036715563\",\"https://openalex.org/W2039324177\",\"https://openalex.org/W2041305518\",\"https://openalex.org/W2042601718\",\"https://openalex.org/W2045908970\",\"https://openalex.org/W2053048573\",\"https://openalex.org/W2056232804\",\"https://openalex.org/W2058789064\",\"https://openalex.org/W2065070740\",\"https://openalex.org/W2072759830\",\"https://openalex.org/W2084004994\",\"https://openalex.org/W2104191145\",\"https://openalex.org/W2140542891\",\"https://openalex.org/W2146570542\",\"https://openalex.org/W2154105276\",\"https://openalex.org/W2165260274\",\"https://openalex.org/W2260250317\",\"https://openalex.org/W2289781337\",\"https://openalex.org/W2293769113\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334669896\",\"https://openalex.org/W2334782444\",\"https://openalex.org/W2401197998\",\"https://openalex.org/W2405836759\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411538546\",\"https://openalex.org/W2411609992\",\"https://openalex.org/W2412743893\",\"https://openalex.org/W2415327861\",\"https://openalex.org/W2417924401\",\"https://openalex.org/W2425523432\",\"https://openalex.org/W2430281846\",\"https://openalex.org/W2798640434\",\"https://openalex.org/W2887389091\",\"https://openalex.org/W4290970327\",\"https://openalex.org/W4300198507\",\"https://openalex.org/W6682579402\",\"https://openalex.org/W6841239829\"],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091306679\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Kovacic\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076355167\",\"display_name\":\"Ratnasamy Somanathan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1220-082X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S20935308\",\"source_display_name\":\"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.4.9380\",\"is_oa\":true}}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2059908347" }, { "id": 2650, "title": "Agonist-trafficking and hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "agonist trafficking and hallucinogens", "authors": "González-Maeso J, Sealfon SC.", "abstract": "Seven transmembrane domain receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the most common molecular target for therapeutic drugs. The generally accepted pharmacological model for GPCR activation is the ternary complex model, in which GPCRs exist in a dynamic equilibrium between the active and inactive conformational states. However, the demonstration that different agonists sometimes elicit a different relative activation of two signaling pathways downstream of the same receptor has led to a revision of the ternary complex model. According to this agonist- trafficking model, agonists stabilize distinct activated receptor conformations that preferentially activate specific signaling pathways. Hallucinogenic drugs and non-hallucinogenic drugs represent an attractive experimental system with which to study agonist-trafficking of receptor signaling. Thus many of the behavioral responses induced by hallucinogenic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin or mescaline, depend on activation of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors (5-HT2ARs). In contrast, this neuropsychological state in humans is not induced by closely related chemicals, such as lisuride or ergotamine, despite their similar in vitro activity at the 5-HT2AR. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge, as well as unresolved questions, regarding agonist-trafficking and the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-12-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.2174/092986709787581851", "pubmed_id": "19275609", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/092986709787581851", "keywords": "Neurons, Animals, Humans, Receptors, Cell Surface, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Signal Transduction, Biological Transport", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19275609\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2645, "title": "Apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi.", "normalized_title": "apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to tako tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi", "authors": "Nef HM, Möllmann H, Hilpert P, Krause N, Troidl C, Weber M, Rolf A, Dill T, Hamm C, Elsässer A.", "abstract": "Consumption of natural hallucinogenic substances continues to be a problem. In this case we report from a young male patient presenting with an acute coronary syndrome with significant ST-elevation after the abuse of psychoactive fungi, commonly referred to as \"magic mushrooms\". Coronary angiography excludes relevant coronary artery disease. In ventriculography contractile dysfunction with hypokinesia in the apical segments could be documented reminiscent to wall motion abnormalities in Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging showed no pathological signal activity in the late-enhancement sequences ruling out myocardial infarction or inflammatory processes. Ventricular function normalized within several days. The active metabolite of psychoactive fungi psilocybin is known to interact with several different dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Thus, the pathomechanisms leading to contractile dysfunction after consumption of psychoactive fungi are reminiscent to those documented in TTC.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-04-01", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.064", "pubmed_id": "18378018", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.064", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Coronary Angiography, Adolescent, Male, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18378018\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adolescents,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2671, "title": "Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5 ht 2a receptor mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior", "authors": "González-Maeso J, Weisstaub NV, Zhou M, Chan P, Ivic L, Ang R, Lira A, Bradley-Moore M, Ge Y, Zhou Q, Sealfon SC, Gingrich JA.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens, including mescaline, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), profoundly affect perception, cognition, and mood. All known drugs of this class are 5-HT(2A) receptor (2AR) agonists, yet closely related 2AR agonists such as lisuride lack comparable psychoactive properties. Why only certain 2AR agonists are hallucinogens and which neural circuits mediate their effects are poorly understood. By genetically expressing 2AR only in cortex, we show that 2AR-regulated pathways on cortical neurons are sufficient to mediate the signaling pattern and behavioral response to hallucinogens. Hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 2AR agonists both regulate signaling in the same 2AR-expressing cortical neurons. However, the signaling and behavioral responses to the hallucinogens are distinct. While lisuride and LSD both act at 2AR expressed by cortex neurons to regulate phospholipase C, LSD responses also involve pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G(i/o) proteins and Src. These studies identify the long-elusive neural and signaling mechanisms responsible for the unique effects of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-01-31", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008", "pubmed_id": "17270739", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Amphetamines, Lisuride, Ketanserin, Receptors, Dopamine D1, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Autoradiography, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Behavior, Animal, Electrophysiology, Signal Transduction, Binding, Competitive, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17270739\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2672, "title": "[Concentration of selected microelements in blood serum of rats exposed to the action of psilocin and phenylethylamine].", "normalized_title": "concentration of selected microelements in blood serum of rats exposed to the action of psilocin and phenylethylamine", "authors": "Majdanik S, Borowiak K, Brzezńska M, Machoy-Mokrzyńska A.", "abstract": "Natural hallucinogens (including Psilocybe mushrooms) became popular in Europe since the nineties. They have been in the focus of clinicians interest for years because of their biological effects. Mechanism of action of these hallucinogens, both Psilocin and Psilocibin, is based on the physiological structure similarity to human neurotransmitters as serotonin and catecholamines. One of the previous works indicated the possibility of the cardiotoxic action of the Psilocibin mushroom, effecting in anoxemic heart laesure. To verify the hypothesis of the Psilocibin-like myocardial damage wide experimental programme was designed. In the present work we introduce some results concerning magnesium, calcium, natrium, kalium and chloride plasma concentration in rats subjected subchronicly to psilocin and phenylethylamine. Basing on the obtained results, it can be stated that subchronic intoxication with natural hallucinogens may disturb magnesium balance without significantly effecting other microelements.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-12-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "20143700", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20143700", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Chlorides, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phenethylamines, Hallucinogens, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20143700\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2418954309" }, { "id": 2692, "title": "Modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A agonist psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5 ht2a and 5 ht1a agonist psilocybin", "authors": "Carter OL, Pettigrew JD, Hasler F, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Hell D, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Binocular rivalry occurs when different images are presented simultaneously to corresponding points within the left and right eyes. Under these conditions, the observer's perception will alternate between the two perceptual alternatives. Motivated by the reported link between the rate of perceptual alternations, symptoms of psychosis and an incidental observation that the rhythmicity of perceptual alternations during binocular rivalry was greatly increased 10 h after the consumption of LSD, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacology underlying binocular rivalry and to explore the connection between the timing of perceptual switching and psychosis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, PY) was chosen for the study because, like LSD, it is known to act as an agonist at serotonin (5-HT)1A and 5-HT2A receptors and to produce an altered state sometimes marked by psychosis-like symptoms. A total of 12 healthy human volunteers were tested under placebo, low-dose (115 microg/kg) and high-dose (250 microg/kg) PY conditions. In line with predictions, under both low- and high-dose conditions, the results show that at 90 min postadministration (the peak of drug action), rate and rhythmicity of perceptual alternations were significantly reduced from placebo levels. Following the 90 min testing period, the perceptual switch rate successively increased, with some individuals showing increases well beyond pretest levels at the final testing, 360 min postadministration. However, as some subjects had still not returned to pretest levels by this time, the mean phase duration at 360 min was not found to differ significantly from placebo. Reflecting the drug-induced changes in rivalry phase durations, subjects showed clear changes in psychological state as indexed by the 5D-ASC (altered states of consciousness) rating scales. This study suggests the involvement of serotonergic pathways in binocular rivalry and supports the previously proposed role of a brainstem oscillator in perceptual rivalry alternations and symptoms of psychosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-05-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1038/sj.npp.1300621", "pubmed_id": "15688092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300621", "keywords": "Brain Stem, Raphe Nuclei, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Affect, Consciousness, Memory, Short-Term, Perception, Visual Perception, Vision, Binocular, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Functional Laterality, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15688092\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2124858522" }, { "id": 2706, "title": "[Acute higher funghi mushroom poisoning and its treatment].", "normalized_title": "acute higher funghi mushroom poisoning and its treatment", "authors": "Saviuc P, Flesch F.", "abstract": "PrincipleThe various mushroom poisoning syndromes are summarised together with elements underlining uncertainty and lack of knowledge. For each of the classical syndromes concerned, classified in delays inferior or superior to 6 hours, the toxins and their mechanisms of action, the main mushrooms responsible, the symptoms and their treatment are all presented.Early syndromesCharacterised by early onset within 6 hours, these represent the majority of intoxications. There are 6 syndromes: gastro-intestinal (resinoid), muscarine (sudorien, cholinergic), pantherine (myco-atropine, anticholinergic), coprine (similar to the antabuse syndrome), narcotine (psilocybin, hallucinatory) and paxillus syndrome (exceptional).Late syndromesCharacterised by an onset after six hours, they regroup the phalloid syndrome that is responsible for 90 to 95% of deaths due to higher funghi mushrooms, the orellanine and gyromitrin syndrome and new syndromes identified over the past decade concerning acute renal failure with shorter onset than during the orellanine syndrome (Amanita proxima), erythermalgia (Clitocybe amoenolens), rhabdomyolysis (Tricholoma equestre) and central nervous system failure (Hapalopilus rutilans).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-08-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14534493", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14534493", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Syndrome, Acute Disease, Time Factors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14534493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2409827928" }, { "id": 2714, "title": "Effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively.", "normalized_title": "effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by p50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex respectively", "authors": "Riba J, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Barbanoj MJ.", "abstract": "RationaleAyahuasca, a South American psychotropic plant tea, combines the psychedelic agent and 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with beta-carboline alkaloids showing monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties. Current human research with psychedelics and entactogens has explored the possibility that drugs displaying agonist activity at the 5-HT(2A/2C) sites temporally disrupt inhibitory neural mechanisms thought to intervene in the normal filtering of information. Suppression of the P50 auditory evoked potential (AEP) and prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) are considered operational measures of sensory (P50 suppression) and sensorimotor (PPI) gating. Contrary to findings in lower animals, unexpected increases in sensorimotor gating have been found in humans following the administration of the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin and the serotonin releaser 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In addition, to our knowledge P50 suppression has not been assessed previously in humans following the administration of a 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of the acute administration of ayahuasca on P50 suppression and PPI in humans, in order to evaluate the drug's modulatory actions on these measures of sensory and sensorimotor gating.MethodsEighteen healthy volunteers with prior experience of psychedelic drug use participated in a clinical trial in which placebo or ayahuasca doses (0.6 mg and 0.85 mg DMT/kg body weight) were administered according to a double-blind, cross-over balanced design. P50 and startle reflex (pulse-alone and 60 ms, 120 ms, 240 ms and 2000 ms prepulse-to-pulse intervals) recordings were undertaken at 1.5 h and 2 h after drug intake, respectively.ResultsAyahuasca produced diverging effects on each of the two gating measures evaluated. Whereas significant dose-dependent reductions of P50 suppression were observed after ayahuasca, no significant effects were found on the startle response, its habituation rate, or on PPI at any of the prepulse-to-pulse intervals studied.ConclusionThe present findings indicate, at the doses tested, a decremental effect of ayahuasca on sensory gating, as measured by P50 suppression, and no distinct effects on sensorimotor gating, as measured by PPI.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-10-11", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-002-1237-5", "pubmed_id": "12474114", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1237-5", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Plants, Medicinal, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Extracts, Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Sensory Thresholds, Psychomotor Performance, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Neural Inhibition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Reflex, Startle, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12474114\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2129582923" }, { "id": 2720, "title": "5-HT2A receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a receptor stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the stimulus effects of hallucinogens", "authors": "Rabin RA, Regina M, Doat M, Winter JC.", "abstract": "The role of 5-HT2A-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the discriminative effects of hallucinogens was investigated in PC12 cells stably expressing the rat 5-HT2A receptor (PC12-5-HT2A cells). The hallucinogenic compounds, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), (-)2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDMT) and N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), all caused a concentration-dependent increase in the generation of [3H]inositol phosphates. The nonhallucinogenic compounds, 6-fluoro-N,N-diethyltryptamine (6-F-DET), lisuride and quipazine, also displayed significant efficacy in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis, while 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL), which is not a hallucinogen, did not alter inositol phosphate generation. The beta-carbolines, harmaline and harmane, also did not alter phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Comparison of these results with previous drug discrimination studies indicated the apparent lack of correlation between the degree of substitution in LSD- and DOM-trained animals and efficacy in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The present study indicates that 5-HT2A-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis does not appear to be the sole critical signaling mechanism involved in the discriminative effects of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-04-30", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00720-1", "pubmed_id": "11900766", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00720-1", "keywords": "PC12 Cells, Animals, Rats, Phosphatidylinositols, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Hydrolysis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11900766\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2038437906" }, { "id": 2723, "title": "What geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex.", "normalized_title": "what geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex", "authors": "Bressloff PC, Cowan JD, Golubitsky M, Thomas PJ, Wiener MC.", "abstract": "Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright flickering lights; on waking up or falling asleep; in \"near-death\" experiences; and in many other syndromes. Klüver organized the images into four groups called form constants: (I) tunnels and funnels, (II) spirals, (III) lattices, including honeycombs and triangles, and (IV) cobwebs. In most cases, the images are seen in both eyes and move with them. We interpret this to mean that they are generated in the brain. Here, we summarize a theory of their origin in visual cortex (area V1), based on the assumption that the form of the retino-cortical map and the architecture of V1 determine their geometry. (A much longer and more detailed mathematical version has been published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 356 [2001].) We model V1 as the continuum limit of a lattice of interconnected hypercolumns, each comprising a number of interconnected iso-orientation columns. Based on anatomical evidence, we assume that the lateral connectivity between hypercolumns exhibits symmetries, rendering it invariant under the action of the Euclidean group E(2), composed of reflections and translations in the plane, and a (novel) shift-twist action. Using this symmetry, we show that the various patterns of activity that spontaneously emerge when V1's spatially uniform resting state becomes unstable correspond to the form constants when transformed to the visual field using the retino-cortical map. The results are sensitive to the detailed specification of the lateral connectivity and suggest that the cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-02-28", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1162/089976602317250861", "pubmed_id": "11860679", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/089976602317250861", "keywords": "Visual Cortex, Humans, Hallucinations, Mathematics, Models, Neurological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11860679\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2134831221" }, { "id": 2724, "title": "Possible mechanisms of panic attack and schizophrenia via APUD system.", "normalized_title": "possible mechanisms of panic attack and schizophrenia via apud system", "authors": "Fukuda K.", "abstract": "Psilocybin poisoning produces biphasic reactions composed of a schizophrenic phase and a panic attack-like phase. There is a time lag of several hours between phases, which may be considered an accumulation time in certain sites between the gut and the brain. So far as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) congeners are concerned, no sites are to be found except the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system. It is postulated that argyrophil cells (AC) in the foregut, neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in the lung, and raphe nuclei (RN) in the brainstem axis are relevant to mental disorders. Schizophrenia might be due to the massive destruction of APUD cells, and the paroxysmal release of 5-HT with peptides and panneuroendocrine markers from NEB might be the cause of panic attack.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-01-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1054/mehy.2001.1473", "pubmed_id": "11812187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2001.1473", "keywords": "Raphe Nuclei, APUD Cells, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Panic Disorder, Schizophrenia, Models, Biological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11812187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2726, "title": "Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens.", "normalized_title": "brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens", "authors": "Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of classic hallucinogens (eg, psilocybin), dissociative anesthetics (eg, ketamine), and entactogens (eg, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) in humans. Serotonergic hallucinogens and psychotomimetic anesthetics produce overlapping psychotic syndromes associated with a marked activation of the prefrontal cortex (hyperfrontality) and other overlapping changes in temporoparietal, striatal, and thalamic regions, suggesting that both classes of drugs act upon a common final pathway. Together with the observation that both hallucinogens and N-methyl-oaspartate (NMDA) antagonists disrupt sensory gating in rats by acting on 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT(2) receptors located in cortico-striato-thalamic circuitry these findings suggest that disruption of cortico-subcortical processing leading to sensory overload of the cortex is a communality of these psychoses. In contrast to hallucinogens, the entactogen MDMA produces an emotional state of positive mood, concomitant with an activation of prefrontolimbiclparalimbic structures and a deactivation of amygdala and thalamus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-11-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider", "pubmed_id": "22033605", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22033605\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W22529605" }, { "id": 2727, "title": "A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses.", "normalized_title": "a systems model of altered consciousness integrating natural and drug induced psychoses", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Increasing evidence from neuroimaging and behavioral studies suggests that functional disturbances within cortico-striato-thalamic pathways are critical to psychotic symptom formation in drug-induced and possibly also naturally occurring psychoses. Recent basic and clinical research with psychotomimetic drugs, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, and the serotonin-2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor agonist, psilocybin, suggest that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs arise, at least in part, from their common capacity to disrupt thalamo-cortical gating of external and internal information to the cortex. Deficient gating of sensory and cognitive information is thought to result in an overloading inundation of information and subsequent cognitive fragmentation and psychosis. Cross-species studies of homologues gating functions, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, in animal and human models of psychosis corroborate this view and provide a translational testing mechanism for the exploration of novel pathophysiologic and therapeutic hypotheses relevant to psychotic disorders, such as the group of schizophrenias.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-10-31", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00646-3", "pubmed_id": "11750795", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00646-3", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Animals, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Models, Neurological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11750795\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2738, "title": "Bufotenine: toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "bufotenine toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms", "authors": "McBride MC.", "abstract": "A review of the neuropharmacology of the alleged hallucinogen bufotenine is presented, including recent experimental results showing activity similar to LSD and other known hallucinogens (psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT) at the purported hallucinogenic serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. In addition, current reports of computer modeling of the receptors and ligand binding sites give evidence of bufotenine's ability to bind and activate these receptors. While binding and activation of the purported hallucinogenic receptors are not the full extent of the hallucinogenic signature, this evidence shows support for the rationale that the reported lack of the drug's classic hallucinogenic response in human experiments is due to poor ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), not lack of activation of the appropriate brain receptors. Further evidence is reviewed that in some physiological states, some drugs with characteristics similar to bufotenine which do not normally cross the BBB, cross it and enter the brain. While direct human experimental evidence of bufotenine's hallucinogenic activity seems lacking, the above combined factors are considered, and possible explanations of bufotenine's reported psychoactivity are suggested. Additionally, updated experimental models testing the possible nature of bufotenine's hallucinogenic potential are proposed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-06-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456", "pubmed_id": "11061684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456", "keywords": "Blood-Brain Barrier, Humans, Serotonin, Bufotenin, Receptors, Serotonin, Psychotropic Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11061684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2748, "title": "Neurometabolic effects of psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled PET study with [18F]FDG.", "normalized_title": "neurometabolic effects of psilocybin 3 4 methylenedioxyethylamphetamine mde and d methamphetamine in healthy volunteers a double blind placebo controlled pet study with 18f fdg", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Schreckenberger M, Sabri O, Arning C, Thelen B, Spitzer M, Kovar KA, Hermle L, Büll U, Sass H.", "abstract": "The neurometabolic effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin (PSI; 0.2 mg/kg), the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE; 2 mg/kg) and the stimulant d-methamphetamine (METH; 0.2-0.4 mg/kg) and the drugs' interactions with a prefrontal activation task were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled human [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucoseFDG-positron emission tomographicPET study (each group: n = 8). Subjects underwent two scans (control: word repetition; activation word association) within 2-4 weeks. Psilocybin increased rMRGlu in distinct right hemispheric frontotemporal cortical regions, particularly in the anterior cingulate and decreased rMRGlu in the thalamus. Both MDE and METH induced cortical hypometabolism and cerebellar hypermetabolism. In the MDE group, cortical hypometabolism was more pronounced in frontal regions, with the exception of the right anterior cingulate, which tended to be hyperactive. Cognitive activation-related increases in left frontocortical regions were attenuated under all three psychoactive substances, but less so under MDE. Taking into account performance data and subjective reports on task difficulty, these effects may result from different mechanisms across the three groups. Our PSI data are in line with studies on acute schizophrenic patients suggesting frontal overactivity at rest, but diminished capacity to activate prefrontal regions upon cognitive demand. The MDE data support the hypothesis that entactogens constitute a distinct psychoactive substance class, which takes an intermediate position between stimulants and hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-05-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00089-x", "pubmed_id": "10327426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00089-x", "keywords": "Cerebellum, Humans, Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, Glucose, Adrenergic Agents, Hallucinogens, Nootropic Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radionuclide Imaging, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Psychopathology, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10327426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2102963347" }, { "id": 2800, "title": "Relationship of CNS tryptaminergic processes and the action of LSD-like hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "relationship of cns tryptaminergic processes and the action of lsd like hallucinogens", "authors": "Martin WR, Sloan JW.", "abstract": "Tryptamine produces pharmacologic effects in man and the chronic spinal dog which are similar to those produced by LSD, mescaline, psilocin, DMT, DOM and DOB. These effects include tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, hyperreflexia, behavioral changes and in man, hallucinations. Chronic spinal dogs treated chronically with LSD became tolerant to its ability to produce mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea and hyperreflexia, and were cross tolerant to the ability of tryptamine, psilocin, mescaline, DMT, DOM and DOB to produce these same effects. Further, it was found that the brain and spinal cord contained tryptamine and could release it. Further tryptamine levels were higher in the brainstem and spinal cord above the level of transection in the chronic spinal dog that in intact dogs, and the same in the spinal cord below the level of transection. These observations suggested that there were both ascending and descending tryptaminergic pathways. Supporting this hypothesis were the observations that L-tryptophan also produced hyperreflexia in the acute, but not the chronic, spinal dog and cat, and that L-tryptophan hyperreflexia was antagonized by alpha-methyldopa but not pCPA. These observations and others argue that the spinal cord and brain have tryptaminergic mechanisms which are distinct from serotoninergic mechanisms, and that LSD-like hallucinogens act in part through a tryptaminergic mechanism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1986-01-31", "publication_year": 1986, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(86)90369-2", "pubmed_id": "3006088", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90369-2", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Animals, Dogs, Decerebrate State, Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Tryptophan, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Hallucinogens, Reflex, Behavior, Animal, Synaptic Transmission, Brain Chemistry, Blood Pressure, Time Factors", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3006088\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2823, "title": "Mushrooms and madness. Hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications.", "normalized_title": "mushrooms and madness hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications", "authors": "McDonald A.", "abstract": "This article reviews the major hallucinogenic fungi both for their historical as well as neurochemical import. Despite voluminous literature on them, relatively little study has focused on psilocybin related substances that could relate to forms of psychotic illness. Some metabolic pathways are reviewed which illustrate the need for more study of indole compounds such as baeocystin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-10-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1177/070674378002500709", "pubmed_id": "6777029", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378002500709", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Amanita, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Monoamine Oxidase, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Chemistry, History, Medieval, History, Modern 1601-, Guatemala, Mexico, India, Siberia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6777029\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2844, "title": "Comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.", "normalized_title": "comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6 hydroxydopamine lesions", "authors": "Trulson ME, Stark AD, Jacobs BL.", "abstract": "The dopaminergic actions of various hallucinogenic drugs were assessed by examining their effects on turning behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. LSD (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced strong contralateral turning, indicating that it is a potent dopamine receptor agonist, while BOL (5 mg/kg), a non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD, was found to be a weak dopamine receptor agonist. STP (2 and 5 mg/kg) and mescaline (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant ipsilateral turning, indicating that these compounds have a moderate dopamine-releasing action. DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) and 5-M-DMT (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg) produced weak ipsilateral turning, which was not significantly different from that produced by the nonhallucinogenic compounds tryptamine (40 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg). Psilocin (1-20 mg/kg) produced no significant turning in either direction. These data, in conjunction with previous studies, indicate that while inactivation of the brain serotonin system may be a necessary and sufficient condition for hallucinogenesis, the ability to activate dopamine receptors may be an important factor in determining the potency of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-06-30", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1016/0014-2999(77)90097-8", "pubmed_id": "560306", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(77)90097-8", "keywords": "Corpus Striatum, Animals, Humans, Rats, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hydroxydopamines, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"560306\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": null }, { "id": 2856, "title": "Adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs.", "normalized_title": "adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs", "authors": "Rech RH, Tilson HA, Marquis WJ.", "abstract": "Evidence has been presented that d-amphetamine interacts with various types of behavior in the context of a conditioning paradigm. Rats exposed simultaneously to a locomotor activity measurement and three dose levels of d-amphetamine on repeated occasions gradually developed dose-related enhancement of drug-stimulated activity, which persisted after discontinuation of the drug. Rats trained in FR-operant chambers with food reinforcement showed a decrease in the rate of lever pressing after administration of d-amphetamine. Tolerance to this effect required varying numbers of daily drug injections, according to the subject's degree of prior drug experience. In both situations the drug administrations were coupled with the behavioral measure to allow for conditioning effects. In a continuous avoidance procedure the initial dose of d-amphetamine did not enhance response rate, although subsequent doses did produce significant stimulation. Even when the initial doses were administered out of temporal phase with the avoidance measurement, the simultaneous administration of the drug and the behavioral procedure on a subsequent day resulted in a significant drug-induced stimulation of response rate. Thus, in this particular instance, the conditioning influence of the earlier doses was apparent whether or not the drug effect occurred in contiguity with the avoidance measurement. Other reports in the literature (16) suggest that hallucinogenic drug action may be characterized by the peculiar \"pause\" in an FR pattern of responding for food reinforcement. This proposal was substantiated and extended to a number of representative hallucinogenic agents. d-Amphetamine or chlorpormazine reduced the rate of FR responding without provoking an obvious pause. Examination of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hallucinogenic pause in the FR pattern after LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DOM, and DMT generally indicated interactions between the drugs, although this was not entirely consistent. It follows that the mechanisms of action of these drugs probably have elements in common, though they are not necessarily identical. In doses as small as 10 mg/kg, cinanserin, a serotonergic receptor-blocking agent, completely reversed the pause in FR pattern induced by the various hallucinogenic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-12-31", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1163377", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1163377", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Dextroamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Adaptation, Psychological, Behavior, Animal, Motor Activity, Avoidance Learning, Reinforcement Schedule", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1163377\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2413675019" }, { "id": 5534, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: CHLORIERTE 2-HYDROXY- UND2-METHOXY-PHENOXYAETHYLAMINE, ANALOGA VON PSILOCYBIN", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract chlorierte 2 hydroxy und2 methoxy phenoxyaethylamine analoga von psilocybin", "authors": "Marc Julià, JOEL DE ROSNAY", "abstract": "Abstract Nach klassischen Methoden wird aus dem Phenol (I) über die Stufen (II), (III), (IV) und (V) bzw. (VII) und (VIII) das Amin (VI) (60 bzw. 90% Ausbeute) gewonnen, dessen Diazoniumsalz mit CuSO 4 zu dem Phenol (IX) zersetzt wird.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst Organische Chemie", "publication_date": "1971-03-08", "publication_year": 1971, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197110243", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197110243", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Chemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Medicine, Fluorine in Organic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Cycloaddition Reactions, Chemical Reactions and Mechanisms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-04 06:52:08", "last_checked": "2026-07-04 06:52:08", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2606454784\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2606454784\",\"openalex_relevance_score\":6,\"openalex_relevance_reasons\":[\"title:psilocybin\",\"metadata:psilocybin\"],\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"referenced_works\":[],\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110362136\",\"display_name\":\"Marc Julià\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0474-2277\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043350281\",\"display_name\":\"JOEL DE ROSNAY\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4393914274\",\"source_display_name\":\"Chemischer Informationsdienst Organische Chemie\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197110243\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published", "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2606454784" } ] }