Metzner, R.. (2013). Entheogenic rituals, shamanism and green psychology. European Journal of Ecopsychology
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“Psychedelic or consciousness-expanding drugs have been studied by western scientific researchers as adjuncts to psychotherapy while their plant-based equivalents are used in traditional ceremonial context for healing and spiritual practice. plant extracts from tobacco, coca, coffee and cannabis, used as sacraments in indigenous cultures have become recreational drugs in contemporary society. research with consciousness-expanding or entheogenic substances such as mdma, lsd and psilocybin has focused on their value as adjuncts to psychotherapy. the worldwide underground culture has adopted the use of hallucinogenic plants and fungi, such as psilocybe mushrooms, ayahuasca, iboga and peyote, in small group hybrid therapeutic-shamanic ceremonies as well as large scale events such as raves. core elements of such hybrid rituals are: the structure of a circle, a ritual space and altar of some kind, the presence of an experienced elder or guide, the use of eye-shades or semi-darkness and the cultivation of a respectful, spiritual attitude.”
Brito, G. S. L.. (1994). Food of the Gods: The search for the original tree of knowledge. A radical history of plants, drugs and human evolution. Cadernos de Saúde Pública
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1590/S0102-311X1994000300023
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“CONTENTS introduction: a manifesto for new thought about drugs xiii an agonizing reappraisal • an archaic revival • a new manifesto • the dominator inheritance i. paradise 1 1. shamanism: setting the stage 3 shamanism and ordinary religion • the techniques of ecstasy • a world made of language • higher dimensional reality • a shamanic meme • shamanism and the lost archaic world 2. the magic in food 14 a shaggy primate story • you are what you eat symbiosis • a new view of human evolution • the real missing link • three big steps for the human race • steering clear of lamarck • acquired tastes 3. the search for the original tree of knowledge 31 hallucinogens as the real missing link • seeking the tree of knowledge • weeding out the candidates • the ur plant what are plant hallucinogens? – the transcendent other 4. plants and primates: postcards from the stoned age 43 human uniqueness • human cognition • transformations of monkeys • the prehistoric emergence of human imagination patterns and understanding • catalyzing consciousness • the flesh made word • women and language 5. habit as culture and religion 57 ecstasy • shamanism as social catalyst • monotheism pathological monotheism • archaic sexuality • ibogame among the fang • contrasts in sexual politics 6. the high plains of eden 69 the tassili plateau • the round head civilization • paradise found? • a missing link culture • african genesis • qatal huyuk • the crucial difference • the vegetable mind gaian holism ii. paradise lost 95 7. searching for soma: the golden vedic enigma 97 contacting the mind behind nature • soma-what is it? haoma and zoroaster • haoma and harmaline • the wassons’ amanita theory • objections to fly agaric • wasson: his contradictions and other fungal candidates for soma • peganum harmala as soma • soma as male moon god • soma and cattle • wasson’s doubts • a more plausible argument • the indo-europeans 8. twilight in eden: minoan crete and the eleusinian mystery 121 abandonment of the mystery • the fall of qatal hiiyuk and the age of kingship • minoan mushroom fantasies • the myth of glaukos • honey and opium • the dionysus connection • the mystery at eleusis • a psychedelic mystery? • the ergotized beer theory • graves’s psilocybin theory • a historical watershed 9. alcohol and the alchemy of spirit 138 nostalgia for paradise • alcohol and honey • wine and woman • natural and synthetic drugs • alchemy and alcohol • alc…”
Ellens, J. H. [Ed]. (2014). Seeking the sacred with psychoactive substances: Chemical paths to spirituality and to God: History and practices; Insights, arguments, and controversies.. Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances: Chemical Paths to Spirituality and to God: History and Practices; Insights, Arguments, and Controversies.
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“The first of its kind, this intriguing two-volume set objectively reports on and assesses this modern psycho-social movement in world culture: the constructive medical use of entheogens and related mind-altering substances. covering the use of substances such as ayahuasca, cannabis, lsd, peyote, and psilocybin, the work seeks to illuminate the topic in a scholarly and scientific fashion so as to lift the typical division between those who are supporters of research and exploration of entheogens and those who are strongly opposed to any such experimentation altogether. the volumes address the history and use of mind-altering drugs in medical research and religious practice in the endeavor to expand and heighten spirituality and the sense of the divine, providing unbiased coverage of the relevant arguments and controversies regarding the subject matter. chapters include examinations of how psychoactive agents are used to achieve altered states in judaism, christianity, islam, and buddhism as well as in the rituals of shamanism and other less widely known faiths. this highly readable work will appeal to everyone from high school students to seasoned professors, in both the secular world and in devoted church groups and religious colleges. (psycinfo database record (c) 2016 apa, all rights reserved)”