Ancient Wisdom, Modern Questions: Western and Orthodox Christianity Engage Psychedelic Spirituality

Recent studies show that psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD can reliably occasion spiritual or “mystical-like” experiences under supportive conditions, and the spiritual dimension of these experiences may contribute to their reported mental health benefits. Scholars have begun exploring how such experiences might relate to spiritual growth within Christian frameworks, but most theological engagement has drawn primarily on Western sources. This article addresses that gap by bringing Orthodox Christianity into dialogue with Western Christian theology on questions of psychedelic spirituality. Drawing on traditions beginning in Christianity’s earliest centuries, we argue that Orthodoxy offers distinctive and largely unexplored resources that both challenge and enrich existing approaches. We highlight five themes. First, Orthodoxy’s insistence that profound spiritual experience belongs to the universal Christian vocation rather than a spiritual elite reframes contemporary discussions of mystical experience. Second, the tradition’s recognition of diverse catalysts for spiritual awakening, and its understanding of ascetical preparation as receptive rather than self-generating, provides a framework for evaluating psychedelic experiences that sometimes resemble other mystical experience by their orientation and fruits. Third, the doctrine of the divine energies offers a framework for understanding genuine encounters with God’s real presence and activity in creation, allowing comparison with Western accounts of the Holy Spirit’s activity. Fourth, Orthodoxy’s emphasis on ongoing formation within Christian communities situates spiritual experience within a broader process of transformation. Fifth, Orthodox traditions of spiritual discernment, including the neptic tradition’s caution against acquisitive seeking of mystical states, offer well-developed criteria for evaluating authenticity, a matter of urgency given the diversity of claims surrounding psychedelics. Rather than requiring radical revision of Christian theology, we argue that engagement with psychedelic experiences can occur within established frameworks when guided by discernment, formation, and communal accountability. By placing Orthodox and Western perspectives in constructive dialogue, this study contributes to a richer ecumenical understanding of psychedelic spirituality within Christianity.