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Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes.
Five Psilocybe species with unresolved systematic position (P. atrobrunnea, P. laetissima, P. medullosa, P. pelliculosa, and P. silvatica) were investigated using four molecular markers (EF1-α, ITS, LSU, and IGS). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that with the exception of P. laetissima, which is now rightfully classified in the genus Leratiomyces, all investi...
Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of hallucinogenic drugs in hair of psychedelic plants and mushrooms consumers.
A procedure based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, psilocybin, salvinorin A in hair of consumers of psychedelic vegetal material such peyote or trichocereus cacti, psilocybe mushrooms, Salvia divinorum or psychedelic beverage ayahuasc...
Quantitative phosphoproteomics unravels biased phosphorylation of serotonin 2A receptor at Ser280 by hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists.
The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is a primary target of psychedelic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamine, mescaline, and psilocybin, which reproduce some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. An incompletely resolved paradox is that only some 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists exhibit hallucinogenic activity, whereas structurally related agonists with co...
Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi.
Mushroom-forming fungi produce a wide array of toxic alkaloids. However, evolutionary analyses aimed at exploring the evolution of muscarine, a toxin that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, and psilocybin, a hallucinogen, have never been performed. The known taxonomic distribution of muscarine within the Inocybaceae is limited, based only on assa...
Activity and Enzyme Kinetics of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases: Studies of Psilocin Glucuronidation and the Effects of Albumin on the Enzyme Kinetic Mechanism
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important in the metabolic elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds from the body. These enzymes transfer glucuronic acid moiety from the cosubstrate, UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), to nucleophilic groups of small organic molecules, such as hydroxyl, carboxylic, or amino group. The conjugation of these m...
DETEKSI PSILOCIN URIN PADA MENCIT SWISS WEBSTER TERHADAP PEMBERIAN JAMUR PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS DOSIS BERTINGKAT.
Latar Belakang Salah satu jamur Psilocybin yang memberikan efek halusinasi yaitu Psilocybe cubensis.Senyawa yang terkandung didalamnya dapat memberikan efek psikologis, efek terhadap perilaku mapun syaraf tepi.efek terhadap syaraf tepi ini yang mengakibatkan efek halusinasi dan efek tersebut sama bahayanya dengan zat narkotika lainnya,maka dari itu deteksi u...
Determination of psilocin, bufotenine, LSD and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine by SPE-LC-MS/MS.
A validated method for the simultaneous determination of psilocin, bufotenine, lysergic acid diethylamide and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry was developed. During the solid-phase extraction procedure with polymeric mixed-mode cation exchange columns, the unstable analyte...
Magic truffles or Philosopher's stones: a legal way to sell psilocybin?
"Magic mushrooms" is the most common name given to hallucinogenic fungi containing the psychoactive alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin. In recent years, fungis' sclerotia, commonly called "magic truffles" have become a form of supply of psychoactive Psilocybe alkaloids since Psilocybe sclerotia are not specifically included in the laws banning the sale, the p...
A validated method for quantitation of psilocin in plasma by LC-MS/MS and study of stability.
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of psilocin in plasma is presented. Sample workup was performed with mixed-mode solid-phase extraction using ascorbic acid and nitrogen for drying to protect the unstable analyte. Calibration curves were linear from 2 to 100 ng/mL, and no selectivity problems...
Determining the pharmacokinetics of psilocin in rat plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector after orally administering an extract of Gymnopilus spectabilis.
This study established ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector for determining psilocin and its pharmacokinetics in rat plasma after orally administering an extract of Gymnopilus spectabilis. The extract was separated on an ODS C18 column (2.3 μm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm I.D.) by gradient elution with (A) water containing 50m...
Enzyme-assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin, an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms.
An enzyme-assisted synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), a metabolite excreted in the urine of magic mushroom (MM) users, is described. In the presence of Aroclor 1254 pretreated rat liver microsomes, psilocin and the cofactor UDPGA were incubated for 20 h. Purification by HPLC gave PCG in 19% yield (3.6 mg). The compound structure was characterized by MS...
Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulis Forsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography.
Hallucinogenic mushrooms (e.g. Psilocybe and Panaeolus species) as well as leaves and young shoots of the khat tree (Catha edulis Forsk) are illicit drugs in many countries. The exact concentration of the hallucinogenic alkaloids psilocin and psilocybin in mushrooms and the sympathomimetic alkaloids cathinone and cathine in khat is usually essential for juri...
Comparative study of ATR and transflection IR spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms.
This paper compares the use of ATR and transflection spectroscopic techniques for the qualitative analysis of psilocin extracted from hallucinogenic mushrooms and control spiked mushrooms. Both techniques gave comparable results and agreed with prior GC/MS analysis of the actual case samples.
Detection of Psilocybin Mushroom Analogs in Chocolate
In this experiment, tryptamine is used as a psilocin analog and is dispersed onto a Fisher brand cellulose laboratory sponge to simulate dehydrated mushrooms. The resulting “mushroom” material is ground, molded into chocolate, and presented to student groups for real-world and applied analyses. Students isolate the tryptamine from the chocolate using their k...
Bioanalytical and clinical evaluation of 103 suspected cases of intoxications with psychoactive plant materials.
IntroductionProblems associated with the increasing abuse of plant-derived psychoactive substances have recently attracted attention. This study involved bioanalytical and clinical examinations of intoxication cases suspected to be linked to such plant materials.MethodsUrine samples were collected at emergency wards in Sweden from patients who either admitte...
[Simple and rapid screening for psychotropic natural products using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS].
Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) is a novel ionization technique that provides for the rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. To investigate the trend of non-controlled psychotropic plants of abuse in Japan, a rapid screening method, without sample preparation, was developed using DART-time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) for pl...
A multi-component LC-MS/MS method for detection of ten plant-derived psychoactive substances in urine.
A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of 10 plant-derived psychoactive substances (atropine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ephedrine, harmaline, harmine, ibogaine, lysergic acid amide, psilocin, scopolamine and yohimbine) in urine was developed. Direct injection of urine diluted with 3 deuterated internal standards allowed for a readi...
Enhancement of Indole Alkaloids Produced by Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer (Agaricomycetideae) in Controlled Harvesting Light Conditions
Indole alkaloids of Psilocybe cubensis have been reported to be the potential candidates for drug discovery in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this research, the effect of the harvesting light on increasing the active alkaloids of P. cubensis was investigated. Three different lighting conditions, that is, dim daylight, indirect daylight, and darkn...
Detection of Psilocybin Mushroom Analogs in Chocolate: Incorporating Current Events into the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
In this experiment, tryptamine is used as a psilocin analog and is dispersed onto a Fisher brand cellulose laboratory sponge to simulate dehydrated mushrooms. The resulting “mushroom” material is ground, molded into chocolate, and presented to student groups for real-world and applied analyses. Students isolate the tryptamine from the chocolate using their k...